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12490 



SEPTEMBER 1983 Vol. 8, No. 9 

$3.50 In USA 

$3.95 in Canada/£2.10 in U.K. 

A McGraw-Hill Publication 

0360-5280 




ORTABLE 
MPUTERS 
DEPTH 



Corona 
HP-75 

MTI Compai 
- Access 

^to Buy 



Repo 



Jerry Pournelle on 
The .Next Five Years 



just Rewards for Programmers 
Making Hard Disks Portable 



Build a Solid-State Video Camera 









\ 



Howto quickly m 



If you'd like to turn the agony 
of small business bookkeeping 
into the ecstasy of total control, 
you've come to the right place. 

Because even if you're starting 
with a shoe box full of invoices 
or a pile of checks hiding under a 
pile of deposit slips, we can tell 
you how to centralize, organize 
and monitor all that information, 
and manipulate it in ways that 
will make your business a 



pleasure— all with an Apple* III 
Personal Computer. 

Attain instant 
financial status. 

An Apple III, teamed with the 
BPI General Accounting Package, 
can put every basic accounting 
function right at 
your fingertips. 

Technically, 
that means 



\ 'j[ 



& 







General Ledger, Accounts 
Payable, Accounts Receivable 
and Payroll— all in one package. 
Meaningfully, that means you 
can turn numbers into answers. 

With BPI, your Apple III can 
give you a snapshot of your 
company's financial condition, 
an up-to-the-instant 
balance sheet. It 
can also generate 
instant and 
detailed 
reports 






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tf - 



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■--M c ' , 

>** ***** ■,<<*' 












, 



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ainyour balance. 



on your customers and vendors. 

So you know who owes whom, 
how much, and how come. 

And just how well your cash 
flow is flowing. 

And where to give credit where 
credit is due (a customer inquiry 



The BPI General Accounting 
Package also lets your income 
statements be coded by location, 
department or product line. So 
you know where your money s 
coming from. 

And where it's not. 



results will make an important 
statement to everyone you deal 
with— including your banker. 

More ways Apples pay. 

There are more people in more 
places doing more things with 





• ■■' 



Your Apple can generate instant income statements 
(with expense ratios) or balance sheets, and let you 
compare them to last month's or year's, then print 
them out to suit your banker. 

feature allows you to make credit 
decisions based on the most 
current information). 

You can also list your 
purchases by discount 
dates. And take advantage of 
them in no uncertain net terms. 
You can even keep payroll records 
without paying more, because it's 
part of the same package. 

Profit from history. 

In business as in life, 
experience is the best 
teacher. And the Apple/BPI 
system can provide you with 
instant comparisons of 
this-month-this-year vs. 
this-month-last-year, or 
this-year-to-date vs. 
last-year-to-date. 
So you can quickly 
spot changing expense 
ratios and make decisions with 
20/20 foresight. 



It can also allow you to take full advantage of 
merchandise discounts. So you'll know whom to pay, 
when to pay, how much to pay— and save a iot of 
clams in the process. 

Make a timely 
statement. 

Add an Apple Dot Matrix or 
Daisywheel printer to your Apple 
III, and you can print out your 
entire balance sheet in minutes. 

Or any number of reports, from 
cash receipts to payroll ledger to 
income. You can even print 
checks and customer statements. 

The impressively professional 






To avoid fishy transactions, you can instantlj 
display customers payments, charges and current 
balance. In this case, a few more cans of tuna 
would put Mr. Moser over his $2,000 limit. 

Apples than with any other 
personal computer in the world. 

Because for one thing, there's 
more software for Apples than 
for any other personal computer 
in the world. So the same Apple 
that handles all your accounting 
needs can also handle financial 
spreadsheets, word processing 
and electronic filing. 

You'll also find programs that 
are designed specifically for your 
kind of business. Be it dentistry, 
architecture or swine herding. 

Of course, the best way to learn 
all the ways Apples can help you 
make better business decisions 
is to visit any one of over 1500 
authorized Apple dealers. 

So drop in. For a full account. 



apple 



Call (800) 538-9696 for the location of the authorized Apple dealer nearest you, or for information regarding our National Account Program. In Canada, call 
(800) 26OT796 or (fi00) 268-7637. Or write Apple Computer Inc., Advertising and Promotion Dept., 20525 Marian) Ave., Cupertino, CA 95014. © 1983 Apple Computer Inc. 
MMkr Circle 29 on inquiry card. 



In The Queue 



BITE 



Volume 8, Number 9 




Page 80 




Page 94 




Page 1 78 




Themes 

33 Computing on the Run by Stanley J. Wszola / Incorporating new design concepts, innovative 
hardware, and easy-to-use software, portable computers are proof that you can take it with you. 
This month's theme articles and reviews explore the issues that affect the portable marketplace, the 
advances in technology, and some of the latest models. 

34 How to Choose a Portable by Stanley J. Wszola / You're sure you want one, but which 
one? With at least 50 models to choose from, deciding on a portable is no easy matter. This article 
and the accompanying computer comparison table will help you make an informed choice 

51 Hlgh-IQ Modems by Stephen Durham / The more intelligent the modem, the more it can disap- 
pear into the background of your computer system and provide unattended communications capability. 

66 Developing a Truly Portable Vlslcalc by William T. Johnson / Hewlett-Packard's adapta- 
tion of Visicorp's popular electronic-spreadsheet program for its HP-75 portable computer doesn't 
sacrifice the program's compatibility with other Visicalc products. 

80 The Gavllan— A Full-Function Portable Computer by F. John Zepecki / The machine's 
designer details the evolution of this completely self-contained system with integrated software. 

94 Inside CMOS Technology by Martin B. Pawloski, Tony Moroyan, and Joe Altnether / An 
overview of how complementary metal-oxide semiconductor memory chips are manufactured and 
a look at three of them— Intel's 80C5I, National Semiconductor's NSC800, and CMOS dynamic RAM. 

127 The Challenge of Hard-Disk Portability by David A. Sutton / How one hard-disk-drive 
manufacturer worked around the problems of designing a removable hard disk. 

139 The Radio Shack TRS-80 Model 100 by Mahlon G. Kelly/ This powerful portable with 
its built-in, well-integrated software is just what the author ordered. 

166 The New Microfloppy Standards by Thomas Jarrett / From the beginning, size has been 
a bone of contention among microfloppy-disk manufacturers. In today's marketplace, the 3/2 -inch 
disk has emerged as the de facto standard. 

Reviews 

178 The HP-75 Portable Computer by Rowland Archer Jr. / Hewlett-Packard's entry into the 
mid-priced portable computer fray offers powerful real-time scheduling capabilities. 

188 The Access Portable Computer by Terry Kepner / This portable comes with a host of soft- 
ware and practically all the hardware you'll ever need. 

193 Epson's HX-20 and Texas Instruments' CC-40 by David Ramsey / The HX-20 offers an 
integrated microcassette and printer. So far, the CC-40 doesn't fulfill its potential; it lacks peripherals 
and software. 

208 The Pled Piper Portable Computer by Seth P. Bates / Because it does not include a monitor, 
this low-cost Z80 computer makes lightweight portability possible. 

212 The Kaypro II by Roger Fager and John Bohr / A complete system that offers dependable 
hardware and extensive software, the Kaypro II is a practical solution for many applications. 

226 The Corona Portable by Rich Malloy / This reasonably priced system with its eye-catching 
display offers stiff competition to other IBM PC-compatible machines. 

Features 

20 Build the Micro D-Cam Solid-State Video Camera, Part I: The IS32 Optic RAM and 
the Micro D-Cam Hardware by Steve Ciarcia / A 64K-bit dynamic RAM chip is the visual sensor 
in this digital image camera. 

230 A Report on the Consumer Electronics Show by Phil Lemmons / Coleco's Adam dominated 
the summer CES in Chicago, but that wasn't all the exhibition offered. Our West Coast Bureau Chief 
surveyed the scene. 



Page 226 



BYTE is published monthly by McGraw-Hill, Inc.. with offices at 70 Mam St, Peterborough NH 03458. phone 
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233 The Next Five Years In Microcomputers by Jerry Pournelle / Our prescient user forecasts 
the trends that will influence the microcomputer industry over the next five years. 

246 The Second BYTE Games Contest Winners by Gregg Williams / This year's competition 
turned up five outstanding diversions: a tank-versus-tank battle, an arcade-style chase that takes 
place on a moving barbecue grill, a simulated juggling game, a maze-and-dots game, and a survival- 
strategy challenge. 

250 Update on Personal Computing In Japan by Phil Lemmons / At the Japan Microcom- 
puter Show '83 in Tokyo, notebook-size and hand-held computers were the center of attraction. 

257 The Unix Tutorial, Part 2: Unix as an Applications-Programs Base by David Fiedler / 

Make Unix more useful from both a user-interface and an applications perspective. 

283 BYTE West Coast: Just Rewards for Programmers by Barbara Robertson / Some program- 
mers have superstar status, while others crank out code for a weekly paycheck. What's an enter- 
prising programmer to do? 

289 A C Language Primer, Part 2: Tool Building In C by James Joyce / In this second and 
final pan. the author explains how code can be packaged into a general-purpose function and 
employed in solving more than one problem. 

307 User's Column: Eagles, Text Editors, New Compilers, and Much More by Jerry 

Pournelle / Jerry turns his eye to eclectic subjects. 

331 The IBM PC and the Intel 8087 Coprocessor, Part 2: Interfacing to IBM Pascal by Tim 

Field I The 8087 Numeric Data Processor can speed up most Pascal programs by a factor of three. 

356 Echonet, Part 1: A Flexible Programming System by C. Bradford Barber / This interac- 
tive system lets you link programs in countless combinations to create larger, more complex programs. 

376 Data File Management Methods by Robert B. Johnson / A simple data file management 
system will help you organize your files with minimal maintenance. 

385 An Introduction to Layered Protocols by Michael Witt / Once you understand layered 
protocols, you can evaluate network architectures of data-communications products. 

4IT Does Your Printer Work with Wordstar? by Charles Stephenson / How to get around 
the compatibility problems that arise from using the popular word-processing program with your 
IBM PC. 

419 In-Clrcult Emulation for the Apple II Computer by John D. Ferguson / Adding a simple 
circuit converts your Apple into a host for testing a target system's hardware and software. 

445 Add Multiple Tasks to Your Communication and Control Program by Jerry Holter / By 
using a compact set of routines called a multitask kernel, you can handle several tasks concurrently. 

549 An Operations Research Scheduling Program by Walter A. Stark Jr. and Richard A. 
Reid / A scheduling algorithm can help you determine the best sequence for processing a set of 
disparate tasks. 



Nucleus 






4 Editorial: The FAA and Portables 


500 


Clubs and Newsletters 


7 MICROBYTES 


504 


Software Received 


10 Letters 


519 


Ask BYTE 


403 Programming Quickie: Cipher via 


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Event Queue 


Computer: The One-time Pad 


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What's New? 


480 User to User 


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Unclassified Ads 


486, 494 Book Reviews: The Handbook 


654 


BYTE's Ongoing Monitor Box 


of Artificial Intelligence, Volume 2; 




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655 


Reader Service 


496 Books Received 







Cover Painting by Robert Tinney 



September 1983 



[0 Japan. $37 surface delivery elsewhere. Air delivery to selected areas at additional rates upon request. Single 
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Page 230 



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Page 250 



the small systems j ournal 



Editor In Chief: Lawrence J. Curran 
Managing Editor: Pamela A. Clark 
Senior Technical Editors: Gregg Williams, 
Richard Malloy 

Technical Editors: Richard S. Shuford, Curtis P. 
Feigel, Arthur A. Little, Stanley Wszola, Bruce 
Roberts, Anthony J. Lockwood, New Products 
Editor; Steve Ciarcia, Consulting Editor; Mark 
Welch, Staff Writer; Alan Easton, Drafting Editor. 

West Coast Editors: Philip Lemmons, Bureau 
Chief; Barbara Robertson, Technical Editor. 
McGraw-Hill, 425 Battery Street, 4th Floor, San 
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Copy Editors: Nancy Hayes, Chief; Faith Hanson, 
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Editorial and Business Office: 70 Main Street, 
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Officers of the Corporation: Harold W. McGraw, 
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President and Secretary; Ralph J. Webb, Treasurer. 



Editorial 



The FAA and Portables 

Lawrence J. Curran, Editor in Chief 

The next time you use your portable computer on a commercial airliner, 
the flight attendant may eye you with some interest, and it won't be because 
you've switched to an after-shave lotion that has made you suddenly more 
attractive. The attendant's interest will stem from the fact that Federal Avia- 
tion Administration regulations prohibit the use of portable computers on 
commercial airliners, and it's the flight attendant's duty to seek compliance 
with that regulation. The use of portable computers is also banned on private 
aircraft unless the operator— the pilot — has determined that use of the 
machine will not interfere with the safe operation of the plane's navigation 
or communications equipment. 

Section 91.19 of Federal Aviation Regulations outlaws the use of all but a 
few portable electronic devices aboard a commercial airliner or other aircraft 
flying under instrument flight rules because there's a risk that electromagnetic 
interference (EMI) from the device could hamper reception of navigation and 
communications signals, jeopardizing the safe operation of the plane. The 
only exceptions allow the use of heart pacemakers, hearing aids, tape 
recorders, and electric shavers in flight. If the regulation were strictly en- 
forced, even electronic watches and hand-held calculators would be outlawed. 

But the regulation isn't strictly enforced; it would be impossible to expect 
flight attendants or private pilots to enforce it. The FAA wants the airlines 
and private pilots to enforce the rule, but the airlines are especially chary 
of enforcing a regulation that may drive passengers away. 

Bill Walters, product line manager for Radio Shack's TRS-80 Models 4 and 
100 (portable), has some thoughts on the issue. He compares the FAAs posi- 
tion on EMI from portable electronic devices to that of the Federal Com- 
munications Commission on EMI from home computers interfering with 
television signal reception six years ago. Walters, a former commercial airline 
pilot, believes the FAA should establish an EMI standard with which all 
makers of portable electronic devices would have to comply, just as the FCC 
did in the case of home computers. We agree. 

In order to gain certification to use electronic devices on aircraft under the 
current regulation, the device manufacturer would be required to demonstrate 
that use of the device does not interfere with the navigation and communica- 
tions equipment on every type of aircraft that every airline uses. The cost 
of such testing to the device manufacturer would be prohibitive. 

Walters says it's time for the FAA to establish and enforce an emission stan- 
dard and bandwidth guidelines governing portable electronic devices. Cer- 
tainly some reasonable test procedures can be established that would allow 
portable computers to be certified for safe operation aboard aircraft that 
wouldn't also bankrupt the FAA to administer. 

Or perhaps there's a simpler alternative that would not require testing of 
any kind. No smoking is permitted aboard aircraft at takeoff and landing 
times to lessen the chance of fire in case of an accident. Warning signs and 
flight attendants alert passengers to this short-term smoking ban. Perhaps 
the use of portable computers could be banned for similar periods and in 
a similar manner when their use would be most likely to interfere with air- 
craft instrument landing systems. It's worth considering.* 



4 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



How to buy a computer 
by the numbers. 




Introducingthe Cromemco C-10 Per- 
sonal Computer. Only $1785, including 
software, and you get more profes- 
sional features and performance for the 
price than with any other personal 
computer on the market. We've got the 
numbers to prove it. 

The C-10 starts with a high-resolu- 
tion 12" CRT thatdisplays 25 lines with 
a full 80 characters on each line. Inside 
is a high-speed Z-80A microprocessor 
and 64K bytes of on-board memory. 
Then there's a detached, easy-to-use 
keyboard and a 5 l A" disk drive with an 
exceptionally large 390K capacity. 
That's the C-10, and you won't find 
another ready-to-use personal com- 
puter that offers you more. 

But hardware can't work alone. 
That's why every C-10 includes software 
—word processing, financial spread 
sheet, investment planning and BASIC. 
Hard-working, CP/M R -based software 
at meets your everyday needs. Soft- 
ware that could cost over $1000 some- 




where else. FREE with the C-10. There's 
really nothing else to buy. 

But the C-10's numbers tell only 
part of the story. What they don't say 
is that Cromemco is already known 
for some of the most reliable 
business and scientific 
computers in the industry. ^^ 

And now for the first 
time, this technology 
is available in a 
personal computer. 

One last number. 
Call 800 538-8157x929 
for the name of your 
nearest Cromemco 
dealer, orto request 
literature. In California 
call 800 672-3470 x929. Or write 
Cromemco, Inc., 280 Bernardo 
Avenue, P.O. Box 7400, Mountain 
View, CA 94039. In Europe, write 
Cromemco A/S, Vesterbrogade 1C, 
1620 Copenhagen, Denmark. 

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc. 
All Cromemco products are serviced by TRW. 




Cromemco 

Tomorrow's computers today 

Circle 119 on Inquiry card. 







tOO HI. 




\^ ^^^* ■ ' -Si 



,150 MILES 



200 Nil 







The system builder's best choice 
for color graphics is a CS5000 
color system from SCION. Its basic 
component is MicroAngelo , the 
single board graphics display 
computer that has revolutionized 
monochrome display capability 
with low cost 512x480 pixel 
graphics resolution and 40 line 
by 85 character text capacity. 
When MicroAngelo boards are combined, they create 
high resolution color graphics that have a unique ad- 
vantage. The displayed image is a combination of 
transparencies. So you can add, modify or delete 
images by transparency rather than as an entire image. 

SCION'S Series CS5000 builds an image with up to 8 bit 
planes, each generated by a MicroAngelo board. You 
select the assignment of those bit planes to transpar- 
encies. Each transparency can display 2 n -1 colors where 
n is the number of bit planes it uses ... 2 bit planes would 
make a three color transparency, 8 bit planes would 
make a 255 color transparency. Once each transparency 
has been defined, your host can work with it inde- 
pendently, generating and modifying its graphics and 
text without interacting with the others. The indepen- 
dent transparencies are combined by the Color Mixer 
board which also assigns one of 16.8 million possible 
colors to each color of each transparency. 



Yourcomputer talks to the SCION 
Color System in SCREENWARE™, 
SCION's high level display firm- 
ware language. SCREENWARE 
commands are used by the com- 
puter in each MicroAngelo bit 
plane to generate graphics and 
text primitives. User interface is 
made simple with prompted sys- 
tem set-up using SCION's ColorPak. 

MicroAngelo based color graphics systems are easy to 
use. Just plug the boards into your Multibus or S-100 
host. Or use the freestanding work station configuration 
with its RS-232 interface. In each case, you get high reso- 
lution color graphics for such a low price you can't 
afford to design your own. 

Think SCION for your graphics display needs. 
Think MicroAngelo. Call us at (703) 476-6100. 

System shown is a Model CS5050S. 
*A trademark of Intel Corp 



if the image is important 

12310 Pinecrest Rd./Reston, VA 22091 
(703) 476-6100 TWX: 710-833-0684 



For S-100 circle 510 on inquiry card, For Multibus circle 511 on inquiry card. 



MICROBYTES 



Staff-written highlights of late developments in the microcomputer industry. 



CONVERGENT TECHNOLOGIES INTRODUCES A NOTEBOOK-SIZE COMPUTER 

Convergent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, has introduced a portable computer that measures 8Vi by 
1 1 by 1 inches and weighs 3 pounds. The Convergent Workslate uses a 6303 processor— the CMOS 
version of the Motorola 6800 — and comes equipped with 16K bytes of RAM and 64K bytes of ROM, in- 
cluding a ROM-based spreadsheet and datebook software. A microcassette drive, a speaker phone, a 
300-bps modem, and a 1 5-line by 46-character liquid-crystal display are built-in features. The Workslate 
will be available through American Express in September for $895. 

DATA GENERAL UNVEILS A MULTIUSER MICROCOMPUTER 

Data General, Westboro, MA, has announced a 16-bit microcomputer that includes both an Intel 8086 
and a Data General Microeclipse processor. The Desktop Generation Model 10 can use CP/M-86, MS- 
DOS, or Data General's RDOS or AOS operating system. It also can run different operating systems 
simultaneously in a multiuser configuration. A single-user system with 128K bytes of memory, a single 
5Vi-inch floppy-disk drive, and either MS-DOS or CP/M-86 costs $3265. A four-user version with 
256K, a 1 5-megabyte hard-disk drive, three terminals, and RDOS and CP/M-86 sells for $10,960. 

LEADING EDGE PRODUCTS ANNOUNCES A COLOR WORD PROCESSOR FOR THE IBM PC 

Leading Edge Products, Needham Heights, MA, has announced its first internally developed product, a 
$300 color word processor for the IBM PC. Featuring an extensive help facility, a user-definable 
glossary to store any series of keystrokes, and the ability to restore deleted or overwritten text, the 
word processor will be the basis for an integrated package to be released later this year. The package 
will include spreadsheet, graphics, database-management, and spelling-checker capabilities. 

DOCUTEL/OLIVETTI SHOWS AN INKJET PRINTER, UPGRADES M20 COMPUTER 

Docutel/Olivetti Corp., Dallas, TX, has introduced an ink-jet printer for $549. The PR2300 uses a single- 
jet replaceable printing head and either a Centronics parallel or an RS-232C serial interface. 
Docutel/Olivetti has also added an 8086 processor to its 8001 -based M20 computer. The M20 BP with 
two floppy-disk drives and 1 28K bytes of RAM will sell for $3295. An 8086 expansion board for the 
standard M20 will cost $395. 

BALCONES, STRATEGIC TECHNOLOGIES, OTRONA PREPARE 16 BIT PORTABLES 

Balcones Computer Corp., Austin, TX, is at work on a portable computer based on the Xerox 820 8/16 
computer. The Xport will include an 8-bit Z80 with 64K bytes of RAM and a 1 6-bit 8086 with a 
separate 1 28K-byte RAM (expandable to 256 or 51 2K). The two processors will run concurrently; the 
Z80 runs CP/M-80, and the 8086 runs MS-DOS 2.0. The system, which will probably only be available 
with one 3V2-inch hard-disk drive and one 5 1 /4-inch floppy-disk drive, may cost as little as $3000. 

Strategic Technologies, Norcross, GA, is preparing a portable computer with a full-size plasma display. 
The PC Traveler will come in a briefcase measuring 14 by 19 by 6 inches and weigh less than 28 
pounds. It will include an Amlyn 5-disk cartridge drive, a built-in full-size dot-matrix printer, dual 80186 
processors, 128K bytes of RAM, an 80-character by 25-line gas-plasma display, and a bundled soft- 
ware package. The PC Traveler will sell for less than $5000 starting in November. 

Otrona Advanced Systems Corp., Boulder, CO, has introduced a dual-processor version of its por- 
table computer. The Attache 8:1 6 includes an 8-bit Z80A and a 1 6-bit 8086 processor, the CP/M 2.2 
and MS-DOS operating systems, two floppy-disk drives, and an IBM-compatible display format for 
$3795. An upgrade board to convert an Attache to an Attache 8:1 6 will cost $1495. 

SHACK AND SHARP INTRODUCE NEW POCKET COMPUTERS 
idio Shack's newest pocket computer, the PC-3, fits into a shirt pocket and can run programs written 
r the PC-1 . Weighing in at 4 ounces, the PC-3 has 1 .4K bytes of memory and a 24-character liquid- 
ystal display for $99.95. A PC-3 interface and recorder and a PC-3 printer/cassette interface each 
st $119.95. 
Sharp Electronics Corp., Paramus, NJ, has introduced a nearly identical computer, the PC-1 250, for 
I 10. The PC-1 250 measures 5-5/16 by 2Vi by 3/8 inches. 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 7 






M/CROBYTES. 



TEXAS INSTRUMENTS RELEASES DOW JONES NATURAL LANGUAGE INTERFACE, DOT-MATRIX PRINTER 

Texas Instruments' new Dow Jones Natural Language interface for its Professional computer enables 
users to request information in "plain English," translating requests into Dow Jones' command format. 
The $130 package includes a $50 account fee and an hour on the Dow Jones News/Retrieval service. 
Texas Instruments is also expected to announce its Omni 800 Model 855 dot-matrix printer. Using a 
32 by 18 printing head, the printer will include graphics capabilities and selectable fonts for under 
$1000. 

MICROS GAIN MORE A TTENTION A T SIGGRAPH 

Microcomputers received increased attention from vendors showing new products at the Siggraph con- 
vention in Detroit. Micro-based products announced at the show included a graphics board for the IBM 
PC from Number Nine Computer Engineering Inc., Hartford, CT, for less than $1200. The board, which 
NNCE plans to begin shipping late in the third quarter, is based on an NEC 7220 VLSI graphics display 
controller. The company has been shipping a similar board for the Apple for several 
months . . . 3Design, Seattle, WA, announced an optional Wordstar interface for its graphics card for 
the IBM PC. The interface lets users mix Wordstar-generated text and graphics. The basic graphics 
card, which costs $250 and requires 1 28K bytes of memory in the PC, enables users to create 
designs, then rotate, translate, and scale them independently or in reconfigurable groups, relative to 
any coordinate in the system .... Cubicomp Corp., Berkeley, CA, displayed its CS-5 graphics system 
for three-dimensional solids modeling. The under-$9000 system, which includes an interface adapter 
and a CS-5 graphics module, requires an IBM PC with at least 320K bytes of RAM and a high- 
resolution RGB monitor with long-persistence phosphors. The software runs under IBM 
PC-DOS . . . Precision Visuals, Boulder, CO, announced that it will support NAPLPS videotex standards 
in its DI-3000 graphics software. 

NANORYTES 

Zilog has announced the Z80000, a 32-bit microprocessor chip that is compatible with the 1 6-bit 
Z8000. Featuring a 256-byte on-chip cache, instruction pipelining, and memory management, the 
Z80000 can run at 10 to 25 MHz. It should be available in late 1984 for $150 in 1000-unit 
lots .... Silicon, the basic material in microprocessors and memory chips, may be in short supply later 
this year if semiconductor companies fail to plan now for future needs, warns Monsanto Electronic 
Materials Co., Palo Alto, CA. The company bases its prediction on trends in the economy and the 
semiconductor industry and on the sustained increase in orders for semiconductor products. Monsanto 
is the leading supplier of single-crystal CZ silicon, the primary ingredient of semiconductor 
devices .... Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, CA, has introduced a new 6-pen graphics plotter, the HP 
7475A, for $ 1 895. The company has dropped the list price of the HP 7470A 30 percent from $ 1 575 
to $1095 ... . Olympia USA Inc., Somerville, NJ, has introduced the People computer, which includes 
both CP/M-86 and MS-DOS and two floppy-disk drives for $3595. Concurrent CP/M-86 is also 
available .... American Bell has unveiled a videotex terminal to be sold through Bell Phone Center 
Stores. The terminal, which includes a 1 200-bps modem and keyboard, connects to a standard televi- 
sion. As part of a videotex program in southern Florida, the terminals will sell for $600 there; 
elsewhere, they will retail for $900 .... Coin-operated computer terminals with attached printers are 
being marketed by Data and Research Technology Corp. (Pittsburgh, PA) in an effort to become "the 
McDonald's of information." Users with valid accounts can access local nodes of such popular net- 
works as CompuServe, the Source, and Dow Jones for $1 for 3 minutes. The company hopes to have 
terminals in 50 cities by the end of the year .... Tandy, parent of Radio Shack, says its preliminary 
sales figures for the year ending June 30 were $2,472,484,000, up 22 percent from fiscal 
1982 .... Microsoft's MS-DOS operating system is now being supported on Digital Equipment Corp.'s 
Rainbow 100 and Fujitsu's Micro 1 6s . . . . Corvus Systems Inc. has lowered the prices of its Concept 
personal workstations to $3995 for the 256K-byte version and $4695 for the 512K-byte 
model .... The American Society of Interior Designers, New York, NY, has introduced a hardware- 
software package for interior designers, architects, and space planners. Based on a Victor Technologies 
8/1 6-bit computer, the package includes drafting, accounting, word-processing and mailing-list soft- 
ware. Priced under $10,000, it includes training for end users and a hot-line query service .... Apple 
Computer Inc. announced that the one millionth Apple computer was produced in June .... The 
British-designed Dragon computer (January 1983 BYTE, p. 46) is being manufactured and sold in the 
U.S. by Tano Corp. (New Orleans, LA). For $399, the machine includes 64K bytes of RAM, sound, 
256 by 192 color graphics, and Extended Microsoft BASIC. 

8 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



ATARI COMPUTER OWNERS: 



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Atari is a registered trademark of Atari, Inc. • AT88 S1 PD is a trademark of Percom Data Corporation. • COPYRIGHT PERCOM DATA CORPORATION 1983. 

Prices subject to change without notice. 

Circle 355 on Inquiry card. 



Circle 168 on inquiry card. 



LLOYDS 

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Letters 



Multiplying without Zero 

Multiplication by doubling and halving 
("Novel Methods of Integer Multiplica- 
tion and Division," June, p. 364) is dis- 
cussed by Karl Menninger in his excellent 
book, Number Words and Number Symbols 
(MIT Press, 1969). Menninger credits the 
Egyptians with the invention of the 
algorithm. 

Multiplication and division are difficult 
in any number system that does not have 
a zero, such as Roman numerals. The 
Romans bypassed the problem by 
doubling and halving on a counting 
board. 

Joseph J. Brigham 
1293 Brighton Sq. 
St. Paul, MN 55112 



Bug-Free But Meaningless 

Those seeking a textbook illustration of 
the dictum "garbage in, garbage out" 
need look no further than John Merrill's 
article ("Regression Fitting to Economic 
Indexes," May, p. 474). The author 
presents a lovely piece of code, perfectly 
logical and internally consistent, which 
nonetheless produces completely mean- 
ingless output because it is based on the 
fallacy that holds that economic data can 
be treated in the same way as a con- 
tinuous function in mathematics — i.e., 
that it can be analyzed by the methods 
of calculus. 

The reasoning that refutes this fallacy 
is quite straightforward and need not be 
rehashed here. Rothbard, among others, 
has argued persuasively against the no- 
tion that it is possible to treat market 
phenomena in terms of "infinitely small" 
differences (Man, Economy, and State, Van 
Nostrand, 1962, p. 440n). Intuitively, it 
should be clear that economic data, by its 
very nature, is discrete because it is 
ultimately resolvable into individual deci- 
sions to buy or not to buy, and the buy- 
ing population is finite. (It does not help 
to argue that the population is large 
enough to "approximate" infinity 
because the market for any given good 
at any given time cannot be predicted in 
advance and may in fact consist of only 
a handful of people.) 

Even if we concede that it is sometimes 
permissible, for the sake of simplicity, to 
work with smoothed-out supply and de- 



mand curves, it makes no sense at all to 
maintain that an "underlying rate of in- 
flation" can somehow be measured by 
cataloguing the history of prices. Such a 
measurement, if it could be made at all, 
would have to be derived from 
money-supply figures. The econometri- 
cians claim to be able to use the methods 
of statistics in order to "fit" Consumer 
Price Index data to a smooth logarithmic 
curve and then to be able to "see" the 
effects of the Viet Nam war in the result! 
Even if the CPI were accurate and con- 
sistent (and it's neither), so many 
variables go into determining a market's 
equilibrium price that you might just as 
well claim you can "see" the next presi- 
dent's face in a lump of soggy tea leaves. 
The moral for programmers is that our 
work can be logical, consistent, and bug- 
free, yet still produce meaningless 
results. If seemingly plausible, these 
results may mislead vast numbers of 
people, particularly when the govern- 
ment has involved itself in the matter. I 
have no fear of 10 million machine-read- 
able files in private hands, but when the 
state uses its coercive authority to collect 
even one small database, I tremble. The 
issue for society is compulsion, not com- 
puterization. 

G. M. Harding 
POB 7556 
Carmel, CA 93921 



Kudos for the Model 100 

The warts to which Rich Malloy al- 
luded ("Little Big Computer: The TRS-80 
Model 100 Computer," May, p. 14) are, 
in fact, beauty marks! I'm a 25-year 
veteran of the computer field who cut his 
teeth on tubes and drum memory, but 
the bubble hasn't burst even after the first 
two weeks of 22-hour days of reveling in 
the delights of the Model 100. The de- 
signers seem to have been blessed with 
a Midas touch that has enabled them to 
turn what initially seem like drawbacks 
into delightful and surprising assets. 

I've yet to see a criticism of the Model 
100 that doesn't wither under close 
scrutiny. Malloy's review is the best in- 
depth effort I've seen so far. My only 
query is about the surprise of the 
author regarding the individual who put 
an $800 deposit on one the day he read 



10 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



With all the clamor about personal computers, 

a fundamental fact is often overlooked: 

some simply work better than others. 

Consider the COMRVQ Portable. 



A computer will make you 
more productive. A 
computer will make you 
more efficient. You hear 
it everywhere. But you 
don't hear much about 
which computer actually 
works best. 

The COMPAQ Portable 

fits under a standard airline 

seat for business trips. 

Works in more 
places 

With the COMPAQ™ 
Portable, you can be as pro- 
ductive in your hotel room 
or your lake house as in your 
own office. It's a reliable companion 
on a business trip. It's a powerful sales 
aid in your customers office. 

You can move it from office to of- 
fice to share its resources. You can 
move it into the conference room to 
answer questions. 

What's more productive than a 
computer? A computer that works for 
you in more places. 

Works with the greatest 
number of programs 

The most important consideration 
when choosing a computer is "what 
programs will it run?" 

The COMPAQ Portable runs more 
programs than any other portable. In 
fact, it runs more than most non- 
portables because it runs all the pop- 
ular programs written for the IBM® 
Personal Computer without any mod- 
ification. There are hundreds of 
them. They are available at computer 
stores all over the country. 

Imagine the power of a portable 
word processor. There are dozens of 
word processing programs available 
for the COMPAQ Portable. 

Planning, problem-solving, and 
"what-ifs" are a cinch with a variety 
of popular electronic spreadsheet 
programs. The COMPAQ Portable 




ns them all. 
There are accounting 
programs for any- 
thing from comput- 
erizing your family 
budget to full-scale 
professional man- 
agement of payables, 
receivables, inventory, 
and payroll. 

There are programs 
for making charts and 
programs for com- 
municating with other 
computers. 

So you get portability 
and you don't give up 
problem-solving power. 
The combination adds 
up to the most useful personal 
computer on the market today. 

Add-on options make it work 
the way you work 

Inside the COMPAQ Portable are 
three open slots. Most portables 
don't have any. Electronic devices 
called expansion boards fit those slots 
and give the COMPAQ Portable new 
powers. As with programs, expansion 
boards designed for the IBM will 
work. With them, you can make your 
personal computer more personal. 

Want to check a stock price? One 
expansion board enables 
the COMPAQ Portable 
to handle those communi- 
cations over ordinary 
phone lines. 

Want to use your com- 
pany's central computer 
files while you're on a 
trip? There are boards 
that allow the COMPAQ 
Portable to communicate 
with a variety of large 
computers. 

Other boards let you hook 
up controllers for computer 
games, increase memory 
capacity, or connect several 
personal computers in a 
network. 



The added usefulness is free 

The COMPAQ Portable doesn't cost 
any more than an ordinary desktop 
computer. In fact, it costs hundreds less 
than a comparably equipped IBM or 
Apple® III. The COMPAQ Portable 
comes standard with one disk drive 
and 128K bytes of 
^^^ memory, both of 

which are usually 
extra-cost options. 
The bottom line 
) is this — you 

just can't 




All the popular 
programs written 
for the IBM PC run 
as is on the COMPAQ 
Portable. 
buy a more 

practical, useful, productive computer. 
Compare the COMPAQ Portable. 

For the location of the Authorized 
Dealer nearest you, call 1-800- 
231-9966. 



c 19«3 COMPAQ Computer Corporation 

COMPAQ™ is a trademark of COMPAQ Computer Corporation. 

IBM* is a registered trademark of International Business Machines 

Corporation. 

Apple* is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Corporation. 




comma 



Common sense and uncommon design 



BYTE September 1983 11 



Circle 50 on Inquiry card. 



SERIAL PORT 



W "' , * (, "«"-»v»*wc"tt — 



BTA's MODEL 524 MULTIPORT 
CONTROLLER is a code activated one 
to four serial port expander — but that's 
not all since it has separate and indepen- 
dent UARTS, buffers and handshaking 
each port can operate with a different 
configuration, i.e. different baud rates, 
stop bits, etc. These features also permit 
two or more devices to communicate 
with the 524 simultaneously. 



ps , - 


L«tt»r-quallty . / 

printer f=CJ=^_* 


n 


High spMd I 

i ( s printer 


CPU 524 1 _____ 

1 ^»J/- — A 


1 I ) 





/ T«rmln«l \ 



Full duplex with EIA RS-232 protocol 
Baud rates up to 19,200 



Expansion to 1 6 ports by cascading 



Peripheral ports may be configured 
by user software 

One year warranty 



•MODEL 524 $249.00 

•MODEL 524A $279.00 

same as model 524 except has 256 byte 
rx/tx buffers per port 

•MODEL 524 D $269.00 

same as model 524, plus continuous poll- 
ing of each peripheral device for data 
transfer requests. The device is auto- 
matically connected when its 'turn comes 
up . ON, BUSY and OFF messages are 
sent to the peripheral device. 
Other models available — Contact us or 
your dealer for additional information. 

_ BAY TECHNICAL ASSOCIATES. inc.. 



■^ HIGHWAY 603, P.O. BOX 387 

BAY ST. LOUIS, MISSISSIPPI 39520 
16011467-8231 



Letters, 



about it. I went out and bought 12! I now 
do all my correspondence with it, keep 
office records on it, relish the sounds of 
my text-to-voice synthesizer, and enjoy 
threatening the wags and critics with my 
bar-code reader wand. I estimate that I 
will recoup the cost of the machines 
within a few months. 

Radio Shack has caught at least one 
customer hook, line, and sinker. 

R. E. Cassidy 
DC Consultants 
38 Riddell St. 
Woodstock, Ontario 
Canada 



Eek: Another Mouse? 

I am sorry to see Apple, Visicorp, and 
possibly Microsoft jump onto the Xerox 
bandwagon and introduce a mouse into 
their new integrated computing software. 
The mouse is an inherently bad pointing 
device for at least three reasons: it con- 
sumes one to two square feet of flat desk 
space; it requires users to move their 
hands one to two feet from the keyboard 
in order to point at a screen object; and, 
because the mouse is not in a fixed place 
relative to the keyboard, users must look 
away from their work to find the mouse 
whenever it is to be used. 

A much better solution to the problem 
of efficiently pointing at the screen is to 
use a trackball device located just below 
the space bar of the keyboard. This re- 
quires only four square inches of space, 
allows users to keep their fingers on the 
home keys of the keyboard during use, 
and does not require users to divert their 
eyes from the work. Trackballs are not 
more expensive than mice when both are 
manufactured in quantity. 

Henry Hoeksma 
112 Minota Hagey Res. 
University of Waterloo 
Canada 



The Price Is Wrong 

I was very excited by the article by 
Larry Sarisky, president of Syquest Tech- 
nology, on the company's removable 
media hard-disk drive ("Will Removable 
Hard Disks Replace the Floppy?" March, 
p. 110). Too bad the prices quoted in the 
article don't come close to the actual 
figures on the price list Syquest sent me. 
(Unless, of course, I buy 50 or more units. 



Do your readers often buy 50 or more 
units when purchasing hard-disk drives?) 

The article said "3.9-inch drives cost 
less than $800, the 3.9-inch (cartridge) 
about $35." Also, "The drive costs only 
slightly more than a floppy-disk drive. 
The cost of a cartridge is comparable to 
the cost of a box of 10 floppy disks." 

The price list that I was sent quotes the 
price of the removable media drive and 
cartridge in quantities less than 10 as $995 
for a drive and $70 for a cartridge. Please 
be more sensitive to such exaggerated 
claims in the future. 

K. S. Scriba 
4602 Alpine 
Enid, OK 73701 



harry Sarisky replies: 

At the time my article was submitted, our 
pricing was $800 for either the SQ306R or 
SQ306F disk drive. The Q-Pak cartridge was 
$35. Recent cost increases in material and 
manpower resulted in a price increase on the 
SQ306R and Q-Pak. To quote all of our exist- 
ing customers and prospects who have signed 
up to the slightly higher prices, "It is still 
the best deal around. " 

I am sorry for any inconvenience this may 
have caused you. 



Make Mine Modula-2 

"Modula-2: A Worthy Successor to 
Pascal" by Joel McCormack and Richard 
Gleaves (April, p. 385) is by far the best 
exposition to date on Modula-2. How- 
ever, the subtitle of the article might have 
read "And a Worthy Competitor to 
Ada." Clearly, Modula-2 could give Ada 
a run for the money, if only the Modula 
Research Institute had a tenth of the 
funds the Department of Defense (DOD) 
has allocated for Ada promotion. 

In Earl McCoy's "Strongly Typed Lan- 
guages," (May, p. 418) he says that Ada 
"is expected to attain wide use in both 
civilian and military applications." Ob- 
viously, the many firms and organiza- 
tions on the military "gravy train" will 
indeed use Ada because it is being forced 
upon them. Civilian applications, how- 
ever, are a different matter. Ada has not 
established its superiority to even extend- 
ed Pascal, let alone Modula-2. It is a 
nightmare for compiler writers and is 
clearly top-heavy with complex features, 
whereas Modula-2 is a simpler and much 
more readable systems prograrrurting lan- 



12 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Introducing the Most Powerful 
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Each VERSABUSINESS module can be purchased and used independently, 
or can be linked in any combination to form a complete, coordinated business system. 



VERSARECEIVABLES'" $99.95 

VERSA RECEIVABLES 7 " is a complete menu-driven accounts receivable, invoicing, and 
monthly statement-generating system. It keeps track of all information related to who 
owes you or your company money, and can provide automatic billing for past due ac- 
counts. Versa Receivables'" prints all necessary statements, invoices, and summary 
reports and can be linked with VersaLedger II 7 " and VERSAlNVENTORY"*. 

VERSAPAYABLES™ $99.95 

VersaPayables™ is designed to keep track of current and aged payables, keeping you 
in touch with all information regarding how much money your company owes, and to 
whom. VERSAPAYABLES™ maintains a complete record on each vendor, prints checks, 
check registers, vouchers, transaction reports, aged payables reports, vendor reports, 
and more. With VERSAPAYABLES'". you can even let your computer automatically select 
which vouchers are to be paid. 

VERSAPAYROLL™ $99.95 

VERSA PAYROLL'" is a powerful and sophisticated, but easy to use payroll system that 
keeps track of all government -required payroll information. Complete employee records 
are maintained, and all necessary payroll calculations are performed automatically, with 
totals displayed on screen for operator approval. A payroll can be run totally, automati- 
cally, or the operator can intervene to prevent a check from being printed, or to alter 
information on it. If desired, totals may be posted to the VERSALEDGER If" system. 

VERSAlNVENTORY™ $99.95 

VERSA INVENTORY™ is a complete inventory control system that gives you instant access 
to data on any item. VERSAlNVENTORY™ keeps track of all information related to what 
items are in stock, out of stock, on backorder, etc., stores sales and pricing data, alerts 
you when an item falls below a preset reorder point, and allows you to enter and print 
invoices directly or to link with the VERSA RECEIVABLES™ system. VERSAlNVENTORY™ prints 
all needed inventory listings, reports of items below reorder point, inventory value re- 
ports, period and year-to-date sales reports, price lists, inventory checklists, etc. 



' 



CQMPIJTRQNICS 



50 N. PASCACK ROAD, SPRING VALLEY, N.Y. 10977 

" TRS-80 is a trademark of the Radio Shack Division of Tandy Corp. • 'APPLE is a trademark of 

*CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research 



VersaLedger h™ $149.95 

VersaLedger II™ is a complete accounting system that grows as your business 
grows. VersaLedger IP* can be used as a simple personal checkbook register, 
expanded to a small business bookkeeping system or developed into a large 
corporate general ledger system without any additional software. 

• VERSALEDGER II™ gives you almost unlimited storage capacity 

(300 to 10,000 entries per month, depending on the system), 

• stores all check and general ledger information forever, 

• prints tractor-feed checks, 

• handles multiple checkbooks and general ledgers, 

• prints 17 customized accounting reports including check registers, 
balance sheets, income statements, transaction reports, account 
listings, etc. 

VersaLedger IP" comes with a professionally-written 160 page manual de- 
signed for first-time users. The VersaLedger IP" manual will help you become 
quickly familiar with VersaLedger IP", using complete sample data files 
supplied on diskette and more than 50 pages of sample printouts. 



SATISFACTION GUARANTEED! 



Every VERSABUSINESS'" module is guaranteed to outperform all other competitive systems, 
and at a fraction of their cost . If you are not satisfied with any VERSABUSINESS™ module, you 
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To Order: 

Write or call Toll-free (800) 43 1-2818 

(N.Y.S. residents call 9 14-425- 1535) 

* add $3 tor shipping in UPS areas * add $5 to CANADA or MEXtCO 

* add $4 for C.O.D. or non-UPS areas * add proper postage elsewhere 

Circle 200 on Inquiry card. ^^^ 

DEALER INQUIRIES WELCOME 

All prices and specifications subject to change / Delivery subject to availability. 



Apple Corp. - *IBM is a trademark of IBM Corp. - *OSBORNE is a trademark of Osborne Corp. 
- 'XEROX is a trademark of Xerox Corp. 







Intertec Offers 






ShouldVe Offered 




W-YearFactor 



yWstftanty 



j 1 



\ 



\ -1 Ai 



The rationale behind the 
conventional 90-day warranty 
is that anything likely to go 
wrong will go wrong in the first 
3 months. 

But it can take 3 months 
just to get comfortable with a 
new system. That's the honey- 
moon-period, when you treat 
your equipment with the deli- 
cacy of a safecracker. 



CompuStar can network up to 255 intelligent 
terminals and give each of them access to 
common or restricted databases. 

Ah, but now it's 5 months 
down the road, the honeymoon 
is over, your equipment has 
finally begun to justify its cost, 
and that's the afternoon your 
processor's fan succumbs to 
fatigue. 

Or maybe the malfunction 
is more gradual, like a disk- 
head drifting increasingly out 
of alignment. 

Or more elusive, like an in- 
termittent failure due to border- 
line components. 

When You BuildThem 

Stronger, \bu Can Back 

Them Longer. 

And that's why all Intertec 
terminals, computer networks 
and disk storage systems come 
with a full year of coverage. 
Not because you'll need it, but 
to assure you that you won't. 

*CfifAi is a registered trademark tf 'Digital Research. 

* 'Microsoft Bask- is a registered trademark of .Microsoft Corporation. 



See— unlike other makers, 
we know what we're standing 
behind. 

We don't slap Intertec 
nameplates on other people's 
parts. We build virtually all our 
equipment ourselves. 

And we assemble it ourselves. 

And we test and re-test it 
ourselves. 

More Bytes 
For \bur Buck. 

That's also why 
we can offer you flatly 
superior dollar-values. 

In single-user 
desk tops, for example, 
our SuperBrain offers 
— - mmm twin Z80s, standard; 
64 kbytes of dynamic ram, 
standard; up to 1.5 mbytes of 
disk storage, standard; 
CP/M2.2*andMBasic| 
standard. 

And compared to conven- 
tional multi-user systems, our 
CompuStar systems can give 
you many more hours of 
productive labor every day— 
because, instead of depending 
on a central processor for data 
manipulation, each worksta- 
tion in a CompuStar network 
has its own processor and its 
own 64 kbytes of ram. 

As a result, you can have 
anywhere from 2 to 255 work- 
stations working simultaneously 
without suffering noticeable 
declines in execution-time. 

Why Just Expand When 
\bu Can Up-Grade? 

In fact, if you assess your 
expansion alternatives in terms 
of relative payback potential, 



you're very likely to find that 
up-grading with Intertec equip- 
ment from scratch would be 
more cost-effective than 
burdening your existing instal- 
lation with add-on's. 

Dollar for dollar, the Inter- 
tec system is apt to be not only 
faster, more powerful and more 
versatile, but more reliable and 
better supported. 

Service On Site? 
Within 4 Hours? 

In addition to our one-year 
warranty, and the carry-in 
service provided by authorized 
Intertec dealers, we also have 
600 factory-trained technicians 
to provide service on-site in 120 
U.S. cities, often within 4 hours. 

To arrange for that service 

Since we build our 
equipment from 
scratch, we can 
afford to do it right 
and still hold down 
our prices. 




just call our Customer Services 
Department at 803/798-9100. 
At the same time we'll be happy 
to give you the name of your 
nearest Intertec dealer. 

Or write on your letterhead 
to Intertec Data Systems Cor- 
poration, 2300 Broad River 
Road, Columbia, SC 29210. 

intertec 



Circle 233 on inquiry card. 



BYTE September 1983 15 



Circle 145 on inquiry card. 




Apple® II, He 

5 megabyte 

Removable 

HARD_ DISK™ 

n,295 

HARD_DISK is 
designed for fast access 
to large data files. 
The Removable 
HARD.DISK PAC™ 
can even replace floppy 
diskettes as a very 
reliable backup media 
and eliminate the need 
to add floppy disk 
drives. 

One Year Warranty 

205-871-0987 

Digital Electronics Systems 

107 Euclid Avenue 
Mountain Brook, AL 35213 



HARD-DISK, PAC are trademarks of Digital Electronic 

Systems, Inc. 

Apple II, lie is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. 



Letters. 



guage. 

Perhaps it would be useful to follow the 
example of David Packard, founder of 
Hewlett-Packard. Having witnessed the 
DOD as an insider (he held the title of 
Deputy Secretary of Defense), he later 
ran H-P on the principle that it should 
stay as far away from military business 
as possible. Maybe he knew something 
we all should know. 

Luckily, the nonmilitary option is avail- 
able, and it happens to embody the best 
elements for successful systems 
implementations . 

Lee Scott Jacobson 
Bebo White 
1440 Catalina St. 
San Leandro, CA 94577 



Wanted: a Conversion Program 

I find myself viewing the advent of 
16-bit personal computers with mixed 
emotions. 

Having purchased an 8-bit personal 
computer some years ago, I have in- 
vested considerable time and money in 
software for the 6502 MPU. A good deal 
of this investment was expensive "un- 
copyable" business and business-related 
programs. 

My initial reaction of elation for the 
IBM PC quickly disappeared when I real- 
ized the limited software available at that 
time and the inability to convert my ex- 
isting software to the new OS/DOS used 
by that machine. Despite the relatively 
low cost of the IBM PC and its obvious 
advantages, I was discouraged from pur- 
chasing it due to the tremendous expense 
in time and money to convert my existing 
software to the new system. 

As other newer MPUs and machines 
are released to the general market with 
expanded capabilities, the companies 
who published their proprietary pro- 
grams push their early supporters to 
either repurchase the same software (if 
it exists) to upgrade to a new system or 
simply to make do with a smaller, less ef- 
ficient system. 

The personal computer industry takes 
justifiable pride in the tremendous strides 
it has made toward industrial standards, 
while the software industry struggles 
mightily to maintain parity (no pun in- 
tended). The introduction of new MPUs 
results in new OS/DOS systems— CP/M, 
CP/M-86, Concurrent CP/M, CP/NET, 
Unix, Xenix, and the UCSD p- System, to 



name a few. While some of these are 
cross-translatable and others can be used 
on a variety of MPUs, some tremendous- 
ly brilliant software is compatible with 
only one or two systems. No sys- 
tem = no software. 

Now, I'm no expert, and it may be that 
an inexpensive conversion program 
exists, but I haven't seen it advertised at 
any price. On the other hand, if a trans- 
lator doesn't exist, someone stands to 
make a fortune on a single program 
series. 

A small business or serious hobbyist 
simply cannot afford to repurchase or 
retype numerous programs after expend- 
ing the necessary capital to purchase a 
new machine. Therefore he either 
declines to purchase the machine or 
resorts to writing his own programs- 
bugs and all. Either way, one portion of 
the industry suffers. 

It may be poor form to discuss price, 
but for me at least, cost-effectiveness is 
of paramount importance. If I want to 
purchase $8000 to $10,000 worth of equip- 
ment and then be forced to repurchase 
a similar dollar value of software that I 
already own, cost-effectiveness ceases to 
exist. 

John Winney 
8326 228th St. SW 
Edmonds, WA 98020 



Corrected CASE Structure 
for Ffg-FORTH 

Your August 1980 issue featured several 
excellent articles on FORTH. Since that 
time, the issue appears to have become 
a reference for individuals and companies 
as more and more attention is paid to 
FORTH. Peopleware Systems specializes 
in FORTH products, and we have re- 
ceived inquiries about the Miller and 
Miller article, "Breakforth into FORTH," 
(p. 50). 

An example on page 180 has a subtle 
bug. The example as it appeared in 
essence is as follows: 

: CASE < BUILDS SMUDGE ] DOES> 

SWAP 2 * + @ EXECUTE ; 
: 0PET ." AARDVARK " ; : 1PET 

." BEAVER " ; : 2PET 

." COUGAR " ; 

CASE: ANIMAL 0PET 1PET 2PET ; 

where 1 ANIMAL will print BEAVER, 



16 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 473 on inquiry card. ■ 



# 



INTRODUCING 




FW 



EVi 






.r-"?*" 



V 



i - . v*»i . f 



lioin vuli'/, you II i'ii|i iy sweeping | i.nioi.im.r. 
ol Spreadsheets lli.il yuu'vi' iii'Vi'i seen before 
I2B columns by 12 lines, 1 1'£ i > ill inn i'. by 2A 
lineh .mil i'Vi-ii I'iO < iilumir. liy .'■! lines. You'll 
revel iii llu- •.! i'mk ■. i>l .i whole ye.ir ol lei olds 

'.l ICI'll 




in llu' new horizon ol lid 
iy 48 lines double Ihe Inn". you 
formally have. So your word proi essing wil 
reveal .i "depth ol < harai ler" nevei possible 



oso luii'iv llu kei 



preposterously c li-.n, readable c harai icrs. Noi 
only will you see more ( haracters on your 
si ici'ii (,i whopping 4096 possible), but they'll 
e larger and more readable lhan the 

lers you re, id every d.iy in your uews- 



.ilure'. .i b 



Minpoil lor 1./ 



UltraTerm. Come on over and 

enjoy the view. 

Suggested retail price: $379 



idex 



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Letters, 



etc 

The problem revolves around ter- 
minating the list of cases after CASE: 
( OPET 1PET 2PET ) with { ; }. 

The function of the terminator is to 
reset STATE to 0, which indicates execu- 
tion mode. While { ; } does this, it also 
does some other things in fig systems 
... it toggles the SMUDGE bit, and 
hence the need for SMUDGE in the 
< BUILDS clause in the definition of 
CASE: . { ; } also executes ?CSP, and 
here lies the bug. 



If the above example is keyed in is 
shown, it will work as expected. How- 
ever, if the stack is altered after defining 
2PET but before defining ANIMAL by 
putting a number on the stack, the ?CSP 
test will fail, giving an error message #14, 
"definition not finished." 

If { [ } is used to terminate the list of 
cases, no ?CSP test will be performed, 
and the problem will be eliminated. If this 
is done, SMUDGE should be omitted 
from the definition of CASE:. 

Better yet, a synonym for { [ } can be 




Leadinu Edge Z-80. S100 Distributed Processing. 

$475.00 



Memory transfer rates of 517Kbytes/second, 
direct memory access, memory mapping and 
host to slave requests via interrupt control make 
the CPS-MX fast. And easy to integrate. Fully 
compatible with TURBOdos™, Intercontinental 
Micro System's slaves are available in four 
versions: synchronous or asynchronous serial 
port, 4Mhz or 6Mhz. The choice is yours. The 
CPS-MX also allows the bus master to utilize 
slave memory at the user's discretion. The slave 
then acts as a 64K RAM card. 

The CPS-MX is also easy to integrate with 
Intercontinental's full line of S100 products: 
CPZ-48000SBC 
single board 

computer with MM . , • 
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TURBOdos is a trademark ol Software 2000. Inc. 



channels, memory management, on board 
floppy controller, DMA and vectored priority 
interrupts; and 256K bank selectable or 
contiguous memory. 

A complete line of personality boards allow 
easy interface to anything from a floppy to a 
Winchester, including modems and printers, and 
don't take up any S-100 bus space. 

Best of all is the price. The CPS-MX starts at 
$475.00. That's right, up to 65% less than what 
you have been paying for products that may not 
measure up. 

Call Intercontinental Micro Systems today. 

We'd like to send you information 
on the S-100 slave alternative. 




defined to terminate the list of cases 

: ENDCASE [COMPILE] [ ; 
IMMEDIATE 

Note that { [ } is IMMEDIATE and, 
therefore, requires the use of [COM- 
PILE]; note also that ENDCASE must be 
IMMEDIATE. 

This bug can show up if CASE: is made 
part of your FORTH kernel. Thus, if you 
boot your FORTH system after turning 
power on and the first definition uses 
CASE: to define a word, CSP will con- 
tain garbage, and the ?CSP error will 
result. Our P-FORTH card automatical- 
ly saves compiled FORTH code in non- 
volatile EEROM, which makes this bug 
more likely to appear. 

The correct example would then be 

: CASE: < BUILDS ] DOES> SWAP 2 

* + @ EXECUTE ; 
: ENDCASE [COMPILE] [ ; 

IMMEDIATE 
: OPET ." AARDVARK " ; : 1PET 

." BEAVER " ; : 2PET ." COUGAR " ; 
CASE: ANIMAL OPET 1PET 2PET 

ENDCASE 

Note the definition of CASE: is a fairly 
advanced FORTH topic, but the use of 
CASE: is very simple. 

Fred Olson 

Peopleware Systems Inc. 
5190 West 76th St. 
Minneapolis, MN 55435 



Coding between the Lines 

I was considering buying the Apple 
Logo for my children until I read Gary 
Drescher's letter (March, p. 20). I have no 
intention of paying for the advertising of 
his favorite cause or anybody else's. I 
wonder what he would think if, for ex- 
ample, his or his friend's child received 
a FORTRAN compiler error message 
such as "Evolution stinks." Would he 
send the ACLU to the rescue or recognize 
the rights of anti-evolutionists to resist? 
Certainly, in a democratic society there 
are less sneaky ways of exercising one's 
rights to differ from and/or resist prevail- 
ing public opinions. 

George Jerinic 
7 Robinwood Rd. 
Acton, MA 01720B 



18 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 231 on Inquiry card. 



Circle 212 on Inquiry card. 





outweighs the competition 



• is i L i I •■ 




IBC MIDDI CADET 



Maximum Users 
Disk Storage 
Memory 
CPU Speed 

Benchmark (Elapsed time) 

List Price 




9 

20 MB 

256 KB * * 

6 MHz 

1:44 Minutes* 

$7495.00 



ALTOS ACS 8000-10 



Maximum Users 
Disk Storage 
Memory 
CPU Speed 

Benchmark (Elapsed time) 



4 

10 MB 

208 KB 

4 MHz 

5:03 Minutes* 



List Price 



$7995.00 



The IBC MIDDI Cadet is better, faster and less expensive than the ALTOS ACS-8000-10 and 
others. That's why we call it the heavyweight performer. 

Because the MIDDI is completely software compatible with ALTOS, ONYX™, Dynabyte™ and 
others using CP/M™ 2.2, MP/M™ II or OASIS™, you can transport your applications software to the 
MIDDI without modification. So why not take the benchmark test yourself. 

If you are an OEM, system integrator, multiple end user, or dealer for any of our competitors, 

send a copy of your application program to IBC. We will run your software on the MIDDI without 

modification and give you the elapsed time in minutes. You be the judge. If it really is faster 

than your current hardware and it is , then you owe it to yourself and your customers to switch to 

IBC. 

So remember! When you want a heavyweight performer at a low price, contact: - 



OUTSIDE THE USA 



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WITHIN THE USA 



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(801)621-2294 



'Four users under OASIS 
Upgradeoble lo 512 K Bytes 



At IOS if, a trademark at At (OS Computer Sylems. ONYX is a trademark ol Onyx Systems Inc , DYNABYTE is a trademark ot Dynabyte Bu 
Computers, CP/M ft MP/M are trademarks of Digital Research, and OASIS is o trademark of Phase One Systems 



Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar 






f >i 



■k 



Ti'-'' ' 






i ■ 






^ 



I 



J 



:-<.. i 



Build the Micro 
D-Cam Solid-State 
Video Camera 



Part 1: The IS32 Optic RAM 

and the_Mi cro D-Cam 
Hardware 






by Steve Ciarcia 



20 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



A 64K-bit dynamic RAM chip is the visual sensor in this digital 

image camera 



If you've followed the activities 
in the Circuit Cellar for any 
period of time, you have probably 
realized that my writing a monthly 
column is just an excuse to investigate 
and experiment with whatever I find 
currently fascinating. One of my 
longtime fascinations has been the 
input of visual data to a computer. 
While I've presented interfaces that 
allow computers to determine direc- 
tion and measure distances, receive 
a variety of sensory inputs via touch 
or remote signal, and even speak 
their minds through voice synthesis, 
until now I have not presented a pro- 
ject that enables a computer to see. 

There was a time when most com- 
puters communicated via klunky 
teletypes at 10 characters per second. 
Improving output technology— high- 
speed video graphics displays, dot- 
matrix printers, and voice synthe- 
sis—has vastly improved the com- 
puter's ability to communicate 
results and conclusions to its user. 
Except in specialized applications, 
however, input technology has been 
discouragingly static. We still plod 
along using keyboards or mice as the 
primary input device even when the 
input data may be graphical. 

So much of our existence involves 
visual recognition that it only stands 
to reason that the potential applica- 
tions of computers would be en- 
hanced if a versatile sensory-input 
channel were available to the ma- 
chines. Then, instead of spending 
hours entering digital coordinates 
from a picture or map into a com- 
puter using a keyboard, you could 
easily use a "computerized camera" 
to make a visual snapshot of the 
material, instantly producing a 
digitized picture. Once you had such 
a picture in the computer, it could be 
interpreted, enhanced, or stored as 
the application might dictate. 

Photo 1: In this prototype, the Optic RAM 
is mounted inside a light-tight box with a C- 
mount lens focusing light onto one of its cell 
arrays. The ribbon cable leads straight from 
the Optic RAM to the interface card in the 
Apple. 



Computers and Vidicon Cameras 

Computerized-image cameras are 
not new, but up to now they have 
always been too expensive for wide- 
spread practical use and casual ex- 
perimentation. Most of the computer 
image-input devices currently avail- 
able use a conventional black-and- 
white television camera as the image 
sensor. The camera's video output 
must be converted to digital logic 
levels for the computer: a difficult 
task, because the output, produced 
using a Vidicon-type pickup tube, is 
a high-frequency analog signal di- 
vided into 30 complete frames of pic- 
ture information transmitted and 
scanned each second (or 25 frames 
for most TV systems outside North 
America). 

Most high-quality TV-camera inter- 
faces convert the analog signal for 
computer processing through "frame 
grabbing," in which one of the frames 
is sampled, digitized, and stored dur- 
ing a 1/30-second frame-scan interval. 
In these sophisticated visual sensing 
systems, a high-speed A/D (analog- 
to-digital) converter digitizes the 
analog signal in real time at sampling 
rates exceeding 5 megahertz (MHz) 
and stores the PCM (pulse-code 
modulated) data in a high-speed buf- 
fer made of semiconductor memory. 
Because they operate so fast, such 
units are insensitive to camera mo- 
tion and fast scene changes. 

In less sophisticated TV-camera in- 
terfaces, the designer has assumed 
that the camera and the object in its 
view will remain still long enough for 
the picture to be processed by slower, 
cheaper circuitry. When the TV pic- 
ture is stationary, all frames in the 
signal are identical, so a sequential 
line-sampling technique is often em- 
ployed. In units of this type, a low- 
speed A/D converter (sampling from 
100,000 to 1,000,000 times per second) 
operates in bursts of activity shorter 
than a frame interval, with each suc- 
cessive period of activity, or sampling 
window, triggered at a slightly later 
time during the frame interval by line 
and pixel (picture element) position 



counters. In between the sampling 
windows, the support circuitry has 
time to store the digitized informa- 
tion and get ready for the next burst 
of activity. As a result, the interface 
assembles the single image from 
pieces snatched from many frames;. 
High-speed frame grabbers gener- 
ally cost more than $10,000, while the 
slower units cost somewhat less, de- 
pending upon speed and resolution. 
You can expect a 256 by 256 pixel- 
resolution low-speed interface, the 
kind used in the computer systems 
often seen at conventions printing 
images on T-shirts, to cost between 
$500 and $1000; half of that price is 
for the camera and lens. 

Solid-State Arrays to the Rescue? 

The problem with the Vidicon-type 
camera is that it is an analog device, 
which must be adapted to work in 
digital applications. It would be far 
better to have a computer video 
camera that is inherently digital and 
dispense with the analog-to-digital 
conversion. Why not use semicon- 
ductor devices, the outputs of which 
are digital signals that change as a 
function of light level? 

The barrier has been price. A va- 
riety of semiconductor optical sen- 
sors, such as photodiode and 
charged-coupled-device (CCD) ar- 
rays, fill the bill nicely. When I first 
started to think about building a 
solid-state image camera, I thought I 
could just order a 256 by 256 pixel 
CCD array and add a few binary- 
counter chips for a quick project. This 
idea evaporated quickly when I dis- 
covered that CCD arrays cost from 
$800 to $2000, depending upon the 
number of bad pixels you get. 

My success with photodiode arrays 
wasn't much better. It seems that for 
about $100 you can buy a 128 by 1 or 
256 by 1 array, but arrays more than 
one element wide are hard to find. 
To create a 256 by 128 or 128 by 128 
picture, I would have needed to 
devise an optical, mechanical, or 
electronic way to move the array 
across the image plane, or move the 



Copyright © 1983 Steven A. Garcia. All rights reserved. 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 21 




IC20 
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OK 13 ^S,. 12 10K 

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Figure 1: A schematic diagram of the timing-generator circuit, which contains a CMOS oscillator circuit to generate the fundamental clock 
rate. This signal is divided down to produce the frequencies for various possible output data rates and controlling the IS32. The data-rate-clock 
signals control the sequence of operation of the interrupt generator and the transmitter circuit. 



image across the array, stopping 
periodically for the values of the pic- 
ture elements to be registered and 
stored. After tentatively sketching a 
screw drive and its associated control 
electronics, I gave up in disgust at the 
thought of how hard it would be to 
build. 

If Memory Serves... 

I had almost decided to join the 
bandwagon and use a Vidicon 
camera when I remembered experi- 
menting with the optical sensitivity 
of dynamic RAM (random-access 
read/write memory) chips back in 
1976. I had even seen a design pub- 
lished for a 64 by 64 pixel resolution 
camera that used a type-1103 lK-bit 
dynamic RAM chip as an optical sen- 
sor. If the bit-storage cells in those 
early dynamic RAMs were light-sen- 
sitive, could the newer ones be also? 
If I popped the top off a 64K-bit 
dynamic RAM chip, wouldn't I find 
a 256 by 256 array? 

Well, yes and no. I took the lids off 
a few brands of 64K-bit dynamic 
RAM chips, and it does appear that 
they are light-sensitive. The problem, 
however, is that they were designed 
only as memory devices and not op- 



tical arrays. To my knowledge, none 
of the 64K-bit dynamic RAMs on the 
market are configured as an ortho- 
gonal array laid out 256 elements 
long by 256 wide. In fact, most have 
4 or 8 sections of 16K or 8K bits, and 
many include redundant sections 
that can be wired in to replace bad 
sections on the chip. The bit ad- 
dresses don't proceed linearly 
through the chip either; one bit may 
be in the upper-left corner and the 
next bit in the lower-right corner. 

Just as I was about to abandon all 
hope, I found an unconventional 
dynamic-RAM manufacturer that has 
recognized the light-sensing potential 
of its 64K-byte device. Micron Tech- 
nology Inc., of Boise, Idaho (certain- 
ly an unconventional place to make 
integrated circuits), produces a 
dynamic RAM chip that has its mem- 
ory cells laid out in only two sections, 
both of which are 256 by 128 cells, as 
shown in figure 7 on page 31. With 
this configuration, the chip can easi- 
ly be used as an optical sensor. One 
specially tested 64K-bit dynamic 
memory device, called the IS32 Op- 
tic RAM, comes in a package with a 
see-through quartz lid (see photo 4 
on page 30). 



Per pixel, the Micron Technology 
IS32 Optic RAM costs 1000 times less 
than the earlier generation of image- 
sensing chips such as the CCD. The 
Optic RAM's spectral sensitivity is 
generally the same as that of other 
silicon-based light-sensing media, 
but its bit-for-bit uniformity is not as 
good as CCDs. Nevertheless, the Op- 
tic RAM can bring capabilities to your 
computer that were previously avail- 
able only to large industrial users. 

Build the Micro D-Cam 

This month, using the IS32, I'll 
show you how to build a relatively 
low-cost digital image camera I call 
the Micro D-Cam (see photo 1). Its 
resolution of 256 by 128 pixels is ade- 
quate for many applications in graph- 
ics, pattern and character recogni- 
tion, robotics, process control, and 
security. (Of course, the output of the 
Micro D-Cam is a digital signal; it 
cannot be used to directly drive a 
composite-video monitor.) I've put 
together versions of the Micro D-Cam 
for use with the Apple II computer 
(II-Plus and He, see photo 3, page 
30) and the IBM Personal Com- 
puter; however, the Micro D-Cam is 
serially interfaced and requires only 



22 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



five wires for connection, so I'm also 
working on an RS-232C version that 
can be attached to any computer that 
has a serial port. 

The Micro D-Cam project is rather 
complex, so I'll present it in two 
parts. This month 111 explain how the 
IS32 Optic RAM and the Micro D- 
Cam hardware work. Because appro- 
priate software is vital to the success 
of this project, next month I'll include 
a lengthy listing of a typical control 
program for use with the Apple II- 
Plus version of the Micro D-Cam. 
We'll also look at some of the Micro 
D-Cam's capabilities. 

IS32 Optic RAM 

The IS32 from Micron Technology 
is an all-digital image-sensing device. 
Its pertinent characteristics are 
shown in table 1. 

The IS32 contains 65,536 (64K) 
light-sensitive memory cells laid out 
in two planar, rectangular arrays of 
32,768 elements, each a matrix of 128 
rows and 256 columns. The two 
arrays are separated by an optically 
nonsensitive "dead" zone about 25 
elements wide. To avoid having a gap 
in the image or using complicated op- 
tical systems to eliminate it, only one 
of the arrays is usually used as an 
image sensor. Each of the memory 
elements in the matrix can be ac- 
cessed randomly when the control 
circuitry strobes in the appropriate 
row and column address of the ele- 
ment being accessed. 



Theory of Operation 

An image camera built around the 
IS32 focuses reflected light from the 
viewed object and passes it through 
a lens onto one of the 32,768-element 
arrays. When an individual element 
is struck by photons of light, the 
capacitor in the cell, which is initial- 
ly precharged to a fixed voltage, 
begins to discharge toward zero volts. 
The capacitor discharges at a rate pro- 
portional to the light intensity 
throughout the duration of the 
exposure. 

After the exposure interval has 
elapsed, the circuitry reads the ele- 
ment by addressing it as a memory 
cell. During the cell access, sense 
amplifiers within the IS32 read the 
capacitor's voltage value and compare 
it to a fixed threshold voltage. If the 
potential is above the threshold, the 
picture element is deemed to be 
black; if the potential is too low, the 
picture element is declared white. 
The D„„ r pin of the Optic RAM is set 
to a logic 1 or during the corre- 
sponding bit interval as a result of 
this decision. The raw "gray scale" of 
the IS32, therefore, has only two 
shades, white and black. (We'll see 
how to compensate for this shortly.) 

All dynamic-memory devices re- 
quire refreshing for operation; the 
charge representing the data stored 
in each cell capacitor will leak away 
if left alone (exposure to light merely 
hastens the leakage). The charge 
must be sensed and brought back to 



the nominal voltage for the logic state 
it represents This can happen when 
the computer reads a bit value from 
the cell, but more frequently it hap- 
pens when circuitry external to the 
memory chip periodically activates 
the cell's address just for the purpose. 
(Many memory chips, including the 
IS32 Optic RAM, can refresh their 
cells a whole row at a time.) The IS32 
can be used this way as a regular 
memory device can, but in optical 
service there is a twist in the refresh- 
ing. The chip is light-sensitive only 
when it is not being refreshed; the 
key to using it in a camera is to care- 
fully control its sensitivity by per- 
forming the refresh operation in a 
special way. 

In the beginning of an image-sens- 
ing cycle, the Micro D-Cam's circuitry 
addresses all the cells in the active ar- 
ray, filling them with the positive 
voltages that represent logic Is. The 
exposure begins with the receipt of 
a SOAK command, which is the 
equivalent of opening the shutter (to 
allow the array to "soak" in light). 
Then, after the appropriate exposure 
interval has elapsed, the control cir- 
cuitry issues the refresh command, 
which freezes the states of the mem- 
ory cells (or pixel cells, if you will). 
Then the control circuitry activates 
the interrupt state, during which the 
value of one cell is fetched and trans- 
mitted. Interrupt cycles are continued 
until all the bits in the array have 
been transmitted. (The interrupt 




Photo 2a: The Micro D-Cam can focus on UPC bars. Both photos 
shown here used the Apple II's high-resolution graphics routines to 
reproduce the camera's output. 



Photo 2b: The Apple II's display represents gray levels as different 
densities of white dots. Several different-length exposures are com- 
bined to form the gray-scale image. 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 23 



mode is not maintained constantly 
because the IS32 cannot be refreshed 
during the interrupt.) The Micro D- 
Cam then causes all the cells to again 
be set to 1, and the image-sensing 
cycle starts over. 

A white pixel (logic 0) in the out- 
put indicates that the capacitor was 
exposed to a light intensity sufficient 
to discharge it past the threshold 
point. A black pixel (logic 1) indicates 
the light intensity was not enough to 
discharge the capacitor past the 
threshold point. 

How fast the camera can scan the 
image varies according to the light in- 
tensity. The faster the elements are 
scanned, or read, the greater the light 
intensity required. The Micro D-Cam 
can scan approximately 15 frames per 
second at maximum speed. 

The Optic RAM Resembles Film 

The operation of the digital image 
sensor can be compared to that of a 
black-and-white film emulsion in a 
conventional photographic camera. 
Like the film, the IS32 contains many 
light-sensitive elements lying in a 
single plane. The image is focused 
(optically) on the plane, the user can 
adjust the aperture (measured in f- 
stops) and the length of exposure. 
The aperture is an adjustment of the 
size of the opening through which 
the light is allowed to pass on its way 
to the light-sensitive medium 
(changed in both cases by mechani- 
cally opening or closing an iris). The 
length of exposure (corresponding to 
photographic shutter speed) is ad- 
justed in the Optic RAM by the scan- 
ning function of the drive electronics. 
And in the Optic RAM, the film is 
advanced, so to speak, by refreshing 
the voltage on all the memory 
elements. 

Also like film, the Optic RAM's 
elements respond to light in a binary 
fashion, indicating only black or 
white, the presence or absence of a 
certain amount of light during the ex- 
posure. However, in a photographic 
film, the light-sensitive elements 



1. 128- by 256-element array measuring 
5.504 by 1.088 millimeters 

2. Element size: 8 microns by 9 microns 

3. Vertical center-to-center spacing: 21.5 
microns 

4. Horizontal spacing: 8.5 microns 

5. Spacing between left and right arrays: 150 
microns 



Table 1: Specifications of the Micron Tech- 
nology IS32 Optic RAM, a 64K-bit 
memory chip that has the extra talent of 
serving as a digital image detector. 



(grains of silver-halide compounds) 
come in different sensitivities and re- 
spond to different intensities of light, 
whereas the IS32's cells all respond 
at about the same intensity for any 
given condition. To circumnavigate 
this limitation with the Optic RAM, 
varying shades of gray can be re- 
corded by making multiple scans of 
the same optical image, averaging the 
results obtained from either changing 
the sensitivity of the cells, using a dif- 
ferent threshold voltage for each 
scan, or varying the scan rate. 

By changing the threshold voltage 
and keeping both the scanned image 
and light intensity constant, areas on 
the Optic RAM where intermediate- 
ly bright portions of the image fall 
will give differing output levels. The 
nominal threshold potential, 2.1 volts 
(V), can be adjusted though pin 1 
(Analog Threshold) on the IS32 from 
1.5 V to 3 V, but Micron Technology 
suggests that gray-scale capability be 
achieved by varying the scan rate 
rather than by adjusting the thres- 
hold voltage. Changes will be ex- 
hibited in the response of the pixels 
where the image is gray (of inter- 
mediate brightness) so that the 
amount of light striking the cell 
capacitors is near the threshold volt- 
age. Of course, a darker area of the 
image will generate more logic Is as 
output than logic 0s, and a lighter 
area will generate more logic 0s. By 
averaging these outputs over a num- 
ber of scans, the appropriate shade 



of gray can be produced in a com- 
posite image representation. 

The Micro D-Cam may not contain 
a mechanical shutter, but its elec- 
tronic equivalent is easily controlled 
by sending the appropriate com- 
mands to the control circuitry. The 
Optic RAM's sensitivity to light varies 
according to the electrical voltages 
present on it, allowing for precise 
continuous control of the Micro D- 
Cam's exposure values. 

Ease of Use 

Hooking up the Micro D-Cam to a 
computer is easy. The unit's control 
circuitry provides all the requisite 
timing signals and circuitry to execute 
commands received from the com- 
puter. The Micro D-Cam automati- 
cally sequences the Optic RAM so 
that each image-sensing cell is ac- 
cessed and the appropriate video in- 
formation transmitted to the com- 
puter for display or processing. 

The Micro D-Cam uses a C-mount 
lens (the type commonly used in 
16-millimeter movie cameras and 
small television cameras) with vari- 
able focus. The lens I chose was de- 
signed for viewing objects from a dis- 
tance of at least 18 inches (45 cm); 
from this distance, the Micro D-Cam 
can distinguish characters of the size 
you are now reading. For viewing ob- 
jects under greater magnification, 
you can insert a close-up adapter be- 
tween the lens and its mount to ex- 
tend the focal length of the lens. (See 
photo 2.) 

The link between the computer 
and the Micro D-Cam is a TTL- 
(transistor-transistor logic) level serial 
interface. The external data-rate clock 
signal allows the computer to be syn- 
chronized to the Micro D-Cam, so 
the camera can operate at a speed of 
its own choosing. 

Five lines run between the camera 
and the computer, carrying the trans- 
mit, receive, ground, and external 
clock signals and + 5-V power. A gen- 
eral-purpose type-6850 ACIA (asyn- 
chronous communication interface 



Editor's Note: Steve often refers to previous Circuit Cellar articles as reference material for each month's current article. Most of these past articles are available 
in reprint books from BYTE Books, McGraw-Hill Book Company, POB 400, Hightstown, NJ 08250. 

Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume I cowers articles that appeared in BYTE from September 1977 through November 1978. Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume 
II contains articles from December 1978 through June 1980. Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume III contains articles from July 1980 through December 1981. 



24 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



adapter) buffered chip performs 
serial-to-parallel and parallel-to-serial 
data conversion, mating the Micro D- 
Cam's nonspecific circuitry to the 
host computer, as illustrated by the 
Apple II Plus in this article. 

Hardware Details: Timing, 
Refreshing, and Interrupts 

The timing-generator circuit (see 
figure 1), which generates the timing 
signals for the operation of the Micro 
D-Cam, contains a CMOS (comple- 
mentary metal-oxide semiconductor) 
oscillator circuit that generates the 
fundamental clock rate. This signal is 
divided down to produce the fre- 
quencies for various possible output 
data rates and controlling the IS32. 
The data-rate-clock signals control 
the sequence of operation of the 
interrupt generator and the transmit- 
ter circuit. 

The oscillator circuit emits a fun- 
damental 4.9152-MHz signal, which 
is buffered by a type-74C04 inverter 
section (IC20a). This clock signal is 
divided again by a type-D flip-flop 
and brought out to a set of data- 
rate-selection jumper connections. 
IC26 divides the frequency by in- 
creasing powers of 2; these various 
subharmonic outputs lead to other 



data-rate-selection jumpers. Jumper 
connections 5 through 8 select the 
data rate used in the transmitter and 
interrupt-generator circuit (figure 5 
on page 28), while connections 1 
through 4 are 16 x clock signals used 
in the receiver circuit. The output of 
IC26's pin 7 drives the Optic RAM's 
timing ci rcuitr y, which generates the 
f amili ar RAS (row-address strobe), 
CAS (column-address strobe) and 
R/W (read/write) signals as used by 
most dynamic RAM chips. 

When the camera is transmitting 
data from the Optic RAM, it is i n the 
interrupt mode, and the CAS and 
R/W signals are provided to the 
Optic RAM. When the camera is not 
transmitti ng, th e interrupt mode is 
off, and CAS and R/W are dis- 
abled; the active-high interrupt sig- 
nal INT is low and its complement 
INT is high, so the outp ut of the 
AND gate driving CAS remains 
high and the OR gate driving R/W 
remains low. 

During an i nterr upt cycle, INT 
goes high and INT goes low, enabl- 
ing CAS and R/W . The high state 
of RAS' (RAS-bar-prime) passes 
through a delay line consisting of two 
inverter sections (IC20d and f) and an 
R/C (resistance/capacitance) network, 



and then, combined with INT 
t hrou gh an AND gate (IC9c), causes 
CAS to go high. When this hap- 
pens, the column address is latched 
intothe Optic RAM. At this time the 
R/W signal is still high, so the value 
stored in the accessed pixel is read 
out^ After another delay period, 
R/W goes low, writing a 1 bit into the 
accessed cell to restore its charge and 
make it agai n able to react to light. 
When RAS' returns low, the inter- 
rupt cycle is terminated and CAS 
and R/W are disabled. 

Command-Receiver Circuit 

The serial command line carries 
commands from the computer to the 
camera. This data enters the com- 
mand-receiver section (figure 2) a 
single bit at a time and is assembled 
according to the following protocol. 
The first bit to arrive is the start bit, 
followed by 8 data bits and then the 
stop bit. The start bit enables opera- 
tion of the input shift register and 
starts the shift-register clock, which 
is initially low. When the clock goes 
high, the start bit, always a high level, 
is latched into the first of eight data 
positions in the shift register. When 
the clock goes low, the first data bit 
arrives at the shift register's input. 



SERIAL 
COMMAND 
INPUT 
ITTL LEVEL 



16 X CLOCk[ >- 




NO CONNECTION 
9 |3 \» Is [« 



DO Dl D2 D3 



ICZ5 
74LS161 



QO 01 Q2 Q3 



CLOCK 

Ql Q2 Q3 04 05 06 07 08 



NO CONNECTION 



DO Dl D2 D3 Dd D5 

IC19 

74C174 c 

K 
QO Q] 02 03 Q4 05 



[END OF FRAME) 



^> 



-o 
-o 
-o 



WIDE Pix 



-O 

ALT8IT | v, 



Figure 2: The serial command line carries commands from the computer to the camera. The data enters the command-receiver section serially 
and is assembled by the shift register into a decodable word stored in the latch. 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 25 



When the rising edge of the clock 
pulse is detected, the shift register 
moves the high start bit from position 
1 to position 2 and shifts the first data 
bit from the shift register's input in- 
to position 1. As successive bits ar- 
rive, each one is shifted into the shift 
register when the rising edge of the 
clock pulse is detected. 

When the start bit finally reaches 
position 8, the camera has received 
the entire command byte, so the first 
6 data bits are transferred from the 
shift register into a latch (a 1-byte 
memory) called the command register. 
The clock is then disabled and the 
shift register cleared, leaving the 6 
camera-command bits in the com- 
mand register. The receiver is now 
ready to accept another command. 

Address Registers 

The address registers of the circuit 
(see figure 3) latch the row-address, 
column-address, and refresh pointers 
for the Optic RAM addressing. Ad- 
dress registers IC22 and IC16 hold the 
row and column addresses, respec- 
tively, while the third register, IC10, 
is the refresh register. 

The first two registers are activated 
only when the camera is to fetch and 



transmit a single bit of information 
from the Optic RAM. (This fetch 
operation is the interrupt cycle, 
which, as we saw before, is initiated 
by the INT signal going high.) The 
cycle starts on the occurrence of the 
falling edge of the RAS signa l and 
ends on the next falling edge of RAS. 
When the camera is not fetching in 
an interrupt cycle, the refresh register 
is active. This third address register 

An unconventional 

dynamic-RAM 
manufacturer has 
recognized the light- 
sensing potential of its 
64K-bit device. 

continually increments the row- 
address value from through to 255. 
Except during interrupts and expo- 
sures, this value passes through to 
the address lines of the IS32, per- 
forming a refresh operation. All three 
address registers have three-state out- 
puts (that is, their outputs can 
assume a high-impedance condition, 
not driving the bus either high or 
low), and only one register is active 



at any one time. 

The selected register drives its data 
onto a common bus called the present- 
address bus. The present address 
passes through the descramble-and- 
soak circuitry (which will be dis- 
cussed shortly) to the Optic RAM, 
where it is used to select a row or col- 
umn. The present-address bus also 
connects to the address circuit, where 
a value of 0, 1, or 2 (depending upon 
software-selected options) is added to 
the present-address value. The re- 
sulting sum is driven out of the adder 
onto the next-address bus, which con- 
nects to the inputs of each of the ad- 
dress registers. The value on the next- 
address bus is latched into the 
selected address register, and then 
that register is disabled. 

The array-selection circuit simply 
selects whether one or both of the 
IS32's cell arrays are to be used. If 
2ARRAY is high, the output of the 
OR gate (IC21, pin 11) is always high, 
and the row-register value (IC22) will 
never be less than 128, so only the 
second array (rows 128 to 255) will 
be addressed and transmitted. If 
2ARRAY is low, however, the OR 
gate will appear transparent and the 
value on the next-address-bus line D7 



tO- 



IC4 
74C08 



int|Z> 



IC1 
74 COO 



?E> 




D'O 

2array| y~ 

NEXT 
ADDRESS[ >- 
CLOCK 



_9j 11 



13 



17 18 



DO Dl D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 
IC22 
CLOCK 74C374 

(HAS) 
OUTPUT CONTROL 
QO Ql 02 Q3 Q4 05 06 Q7 



IC21 
74C32 



^n> 



IC18 
74C04 



- e^X> 



13 



14 



17 18 



DO Dl D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 
IC 16 
CLOCK 74C374 

(CAS) 
OUTPUT CONTROL 
00 Ql 02 03 04 Q5 Q6 Q7 



DO Dl D2 D3 D4 D5 06 D7 
IC 10 
CLOCK 74C374 

(REFRESH) 
OUTPUT CONTROL 
QO Ql 02 Q3 04 OS 06 07 



16 |l< 



NEXT 

ADDRESS 

BUS 



■o 

■o 



PRESENT 
ADDRESS 



-o< 
-o« 

-o« 

-o« 
o< 

-o« 



Figure 3: This section of the circuit latches the row-address, column-address, and refresh pointers for the Optic RAM addressing. Address 
registers IC22 and IC16 hold the row and column addresses, respectively, while the third register, IC10, is the refresh register. 



26 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



will be driven onto IC22. This means 
all addresses from to 255 will be 
selected and the values in both arrays 
will be transmitted. 

Address Descramble 
and Array Soak 

The internal circuitry in the Optic 
RAM scrambles the row and column- 
address values when accessing a cell. 
(After all, the IS32 chip was designed 
for use only as a memory device, not 
as an optical sensor.) But because ele- 
ment location is a critical issue in op- 
tical work, the address-descramble 
circuit (see figure 4, below) un- 
scrambles the values into a new ad- 



dress, which the Optic RAM de- 
codes to access the desired pixel. 

Charged with the task of trans- 
forming the data from the address 
registers into a new address, which 
the Optic RAM decodes to access the 
desired pixel, the descrambling cir- 
cuit consists of two inverters, three 
exclusive-OR gates, and a multiplex- 
er (IC11). The inverters and exclu- 
sive-ORs do the actual descrambling 
on the row and column addresses; 
the multiplexer selects between the 
descrambled row and column ad- 
dresses at the appropriate times and 
transmits the address to the Optic 
RAM. 



The multiplexer uses RAS to 
det ermi ne which address is selected. 
If RAS is low at the multiplexer's 
SELECT input (IC11, pin 1), the de- 
scrambled row addresses (on the B 
inputs) are selected. When RAS is 
low, the A inputs, or descrambled 
column-address inputs, are selected. 

The purpose of the SOAK circuit 
is to prevent the refresh addresses 
from reaching the Optic RAM during 
the exposure cycles. (Remember, the 
Optic RAM is light-sensitive only 
when it is not being refreshed.) Dur- 
ing periods when INT is inactive-low 
(with the r efresh r egister therefore ac- 
tive) and SOAK is active-low, the 



RAS'C> 



QtO- 



«L> 



03\Z> 



o'L> 



o<L> 






QOO 



intQ> 



soak| >- 



"1 



ill V 



10 



IC23 
74C08 



D-i 



3D- 



r> 



111 



^OH 



i .els i rr^ 1 —^ i 



n 



13 



I /4tU4 



^E^ 



SELECT 
B3 Y4 



A3 Y! 

B4 Yi 

A4 y: 

B2 

IC11 
A2 74C157 

Bl 

Al 

STROBE 



IC12 
74C86 



o 

AIC18 
74C04 



I /408b 



2L> 



IC15 
74C02 



ras'int| ^>- 



+ 5V R1 

9 39K 

I W\/— 



12 



11 



13 



CI 
O.l^F 

-)r- 



2 



R2 

39K 

-wv— 



^ 



SELECT 



AO 

A3 

Al IC17 
IS32 
A2 



A4 
A5 
A6 



R/W 



CAS 



A7 



DoUT D IN 



14 



-I >R/W 



15 



-Ocas 



-Oras 



IC12 
74C86 



12 






PR 

D Q 

IC24 
74C74 

CLOCK Q 

CLR 



.^[T^-Od-ata 



13 



J 



Figure 4: Consisting of two inverter sections, three exclusive-OR gates, and a multiplexer, the address-descrambling circuitry undoes the 
internal address scrambling done by the Optic RAM. The soak circuit makes the Optic RAM light-sensitive by depriving it of refresh cycles. 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 27 




Figure 5: The circuitry for transmitting the pixel data to the host computer and for generating the interrupt states that allow data to be 
read from the pixels in the IS32. 



28 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



output of NOR gate IC15d is high. 
This sets the multiplexer's enable in- 
put high and drives the multiplexer's 
outputs low. The high NOR-gate 
(IC15d) output also forces a low state 
at the inverter output IC18d, which 
forces the outputs of the four AND 
gates IC23a, b, c, and d low. These 
AND gates stand between the pre- 
sent-address bus and the IS32's four 
low-order address inputs. Thus, the 
Optic RAM's address inputs remain 
low, and the refresh function is per- 
formed on only address 0. When 
SOAK goes inactive-high, the 
multiplexer and AND-gate outputs 
are enabled and the refresh ad- 
dresses reach the Optic RAM so that 
the entire chip is refreshed, making 
it insensitive to light. 

Transmitter and 
Interrupt-Generator Circuit 

This circuit, shown in figure 5, 
transmits the pixel data serially to the 



host computer, inserting start and 
stop bits where appr opria te, and 
generates the INT and INT signals 
for fetching the pixel information 
from the IS32. 

At the heart of this circuit is the rip- 
ple counter, IC4, enabled when the 

The output of the 

Micro D-Cam is a 

digital signal; it cannot 

be used to directly 
drive a composite-video 
monitor. 

Micro D-Cam has been commanded 
to transmit data. It inhibits the inter- 
rupt generator when start and stop 
bits are being transmitted (preventing 
accessing of the Optic RAM) and 
enables the interrupt circuit when it 
is transmitting data. The transmitter's 
frequency is determined by the data- 
rate clock. During each clock cycle 



only one start, stop, or data bit is 
transmitted. 

The interrupt generator is enabled 
by both the ripple counter (IC4) and 
the data-rate clock, but the interrupt 
cycle itself is clocked by RAS. Be- 
cause the purpose of the interrupt 
cycle is to fetch a single pixel for 
transmission, only one pixel can be 
transmitted on each clock cycle. The 
rising edge of the data-rate clock 
enables the interrupt circu it. The next 
falling edge of the RAS waveform 
initiates the interrupt cycle, causing 
a pixel to be rea d from the Optic 
RAM. The INT signal feeds back 
into the interrupt circuit, resetting the 
interrupt enab le. 

When RAS goes low again, the 
interrupt cycle is terminated. The 
next falling edge of the data-rate clock 
enables the interrupt circuit again 
(unless a start or stop bit is to be 
transmitted). Thus, only one pixel is 
transmitted during each data-rate- 



*LT BIT | >- 



IC7 

74C04 IC2 

74C08 



RAS'[^> 



intO 



IC5 

™C86 !£! 

j 74C00 



INTO 



13 



rh 



12 



QO Ql Q2 Q3 

-v'y'v'y' 
1 



10 5 



Al V cc Bl B2 B3 B4 
CO ... C4 



IC3 
74C83 



A2 

A3 A4 SI Z2 S3 Z4 



■5V 
?4 



D Q 

IC6 
74C74 

CLOCK Q 

CLR 



-5V 



* 



Q4 Q5 0.6 Q7 



16 lh 
14 13 



8 12 



15 rh 






10 5 



Al V CC Bl B2 B3 B4 
CO C4 



IC27 
74C83 

A3 A4 Zl 22 Z3 Z4 



DO Dl D2 D3 



J 



15 rh 



D4 D5 D6 D7 



IC9 
74C08 



+ 5V 



Li£J v 



IC15 
74C02 



PR 

D Q 

IC24 
74C74 

CLOCK Q 

CLR 



-oeo? 



+ 5V 



-| ]> NEXT- ADDRESS CLOCK 



H >LINE 



-\ ^LINE 



Figure 6: The adder circuit allows the Micro D-Cam to keep track of the proper values for the row, column, and refresh registers. 

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 29 




Photo 3: The control circuitry for the Micro D-Cam image camera is shown here in pro- 
totype form mounted in an input/output slot in an Apple II Plus computer. 




Photo 4: The IS32 Optic RAM, a 64K-bit dynamic memory device specially packaged with 
a quartz lid for optical use in image-sensing applications, is made by Micron Technology 
Inc., 2805 East Columbia Rd., Boise, ID 83706, (208) 383-4000. 



Number 


Type 


+5V 


GND 


Number 


Type 


+5V 


GND 


IC1 


74C00 


14 


7 


IC17 


IS32 


16 


8 


IC2 


74C08 


14 


7 


IC18 


4069 


14 


7 


IC3 


74C83 


5 


12 


IC19 


74C174 


16 


8 


IC4 


4017 


16 


8 


IC20 


4069 


14 


7 


IC5 


74C86 


14 


7 


IC21 


74C32 


14 


7 


IC6 


74C74 


14 


7 


IC22 


74C374 


20 


10 


IC7 


74C04 


14 


7 


IC23 


74C08 


14 


7 


IC8 


74C74 


14 


7 


IC24 


74C74 


14 


7 


IC9 


74C08 


14 


7 


IC25 


74LS161 


16 


8 


IC10 


74C374 


20 


10 


IC26 


4040 


16 


8 


IC11 


74C157 


16 


8 


IC27 


74C83 


5 


12 


IC12 


74C86 


14 


7 


IC28 


74CO0 


14 


7 


IC13 


74C164 


14 


7 


IC29 


74C74 


14 


7 


IC14 


74LS74 


14 


7 


IC30 


MC6850 


12 


1 


IC15 


74C02 


14 


7 


IC31 


74LS245 


20 


10 


IC16 


74C374 


20 


10 










Table 2 


Power wiring 


for integrated circuits 


in the Micro D-Cam. 







clock cycle. 

The WIDEPIX circuit is used to 
help compensate for the mismatch in 
aspect ratios of the Optic RAM and 
most computer graphics screens. The 
Optic RAM has a ratio of 2.5:1, com- 
pared with the 4:3 aspect ratio of 
most cathode-ray-tube (CRT) dis- 
plays, and the pixels are not square. 
If the image data is displayed on a 
screen with an aspect ratio that close 
to 1:1, the image will appear to have 
been squeezed horizontally. The 
WIDEPIX circuit helps compensate 
for this by causing each pixel to be 
transmitted twice, doubling the 
width of the image. The circuit is 
enabled when the Micro D-Cam is 
transmitting and the WIDEPIX com- 
mand line is high. This causes the 
flip-flop IC8a's output to toggle on 
every data-rate-clock cycle. This flip- 
flop inhibits the interrupt cycle on 
alternate data-rate clock cycles. Dur- 
ing data-rate-clock cycles in which 
the interrupt is inhibited, the pixel 
from the previous interrupt cycle is 
transmitted agairu 

The LINE and LINE signals indi- 
cate that the column-address register 
has reached terminal count, meaning 
that the last column has been 
scanned. These signals, when active, 
inhibit the occurrence of further in- 
terrupts during the transmission of 
the current byte so that the value of 
the last accessed data bit is repeated 
to fill out the bits in the byte. This 
guarantees that the next byte trans- 
mitted will start off with information 
from the next row, i.e., that no single 
byte will contain picture information 
from two rows. When the stop bit is 
to be transmitted, assertion of the 
LINE signal at one input of exclusive- 
OR gate IC5b causes an interr upt re- 
quest, and assertion of LINE at the 
input of the NAND gate IClb ensures 
that the interrupt flip-flop is enabled. 
This "dummy" interrupt is used to in- 
crement the row-address register. The 
pixel that is accessed during this cycle 
is blanked by the transmission of the 
stop bit. 

Adder and End-of-Frame Circuit 

The adder and end-of-frame sec- 
tion, shown in figure 6, adds the 



30 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



proper increments to the row, col- 
umn, and refresh registers and gen- 
erates signals indicating end-of-frame 
(EOF) in the Optic RAM. 

When any one of the address reg- 
isters drives a value onto the present- 
address bus, the adder circuit re- 
ceives this value, adds a 0, 1, or 2 to 
i t (de pending on the control inputs 
RAS, LINE, ALTBIT and INT), and 
places the sum onto the next-address 
bus. When the refresh register is ac- 
tive, the INT line causes a 1 to be 
added each cycle. During interrupt 
cycles, the row and column registers 
are active. The adder sequences these 
registers through the Optic RAM in 
a "column-fast" mode, i.e., the adder 
adds to the row address and 1 to 
the column address until the end of 
the column (or end of the line) is 
reached. The adder then adds a 1 to 
both the row and column, thus in- 
crementing the row register and 
resetting the column register to 0. 

The ALTBIT input simply adds an 
extra 1 to the value on the present- 
address bus during interrupt cycles; 
thus the row and column registers 
are incremented by a total of 2 rather 
than 1. 

Control and Use 

The software routines that control 
the Micro D-Cam are menu-driven. 
While the camera is running, several 
real-time commands are available to 
alter the operation of the camera from 
frame to frame. The real-time options 
are displayed on the screen. 

When the camera is first turned on, 
you start the image-gathering process 
by selecting one of the options from 
the menu offered by the software, 
which I'll discuss in detail next 
month. If everything is working 
properly, an image of what the Micro 
D-Cam is seeing is shown on the 
computer's video-display screen. If 
the display screen remains dark, the 
exposure interval may be insufficient; 
this situation may be remedied by in- 
creasing the exposure time. If the ex- 
posure time is excessive, the screen 
will be white. This situation may be 
remedied by decreasing the exposure 
time or changing the aperture on the 
lens. Eventually, a clear picture will 









\J 






THRESH 


1 










255 

254 

tr 

Ul 

m 

5 
Z 

z 
5 

_l 
O 
o 

-J 
< 

o 

CO 

I 

3. 

4 
3 
2 

1 



16 








D IN 


2 


15 










3 


14 


WRITE 








RAS 


4 


13 








AO 


5 


12 








Al 


6 


11 








A2 


7 


10 








vcc 


8 


9 








255 -128 
PHYSICAL 


127- 
ROW NUMBER 







v S s 



CAS 



A6 



A3 



A7 



CELL DIMENSION: 0.0085mm X 0.0215mm 
ARRAY DIMENSION: 1.088mm X 5.504mm 
(NOT DRAWN TO SCALE ) 



Figure 7: A diagram of the topology and pinout configuration of the IS32 Optic RAM (not 
to scale). Each of the two cell regions, visible through the quartz package lid, contains a 128- 
by 256-cell array. 



appear on the computer's screen as 
you reach the proper adjustments. 



Next Month: 

In part 2, we'll look at the software 
you'll need to read the Micro D-Cam's 
images, including a complete listing for 
the Apple II Plus, and I'll explain the 
computer interface and how the Micro D- 
Cam communicates with its user.m 



Steve Ciorcia (POB 582, Glastonbury, CT 06033) 
is an electronics engineer and computer consultant 
with experience in process control, digital design, 
nuclear instrumentation, product development, and 
marketing. In addition to writing pr BYTE, he has 
published several books. 

Special thanks to Carl Baker and Jim Herrud of 
Micron Technology for their contributions to this 
project. 



To receive a complete list of Ciarcia's Cir- 
cuit Cellar project kits, circle 100 on the reader 
service inquiry card at the back of the 
magazine. 



The following items are available from: 
The Micromint Inc. 
561 Willow Ave. 
Cedarhurst, NY 11596 
(800) 645-3479 (for orders) 
(516) 374-6793 (for information) 

1. Complete Micro D-Cam unit including 
interface card, extension cable, IS32 
Optic RAM, lens, remote housing, 
operators manual, and utility software. 
Specify Apple II (Plus or E), or IBM 
Personal Computer. 

Assembled and tested $295 

2. Same as Item 1 except in kit form. 
Specify Apple II or IBM Personal Com- 
puter version. 

Complete kit $260 

3. IS32 Optic RAM sold separately 
IS32 each $42 

4. RS-232C-interfaced Micro D-Cam for 
general use. Call for price and delivery. 

Please add $4 shipping and insurance in 
continental United States, $20 overseas. 
New York residents please include 7 per- 
cent sales tax. 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 31 



Innovative technology 
brings you quality color 
printing 

for only $599 




The technology of the all-new Transtar 315 color printer 
revolutionizes color impact printing! Unlike old-fashioned 
printers needing multiple passes with pins to print color, the 
Transtar 315 employs an innovative 4-hammer print head to 
allow 7 colors and more than 30 shades to be printed in 
a single pass ! 

A unique 4-color diagonal ribbon maximizes the efficiency 
of the 31 5's color imaging and enhances its simple reliability. 
Built by Seikosha, the most experienced manufacturing 
company of the famous Seiko group, the Transtar 315 is 
available now and has been designed to be compatible with 
the IBM, Apple I l/l le and Franklin personal computers. An 
optional PICS card also allows Apple and Franklin users to 
simply depress the 31 5's "copy" button to print any high- 
or low-resolution screen without exiting a program! 

Transtar is bringing the technology of tomorrow to you 
today. Your future in color printing is only $599 away. 

Transtar 

P.O. Box C-96975, Bellevue, Washington 98009 
Circle 455 on inquiry card. 



I 






► 




Portable computers are definite- 
ly the wave of the future. Incorpor- 
ating new design concepts, innovative 
hardware, and easy-to-use software, these 
diminutive machines are bound to change 
• ay we think about computers. This 

mth's theme articles will take you on a guided 
r of the industry, the main features portables offer 
and how to choose from among them, and the com- 
puters themselves. 

Practically every major computer manufacturer has intro- 
duced, has plans for, cr is in the process of introducing a por- 
table computer. Not a month goes by that BYTE doesn't get wind 
of a new portable computer system. According to the Venture 
Development Corporation's report, "The Portable Briefcase Computer 
and Terminal Industry, 1982-1987: A Strategic Analysis," portable com- 
puter sales are expected to reach more than $4 billion by 1987. That figure is 
just for briefcase and transportable computers; it doesn't include hand-held 
computers. 

This plethora of portables gives buyers more computing power and convenience 
for their money than ever before, But it also means that selecting a portable computer 
for personal or business use is wore involved than ever. Each manufacturer has a different 
design philosophy for producing a portable. Sorting through the number of features and 
options available on the portables makes selecting the right one for your needs even more 
difficult than choosing a desktop computer. 

This issue will help to eliminate some of the confusion surrounding portable computers. In addi- 
tion to Mahlon Kelly's analysis of the Radio Shack Model 100, we'll take a look at the Pied Piper, a 
briefcase CP/M system; the powerful HP-75; and the Access Matrix portable, which some disparagingly 
refer to as the "Swiss army knife" of portables, while others swear by its conveniently built-in printer and 
acoustic modem. We also review the Kaypro II and its big brother, the Kaypro 10, with its built-in 10-megabyte 
hard disk; you'll see zuhy these portables are giving the Osborne a run for its money. The Corona Portable PC, 
which comes under one reviewer's scrutiny, is described as an IBM-compatible portable that goes beyond being a 
mere clone. 

In addition to system reviews, this issue offers in-depth views of the larger issues that affect the portable marketplace. 
A comprehensive article on CMOS technology explains how improvements in chip-fabrication technology have brought down 
the price of CMOS RAMs. The problems of moving delicate equipment are addressed in "The Challenge of Hard Disk Port- 
ability." To top off the issue, you can read about how the designers of the new Gavilan portable computer decided on which features 
to include in their computer. 

To start you off, the article that follows offers a general overview of the portable field and covers some of the major features 
of portable computers, their pros and cons, and how to choose the portable that best suits your needs. The Portable Computer 
Comparison Table starting on page 36 lists the latest portables available and their specifications. 

—Stanley J. Wszola 

ptember 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 33 







How to Choose a Portable 




Photo 1: The Sharp PC-1500 is a typical pocket computer. 



Factors to consider before you take the plunge 



Just a year and a half ago the 
Osborne 1 portable microcomputer 
had no competitors. Today at least 50 
portables fight for a share of the 
market, and new machines are an- 
nounced almost daily. 

There's definitely something going 
on out there, and it bodes well for the 
consumer. Manufacturers, trying to 
outdo the competition, are offering 
better, more powerful, and more at- 
tractive portable computers. It's the 
free market at its best. The only prob- 



by Stanley J. Wszola 

lem with this abundance of portables 
is that buyers often don't know 
where to begin. To that end, we'll 
start with an explanation of what a 
portable computer is and then ex- 
plore its various components. While 
that won't tell you which portable to 
buy, it will provide some signposts to 
help you make an informed choice. 
(For a directory of portable com- 
puters, see table 1.) 

The sudden appearence of portable 
computers results from a con- 



vergence of technologies. Many fea- 
tures found on portable computers 
have been used and refined on prod- 
ucts such as digital watches and 
pocket calculators. In addition, the 
products of the years of research and 
development that went into creating 
today's desktop microcomputer have 
finally come together in the portable 
computer. What we have is reliable 
hardware and proven software in a 
machine that can be shuttled easily 
from office to home or wherever. Por- 



34 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



table computer users include busi- 
ness people who like the flexibility of 
working at home or on the road, 
scientists and engineers who take 
their portables into the field for on- 
site computer applications, and peo- 
ple who simply like to take their com- 
puting power with them. 

What Is a Portable? 

A portable computer is, of course, 
a computer first and foremost. It 
must have a central processing unit, 
memory, a method for data entry, a 
device for or method of displaying 
data output, and usually a means of 
storing data. 

A portable computer must be easy 
to carry from place to place. Don't 
confuse "portable" with "transport- 
able." Any computer can be trans- 
portable if you have a big enough 
truck. For the purposes of this arti- 
cle, a portable computer is one that 
can be carried by one person— but 
not necessarily easily carried. Cur- 
rently portable computers can be 
divided into three rough categories: 

Pocket computers: These can be 
characterized as pocket-size, battery- 
powered, lightweight computers 
with a 1-line display, limited memory 
(0.5 to 10K bytes), and usually BASIC 
in ROM (read-only memory). Most 
use cassette tape for data storage. The 
keyboards on these computers are 
not suitable for touch-typing, and the 
1-line display is adequate only for 
simple programming. Many of these 
computers can accept accessories 
(i.e., printers, serial- and parallel-port 
interfaces, and modems) to increase 
their usefulness. A good example of 
an adaptable pocket computer is the 
Sharp PC-1500 pictured at left. 

Briefcase computers: As the name 
implies, these computers are small 
enough to be placed in a briefcase. 
They usually have a 4- to 8-line dis- 
play, a full-size keyboard, provision 
for increasing internal memory, serial 
and/or parallel ports, and AC or bat- 
tery power. Most briefcase computers 
feature BASIC in ROM, and some in- 
clude applications programs for word 
processing, telecommunications, and 
appointment scheduling. Data stor- 
age can involve micro- or full-size 
cassette tapes, auxiliary floppy-disk 



drives, or bubble and CMOS (com- 
plementary metal-oxide semiconduc- 
tor) memory cartridges. Most have 
full-size keyboards that are suitable 
for touch-typing. Their light weight 
(5 to 10 pounds) and small size let 
you use them almost anywhere. One 
example of a briefcase computer is 
the Radio Shack Model 100. 

Transportable computers: These 
are the heavyweights of the portable- 
computer field in terms of size, 
weight, and capabilities. I've used the 
term transportable because some so- 
called portable computers are noth- 
ing more than a boxed desktop 
computer with a handle on top. Most 
are the size of a small suitcase, weigh 
15 to 40 pounds, and usually have a 
CRT (cathode-ray tube) display with 
one or more floppy-disk drives. Most 

Any computer can be 

transportable if you 

have a big enough 

truck. 

use CP/M-80 or CP/M-86 and MS- 
DOS operating systems. These com- 
puters can do anything the desktop 
models can do, but their portability 
is limited by the necessity for AC 
power or a heavy battery pack. The 
Osborne Executive is a transportable 
computer. 

Power Sources 

The growing use of low-power 
CMOS RAM (random-access read/ 
write memory) chips and CMOS 
microprocessor chips, such as the 
80C85 used in the Radio Shack 
Model 100, has decreased depen- 
dency on AC power sources. Battery- 
powered portables can be used 
almost anywhere. But batteries can 
be a curse as well as a blessing; they 
add overall weight to the package and 
always run out just when you need 
them most. 

Most portable computers can run 
from 2 to 10 hours before they need 
a recharge. Battery life depends on 
the power requirements of the com- 
puter, the length of time it has been 
operating, and the rating of the bat- 
tery. Some portables have low-voltage 



indicators to alert you when the bat- 
teries run low. The transportable 
models are more power hungry than 
the smaller portables. The CRT and 
the disk drives in the transportables 
require a lot of energy. 

Some briefcase computers use 
CMOS memory chips and an aux- 
iliary nickel-cadmium battery to 
preserve data in memory if the main 
batteries fail. For example, the nickel- 
cadmium batteries in the Model 100 
can maintain data for 8 to 30 days, 
depending on how much memory 
the computer has. This gives you an 
extra margin of safety if you are 
unable to replace or recharge the 
main batteries right away. 

Many transportable computers 
have auxiliary battery packs as op- 
tions. Of course, you still face the 
problem of carrying the batteries as 
well as the computer. Finally, some 
manufacturers offer an optional auto 
adapter, which lets you plug your 
computer into your car's cigarette 
lighter. They recommend using the 
computer with the engine off to 
eliminate lost data due to voltage 
spikes and surges. That's just as well; 
you don't want to be downloading a 
program and downshifting at the 
same time. 

Video Displays 

The new portables use one of three 
types of displays: CRT, LCD (liquid- 
crystal display), or ELD (electro- 
luminescent displays). CRTs have 
been around for a long time and are 
a proven medium. LCDs, although 
limited in their ability to display 
graphics, are lightweight and don't 
consume too much power. The newer 
ELDs have the same display capabil- 
ities as CRTs with an extra advan- 
tage—their flat shape makes them 
ideal for use in portables. I'll explain 
each in detail. 

The most commonly used display 
for portable computers is the reliable, 
flexible, and easy-to-use CRT Most 
users are already familiar with it. Its 
primary disadvantages are a bulky 
shape and high power consumption. 
The CRT itself, a large, fragile glass 
tube, must be protected from harsh 
environments and airport baggage 

handlers. 

Text continued on page 44 

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 35 



Manufacturer/Location 
Model 


Size (Inches) 


Weight 


Power Supply 


Price 


Access Matrix Corp. San Jose, CA 
Access 


16.5 by 10 
by 10.8 


33 lbs. 


AC 


$2495 


Adcock Johnson Fort Worth, TX 
Model 3000 (TRS-80 Model III in a briefcase) 


191/2 by 141/2 
by 8V2 


28 lbs. 


AC 


$2895 


Athena Computer and Electronics Systems 
San Juan Capistrano, CA 
Athena 1 


3 3 / 8 by 11% 
by 141/2 


15 lbs. 


batteries or AC 


$3950 


Casio Inc. Fairfield, NJ 
Model FP-200 


121/2 by 21/4 
by 8% 


4 lbs. 


batteries or AC 


$499 


Casio Inc. Fairfield, NJ 
Model FX-700P 


6V2 by 23/ 8 
by 3 / 8 


4.2 oz. 


batteries or AC 


$99.95 


Casio Inc. Fairfield, NJ 
Model FX-801P 


6% by 31/2 
by 3 /4 


9 1 oz. 


batteries or AC 


$149.95 


Columbia Data Products Inc. Columbia, MD 
Columbia VP 


18 by 16 by 8 


32 lbs. 


AC 


$2995 


Commodore Business Machines Wayne, PA 
Executive 64 


14% by 14V2 
by 5 


27.6 lbs. 


AC 


$995 to 
$1495 


Compaq Computer Corp. Houston, TX 
Compaq Portable Computer 


20 by 151/3 
by 8V2 


28 lbs. 


AC 


$2995 


Computer Devices Inc. Burlington, MA 
DOT 3000B 


18 by 143/4 
by 71/2 


31 lbs. 


110 or 220V AC 
(optional battery 
pack) 


$4344 


Compal Beverly Hills, CA 
Electric Briefcase 


9 by 20 by 15 


26 lbs. 


AC 


$1995 


Computershop Cambridge, MA 
STAR-Lite 


16 by 16 
by 7V2 


34 lbs. 


AC 


$2695 


Computer Systems St. Clair Shores, Ml 
PC/8088 


19 by 16 
by 71/2 


25 lbs. 


AC (optional 
12V DC battery- 
power supply) 


$3388 


Corona Data Westlake Village, CA 
Corona Portable PC Models PPC-1 and PPC-2 


20 by 20 by 8 


30 lbs. 


AC 


$2395 


Digital Microsystems Oakland, CA 
DMS-3/F Fox 


17V2 by 143/4 
by 73/4 


30 lbs. 


110 or 220V AC 


$3995 


Digital Microsystems Oakland, CA 
DMS-15 


17V2 by 143/4 
by 73/4 


36 lbs. 


110 or 220V AC 


$7495 


Table 1: The portable computer comparison table. 











Type of 
Microprocessor 

Z80A 



Z80A 



NSC-800 
(low-power Z80) 



proprietary 



proprietary 



proprietary 



8088 



6510 (optional 
Z80 for CP/M) 



8088 



8088 



Z80A 



Z80A 



8088 



8088 



Z80A 



Z80A 



36 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Operating 
System 


RAM Memory 
Min./Max. 


Mass Storage 
Type, Size 


Display 
Type, Size 


Color or 
Graphics 


Software 
Included 


Comments 


CP/M-80 


64K 


2 5 1 /4-inch 

floppy-disk 
drives 


7-inch CRT, 
80 characters 
by 24 lines 


n.a. 


Perfect Series and 
Fancy Font 




TRS-DOS 1.3 


48K min., 
64K max. 


2 5V4-inch 
fioppy-disk 
drives 


9-inch CRT, 
64 characters 
by 16 lines 


n.a. 


n.a. 




CP/M-80 


68K 


1 megabyte 
RAM disk, 
optional 5V4-inch 
floppy-disk 


LCD, 

80 characters 

by 4 lines 


n.a. 


JRT Pascal, 
Profit Plan, 
Mini-Vedit 




n.a. 


8K min., 
32K max. 


cassette, n.a. 


LCD, 

20 characters 

by 8 lines 


n.a. 


built-in electronic 
spreadsheet 




n.a. 


2K min. 
2K max. 


cassette, n.a. 


LCD, 

20 characters 

by 1 line 


n.a. 


program library for 
math, science, 
finance, other uses 




Casio BASIC 


2K min. 
2K max. 


n.a. 


LCD, 

20 characters 

by 1 line 


n.a. 


program library for 
math, science, 
finance, other uses 




CP/M-86 
MS-DOS 


128K min., 
256K max. 


2 5 1 /4-inch 
floppy-disk 
drives 


9-inch CRT, 
80 characters 
by 25 lines 


graphics 


Perfect Series, 
Home Accountant 
Plus, Fast Graphs, 
and others 


IBM PC compatible 


Commodore 
DOS 


64K min. 
64K max. 


1 or 2 5 1 A-inch 

floppy-disk 

drives 


7-inch CRT, 
40 characters 
by 25 lines 


16 colors 

and 

graphics 


n.a. 


compatible with all 
software for the 
Commodore 64 


Compaq-DOS 
(same as 
MS-DOS) 


128K min., 
51 2K max. 


1 or 2 5 1 /4-inch 

floppy-disk 

drives 


9-inch CRT, 

25 lines 

by 80 characters 


graphics 


n.a. 


IBM PC compatible 


MS-DOS 


128K min., 
704K max. 


2 3 1 /2-inch 
floppy-disk 
drives 


5- by 9-inch 
CRT, 25 lines by 
80 characters 


graphics 


n.a. 


IBM PC compatible, 
optional built-in modem 
and printer 


CP/M-80 


64K 


2 5V4-inch 
floppy-disk 
drives 


9-inch CRT, 
80 characters 
by 24 lines 


n.a. 


n.a. 




CP/M-80 


64K min., 
1 MB max. 


2 5 1 /4-inch 
floppy-disk 
drives 


9-inch CRT, 
80 characters 
by 24 lines 


n.a. 


Perfect Series 


S-100 system bus with 
4 expansion slots for 
peripherals 


MS-DOS 


64K min., 
51 2K max. 


2 5 1 /4-inch 
floppy-disk 
drives 


7- or 9-inch 

CRT, 

80 characters 

by 24 lines 


color and 
graphics 


n.a. 


IBM PC compatible 
with optional color CRT 


MS-DOS or 
CP/M-86 


128K min., 
512K max. 


1 or 2 5 1 /4-inch 
floppy-disk 
drives . 


9-inch CRT, 
80 characters 
by 25 lines 


graphics 


GSX graphics 
interpreter, 
Multimate word 
processor and 
an assembler 


IBM PC compatible 


CP/M-2.2 


64K min., 
64K max. 


2 5 1 /4-inch 
floppy-disk 
drives 


9-inch CRT, 
80 characters 
by 25 lines 


n.a. 


n.a. 


can link with HiNet 
local-area network, 
HiNet electronic mail 


CP/M-2.2 


64K min., 
64K max. 


2 5 1 /4-inch 

floppy-disk 

drives, 

1 15-megabyte 

hard-disk drive 


9-inch CRT, 
80 characters 
by 25 lines 


n.a. 


n.a. 


can link with HiNet 
local-area network, 
HiNet electronic mail 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 37 



Manufacturer/Location 

Model 


Size (Inches) 


Weight 


Power Supply 


Price 


Type of 
Microprocessor 


Dynalogic Info-Tech Ottawa, Ontario 
Hyperion 


1 8 1 /3 by 1 1 1/3 
by 8% 


18 lbs. 


120 or 240V AC 


$3395 


8088 


Dynalogic Info-Tech Ottawa, Ontario 
Hyperion Plus 


181/3 by 11 V3 
by 8% 


21 lbs. 


120 or 240V AC 


$4995 


8088 


Epson America Inc. Torrance, CA 
Epson HX-20 


1 1 1/3 by 8V2 
by 1% 


3 lbs., 
13 oz. 


batteries or AC 


$795 


Dual 6301 
CMOS 


Gavilan Computer Corp. Campbell, CA 
Gavilan Computer 


11% by 11% 
by 2% 


9 lbs. 


batteries or AC 


$3995 


8088 


GRID Systems Mountain View, CA 
Compass 


11% by 15 

by 2 


10 lbs., 

121/2 oz. 


110 or 220V AC 


$9210 


8086, 
8087 


Hewlett-Packard Palo Alto, CA 
HP-75C 


1V4 by 5 
by 10 


26 oz. 


batteries or AC 


$995 


CMOS HP 
Series 80 


Jonos Anaheim, CA 
Escort C11 00 


171/4 by 13i/4 
by 71/4 


25 lbs. 


110 or 220V AC 


$3995 


Z80A 


Jonos Anaheim, CA 
Escort C2100 


171/4 by 13V4 
by 71/4 


25 lbs. 


110 or 220V AC 


$3995 


Z80B 


Management Techniques Inc. Boston, MA 
Escort Assistant 


7V2 by 17/4 
by 131/4 


25 lbs. 


AC 


$3995 


Z80 


Management Techniques Inc. Boston, MA 
Escort Administrator 


71/2 by 17V4 
by 13V4 


25 lbs. 


AC 


$5995 


Z80 


Micro Source New Lebanon, OH 
M6000P-Voyager 


17 by 20 by 7 


32 lbs. 


120 or 220V AC 


$3900 


Z80A 


Modular Computer Systems Inc. Ft. Lauderdale, FL 
Zorba 2000 


1 71/2 by 5 
by 9 


21 lbs. 


AC 


$1995 


Z80 


Modular Computer Systems Inc. Ft. Lauderdale, FL 
Zorba 2000/4 


1 71/2 by 5 
by 9 


21 lbs. 


AC 


$2495 


Z80A 



38 September 1983 © BYTE Publications In 



Operating 
System 


RAM Memory 
Min. /Max. 


MS-DOS 


256K min., 




256K max. 


MS-DOS 


256K min., 




256K max 


n.a. 


16K min., 




32K max. 


MS-DOS 


80K min., 




336 K max. 


INGRID 


256K min., 


(proprietary) 
or MS-DOS 


256K max. 


proprietary 


16K min., 
24K max. 



CP/M 



CP/M 



CP/M 



CP/M 



CP/M 



CP/M 



CP/M 



64K min., 
320K max. 



64K min., 
320K max. 



Mass Storage 
Type, Size 


Display 
Type, Size 


5 1 /4-inch 

floppy-disk 

drive 


7-inch CRT, 
80 characters 
by 25 lines 


2 5V4-inch 
floppy-disk 
drives 


7-inch CRT, 
80 characters 
by 25 lines 


microcassettes, 
35K/side 


LCD, 

20 characters 
by 4 lines 


3-inch 

microfloppy- 
disk drive 


LCD, 

66 characters 

by 8 lines 


348K nonvolatile 
bubble memory 


6-inch ELD, 
80 characters 
by 24 lines 


magnetic card, 
n.a. 


LCD, 

32 characters 

by 1 line 



64K min., 


2 5 1 /4-inch 


9-inch CRT, 


128K max. 


floppy-disk 


80 characters 




drives 


by 25 lines 


128K min., 


2 3V2-inch 


9-inch CRT, 


128K max. 


floppy-disk 


80 characters 




drives 


by 25 lines 


64K min., 


2 3 1 /2-inch 


9-inch CRT 


64K max. 


floppy-disk 


80 characters 




drives 


by 24 lines 


64K min., 


2 3 1 /2-inch 


9-inch CRT 


64K max. 


10-Mb hard-disk 


80 characters 




drives 


by 24 lines 


64K min., 


2 5 1 /4-inch 


9-inch CRT, 


512K max. 


floppy-disk 


80 characters 




drives 


by 24 lines 



5 1 /4-inch 
floppy-disk 
drive, 
DS/QD 



2 5V4-inch 
floppy disk 
drives, 
DS/DD 



9-inch CRT, 
80 characters 
by 24 lines 



9-inch CRT, 
80 characters 
by 24 lines 



Color or 
Graphics 



graphics 



graphics 



graphics 



Software 
Included 



graphics Microsoft BASIC 



Comments 



IBM PC compatible, 
can be upgraded to 
Hyperion Plus level 



Microsoft BASIC, IBM PC compatible 
Multiplan, Inscribe, with built-in direct 
ln:touch connect modem 



Skiwriter word- 
processing pro- 
gram in ROM 

optional word- 
processing 



GRID-PLAN, 
-PLOT, -FILE, 
-TERM, -WRITE 



built-in 24-column 
dot-matrix printer 



communications 
scheduling and 
electronic spreadsheet 
packages in capsules 

built-in modem, 
software update and 
more file storage in 
GRID Central main- 
frame computer 



text editor, time of 
day, scheduler, 
optional HP-IL inter- 
face loop for 
printer, digital 
cassette drive, and 
CRT adapter 

BASIC-80, 
Multi-Plan, 
Spellbinder, 
Spellcheck 



optional dot-matrix 
printer attaches to 
back of computer 



(see above) 



BASIC-80 



(see above) 



(see above) 



Multiplan, Spellbinder, 
Spellguard 



(see above) 



BASICZ, Wordstar, 6 expansion slots 



Calcstar, 

Mailmerge, 

Spellstar, Superfile, 

Archivist, 

6 expansion slots 

word processor, 
spelling checker, 
spreadsheet, 
database man- 
ager mailing list, 
and CBASIC 

(see above) 



can add 8086 
processor for IBM PC 
compatibility 



optional 8088 
coprocessor and 
and internal 
300- to 1200-bps 
modem; can read 
other disk formats. 



optional 
coprocessor and 
internal 300- to 
1200-bps 
modem; can read, 
write, and format disks 
for 30 different 
microcomputers. 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 39 



Manufacturer/Location 
Model 


Size (Inches) 


Weight 


Power Supply 


Price 


Type of 
Microprocessor 


Modular Computer Systems Inc. Ft. Lauderdale, FL 
Zorba 2000/8 


1 7V2 by 5 
by 9 


21 lbs. 


AC 


$2495 


Z80A 


Modular Computer Systems Inc. Ft. Lauderdale, FL 
Zorba 2000/16 


171/2 by 5 
by 9 


21 lbs. 


AC 


$2995 


Z80A, 
8088 


NEC Electronics Chicago, IL 
PC-8201 


11% by 8V2 
by 21/2 


3.8 lbs. 


batteries or AC 


$675 


80C85 


Non-Linear Systems Solana Beach, CA 
Kaypro II 


19 by 16 by 8 


26 lbs. 


110 or 220V AC 


$1595 


Z80A 


Non-Linear Systems Solana Beach, CA 
Kaypro 4 


19 by 16 by 8 


26 lbs. 


110 or 220V AC 


$1995 


Z80A 


Non-Linear Systems Solana Beach, CA 
Kaypro 10 


19 by 16 by 8 


27 lbs. 


1 1 or 220V AC 


$2795 


Z80A 


Olympia USA Inc. Somerville, NJ 
Portable Computer OL-H004 


1 'A by 9 
by 3% 


21 oz. 


batteries or AC 


$380 


proprietary 


Olympia USA Inc. Somerville, NJ 
Portable Computer OL-0008 


1 1/2 by 9 
by 3% 


21 oz. 


batteries or AC 


$480 


proprietary 


Osborne Computer Corp. Hayward, CA 
The Executive 


201/2 by 13 
by 9 


28 lbs. 


AC 


$2495 


Z80A 


Osborne Computer Corp. Hayward, CA 
Executive II 


201/2 by 13 
by 9 


28 lbs. 


AC 


$3195 


8088 


Osborne Computer Corp. Hayward, CA 
Osborne 1 


201/2 by 141/2 
by 81/2 


23 lbs., 
8 oz. 


AC 


$1795 


Z80A 


Otrona Corp. Boulder, CO 
Attache 

Panasonic Co. Secaucus, NJ 
Hand-Held Computer RL-H1800 


12 by 131/2 
by 53/4 

1 by 9 by 3 


18 lbs. 
21.9 oz. 


120 or 220V AC 


$3995 


Z80A 


batteries or AC 


$380 


proprietary 


Panasonic Co. Secaucus, NJ 
JR-800 


101/4 by 5% 
by 1% 


1 lb., 
10 oz. 


batteries or AC 


$499.95 


80C85 



40 September 1983 © BYTE Publications In 



Operating 
System 


RAM Memory 
Min. /Max. 


Mass Storage 
Type, Size 


Display 
Type, Size 


Color or 
Graphics 


Software 
Included 


Comments 


CP/M 


64K min., 
320K max. 


2 5V4-inch 

floppy-disk 

drives, 

DS/QD 


9-inch CRT, 
80 characters 

by 24 lines 


n.a. 


word processor, 
spelling checker, 
spreadsheet, 
database manager 
mailing list and 
CBASIC 


optional 8088 
co-processor and 
internal 300- to 
1200-bps modem; can 
read other disk 
formats. 


CP/M, 

CP/M-86, 

MS-DOS 


64K min. 
51 2K max. 


2 5 1 /»-inch 
floppy-disk 
drive, 
DS/QD 


9-inch CRT, 
80 characters 
by 24 lines 


n.a. 


(see above) 


optional internal 
300- to 1200-bps 
modem; can read 
other disk formats. 


proprietary 


16K min., 
64 K max. 


cassette, n.a. 


LCD, 

40 characters 

by 8 lines 


n.a. 


built-in text 
processor and 
communication 
software 


optional 32K bubble 
memory cartridge 


CP/M 


64K min., 
64K max. 


2 5V4-inch 
floppy-disk 
drives 


9-inch CRT, 
80 characters 
by 24 lines 


n.a. 


MBASIC, SBASIC, 
Profitplan, Perfect- 
Writer, -Speller, 
-Calc, -Filer 




CP/M 


64K min., 
64K max. 


2 5 1 A-inch 
floppy-disk 
drives, 
DS/DD 


9-inch CRT, 
80 characters 

by 24 lines 


n.a. 


MBASIC, SBASIC, 
Profitplan, Perfect- 
Writer, -Speller, 
-Calc, -Filer 




CP/M 


64K min., 
64K max. 


5 1 /4-inch 
floppy-disk 
drive, 1 10-Mb 
hard-disk drive 


9-inch CRT, 
80 characters 

by 24 lines 


n.a. 


MBASIC, SBASIC, 
Profitplan, Perfect- 
Writer, -Speller, 
-Calc, -Filer 




proprietary 


4K min., 
4K max. 


n.a. 


LCD, 

26 characters 

by 1 line 


n.a. 


n.a. 




proprietary 


8K min., 
8K max. 


n.a. 


LCD, 

26 characters 

by 1 line 


n.a. 


n.a. 




CP/M, 
UCSD Pascal 


128K min., 
256K max. 
(with copro- 
cessor) 


2 5V4-inch 
floppy-disk 
drives 


7-inch CRT, 
80 characters 

by 24 lines 


n.a. 


Wordstar, 
Mailmerge, 
Supercalc, Personal 
Pearl, CBASIC, 
MBASIC 


MS-DOS, 

CP/M-86, 
UCSD Pascal 


256K min., 
384K max. 


2 5 1 /4-inch 
floppy-disk 
drives 


7-inch CRT, 
80 characters 
by 24 lines 


n.a. 


(see above) 


IBM PC compatible 


CP/M 


64K min., 
64K max. 


2 5'/4-inch 
floppy-disk 
drives 


5-inch CRT, 
52 characters 
by 24 lines 


n.a. 


CBASIC, 

MBASIC, 

Wordstar, 

Mailmerge, 

Supercalc 


optional double-density 
disk drives 


CP/M 


64K min., 
156K max. 


2 51/4-inch 

floppy-disk 
drives 


5 1 /2-inch CRT, 
80 characters 
by 24 lines 


graphics 


BASIC-80, 
Wordstar Plus, 
Charton, Valet 


modular construction 
allows 1-hour repair 


n.a. 


8K min., 
8K max. 


cassette, n.a. 


LCD, 

26 characters 

by 1 line 


n.a. 


n.a. 




proprietary 


16K min., 
24K max. 


cassette, n.a. 


LCD,' 

32 characters 

by 8 lines 


n.a. 


n.a. 





September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 41 



Manufacturer/Location 

Model 


Size (Inches) 


Weight 


Power Supply 


Price 


Type of 
Microprocessor 


Peripheral Systems Marlton, NJ 
Eagle 


18 by 171/4 
by 8 


18 lbs. 


110 or 220V AC 


$3495 


Z80A 


Quasar Franklin Park, IL 
Quasar Hand-Held Computer 


3 1 A by 89/ 
by 1 1/4 


14 oz. 


batteries or AC 


$329 


6502 


Radio Shack Fort Worth, TX 
PC 1 


6 7 / 8 by 23/4 
by "/1 6 


6 02. 


batteries or AC 


$149.95 


proprietary 


Radio Shack Fort Worth, TX 
PC 2 - 


7iy, 6 by 33/ 8 
by 11/ e 


1 lb. 


batteries or AC 


$199.95 


proprietary 


Radio Shack Fort Worth, TX 
TRS-80 Model 100 


11% by 81/2 
by 2 


4 lbs. 


batteries or AC 


$799 


80C85 



Sarasota Automation Sarasota, FL 
Husky 


91/2 by 8 
by 1 3/4 


4.5 lbs. 


batteries or AC 


$2995 


Z80 


Seequa Computer Annapolis, MD 
Chameleon 


18 by 15V2 
by 8 


28 lbs. 


110 or 220V AC 


$1995 


8088 


Sharp Electronics Corp. Paramus, NJ 
PC-1250 


55/ 6 by 23/4 
by% 


4 oz. 


batteries or AC 


$110 


proprietary 


Sharp Electronics Corp. Paramus, NJ 
PC- 1500 


7 3 /4 by 1 
by 3% 


2 lbs. 


batteries or AC 


$300 


proprietary 


Sharp Electronics Corp. Paramus, NJ 
PC-5000 


1213/16 by 12 
by 3y, 6 


11 lbs. 


batteries or AC 


$2995 


8088 


SKS Computers Inc. Columbus, OH 
SKS 2502 Nano 


15% by 18% 
by 6V2 


30 lbs. 


AC 


$2495 


Z80A 


SKS Computers Inc. Columbus, OH 
SKS 252 Pico 


15% by 18% 
by 6V2 


22 lbs. 


AC 


$2495 


Z80A 


SMC Corp. Atlanta, GA 
Compucase 


51/2 by 18 
by 13 


25 lbs. 


AC 


$7995 


Z80A 


SORD Computer Tokyo Japan 
M23P 


171/4 by 157/ 6 
by 53/ 16 


16 lbs. 
8 oz. 


110 or 220V AC 


$2595 


Z80A 


STM Electronics Corp. Menlo Park, CA 
Pied Piper I 


20% 

by 10"/ 5 by 4 


11 lbs. 


115 or 230V AC 


$1299 


Z80A 



42 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Operating 
System 


RAM Memory 
Min./Max. 


Mass Storage 
Type, Size 


Display 
Type, Size 


Color or 
Graphics 


Software 
Included 


Comments 


CP/M 


64K min., 

156K max. 


2 3V 2 -inch 
floppy-disk 
drives 


7-inch CRT, 
80 characters 
by 24 lines 


graphics 


electronic 
spreadsheet, 

spelling checker, 
word processor, 
inventory control 


optional built-in modem 
and hard-disk drive 


n.a. 


2K min., 
8K max. 


cassette, n.a. 


LCD, 

32 characters 

by 1 line 


n.a. 


n.a. 




n.a. 


1.9K min., 
1.9K max. 


cassette, n.a. 


LCD, 

24 characters 

by 1 line 


n.a. 


n.a. 




n.a. 


2.6K min., 
16K max. 


cassette, n.a. 


LCD, 

26 characters 

by 1 line 


n.a. 


n.a. 




proprietary 


8K min., 
32K max. 


cassette, n.a. 


LCD, 

40 characters 

by 8 lines 


n.a. 


built-in text editor, 
scheduler, 
address handler, 
and communi- 
cations program 


built-in direct-connect 
modem 


CP/M 


16K min., 
144K max. 


n.a. 


LCD, 

32 characters 

by 4 lines 


n.a. 


n.a. 




MS-DOS or 
CP/M-86 


128K min., 
700K max. 


2 5V4-inch 
floppy-disk 
drives 


9-inch CRT. 
80 characters 
by 25 lines 


graphics 


MBASIC, 

Perfect-Writer, 

-Calc 


IBM PC compatible 


na. 


2.2K min., 
2.2K max. 


cassette, n.a. 


LCD, 

24 characters 

by 1 line 


n.a. 


n.a. 




n.a. 


16K min., 
20K max. 


cassette, n.a. 


LCD, 

26 characters 

by 1 line 


n.a. 


n.a. 




MS-DOS 


128K min., 
256K max. 


128K bubble- 
memory 
cartridge 


LCD, 

80 characters 

by 8 lines 


graphics 


word processing, optional printer, 
electronic floppy-disk drive, 
spreadsheet, modem, and cassette 
database man- recorder 
ager and scheduler 


CP/M 


80K min., 
80K max. 


2 5V4-inch 
floppy-disk 
drives 


5- by 9-inch 

CRT, 

80 characters 

by 24 lines 


n.a. 


Perfect Series 


optional 801 86 
microprocessor 


CP/M 


80K min., 
80K max. 


2 3 1 /2-inch 
floppy-disk 
drives 


5- by 9-inch 

CRT, 

80 characters 

by 24 lines 


n.a. 


Perfect Series 


optional 80186 
microprocessor 


CP/M 


64K min., 
64K max. 


5V4-inch 

floppy-disk 

drive 


gas plasma, 
50 characters 
by 12 lines 


n.a. 


n.a. 




CP/M 3.0 


128K min., 
128K max. 


2 3 1 /2-inch 

flopppy-disk 

drives 


LCD, 

80 characters 

by 8 lines 


color and 
graphics 


SORD BASIC, 
PIPS 


optional port for bit- 
mapped graphics 
with color or mono- 
chrome monitor 


CP/M 


64K min., 
128K max. 


5 1 /t-inch 

floppy-disk 

drive 


n.a. 


graphics 


Perfect-Writer, 
-Speller, -Calc, 
-Filer 


requires a monitor or 
television screen, 
optional LCD with 80 
characters by 2 lines 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 43 



Manufacturer/Location 
Model 


Size (Inches) 


Weight 


Power Supply 


Price 


Type of 
Microprocessor 




Sunrise Systems Inc. Carroltown, TX 
KP-C8 


16 by 9 by 2 


41/2 lbs. 


batteries or AC 


approx. 
$2000 


NSC800A 




Teleram Communications White Plains, NY 
Teleram 3000 


13 by 93/4 
by 3V2 


8 lbs., 
13 oz. 


Built-in recharge- 
able 12-V bat- 
tery (3-1 hrs.) 


$2995 


Z80L 




Televideo Systems Inc. Sunnyvale, CA 
Teletote 1 


18 by 8 by 15 


23 lbs. 


AC 


$1499 


Z80A 




Texas Instruments Inc. Lubbock, TX 
CC-40 


9V2 by 5% 

by 1 


22 oz. 


batteries or AC 


$249.95 


TMS 9995 


' 


Toshiba America Inc. Tustin, CA 
T100 


I6V2 by 4 
by 11 


n.a. 


AC 


$1995 


Z80A 




Universal Data Inc. Clarkston, Ml 
UDI-500 


11 by 13 
by 3% 


12 lbs., 

13 ozs. 


batteries or AC 


$3995 


LH5080 
(CMOS Z80), 
1805 





But the advantages of the CRT out- 
weigh the disadvantages. First, it is 
a luminescent display— it produces 
light. Therefore, it can be used under 
poor lighting conditions. Second, it 
is extremely flexible. Given a monitor 
with sufficient resolution, you can 
display any type of image upon it, in- 
cluding color, such as with the Com- 
modore Executive 64. Finally, there's 
enough software available to take ad- 
vantage of that flexibility. 

The second most popular form of 
display is the small, lightweight LCD, 
which usually requires little power 
and is relatively immune to damage. 
One disadvantage is that an LCD's 
response time is slower than that of 
a CRT display in terms of speed re- 
quired to write and erase a character 
on the display. Additionally, the LCD 
bit-mapped graphics are at best crude 
because the individual pixels (picture 
elements) aren't small enough to give 
sharp definition. And at tempera- 
tures below freezing, the LCDs may 
slow down even more or stop 
altogether. 



The Sharp PC-5000 has the largest 
LCD currently available on a portable 
computer, 8 lines by 80 characters 
(see photo 2). Whether such a display 
is large enough for effective work is 
a matter of personal taste. Portable 
computers with a 1-line display are 
minimally usable. The HP-75 has a 
1-line by 32-character display. The 
Epson HX-20 (see photo 3) has 4 lines 
by 20 characters. The Radio Shack 
Model 100 has an 8-line by 40-char- 
acter display. You can work with all 
of these displays, but they are only 
a fraction of the size of a standard 
CRT display of 80 characters by 24 
lines. You should carefully consider 
the display size in terms of your par- 
ticular application and choose the 
portable that best fits your needs. 
Word processing on a 4-line display 
is awkward at best. 

Finally, the new ELD and gas- 
plasma display technologies provide 
still another choice. ELDs use a 
chemical coating and a wire grid 
placed between two glass plates. The 
chemical coating emits light when an 



AC voltage is applied to the wires. 
Alphanumeric characters can be 
formed by applying the voltage to the 
correct sequence of wires. The gas- 
plasma display is similar to the ELD 
except that a gas fills the space be- 
tween the two plates. The Grid Com- 
pass computer has an ELD screen. 
ELDs combine the advantages of 
the CRT and the LCD. They can dis- 
play a full 80 characters by 24 lines, 
offer good bit-mapped graphics res- 
olution, and their flat shape makes 
them ideal for portable applications. 
The only disadvantage is that both 
their price and power consumption 
exceed the level of other displays. For 
now, field testing will have to deter- 
mine whether the electroluminescent 
and gas-plasma displays are econo- 
mical and reliable enough to replace 
the CRT display for portable 
computers. 

Data Storage 

Developments in data-storage tech- 
nology have enabled portable com- 
puter users to take their data along 



44 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Operating 
System 



proprietary 



RAM Memory 
Min. /Max. 



80K min., 
144K max. 



Mass Storage 
Type, Size 



microcassette, 
512K 



Display 
Type, Size 



LCD, 

40 characters 
by 6 lines or 
80 characters 
by 3 lines 



Color or 
Graphics 



color and 
graphics 



Software 
Included 



built-in word 
processing, 
calendar, 
communications, 
and auto-dialer 



Comments 



optional flat-pack 
expansion box for 
8088 microprocessor 
and floppy-disk drives 



CP/M 


64K min., 
64K max. 


256K nonvolatile 
bubble memory 


LCD, 

80 characters 

by 4 lines 


n.a. 


Teletalk 

communications 

program 


optional portable disk 
drive can read Apple, 
Osborne, and IBM for- 
mats; optional office 
station with CRT, disk 
drive, and 8 ports 


CP/M 


64K min., 
160K max. 


5 1 /4-inch 

floppy-disk 

drive 


9-inch CRT, 
80 characters 
by 24 lines 


graphics 


Wordstar, 
Visicalc 


includes mouse port 


proprietary 


6K min., 
16K max. 


n.a. 


LCD, 

31 characters 

by 1 line 


n.a. 


22 applications 
packages 


optional plotter, printer, 
and stringy-floppy 
drive 


CP/M 


32K min., 
64K max. 


2 5 1 /4-inch 
floppy-disk 
drives 


LCD, 

40 characters 

by 8 lines 


graphics 
and color 


Word Right 

word-processing 

package 


optional CRT display 


CP/M, 
Micro DOS 


64K min., 
256K max. 


2 3 1 /2-inch 
floppy-disk 
drives 


LCD, 

40 characters 

by 8 lines 


n.a, 


Vedit 
text pro- 
cessor and 
communications 
package 


built-in 300-bps 
modem and card slot 
for use with RCA 
CMOS microboards 



with them. The newer half-height 
5V4-inch and 3 : /2-inch floppy-disk 
drives have as much storage capaci- 
ty as the older 8-inch drives. Hard 
disks are also becoming portable. For 
example, the Kaypro-10 has a built-in 
10-megabyte hard-disk drive. Some 
portables feature bubble-memory 
cartridges for convenient long-term 
data storage. 

Memory is the working medium of 
any computer, and portables are no 
exception. Yet portables, because they 
incorporate the latest technology, of- 
fer more memory options than stan- 
dard desktop computers. You can 
have a portable with CMOS RAM, 
bubble-memory cartridges, mini- or 
micro-floppy- disk drives, or hard 
disks. Each option has its own par- 
ticular advantages and disadvan- 
tages. 

CMOS memory is widely used in 
briefcase computers because of its 

Photo 2: The flip-up 80-character by 8-line 
LCD screen on the Sharp PC-5000 is only 
one-third the size of a standard CRT screen. 




September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 45 




Photo 3: Space limitations on the front panel forced the designers 
of the Epson HX-20 to use a 20-character by 4-line display. 



Photo 4: The Kaypro II has the ability to read and write to a variety 
of disk formats. 



low power consumption. The recent 
improvement in chip-manufacturing 
technology has lowered the price and 
increased the performance of these 
memory devices. CMOS chips are 
still slower in operation than cor- 
responding TTL (transistor-transistor 
logic) memory devices, but their 
speed is improving. In actual use the 
speed of a CMOS memory chip does 
not adversely affect the operation of 
a portable computer. 

Bubble-memory cartridges have 
been around for a while but haven't 
been widely used because of their 
high price. But, like CMOS memory, 
their price is dropping and their use 
is increasing, especially for the brief- 
case computers. Bubble-memory car- 
tridges offer several advantages over 
other storage media such as floppy 
disks. They operate like a floppy-disk 
drive but much faster; they have no 
moving parts and no disk-drive head 
to move from track to track. Data is 
stored in the cartridge as a pattern of 
magnetic bubbles, and when the car- 
tridge is removed or power fails, the 
stored data is retained. The cartridges 
do not require an auxiliary battery to 
retain data. They require very little 
power to operate and are much more 
rugged than conventional floppy 
disks. 

Floppy disks are still very much the 
medium of choice for people who 
work with portable computers. They 
are widely used, dependable, and 
have a broad base of available soft- 
ware. With the introduction of half- 



height and microfloppy-disk drives, 
floppy disks remain the primary 
data-storage medium. The disadvan- 
tages of floppy disks include occa- 
sional incompatible recording for- 
mats for 5V4-inch disks and the con- 
fusing differences between the 
various standards for the micro- 
floppy-disk drives. 

Before buying a portable or trans- 
portable computer, find out if it can 
read and write to disks from other 
computers. The Kaypro II (see photo 
4), for example, can read and write 
to disks created with a Xerox 820-11. 
And the Kaypro Users Group has 
software available that will enable the 
Kaypro II to read other disk formats. 

Rather than carry a lot of floppy 
disks, you can opt for a portable with 
a built-in hard-disk drive. Portables 
such as the Kaypro-10 (see photo 5) 




Photo 7: The Columbia VP is one of the best 
of the IBM-compatible computers. 



with its 10-megabyte hard disk and 
the Starlite HD20 (see photo 6) with 
its 20-megabyte hard disk can serve 
users with very large data-storage 
needs. Both have a staggering 
amount of storage for a portable com- 
puter system and can handle almost 
any application. 

Hard-disk-drive manufacturers 
carefully studied the typical environ- 
ment of a portable computer and 
have developed drives that have 
special shock mountings and head- 
positioning controls to withstand 
shock and vibration. For example, 
both the Kaypro-10 and the Starlite 
HD20 have utility programs to posi- 
tion the read/write head in a "safety 
zone" on the disk that is isolated 
from the data tracks; if a head crash 
occurs while the computer is in tran- 
sit, you will probably be able to 
recover your data. In addition, the 
read/write heads have been rede- 
signed to be lighter and less prone to 
shock. 

Hard-disk drives are an expensive 
option, but their price is dropping. 
However, they are heavier than 
floppy-disk drives and consume 
more power because the disk is con- 
stantly spinning while it's on. An- 
other potential problem is the possi- 
bility of data loss due to a head crash. 
This occurrence is more serious with 
a hard disk loaded with great quan- 
tities of data than for a set of floppy 
disks. 

For most of the transportable com- 
puters that use the Z80 micropro- 



46 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 






1 * 1 i V| 


jt^UllUIUI *»I*I 1 F »> -■' SB 


KH| 


I yjp^ 4 







Photo 5: With its JO-megabyte hard disk preloaded with the bundled 
software, the Kaypro-10 can store 50 disks' worth of information. 



Photo 6: The Starlite HD 20 offers a staggering 20 megabytes of 
storage in a portable computer. 



cessor, the de facto operating system 
is CP/M. Compatibility is reasonably 
assured regardless of the type of 
computer, magnetic media, or dis- 
play used. Practically every major 
software application package is avail- 
able in a CP/M format. By using a 
standard operating system, you have 
access to a tremendous number of 
programs, programming utilities, and 
languages. 

But the issue of compatibility 
becomes much more complicated 
when computer manufacturers try to 
make their computer emulate the 
functions of another machine, as is 
the case with the many IBM Personal 
Computer work-alikes. This con- 
tinues to be a confusing issue 
because three levels of compatibility 
have emerged. 

Incompatible disk formats or differ- 
ent-size media characterize the first 
level. For example, the DOT com- 
puter uses an 8088 microprocessor 
and runs MS-DOS, but it uses the 
Sony 3V2-inch floppy-disk drives, 
which are not compatible with the 
standard 5V4-inch drives used on the 
IBM. As a result, you would have 
some work to do to transfer programs 
from the IBM to the DOT computer. 

The second level is data compati- 
bility. Most "IBM-compatible" com- 
puters fall into this category. With a 
data-compatible portable, you can 
transfer data created on an IBM disk 
to a portable computer. But you can- 
not transfer the program used to 
create those data files. For example, 



you can create a data file with an elec- 
tronic spreadsheet program on the 
IBM and use that data on a compati- 
ble portable as long as you have the 
same version of the spreadsheet pro- 
gram for the portable. 

The last level of compatibility in- 
cludes computers that are "almost a 
clone." These systems, such as the 
Columbia VP (see photo 7), offer the 
same graphics capabilities and key- 
board as the IBM and use the same 
software. They differ from the IBM 
PC only with respect to the informa- 
tion stored in ROM. The PC has a 
copyright notice in its ROM. Some 
programs such as Visicalc only work 
correctly after locating the copyright 
notice in ROM. Most software will 
work correctly, but in some cases you 
need to get a version of the program 
specifically tailored to your computer. 
Before choosing a portable, find the 
software you want, and then make 
sure it runs on the computer you like. 

Software 

Bundled software is a great value. 
It lets you get the computer up and 
running as soon as you take it home. 
Manufacturers usually offer word- 
processing, electronic spreadsheet, 
database-manager, and perhaps com- 
munications packages. Some por- 
table computers have as much as 
$2500 worth of software bundled 
with the hardware. Bundled software 
also enables you to try the various 
programs before you buy a complete 
system. 



But don't let the lure of bundled 
software sway your decision on 
which portable computer to buy. You 
may not like a particular software 
package that is included with the 
portable computer you choose. 
Selecting software is sometimes a 
very subjective decision. The soft- 
ware and hardware must combine to 
meet your needs. If they don't do 
what you need, you shouldn't buy 
them. 

Defining the Workplace 

When considering the purchase of 
a portable computer, ask yourself one 
more question, "Where do I need a 
computer most?" Do you really need 
a heavy-duty CP/M system that can 
be transferred from the office to 
home? Or do you need a computer 
that can go on the road for data col- 
lection in the field? You may be the 
ultimate computer junkie who likes 
to work in pajamas in bed at 2 o'clock 
in the morning. Your ideal working 
environment is critical in your choice 
of a computer. 

Summary 

Choosing a portable computer isn't 
easy. The number of portables and 
the variety of available features make 
the choice a tough one. But with the 
right background and some in-depth 
research, you'll be able to find one 
that suits your needs. ■ 

Stanley J. Wszola is a BYTE technical editor. 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 47 









Rana's disk drive was 

twice as good as Apple's 

with one head. 



•>.,♦. 



""* H 



"« 



V 







I .' 



■ - 










■ 



■iVi'< <*-, 



■ 



'V . 



r.**'.* I 



■ 



■•<"■: 



m m 

■ ■ 



Now we have two. 




We added another head 
so you won't have to buy another disk. 

That's the beauty of a double sided head. A 
floppy disk which allows you to read and write on 
both sides. For more storage, for more information, 

for keeping larger records, 
and for improved perfor- 
mance of your system. 
That's what our new Elite 
Two and Elite Three offers. 
It's the first double headed 
Apple® compatible disk 
drive in the industry. And of 
course, the technology is 
from Rana. We're the com- 
pany who gave you 163K 
bytes of storage with our Elite One, a 14% increase 
over Apple's. And now with our high tech double 
sided heads, our Elite Two and Three offers you two 
to four times more storage than Apple's. That's 
really taking a byte out of the competition. 

We put our heads together 
to give you a superior disk drive. 

We designed the Elite Three to give you near 
hard disk capacity, with all the advantages of a 
minifloppy system. The double sided head oper- 
ates on 80 tracks per side, giving you a capacity of 
652K bytes. It would take 4!/2 Apples to give you 
that. And cost you three times our Elite Three's 
reasonable $849 price tag. 



Rana's double sided heads give Apple 
II superior disk performance power 
than second generation personal com- 
puters such as IBM's. 



It takes 4'/2 Apples to equal the capacity 
of our superior Elite Three. 









The Elite Two offers an impressive 326K bytes 
and 40 tracks on each side. This drive is making a 
real hit with users who need extra storage, but 
don't require top-of-the-line capacity. Costwise, it 
takes 2V2 Apple drives to equal the performance of 
our Elite Two. And twice as many diskettes. Leave it 
to Rana to produce the most cost efficient disk 
drive in the world. 

We've always had the guts to be a leader. 

Our double sided head may be an industry 
first for Apple computers, but nobody was surprised. 




They've come to expect it from us. Because Rana 
has always been a leader. We were the first 
with a write protect feature, increased capacity, 




Your word processor stores 5 times as many pages of text on an Elite Three 
diskette as the cost ineffective Apple. 

and accurate head positioning. A first with attrac- 
tive styling, faster access time, and the conve- 
nience of storing a lot more pages on far fewer 
diskettes. We were first to bring high technology to 
a higher level of quality. 

So ask for an Elite One, Two, or Three. 
Because when it comes to disk drives, nobody 
uses their head like Rana. 

NOW AVAILABLE FOR THE APPLE III. . . 

THE ELITE TWO.THREE AND ELITE THREE. THREE 

RanaSystems 





21300 Superior St., Chatsworth, CA 91311 (213) 709-5484. For dealer Information call toll 
tree: 1-800-421-2207. In California only call: 1-800-262-1221. Source Number TCT-654 



® Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. 
Circle 379 on inquiry card. 



Available at all participating Computerland stores and other fine computer dealers. 

BYTE September 1983 49 




The Microminl MPX-16 Microcomputer System. 



As featured on the cover of "BYTE" magazine, November 1982. 

Also featured in Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, November, December 1982 & January 1983. 



These are all the tools you'll need 

to build the world's most powerful 

single board microcomputer. 



The Mi cfomi nt MPX-16. Put one together tonight. 



i 



Once assembled, the most useful tool will be your own 
imagination. The possibilities are limitless. Micromint will 
help you tailor the MPX-16 system to your particular needs 
and budget. Purchase the MPX-16 as a bare pc board, as 
a semi-kit with all the IC sockets, I/O connectors and 
discreet components wave soldered to the pc board, 
or as an assembled and tested unit. 

• Directly boots CP/M-86 or MS-DOS.* 

• Runs all CP/M-86 or MS-DOS * applications 
programs. 

On board features. 

• IBM PC bus compatible with 9 expansion slots. 

• Intel 8088 16-bit microprocessor. 

• Optional Intel 8087 math coprocessor. 

• 256K bytes on board memory. 

• Up to one megabyte of system memory. 

• Up to 64K bytes of system ROM/EPROM. 

• Two RS-232C serial I/O ports. 

• Three parallel I/O ports. 

• Floppy disk controller for 51/4" or 8" single or 
double density disk drives. 

• Four independent DMA channels. 

• Sixteen levels of vectored interrupts. 

•Available Soon. 
Circle 290 on inquiry card. 

Micromint 

The System with the Winning Combination. 

IBM PC is a trademark of International Business Machines. Inc . CP M-86 is a trademark ol Digital Research. 




To get the MPX-16 op and running only requires one disk 
drive, power supply and serial terminal. 

• MPX-16 single board computer assembled, tested 
and burned in with 64K bytes of RAM, CP/M-86 

or MS-DOS operating system * $1,895.00 

' • MPX-16 with 256K bytes of RAM $2,135.00 

• MPX-16 Semi-Kit (wave soldered pc board) less IC's $595.00 

• Complete kit of IC's burned in and tested with 64K 

bytes of RAM $595.00 

With 256K bytes of RAM $800.00 

• MPX-16 Unpopulated (bare) pc board, silk screened 

and solder masked $300.00 

• CP/M-86 Operating System on 51/4" or 8" diskette. . $200.00 
• MPX-16 Switching Power Supply including 

oower supply harness $300.00 

•' MPX-16 Technical Reference and User's Manual $50.00 
Call for current pricing on serial terminals, floppy disk 
drives, metal enclosures, hard disk systems, etc. 



^f 



MPX-16 



To Order: Call Toll Free 

1-800-645-3479 

In N.Y. 1-516-374-6793 



MICROMINT INC. 

561 Willow Avenue 
Cedarhurst, NY 11516 




MS-DOS is a trademark of Microsoft Corp 



High-IQ Modems 

A new generation of intelligent modems lets users concentrate on 
applications rather than on modem-interfacing details 



With the incorporation of 
sophisticated microcomputers, high- 
density RAMs, and advanced com- 
munications ICs, the so-called dumb 
modem is being replaced by a new 
generation of intelligent modems. 
These modems not only offer fea- 
tures that enhance data-communica- 
tions applications, but also can deter- 
mine the parameters of the systems 
in which they're installed and adjust 
their operation to meet system re- 
quirements. Some models, for exam- 
ple, can learn such system specifica- 
tions as a host computer's bit speed 



by Stephen Durham 

and parity and set their own opera- 
tion accordingly. 

The high degree of "intelligence" 
contained in this new generation of 
modems allows telephone links be- 
tween computers to be operated vir- 
tually unattended. This capability 
makes possible a wide range of new 
telecommunications applications, in- 
cluding electronic mail, central-data- 
base access, remote diagnostics, and 
remote-peripheral sharing. 

The level of intelligence incorpo- 
rated into modems determines their 
ability to disappear into the back- 



ground of your computer system and 
to provide unattended communica- 
tions capability. 

By and large, while most of these 
new-generation high-IQ modems 
provide such features as automatic 
dialing, automatic answering, and 
automatic disconnecting, they do not 
take full advantage of the advanced 
microprocessor and memory tech- 
nologies with which they are built. 
Largely ignored are a wide range of 
what can be called "system con- 
figuration" problems, which result 
from differing transmission proto- 




Photo 1: A command- driven auto-dial, auto-answer modem (Cermetek's Info-Mate 212A). 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 51 



Circle 21 on inquiry card. 



alpha! 

OMEGA 



COPIPUTER PRODUCTS 

ALPHA OMEGA COMPUTER 
PRODUCTS ... The beginning 
of fast, efficient service and 
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PRINTERS 

CIT0H 8510 PARALLEL CALL 

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0KIDATA MICROLINE 92 509.00 

EPSON FX-80 *CALL$ 

EPSON FX-100 699.00 

MODEMS 

HAYES SMARTMODEM 300 ... . 205.00 
HAYES SMARTMODEM 1 200 . . . 495.00 
HAYES SMARTMODEM II 265.00 

MONITORS 

TAXAN 12" AMBER 122.00 

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AMDEK 300 G 133 

AMDEK COLOR I 13" 275.00 

AMDEK COLOR II 1 3" RGB 41 9.00 

IBM PERIPHERALS & SOFTWARE 

TANDON TM55-2 THIN LINE. . . $CALL$ 

TANDONTM100-2 245.00 

MICROSOFT MOUSE 145.00 

QUADRAM QUAD BOARD W/64K275.00 

KRAFT & T.G. JOYSTICKS 46.00 

DBASE II 395.00 

WORDSTAR 264.00 

HOME ACCOUNTANT + 98.00 

VOLKSWRITER 125.00 

LOTUS 1,2,3 $CALL$ 

MULTIPLAN 175.00 

FLIGHT SIMULATOR 34.00 

APPLE PERIPHERALS & SOFTWARE 

VIDEX VIDEOTERM 80 COLUMN . 219.00 
MICROSOFT PREMIUM PAK . . . . 469.00 
MICROSOFT 1 6K RAMCARD .... 69.00 

KRAFT & T.G. JOYSTICKS 44.00 

QUENTIN APPLEMATE DRIVES . . 235.00 
SUPER 5 THIN LINE DRIVES .... 265.00 
WIZARD BP01 6K BUFFERED INT . 1 39.00 

EPS KEYBOARD 299 

COOL & TIME (Fan, Time, Surge) . . 69.00 

PFS FILING SYSTEM 83.00 

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DBASE II 395.00 

WORDSTAR 264.00 

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TARZANA, CA 91356 3E 

All products are in factory sealed packages. We 
guarantee all items for 30 days. Within this period, 
delective merchandise returns must be accom- 
panied by RMA number. All other returns will be 
subject to a 10% restocking fee. For prepaid 
orders there will be a 3% shipping charge, S5.00 
minimum. There will be an additional $4.00 sur- 
charge on COD orders. Cash or Cashiers Check is 
required on COD orders. Calif, residents add 6.5% 
sales tax. Prices subject to change without notice. 



cols, differing modem bit rates, lack 
of automatic dial-mode selection, 
conflicting parity states, and the lack 
of any means of testing the computer, 
the modems, or the transmission line 
to determine where potential failures 
could occur. 

The traditional solution to system- 
configuration problems has been no 
solution at all. Hence, the user has 
been left to take care of all those nas- 
ty little details by either tweaking the 
hardware or reconfiguring specific 
application programs. In neither case 
is the modem operating procedure 
transparent to the user. 

How well intelligent modems per- 
form system-configuration functions 
depends not so much on how 
sophisticated and advanced the built- 
in microprocessor is or on how ad- 
vanced the applications software 
used by the computer to operate the 
modem is but on the efficiency and 
cleverness of the modem's firmware 
design. In other words, the degree to 
which a modem performs such func- 
tions depends on how transparent its 
implementation can be made to the 
user by incorporating functions into 
the internal operation of the modem 
itself. 

While the price difference between 
a dumb modem and an intelligent 
modem is still substantial, it is much 
less so between a moderately intel- 
ligent modem and one with a maxi- 
mum of transparency. That's because 
the ability of an intelligent modem to 
perform is not a function of how 
much expensive and sophisticated 
electronics hardware it uses but of 
how much thought has gone into its 
overall design and into the internal 
firmware instructions that tell the 
microprocessor what to do. To deter- 
mine a modem's IQ and therefore 
how easily it can be integrated into 
a data-communications system, you 
can examine its ability to handle auto- 
dial, auto-answer, and auto-discon- 
nect operation as well as automatic 
system-configuration tasks. 

Auto-Dial Operation 

First, consider modem auto-dial 
operation, which is much more com- 
plex than simple automatic genera- 
tion of dial tones or rotary-dial 



pulses. The modem must resolve all 
of the call-failure conditions that 
commonly exist when dialing to 
allow its host to make efficient use of 
the communications facility. Com- 
mon call-failure features include line 
busy, no modem-answer tone, voice 
answer, no answer (constant ringing), 
no dial tone, and inability to break 
dial tone. 

These functions are roughly 
equivalent to the functions of an 
operator making a call, including lift- 
ing the telephone handset, waiting 
for the correct dial tone or tones, 
dialing each digit of the telephone 
number in proper sequence, waiting 
while the phone rings until the dialed 
number answers, hanging up and 
possibly redialing later if the number 
is busy or if the call has not been 
answered after a reasonable length of 
time, and hanging up the handset at 
the end of the completed call. 

When properly implemented, the 
auto-dial feature dramatically in- 
creases line utilization. 

Auto-Answer Operation 

When integrated into a modem, an 
auto-answer feature enables the 
modem to be placed in the answer 
mode automatically upon receipt of 
a telephone-line-ringing signal. A 
modem with this feature makes it 
possible for data transmission to oc- 
cur between a remote terminal and a 
computer or another terminal inter- 
faced to a modem with auto-answer 
capability without operator interven- 
tion at the receiving end. A modem 
with auto-answer capability is also 
useful in timesharing installations 
where a large calling population calls 
a number of computer dial-in lines 
on a random basis. 

Auto-Disconnect Operation 

An auto-disconnect feature permits 
a modem to either disconnect if a car- 
rier signal is not maintained after a 
data call has been set up or upon 
command from the host computer. 
This feature is useful in preventing 
the tie-up of expensive computer 
facilities due to such things as 
wrong-number calls, failure of the 
distant party to disconnect from a 
timesharing system, or line failures. 



52 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



THE FORTH SOURCE 



TM 



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You need two primary features in a software development package a 
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MVP Books - A Series 

□ Volume 1, All about FORTH by Haydon, MVP-FORTH 
glossary with cross references to fig-FORTH, Starling FORTH 
and FORTH-79 Standard. 2 nd Ed. $25 

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CP/M® , IBM-PC® , and APPLE® listing for kernel $20 

MVP-FORTH Software - A Transportable FORTH 

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tation, Volumes 1 & 2 of MVP-FORTH Series (All About 
FORTH, 2"" Ed. & Assembly Source Code), and Starting 
FORTH. Specify D CP/M, □ CP/M 86, □ CP/M + . LI APPLE, 

^ □ IBM PC, G MS-DOS. O Osborne, □ Kaypro. □ H89/Z89. 
& □ Z100. □ TI-PC, □ MicroDecisions, I J Northstar, 

□ Compupro, □ Cromemco $150 

□ MVP-FORTH Cross Compiler for CP/M Programmer's Kit. 
Can also generate headerless code for ROM or target 

CPU $300 



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for applicatons on CP/M based computer. Includes public 
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operating systems CP/M- U ioi\o wi uo auppneu l> , joiou. oihu 
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H89/Z89® Specify your computer and operating system **• 



FORTH DISKS 

FORTH with editor, assembler, and manual. 

□ APPLE by MM $100 n IBM-PC by LM $100 
G APPLE by Kuntze $90 q nova by CC | 8 » DS/DD$150 

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Requires LM FORTH disk. 
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LI (ig-FORTH Programming Aids for decompiling, callfinding, 
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CROSS COMPILERS Allow extending, modifying and compiling for 

speed and memory savings, can also produce ROMable code. 

•Requires FORTH disk. 

II CP/M $300 □ IBM* $300 

8086« $300 D Z80* $300 

G Northslar $300 G Apple ll/ll + $300 



ALL ABOUT FORTH by 

Haydon. See above. $25 

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Derick & Baker. 2" c Ed 
Programmer's manual to fig- 
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references. Flow charted,$25 

FORTH Encyclopedia ^Jr 
Pocket Guide $7 

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college level lext. $25 

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Starting FORTH by Brodie 
Best instructional manual 
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cover) $22 

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A FORTH Primer $25 

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AIM FORTH User Man $12 
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Systems Guide to fig- 
FORTH $25 
Caltech FORTH Manual $12 
Invitation to FORTH $20 
PDP-11 User Man. $20 
CP/M User's Manual, 
MM $20 
FORTH-79 Standard $15 
FORTH-79 Standard 
Conversion $10 
Tiny Pascal fig-FORTH $10 
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Source Listing $15 
NOVA by CCI User's Manual ^ 
includes editor, assembler,^" 
and utilities $25 



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FD Forth Dimension 

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LH Laxen and Harris 



LM Laboratory Microsystems 

MM MicroMotlon 

MMS Miller Microcomputer Services 

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PNS Pink Noise Studio 

SL Shaw Labs 



Installation Manual for fig-FORTH 
Source Listings of fig-FORTH, for specific CPU s and computers. The 
Installation Manual is required for implementation. Each $15 

[11802 G 6502 G 6800 G AlphaMicro 

(J 8080 G 8086/88 G 9900 □ APPLE II 

G PACE G 6809 G NOVA GPDP-11/LSM1 

I I 68000 D Eclipse D VAX G Z80 

Ordering Information: Check. Money Order (payable 10 MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS. 
INC ). VISA. MasterCard. COD's $5 extra. No billing or unpaid PO's. California 
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DEALER & AUTHOR INQUIRIES INVITED 



MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS, INC. 



PO BOX 4656 



MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 



(415)961-4103 



Circle 310 on inquiry card. 



BYTE September 1983 53 



300/1200-bps operation 
FCC Part 68 registered telephone-line 
interface (DAA) 

Serial modem command interpreter 
Intelligent command protocol 
Auto/manual dialing 
Five dialing procedures: 
DIAL LAST, IMMEDIATE, ALTERNATE, 
FROM MEMORY, or UNTIL 
ANSWERED 

Fifty-two 32-digit telephone numbers or 
log-on message memory locations 
32-digit last-number-dialed storage 
DTMF (dual-tone multifrequency) and 
pulse-dialing: adaptive or interpretive 
selection of DTMF or PULSE-DIALING 
Auto/manual answer 
Auto speed select 
Auto parity select 
Call-progress-tone detection: 
DIAL, BUSY, RING-BACK, MODEM- 
ANSWER TONE, and THE HUMAN 
VOICE 
Eight diagnostic test modes 



Table 1: Info-Mate 212A features. 




Figure 1: The adaptive-dialing procedure, in which tone-dialing is preferred. If the local 
telephone equipment does not accept tone-dialing, the intelligent modem uses pulse-dialing. 



Automatic System Configuration 

What good is a highly intelligent 
modem if its installation into the host 
terminal or computer system is un- 
manageable or difficult? While it's not 
absolutely essential in an intelligent 
modem, automatic system configura- 
tion does make such devices much 
easier to use. And incorporating this 
capability into the modem does not 
add significantly to its cost. 

It is not uncommon to encounter 
computer- or modem-option incom- 
patibilities during installation. Such 
parameters as serial speed, data bits 
per word, parity, and stop bits per 
word can initially have settings that 
prohibit data transmission through 
the modem. An installer can, of 
course, get out the users manuals of 
all the equipment involved and, 
through a detailed process of posi- 
tioning option straps on each ma- 
chine, effect a compatible installation. 
Many times, however, determining 
the specific parameters that are not 
aligned can be complex, especially 
for someone who is not an expert in 
communications technology. 

System-configuration features en- 



able a modem to be installed and 
used by a nonspecialist in communi- 
cations, assuring that the modem 
user can concentrate on data-com- 
munication application problems in- 
stead of modem compatibility. 

A Typical High-IQ Modem 

Typical of the more advanced 
"high-IQ" modems now becoming 
available is Cermetek's Info-Mate 
212A, shown in photo 1. This 
modem's architecture bears a strong 
superficial resemblance to others 
now on the market. 

Where it does differ, however, is in 
the nature of the instructions incor- 
porated into its firmware. As shown 
in table 1, this 212-type intelligent 
modem incorporates not only the 
standard automatic dial, answer, and 
disconnect features but a wide range 
of system-configuration enhance- 
ments as well. All of these features 
may not be necessary for any one ap- 
plication, but the degree to which 
they are implemented in a modem is 
a good indicator of how much 
thought and design went into the 
modem. 



The Info-Mate modem automatical- 
ly selects tone- or pulse-dialing, as 
shown in figure 1. Tone-dialing is 
preferred, but if it is not accepted by 
the local telephone equipment, the 
modem falls back to pulse-dialing. 
After dialing is completed, the 
modem monitors the following call- 
progress conditions and reports them 
back to the host data terminal or com- 
puter over the serial RS-232C link: 
dial tone, busy tone, ring-back tone, 
modem-answer tone, and voice. Each 
call-progress signal detected is in- 
dicated to the host through a serial 
status message. 

The host can direct control over the 
selection of pulse- or tone-dialing 
through the DIAL command. 
Call-progress monitoring can also be 
deleted under host-command con- 
trol, which enables the modem to 
auto-dial on telephone systems that 
use nonstandard call-progress tones. 
This method of dialing is generally 
referred to as "blind" dialing, but a 
more accurate term would be "deaf" 
dialing. In either the automatic or 
blind-dialing modes, the modem 
supports the following dialing pro- 



54 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



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Command 


Command Summary 

Description 


<com> Answer <CR> 


Force oft hook and answer call 


< com > Break n<CR< 


Send break, n x 250 ms 


<com> Count n<CR> 


Ring and ring-back counter: 0— ignore ring signal, 
1.. 9— answer after n rings; give up dialing after n + 4 
ring-back signals 


<com> Dial s<CR> 


Dial last, immediate, from memory, next number, or 
until answered 


<com> End<CR> 


Hang up immediately 


<com> List<CR> 


List stored telephone number or log-on messages 


<com> Message n<CR> 


Send stored log-on message or messages to the 
remote modem 


<com> New n<CR> 


Set new value of command character <com> to n 


<com> Originate <CR> 


Force off hook and enter originate data mode 


<com> Program n<CR> 


Set internal modem options 


<com> Query <CR> 


Return modem status 


<com> Reset <CR> 


Reset modem options to defaults 


<com> Store n 's'<CR> 


Store telephone number or log-on message at loca- 
tion n (32 characters maximum) 


<com> Test n<CR> 


Start/stop modem tests 


<com> Unlisten n<CR> 


Set modem to LISTEN or UNLISTEN to commands 
during data transmission 


<com> Zzzz<CR> 


Make modem quiet 


Table 2: Info-Mate 2T2A command notation. 



Command Notation 




Description 


<com> 








Command character; defaults to control N at power- 
up but can be set to another character with the NEW 
command 


<LF> 








Linefeed 


<CR> 
[ J 








Carriage return 
Optional parameter 


[ ]" 








Optional parameters that may occur to n times 


n...m 








Specifies the inclusive set n through m 


<SP> 








Space 


< letter > 








A...Z or a.. .z 


< command 


> 






Command, including argument if needed 


<n> 








Number 


< quote > 








Single quote or apostrophe 


< number > 








Dialed-number string 


Table 3: A 


description 


of the 


Info 


-Mate 212A's commands. 



cedures: dial last number, dial im- 
mediate, dial from memory, dial 
alternate number(s), and dial until 
answered. 
All modem functions are controlled 



by ASCII (American National Stan- 
dard Code for Information Inter- 
change) encoded commands issued 
from the host terminal or computer 
over the serial RS-232C interface. 



The Info-Mate automatically adapts 
to the host's speed (110, 300, or 1200 
bps) and parity (odd, even, mark, 
and space) using a simple training se- 
quence. To train the modem, you 
must send the sequence "XY. The 
modem uses the trained speed to 
originate calls at either 110, 300, or 
1200 bps. On answering calls, the 
modem automatically adapts to the 
transmitting modem's speed but 
sends a serial change-speed status 
code to the host at the old speed 
before switching. 

Command Structure Is the Key 

Key to an intelligent modem's abili- 
ty to protect the user from the dirty 
details of its operation is its command 
structure, or its ability to interpret 
commands from the host. In this 
context, the Info-Mate supports 16 
different host commands (see table 
2), each of which is preceded by a 
single command character < com > . 
Each command line is terminated by 
a carriage return < CR > . Multiple 
commands can be placed on one line 
and separated by commas. Table 3 
describes the commands available. 

Each command consists of the 
command character followed by the 
command word, a delimiter, all argu- 
ments, and then the closing carriage 
return or comma. The maximum 
length of any command line, how- 
ever, is 40 characters. Two examples 
of commands include the following: 

<com> DIAL '(408) 996-1010' 

<CR> 
<com> DIAL '(408) 996-1010', 

QUERY <CR> 

In both cases, the notation < com > 
is equivalent to the single command 
character. The delimiter separating 
the command from the arguments is 
always a space. Only the first char- 
acter of the command is significant. 
All remaining characters are ignored 
up to the first space following the 
command. In other words, DIAL and 
DANCE are treated identically by the 
command interpreter. Both upper- 
case and lowercase characters are ac- 
cepted. You can transmit the com- 
mand character itself by sending it 
twice in a row— < com > < com > — if 



56 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



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the modem is in the middle of a data 
call. Two other methods of transmit- 
ting the command character exist: 
changing it to another character and 
then transmitting the former com- 
mand character, or placing the 
modem in the UNLISTEN mode to 
be discussed and then transmitting 
the character. 

If an argument is not given in the 
command, the modem assumes the 
default value as the argument. The 
arguments are all ASCII numbers 
and/or characters. The numbers 
themselves are ASCII-encoded hexa- 
decimal (0 to 9 and A to F) characters. 
All commands are absorbed by the 
modem, which means it doesn't send 
them on through the telephone line. 

Once a command is received by the 
modem, it returns a status message 
to the host. These status messages 
are framed as follows: 

< com > < status character > 
<LFxCR> 

A command character precedes each 
message to let the host know that the 
message regards status and not data 
from a remote modem. All status 
messages are made up of a single 
status character, except for those re- 
sulting from the commands LIST, 
QUERY, and DIAL. These three com- 
mands are necessarily longer to 
return command information. Table 
4 summarizes the Info-Mate's reper- 
toire of status messages. 

Dialing Command Variations 

There are five basic variations of 
the dialing command: dial last, dial 
immediate, dial-immediate alternate, 
dial from memory, and dial-from- 
memory alternate. All dialing com- 
mands can initiate either DTMF or 
rotary-pulse dialing. 

Each dialing variation refers to a 
number string as a source for the 
number to be dialed. For immediate- 
type dialing commands, the number 
string is supplied with the command, 
whereas the dial-last- and dial-from- 
memory-type commands refer to 
number strings previously entered 
into the modem. 

Along with the telephone digits, 
the number string can contain con- 



58 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 192 on Inquiry card. 



trol characters that direct the Info- 
Mate to dial adaptively or inter- 
pretively using tone- or pulse-dialing. 
Pause or wait characters can also be 
inserted that enable tandem dialing 
through PBXs or carrier facilities such 
as MCI or SPRINT. Table 5 shows the 
characters allowed in the number 
string. Table 6 shows some typical 
number strings. 

After a dialing command is given 
to the Info-Mate, it interprets the ap- 
propriate number string to determine 
how the dialing process should pro- 
ceed. As the number is dialed, the 
dialed number string is returned to 
the host in the form of a status 
message: 

< com >< NUMBER > 
<LF><CR> 

This message enables the host to fol- 
low the progress of the number 
dialed. 

During the dialing process, if the 
modem is directed to pause and wait 
for the dial tone, and if the tone is not 
found after 5 seconds, the modem 
aborts the call, returning a number 
string that terminates with the failed- 
pause-for-dial-tone character. In ad- 
dition to this character, a NO DIAL 
TONE status is returned: 

<com> < TERMINATED NUMBER 

STRING >< LF >< CR > 
<com> X <LF><CR> 

After a call has been successfully 
dialed, the modem monitors the tele- 
phone line for call-progress tones. If 
the number string is terminated with 
a Z, however, the modem takes no 
further action. Instead, the modem 
is left OFF HOOK, with its 
modulator silenced. Employing this 
OFF-HOOK mode is typically how 
you would use the modem to initiate 
a voice call. 

Phone Number Storage 

The modem can store as many as 
fifty-two 32-character strings, either 
phone numbers or log-on messages, 
or a combination of both. Each entry 
is stored by sending the following 
command from the host to the 
modem: 



Status 


Description 


<com>A<LF> <CR> 


Data call answered 


< com >B<LF><CR> 


Busy number reached 


<com>D<LF> <CR> 


Modem disconnect 


< com > N < LF > < CR > 


No answer or command failure 


< com >R<LF><CR> 


RING-BACK tone or ring signal 


<com>V<LF> <CR> 


Voice received 


<com>W<LF> <CR> 


Modem answer but host is at wrong speed 


<com> <LF> <CR> 


Command-complete acknowledgment 


<com>?<LF><CR> 


Command-entry error 


<com><DIALED 




NUMBERxLF> <CR> 


Number dialed 


<com> <H 1 H 2 > <LF> <CR> 


H-|H 2 represent hexadecimal status of the program 




register 


Table 4: Info-Mate 212A status 


messages. 



Character 

0...9 


Number-Strinc 
Positions 


Meaning 

Dialed digits 


1 


* and # 


1 


Dialed digits, tone only 


A 


2 


Adaptive dialing; pauses for dial tone, then automatically 
selects tone- or pulse-dialing for the remaining number- 
string digits. At the beginning of each number string, 
adaptive dialing is assumed unless otherwise specified. 


T 


2 


Pauses for dial tone, then dials the remaining digits in 
the number string using DTMF tones 


P 


2 


Pauses for dial tone, then dials the remaining digits in 
the number string using pulse-dialing 


TB 


4 


Inserts a blind wait of 2 seconds into the dialing se- 
quence without monitoring dial tone, then continues to 
dial the remaining digits in the number string using 
DTMF tones 


PB 


4 


Inserts a blind wait of 2 seconds into the dialing 
sequence, then continues to dial the remaining digits in 
the number string using rotary-type pulses 


B 


2 


Inserts a 2-second pause in the dialing sequence 





2 


If the number string is terminated with an "0," only the 
modem-answer tone is monitored for call-progress after 
dialing 


Z 

@ ) 


2 


If placed as the last character in the number string, the 
modem terminates the dialing command without going 
into the originate-data call mode. The modem stays OFF 
HOOK with its modulator squelched 




2 


Placeholding characters 


<SP> 




Spaces are illegal 


Table 5: Permissible dialing-string characters. 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 59 



Circle 412 on inquiry card. 



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Number Strings 

767-1111 

T767-1111 
P767-1111 
BT767-1111 

TB767-1111 

PB767-1111 

PB767-1111Z 

"raA(408)745-0450 
T9P7771234T12345T4087671111 



Meaning 

Dials 767-1111 and adaptively selects tone- or pulse- 
dialing, if unspecified adaptive dialing is assumed 

Dials 767-1111 using tones after pausing for dial tone 

Dials 767-1111 using pulses after pausing for dial tone 

Dials 767-1111 using tones after waiting 2 seconds. After 
dialing, call-progress-tone detection is limited to modem 
answer tone. 

Dials 767-1111 using tones after waiting 2 seconds. After 
dialing, call-progress-tone detection is limited to modem 
answer tone. 

Dials 767-1111 using pulses after waiting 2 seconds. After 
dialing, call-progress-tone detection is limited to modem 
answer tone. 

Same as previous number string except after dialing 
767-1111 the modem does not go into the originate-data 
mode. It stays off hook with its modulator squelched, 
waiting for the next command. This is very useful for 
placing voice calls. 

Tone-dials 9 after pausing for dial tone, then adaptively 
selects tone- or pulse-dialing to dial 745-0450. This is a 
typical format used for dialing tandem calls through a 
PBX. 

Tone-dials 9 after pausing for dial tone, then waits for dial 
tone again before pulse-dialing 777-1234. After pausing 
for dial tone a third time, the number 12345 is tone di- 
aled. Finally, after a fourth pause for dial tone, the 
number (408) 767-1111 is tone dialed. This is a typical 
number string used for calling through long-distance- 
carrier facilities such as MCI or SPRINT. It should be 
noted that the number string is 31 characters long, one 
less than the maximum allowed. 



Table 6: Typical dialing commands. 



<com> STORE < LETTER > 
'MESSAGE' <CR> 

In this command sequence, LET- 
TER specifies one of fifty-two 
32-character memory locations. Al- 
though it can be a word of any 
length, it must begin with an alpha- 
betical letter (A to Z or a to z). The 
message to be stored— MESSAGE— 
can be a telephone number or a log- 
on message, but it must be bounded 
by single quotes or apostrophes. Any 
character except <com>, QUOTE, 
and Control-H can be embedded be- 
tween the quotes, even < CR > and 
<LF> characters. QUOTEs are 
reserved as delimiters, while Control- 
H or the backspace key is used to 
backspace over entry errors. If a 
<com>is entered in the message, 
the entire command is aborted and 
a new one is begun. 

The @ sign is a special storage char- 
acter that, when entered as the first 
character in the message, inhibits dis- 



play of that memory location when 
using the LIST command. Only an @ 
is listed as a placeholder, which is 
meant to ensure log-on or pass- 
word-message security. 

To list the numbers or log-on 
messages stored in the modem, a 
host need only send the following 
command to the modem: <com> 
LIST < CR > . In response, the list ap- 
pears on the video screen, with the 
last number stored listed first, fol- 
lowed by as many as 52 stored num- 
ber or log-on-message locations. 

For example, to send a message 
stored in location A to a remote 
modem for database-password ac- 
cess, the following command would 
be sent to the modem: 

<com> M A <CR> 

As many as 16 letters can be specified 
within the message (M) command. 
After the message referred to by the 
first letter, the modem sends the sec- 



60 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 




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Automatic Screen Design (ASD): This 
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viewing. You simply layout ascreen mask 
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an executable program or a batch file. You 
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Report Generation: Reports generated 
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Query-Status Table 





OFF HOOK asserted 


c 


carrier detected 


H 


high speed (1200 bps) 


s 


self-test enabled 


A 


analog loop test enabled 


R 


remote originated digital 
loop 


D 


digital loop locally enabled 


U 


UNLISTEN mode enabled 


X 


modem Xecho's transmitted 
data 


z 


remote digital loop enabled 


/X1X2 


current hexadecimal TEST 
error count 


Table 7: 


Query-status symbols. 



ond referenced message, and so on. 
Each message can be any length but 
must begin with an alphabetical let- 
ter. Only the first letter is interpreted 
to determine which one of the fifty- 
two 32-character memory locations is 
selected. Messages sent are not dis- 
played in order to protect the log-on 
password security. 

Questioning the Modem 

At any point during the operation 
of the modem, it is useful to deter- 
mine its current status. With the Info- 
Mate, status can be determined by 
entering the following command: 

<com> QUERY <CR> 

If modem status is normal, the 
message <com> OCHSARDUXZ/ 
X1X2<LF><CR> is sent to the 
host system. Each character has a 
specific meaning, as shown in table 
7. If a period (.) replaces any of the 
status characters, it implies the nega- 
tive or opposite status condition. 

Testing the System 

No matter how sophisticated or in- 
telligent the modem, if, for some 
reason, you cannot communicate 
your data, all the features in the 
world are no help at all. When a fail- 
ure occurs, it is normally a rather 
long and drawn-out process to deter- 



Info-Mate Test Modes 

When a problem occurs during transmis- 
sion of a message over your modem, you 
can direct the Info-Mate 212A to perform 
any of eight self-diagnostic tests. The test 
numbers shown in parentheses replace the 
argument n in the test command described 
in the main text. 

Analog loop tests (0,1). In these two 
tests for the originate and answer modes, 
respectively, the host's transmitted data is 
modulated and looped back through the 
modem's demodulator, and the resultant re- 
ceived data is transmitted to the host. This 
mode lets you determine if the modem and 
data-terminal host are operating correctly 
together by checking to see if the received 
data matches the transmitted data. 

Analog loop self tests (2,3). These 
two tests are similar to me analog loop 
tests, except that the modem transmits a 
pseudorandom data pattern in place of the 
host data. It then checks to see that the cor- 
rect data pattern is received. These tests 
check the modem itself. 

Digital loop test (4). This test loops 
the demodulated received data back to the 
transmit modulator, enabling the modem 
to retransmit all data sent to it from a re- 
mote modem. 

Remote digital loop (5). In this test, 
a remote modem rather than the local 
modem is requested to begin the digital- 
loop test. The procedure enables the host 
computer to send data through the local 
modem to the remote modem and inspect 
the returned data for accuracy. This test 
verifies that both local and remote modems 
and the telephone line are operational. 

Remote digital loop self test (6). This 
test is the same as the remote digital loop 
test, except that data from the modem's in- 
ternal random pattern generator and 
checker is substituted for the host's data. 

Self test, end-to-end (7). In this test, 
the local modem sends a pseudorandom test 
pattern to the remote modem and expects 
to see that same pattern from the remote 
modem. This test can isolate data errors 
down to the direction of transmission. 



mine where in the system the error 
has occurred: in your modem, in the 
telephone line, or in the other 
modem. This diagnostic process is 
simplified considerably in the Info- 
Mate, which can perform any of eight 
different tests (see box, "Info-Mate 
Test Modes") upon transmission of 
the command < com > TEST 



n < CR > , where the argument n in- 
dicates the appropriate test mode. 

To Listen Or Not to Listen 

The Info-Mate's on-board com- 
mand interpreter supports two 
operational modes: LISTEN and 
UNLISTEN. In the LISTEN mode, 
host commands are decoded and ex- 
ecuted. But in the UNLISTEN mode, 
host commands are transmitted just 
like data and are not interpreted. This 
mode allows the modem to ensure 
total data transparency. A unique 
algorithm allows the host terminal or 
computer to dynamically direct the 
modem to move in or out of the 
LISTEN mode. 

Either of these modes is initiated 
using the UNLISTEN command: 
< com > UNLISTEN n<CR>, 
where n is either or 1. 

When n = l, the modem does not 
listen for commands in the data 
mode. When n = 0, the modem does 
not listen for commands in the data 
mode until the host transmits a break 
(a start bit, all-0 data bits, and a stop 
bit). Thereafter, the modem listens 
for the host until it is commanded to 
again UNLISTEN. The host's break 
signal is absorbed by the command 
interpreter and does not pass 
through to the phone line. This com- 
mand assures that inadvertently em- 
bedded commands in blocks of data 
sent through the modem do not af- 
fect the data transmission. Both 
binary and ASCII files can therefore 
be passed through the modem with 
complete data transparency ensured. 

Quiet, Please 

Finally, there is the ZZZZ com- 
mand— < com >ZZZZ n <CR> — 
which, appropriately enough, makes 
the modem quiet. When the com- 
mand is given, the modem silences 
its transmitter and stays OFF HOOK. 
This command typically serves as a 
transition from data mode to voice- 
communication mode. To return to 
the data mode, the ORIGINATE or 
ANSWER command may be issued. ■ 

Stephen Durham is director of applications and 
advanced product planning at Cennetek Microelec- 
tronics (1308 Borregas Ave., Sunnyvale, CA 
94089-3565). 



62 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 




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Developing a Truly Portable 

Visicalc 

Now you can use an electronic worksheet on your 
HP-75 portable computer 



One of the most flexible and use- 
ful tools busy professionals can have 
in a portable computer is an elec- 
tronic spreadsheet. In addition to 
providing standard analysis capabili- 
ty, a spreadsheet can help keep track 
of travel expenses, sales transactions, 
and data collection in the field, and 
answer urgent "what if" questions for 
the user on the run. 

With the goal of providing such 
capability, Hewlett-Packard's Portable 
Computer Division decided to adapt 
Visicorp's popular electronic spread- 
sheet, Visicalc, to the HP-75 portable 
computer. The primary objective was 
to provide a truly portable version of 
this powerful software while retain- 
ing its close compatibility with other 
Visicalc products. Users already 
familiar with Visicalc will quickly 
recognize its characteristic features in 
the adapted version. 

Another design criterion was to 
take full advantage of some of the 
HP-75's sophisticated capabilities— in 
particular, the computer's multiple- 
file structure in RAM (random-access 
read/write memory), which permits 
a variety of file types: BASIC pro- 
grams, text and appointment files, 
and, with the introduction of Visicalc, 
worksheet files. This structure per- 



by William T. Johnson 

mitted development of some unique 
Visicalc features, including multiple 
worksheets in RAM, data references 
from one worksheet to another, and 
formulas in cells that call BASIC pro- 
grams. In addition, BASIC programs 
can operate on worksheets. 

To meet these criteria, an HP soft- 
ware team generated all-original 
code. The result was a 32K-byte plug- 
in ROM (read-only memory) module 
that connects to one of the HP-75's 
three expansion slots. To speed devel- 
opment, the team programmed the 
functional shell (VCBASIC) in 11K 
bytes of BASIC. VCBASIC is sup- 
ported by 21K bytes of assembly lan- 
guage that assist in speed-critical 
areas and allow interaction with the 
HP-75 operating system. Assembly 
support for VCBASIC is called via 
keywords, which also enable other 
BASIC programs to create and 
manipulate worksheets. Table 1 lists 
those keywords and their functions. 

The Portable Environment 

The HP-75 provides the power and 
sophistication of a high-level-lan- 
guage computer in a portable system. 
Measuring 10 by 5 by VA inches, it 
weighs 26 ounces and is fully bat- 
tery operated. The unit features a 



single-line, 32-character LCD (liquid- 
crystal display) and has a built-in 
Hewlett-Packard Interface Loop 
(HPIL), so it can be used with a full- 
sized video display and other periph- 
eral devices (see photo 1). A built-in 
magnetic card reader can be used for 
storing RAM files, or a digital cassette 
connected through the HPIL can be 
used for mass storage. 

Standard memory consists of 16K 
bytes of CMOS (complementary 
metal-oxide semiconductor) RAM, 
expandable to 24K bytes. The 48K- 
byte BASIC operating system in- 
cludes time- and appointment-mode 
capabilities. The keyboard is fully re- 
definable and overlays are available 
for special user needs. The HP-75 can 
also run BASIC and assembly lan- 
guage from up to three plug-in ROM 
modules with as much as 32K bytes 
apiece. 

To adapt Visicalc to this portable 
environment, the design team had to 
decide how to implement the single- 
line display as a window into the 
worksheet while preserving the pro- 
gram's character. It chose to have the 
display show one cell of a worksheet 
at a time. Each cell can be accessed 
using either standard cell coordinates 
or user-defined labels for column and 



66 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 




Photo 1: Visicalc spreadsheets can be viewed on the HP-75's single-line display, on a video monitor, or on printouts. 



row headers. Pressing the Time key 
toggles between a cell's default 
headers (columns A, B, C, etc. and 
rows 1, 2, 3, etc.) and such user- 
defined headers as January, February, 
March (columns) and Rent, Auto, 
Taxes (rows). Similarly, touching the 
Appt key toggles between the result- 
display mode for a cell and the 
formula-display mode. 

For example, suppose the column 
C header is defined as March and the 
row 4 header is Expenses, which 
covers the sums of items in rows 1 to 
3. If March expenses were $1000, this 
figure can be accessed by using either 
the default coordinates: 

C4: 1000 



or the user-defined coordinates: 
March * Expenses: 1000 



You can also choose to view the for- 
mula that was used to calculate the 
$1000 figure, either in terms of default 
headers: 

C4: SUM(C1 . . . C3) 

or as more meaningful, user-defined 
headers: 

March * Expenses: 

SUM([March * Rent] . . . 
[March " Taxes]) 

A problem that arises with this ar- 
rangement is how to examine a cell's 
entire contents when they exceed the 
32-character capability of the LCD. If 
you are viewing (not editing) the 
worksheet, arrow keys move the win- 
dow framed by the display from cell 
to cell, across the columns or up and 
down the rows. Then, within a cell, 
the Run key scrolls the contents for- 



ward and Shift-Run scrolls them 
backward. To help you read very long 
contents, Tab and Shift-Tab keys cause 
the contents to skip forward or 
backward across the display one win- 
dow length at a time. However, dur- 
ing the editing of cell contents, move- 
ment within the cell is controlled by 
the arrow keys. 

To gain the full benefit of using the 
portable spreadsheet, you must also 
be able to use peripherals freely, as 
with a conventional desktop system. 
To permit such use, the HP-75 Visicalc 
must use the HPIL capability to full 
advantage. Provisions have thus been 
made to vary column width for video 
and printer outputs and to set line 
length and width parameters for 
HPIL video interfaces. A special 
printing option allows column-order 
listings of all the formulas used in a 
worksheet, along with their cell coor- 
dinates. Finally, Visicalc was also 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 67 



made compatible with the HP-75 
mainframe COPY command to per- 
mit storing worksheets on a magnetic 
card or digital cassette tape. 

Product Design 

Rather than running as a program, 
Visicalc was added to the HP-75 as 
another operating mode, along with 
Time, Appt, and Edit. One advantage 
of this approach is that the Attn key 
does not halt Visicalc but instead 
always returns you to the top opera- 
tional level. The top level is used for 
viewing the spreadsheet and enter- 
ing the other two operational levels, 
cell-entry and command. Several 
operations can be carried out at the 
top level, including window move- 
ments. In addition, a Go To operation 
moves the window directly to the cell 
specified, and an alternate window 
can be defined to allow single-key 
toggling between two closely related 
cells. 

The cell-entry level is entered auto- 
matically by merely selecting a cell 
and beginning to enter data. Full cell 
editing is allowed during cell entry; 
user-defined headers in formulas can 
also be entered there. Several func- 
tions are available at the cell-entry 
level to help create formulas, in- 
cluding AVERAGE, which computes 
the average of numbers in a list; 
MAXL, which computes the max- 
imum value of numbers in a list; and 
SUM, which computes the sum of 
numbers in a list. Moreover, you 
can create additional extension func- 
tions using BASIC programs that can 
be used in formulas in the same man- 
ner as standard cell-entry functions. 

You enter the command level by 
pressing the slash (/) key, which 
brings a command menu onto the 
display. Commands are then chosen 
by pressing the corresponding letter 
keys, which include D (deletes the 
column or row in which the cell dis- 
play resides), M (moves the column 
or row within the worksheet), R 
(replicates cell entries across a col- 
umn or row), I (inserts a blank col- 
umn or row), and H (enters user- 
defined headers). Using BASIC pro- 
grams, you can also define extended 
commands, which then have their 
own letters added to the command 



Keyword 


Description 


ACTIVES 


returns the file name of the active worksheet 


AVERAGE 


returns the average of a list 


BLANK 


blanks a cell 


CALLVC 


similar to the HP-75 CALL statement 


CELLTYPE 


returns the type of a cell 


CHOICES 


returns the legal choices from a message 


CLRLCD 


clears the LCD 


CLRSCR 


clears the video 


COL 


returns the column number of a coordinate 


COLWIDTHS 


returns a local column width 


COORDS 


returns a coordinate given the column and row 


CURSOFF 


turns off the cell cursor on the video 


CURSON 


turns on the cell cursor on the video 


DECOMPS 


returns a formula from Visicalc scratch space 


DELCOL 


deletes a column in a worksheet 


DELROW 


deletes a row in a worksheet 


DIRS 


returns file names chronologically 


DSPS 


returns the name of the DISPLAY IS device 


DUMP 


sends a worksheet to the printer or video 


ENDVC 


ends Visicalc 


ERROR 


returns the value ERROR 


FIRSTREFS 


returns the first cell reference in a formula 


GETFORMAT 


returns a local format from a cell 


GETFORMULAS 


returns a formula from a cell 


GETLABELS 


returns a label from a cell 


GETSETUPS 


returns a printer-setup string from a worksheet 


GETSTATUS 


returns status information from a worksheet 


GETVALUES 


returns a value from a cell 


GETWIDTH 


returns a local column width from a worksheet 


HIGHS 


returns a string that is highlighted 


IN CAT 


checks the existence of a file 


INLINES 


extends keyboard input capabilities 


INPBUFS 


returns the contents of the input buffer 


INPPTR 


returns the position of the edit cursor 


INPWIN 


returns the position of the first character in the LCD window 


INSCOL 


inserts a column in a worksheet 


INSROW 


inserts a row in a worksheet 


INTERPS 


calculates a formula in Visicalc scratch space 


IRFLAG 


returns the cursor type 


LEGAL 


checks the syntax of a coordinate 


Table 1: These 82 


keywords were developed in assembly language to support VCBASIC. 



menu. (This capability will be dis- 
cussed later in more detail.) 

To program these capabilities ex- 
peditiously, Visicalc was broken 
down into functional modules. One 
module, for example, handles top- 
level functions and another defines 
special-key functions. Each com- 
mand-level function has its own 
module. Additional support modules 
perform functions that are generally 
transparent to you, including video 
support, user interface and memory 
management, and parsing, inter- 
preting, and decompiling formulas. 



Many of these functions can be in- 
voked using the keywords developed 
in assembly language to support 
VCBASIC. The capability to imple- 
ment user-defined column and row 
headers was integrated into all 
modules. 

Product Development 

As much of the software as possi- 
ble was developed in BASIC because 
that language is easier than others to 
write, debug, and modify. Its disad- 
vantages are that it is not compact, 
presenting ROM space constraints, 



68 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Keyword 


Description 


MARK 


marks a cell reference as being relative 


MAXCOL 


returns the maximum column from a worksheet 


MAXL 


returns the maximum of a list 


MAXROW 


returns the maximum row from a worksheet 


MEAN 


returns the mean of a list 


MESSAGES 


returns a message 


MINL 


returns the minimum of a list 


MOVCOL 


moves a column in a worksheet 


MOVROW 


moves a row in a worksheet 


NA 


returns the value NA 


NEXTREFS 


returns the next cell reference in a formula 


PARSE 


converts a formula into its internal form 


PRT$ 


returns the name of the PRINTER IS device 


PRWIDTH? 


returns PWIDTH 


PUTFORMAT 


puts a format into a cell 


PUTFORMULA 


puts a formula into a cell 


PUTLABEL 


puts a label into a cell 


PUTR LABEL 


puts a repeating label into a cell 


PUTSETUP 


puts a printer setup string into a worksheet 


PUTSTATUS 


puts status information into a worksheet 


PUTVALUE 


puts a value into a cell 


PUTWIDTH 


puts a local column width into a worksheet 


RCLVAR 


recalls variables 


RECALC 


recalculates a cell or a worksheet 


REPLICATE 


performs replication 


ROW 


returns the row number of a coordinate 


SETWIN 


sets the LCD window 


SOURCE 


establishes the source range for REPLICATE 


SPEW 


displays the internal form of a formula 


STOVAR 


stores variables 


SUM 


returns the sum of a list 


TARGET 


establishes the target range for REPLICATE 


UNMARK 


unmarks marked cell references 


UPCOL 


returns the column boundary to be displayed or printed 


UPROW 


returns the row boundary to be displayed or printed 


VALCHK 


similar to the HP-75 VAL function 


VC 


runs Visicalc 


VLENGTH 


sets the length of the video 


VWIDTH 


sets the width of the video 


WAITKEYS 


similar to the HP-75 KEYS function 


WINSIZ 


returns the size of the LCD window 


WORKSHEET 


specifies the active worksheet 



nor does it effectively perform speed- 
critical calculations. Many functional 
modules that would eventually be 
converted to assembly language, at 
least in part, were initially sketched 
out in BASIC. An example of how 
this approach was followed can be 
seen in the development of the parser 
module. 

The parser's role is to check for 
proper syntax of formulas entered in- 
to worksheet cells. One problem is 
that a variety of nonstandard syntac- 
tical combinations are possible. A for- 
mula can, for example, include user- 



defined headers, such as 

January " Remain: 
[Net Pay] - [January " Expenses] 

or include cell references to other 
worksheets: 

April * Sales: 
1.02*[ April * Sales] :FY1982 

where FY1982 is the name of another 
worksheet in RAM. It can also in- 
clude calls to BASIC programs, such 
as 



Group A' std dev: 

STD ([Group A]l . . . 
[Group A] 47) 

where STD is a program that calcu- 
lates the standard deviation of a list 
of parameters. Making a first pass in 
BASIC permitted rapid development 
of the parsing algorithms needed to 
take into account all these combina- 
tions. Assembly-language subroutine 
calls to the HP-75 mainframe parser 
were then used to gain speed in 
critical areas. 

Once assembly language had been 
used to develop display and key- 
board-control keywords, BASIC 
proved adequate for producing the 
LCD user interface for each func- 
tional module. Care was taken in de- 
signing key functions to optimize 
user friendliness. For example, to 
alleviate potential confusion over the 
dual role of arrow keys, a flashing 
cursor appears when the arrows are 
used for cell editing, and no cursor 
appears when, in the top level, ar- 
rows are used to move the display 
window about the worksheet. 
Similarly, the split-window feature of 
other Visicalc versions was adapted 
by creating an alternate window that 
can be accessed via one keystroke. 
Assembly language was also needed 
to program other support modules 
such as memory management. 

The memory-management module 
stores worksheet data in a compact 
format as it is entered into cells. Each 
data item is matched to its cell loca- 
tion by a pointer table. A goal of the 
design was to return every usable 
byte to the user. Visicalc overhead in 
RAM, plus HP-75 operating system 
overhead, is approximately 4600 
bytes, which means that you have 
either 12K bytes (with standard HP-75 
memory) or 20K bytes (with the HP 
82700A memory module added) 
available to store worksheets and 
other files. Even the coordinate loca- 
tion 0,0 of the pointer table was uti- 
lized, providing an intercept for 
BASIC programs at start-up, cell en- 
try, and end of Visicalc. This efficient 
memory management thus permits 
the HP-75's 20K-byte RAM to hold 
31K bytes of HP-86/87 worksheet in- 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 69 



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formation or 27K bytes of HP-85 
worksheet information when the sys- 
tem is used in conjunction with 
HP-85, 86, and 87 personal com- 
puters. 

Although the maximum allowable 
number of rows or columns is 255, 
available RAM determines the prac- 
tical limits on the size of worksheets. 
How much of this space is actually 
available depends on how many cells 
are filled as well as the information 
in them. An empty worksheet of any 
size requires only 22 bytes of mem- 
ory. As cells are filled in, the mem- 
ory-management module dynamical- 
ly reconfigures the worksheet to ac- 
commodate the data into a rectangle 
just large enough to include the 
highest-numbered column and row 
that contain filled cells. 

The interaction between VCBASIC 
and assembly language in a func- 
tional module can be illustrated using 
the Insert command to insert a new 
column. VCBASIC first sets up the 
following prompt in the LCD: 

Insert: Col Row 



After the C key is pressed, a 
VCBASIC routine checks to see that 
this input is valid and branches to the 
appropriate line in the functional 
software shell. Assembly language, 
meanwhile, provides VCBASIC with 
necessary information on the spread- 
sheet—using the keyword MAXCOL, 
which returns the last active column 
on the right— and performs the re- 
quired memory management for a 
column insert, using the keyword 
INSCOL. The line of VCBASIC that 
initiates the inserting of a column is 
thus IF MAXCOL < 255 THEN 
INSCOL C, which translates into: "If 
the maximum column number in the 
worksheet is less than 255, then in- 
sert another column at the current 
column position designated by the 
VCBASIC variable C." 

Using Keywords 

A total of 82 keywords have been 
developed in assembly language to 
support VCBASIC. Some, such as 
those just described, are involved in 
memory management. Others are 

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Listing 1: A BASIC program for recording travel expenses. 

10 ! travel expense data collector - wt j - 05/11/83 

100 CLRSCR e WORKSHEET "trvlexps" g M*=STR* (MAXCOL-2) 

105 INPUT "Enter day number: ",M«;N 

110 N=INT(N> e IF N<1 OR N>9 OR N>MAXC0L-1 THEN BEEP g GOTO 105 

120 FOR C=l TO MAXCOL-2 

130 IF C=N THEN 3O0 

140 NEXT C 

150 DISP "Please Mai t " 

200 INSCOL C e PUTFORMAT C, 1,4 » PUTFORMAT C,2,4 

205 PUTLABEL C,0,"Day "SiSTR*(.N> S PUTRLABEL C,8,"-" g PUTRLABEL C,20, "-" 

20B C*=CHR* (64+C) 

210 PUTFORMULA C, 9, "sum < "SiC*J<"3 "fcC*!c"7> " 

220 PUTFORMULA C, 21 , "sumC'fcC*!." 1 1 . . . "8.C«<" 19) " 

230 PUTFORMULA C, 23, C*&"9+"S<C*fc"21 " 

300 C*=GETLABEL*<C,0> 

305 FOR R=l TO 2 

310 V*=GETLABEL*<C,R> 

320 DISP COORD* (C,R, 5> ; ": "; 9 INPUT "",V*; V* e PUTLABEL C.R,V* 

330 NEXT R 

400 B=3 e E=7 » GOSUB lOOO 

410 B=ll © E=19 e GOSUB 1000 

490 DISP "End of program" 

500 END 

1000 FOR R=B TO E 

1010 IF CELLTYPE<C,R>=6 THEN V*="" ELSE V*=GETVALUE* (C,R, O) 

1020 DISP C00RD*(C,R,5> ; ": "; P INPUT "",V*;V* 

1030 ON ERROR GOTO 1050 

1040 PUTVALUE C,R,V* 

1050 OFF ERROR e NEXT R 

1060 RETURN 



Listing 2: An empty travel -expense 
worksheet. 

Travel Expense Report 
B3/05/30 23:45:33 



TRVLEXPS 


A 


B 


C 




1 Day 1 


Total 


1 


date 








2 


ci ty 








3 


air 






.00 


4 


auto 






.00 


5 


mi 1 eage 






.00 


6 


parking 






.00 


7 
B 
9 


addtrans 




.00 


Transpor 


.00 




.OO 


lO 










11 


room 






-OO 


12 


brkfast 






.OO 


13 


lunch 






.00 


14 


dinner 






.OO 


15 


bus conf 






.00 


16 


porter 






.00 


17 


laundry 






.00 


18 


phone 






.OO 


19 


addlodge 






.OO 


20 
21 








Lodging 


.00 




.OO 


22 










23 


Expenses 


.00 




.00 



Listing 3: A filled-in worksheet of travel expenses. 



Travel Expense Report 
S3/05/30 23:47: 10 
TRVLEXPS! Day 1 Day 2 



Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 



date 

ci ty 

air 

auto 

mi 1 eage 

parking 

addtrans 

Transpor 

room 

brkfast 

lunch 

dinner 

bus conf 

porter 

1 aundry 

phone 

addlodge 

Lodging 

Expenses 



i May 4 


May 5 


May 6 


May 7 


May 8 




: SF 


SF 


LA 


LA 


Prtlnd 




i 217.87 




112.34 




256. lO 


586 . 3 1 


45. 13 


12.47 


45.32 






102.92 


1 1 . 54 


2.45 


10.34 






24.33 


! 5.00 




6.00 






11. OO 




13.39 




15.12 


15. OO 


43.51 


! 279.54 


28.31 


174. OO 


15. 12 


271. lO 


768.07 


35.57 


43-67 


48.89 


48.89 




177. 02 


i 5.87 


4.33 


7.89 


5. 13 




23.22 


! 12.65 


10.03 


5.12 


7.56 


3.77 


39. 13 


15.34 


21.44 
30. OO 


17.76 


16.34 




70.88 
3O.O0 


7.00 


5.00 








12. OO 




6.70 




12.00 




18.70 


12.72 




4.62 


14.62 




31.96 
.OO 


: 89.15 


121. 17 


84.28 


104.54 


3.77 


402.91 


! 368.69 


149.48 


258.28 


119.66 


274.87 


1170.98 



used in the parser and decompiler or 
for user-interface support. Together 
these keywords comprise what could 
be called a spreadsheet language, 
which provides the programmer with 
the tools to access and manipulate 
HP-75 Visicalc worksheets from 
BASIC programs. Use of this power- 
ful language extension is fully de- 
scribed in a programmer's reference 
manual included with the Visicalc 
software. 
The use of keywords can best be in- 



troduced by an example. The BASIC 
program in listing 1 uses the spread- 
sheet language to prompt you for 
travel-expense items and enters the 
collected data into the appropriate 
worksheet cells. Listing 2 shows the 
initial appearance of the travel- 
expense worksheet. 

The BASIC program uses keywords 
to create and open the worksheet 
"trvlexps" (line 100) and to prompt 
you for day entry number. If a new 
day number is specified, the program 



expands the worksheet by inserting 
a new column and puts the appropri- 
ate formulas into the new column 
(lines 200 to 230). Next, the program 
steps through the worksheet, access- 
ing column and row headers and cur- 
rent cell entries, then prompts for 
more information using the work- 
sheet headers and the cell data as 
default values. Finally, the program 
puts the collected inputs into the 
worksheet (lines 305 to 1060). An ex- 
ample of a completed travel-expense 
worksheet appears in listing 3. 

Calling BASIC Programs 

BASIC programs can be called from 
cell formulas because HP-75 Visicalc 
uses its own interpreter in assembly 
language instead of the HP-75 main- 
frame interpreter. In addition, this 
module also interprets VCBASIC 
(Visicalc thus interprets itself) and a 
Visi-command BASIC program that 
extends the Visicalc command set. 
Using this interpreter gives Visicalc 
two important types of control. First, 
it allows Visicalc to intercept any 
errors from called BASIC programs, 
so that you are returned to the work- 
sheet and not locked out. Second, it 
prevents the Attn key from halting 
VCBASIC and therefore exiting 
Visicalc. 

Calling BASIC programs from for- 
mulas in cells introduces a new 



72 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 




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Listing 4: This investment-analysis zuorksheet includes worksheet formulas. 

Investment analysis on the sale of property. 
83/05/31 14:51:11 



INVEST 




A 




B 




c 






: amount 


numt 


er 


period 


1 


cf 1 




-4850.00 








11 /BO 


2 


cf2 




-180.00 








12/BO-06/B1 


3 


cf3 




-192.00 








07/81-10/81 


4 


cf4 




-310.00 








11/81 


5 


cf5 




-192.00 






1 1 


12/81-10/82 


b 


cf6 




-350. 00 








11/82 


7 


Cf7 




-192.00 






9 


12/B2-OB/83 


B 

9 

10 
















total 




-11378.00 


<- 






cash invested 


11 


selli 


nq 


25000. 00 










12 


bal ance 


-10767.00 










13 


closi ng 


-2290.00 










14 




















15 


net 




11943.00 


<- 






cash returned 


16, 
















17 


IRR 




2.40 


7. 


per 


year 


18 


NFV 




-1174.33 




7. 


00 


7. discount 


Worksheet 


f orfflUl as: 










83/05/31 


14 


52:25 










INVEST 















amount"total : Al «B1+A2*B2+A3«B3+A4«B4+A5*B5+A6*B6+A7»B7 
amounted osi ng: -. 1«A11+210 
amount~net: Al 1+A12+A13 

amount "IRR: TVM ( 1 , 2, Al A7, A15, Bl . . . B7, 1 ) *12 

amount "NFV: TVM(2,2.A1 A7,A15,B1 B7, 1 . B18/12) * < 1+B18/ (12»100) >~SUM<B1 B7) 



dimension in spreadsheet capability 
and is a unique feature of HP-75 Visi- 
calc. Again, the easiest way to intro- 
duce this capability is through a brief 
example, this time a program (listing 
4) for analyzing investments. 

Here, calls are made in two for- 
mulas to the custom program TVM 
(time value of money). In cell A17, 
TVM is called to calculate the inter- 
nal rate of return (IRR) realized by 
sale of property. In cell A18, TVM is 
called to calculate the net future value 
(NFV) of the cash returned, assum- 
ing a 7-percent discount rate. The 
multiple-file-structure capability is 
used here for passing parameters be- 
tween a worksheet and a BASIC ex- 
tension function. At recalculation, 
TVM reads the worksheet values 
written to a data file named VISI- 
DATA and returns the calculated 
value back to the worksheet cell 
through that file. 

Other BASIC programs can also be 
called from the command level of 
HP-75 Visicalc, although the process 
is somewhat more complicated. First, 
a change must be made in the com- 



mand-level prompt. This prompt is 
built from message 21 (command) 
and message 22 (DFGHIMPRVW-) 
in the Visicalc ROM. The keyword 
MESSAGES is used by VCBASIC to 
access these messages. Alternative 
messages can be accessed through 
MESSAGES if they reside in the text 
file named VISIMSGS. By entering a 
replacement for message 22 into 
VISIMSGS: 

22 DFGHIMPRVW-E 



the command-level prompt will ap- 
pear as 

Command: 
DFGHIMPRVW-E 

The final letter E provides the hook 
needed to call a BASIC program that 
defines a new command-level func- 
tion. Such "Visi-command" pro- 
grams are numbered sequentially in 
the order of the letter or letters that 
follow the hyphen in the command- 
set message. Pressing the letter E in 
response to the new command-set 



74 September 1983 <E> BYTE Publications Inc. 



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The myriad of printers, 
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message above would call a user- 
written BASIC program called 
VISICM1. If another letter were 
added, it would call VISICM2, and 
so forth. 

Visi-command programs define a 
set of commands that act as exten- 
sions of those defined in VCBASIC. 
They provide the means by which 
you can customize Visicalc in an un- 
precedented manner. Using this 
capability, for example, you can com- 
mand the sorting and alphabetizing 
of data by column or row. Worksheets 
can be translated into other data for- 
mats. Considerable amounts of text 
can be entered and then formatted. 
Other possible command extensions 
include plotter and printer graphics 
output, creation of schedule charts, 
and utilities for collection and 
management of data. 

The Resulting Product 

The final HP-75 Visicalc package 
contains the 32K-byte plug-in module 
that supports the features described 
here, an owner's manual and a pro- 



grammer's reference manual, and a 
keyboard overlay indicating rede- 
fined keys used with Visicalc. In ad- 
dition, magnetic cards provide you 
with a sample worksheet, a sample 
BASIC program (that solves for inter- 
nal rate of return), and some BASIC 
Visi-command programs for use with 
the command-extension feature. 
Command extensions provided in- 
clude sorting, alphabetizing, and 
clearing data from worksheets. 

The HP-75 Visicalc offers at least 
five unique features: (1) the first 
spreadsheet capability on a fully por- 
table personal computer that can also 
operate as a desktop system, (2) the 
ability to define extended functions 
as BASIC programs, (3) the ability to 
extend the feature set for special ap- 
plications, (4) the ability to overlay 
multiple worksheets in RAM, and (5) 
the ability to automate the creation 
and manipulation of worksheets 
from BASIC programs using a 
spreadsheet language. 

The designers anticipate that by 
combining sophistication and por- 



tability, this new version of Visicalc 
will find a wide market. First-time 
users of an electronic spreadsheet 
will be able to use most of the impor- 
tant product features within a few 
hours, and sophisticated users can 
take advantage of its hooks to 
develop enhancements for an almost 
unlimited variety of special applica- 
tions. In addition to providing the 
features described here, the portable 
Visicalc can support multilingual 
prompting for international markets. 
In short, the HP-75 Visicalc pro- 
vides the active professional with 
worksheet capability that can be used 
almost anywhere. Its unique features 
promise to set a new standard for 
power and convenience in software 
designed for the truly portable com- 
puter market. ■ 



William T. Johnson, a research and development 
engineer at Hewlett-Packard's Portable Computer 
Division (1000 NE Circle Blvd., Corvallis, OR 
97330), headed the team that designed the HP-75 
Visicalc. 



AZTEC C — ' C ' PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM 
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76 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 274 on inquiry card. 



This time, select 

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78 BYTE September 1983 




Practical Peripherals 
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BYTE September 1983 79 



The Gavilan — 
A Full-Function Portable 

Computer 

CMOS logic, LCDs, and increased integrated-circuit density helped 
designers fit the computer and its printer into a briefcase 



Gavilan Computer Corporation de- 
signed its mobile computer to meet 
the needs of the traveling profes- 
sional. The company's main goal 
was to create a completely self-con- 
tained, full-function computer sys- 
tem small enough to slip into a brief- 
case and light enough to be easily 
carried. 

The self-powered Gavilan (see 
photo la) has a full-size keyboard 
and numerical keypad, an easy-to- 
use display, and an internal memory 
large enough to support popular ap- 
plications. In addition, it has remov- 
able mass storage, a modem, and 
serial port, and can perform every- 
day computer functions such as 
word processing and number 
crunching with well-integrated soft- 
ware. The system comes with an 
add-on printer that uses 8V2-inch- 
wide paper and everything is built 
into a case that measures approx- 
imately 11 by 17 by 3 inches (see 
photo lb). 



Design Criteria 

At Gavilan, we decided that 
several criteria had to be met if the 
mobile computer was to be useful to 



by F. John Zepecki 

the traveling professional. The com- 
puter had to be able to run for a long 
time on an internal battery pack 
(ideally, for at least 8 hours without 
recharging), yet it could not weigh 
more than 15 pounds. It had to have 
a standard QWERTY keyboard with 
a numeric 10-key pad (we felt that 



The Gavilan's mouse is 

actually a touch panel 

formed by two parallel 

resistive membranes 

separated by spacers. 



miniature keyboards did not lend 
themselves to touch typing) and a 
bit-mapped display that could repro- 
duce at least 8 lines of text as well as 
graphic symbols and icons. The com- 
puter also had to have 64K bytes of 
memory expandable to 1 megabyte, 
a built-in or add-on cassette for disk 
storage, an integrated modem, a 
serial port, and a printer. Further- 
more, it had to support a standard 
operating system. 

Incorporating all these features 
into a small package was not as much 



of a problem as anticipated because 
of the industry's progress in increas- 
ing integrated-circuit density, the 
availability of CMOS logic, and the 
perfection of relatively large-area flat 
liquid-crystal displays (LCDs). 

A Portable 64- by 400-Pixel 
Display 

To ensure the usefulness of the 
new computer's display, we agreed 
that it would have to present con- 
siderable amounts of data without 
scrolling. Furthermore, a graphics 
capability was essential to support 
anticipated applications. 

A 24-line, 80-character LCD would 
have been ideal, but no such displays 
were available. Eventually a 64- by 
400-pixel bit-mapped LCD was de- 
cided upon. 

Resident firmware was then devel- 
oped to produce lines of 80 charac- 
ters. And, because the display is bit- 
mapped, icons and other graphic ele- 
ments can be displayed. 

Use of the large LCD complicated 
the design of the display controller. 
Because crystal fluid's persistence is 
shorter than the time it takes to scan 
through the display's 64 pixel rows, 
the LCD is divided into the horizon- 



80 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 




tal halves of 32 rows each, and the 
drivers are multiplexed so that both 
halves are scanned simultaneously. 
As a result, the display controller 
supplies two data streams, one for 
each half of the display. This way, 
the display's 64 rows are painted in 
the time it takes to paint 32 rows. 

Although getting an 8-line, 
80-character display in the limited 
space available was an achievement, 
an 8-line page restricted our ability to 
process lengthy files. To simplify 
this, a special Zoom function was 
added in firmware. The Zoom func- 
tion presents an outline image of a 
document with the positions of the 
eight active lines shown in a rec- 
tangular overlay. Using this func- 
tion, the overlay can be placed any- 
where on the page outline, and the 
enclosed eight lines are displayed by 
a single-stroke command. Conven- 
tional scrolling is also available 
through a set of pressure-sensitive 
scroll keys located on a panel above 
the keyboard. Because an 8-line dis- 
play might not be ideal for all appli- 
cations (even with Zoom), addition- 
al provisions make it possible to feed 
a 24 by 80 composite video signal to 
an external monitor. 

The LCD, its logic, and associated 
row and column drivers are housed 
in a separate assembly attached by 



hinges to the computer case over the 
keyboard. A pair of spring-loaded 
posts at opposite ends of the key- 
board raise and lower the display for 
easy viewing. The display lowers for 
stowing as the keyboard cover. 

The mechanical interface is made 
by hinges fastened to the top of the 
posts and bottom, or screen side, of 
the display lid (see photo 2). The 
electrical interface is provided by a 
ribbon cable in one of the posts. To 
operate the computer, the user 
pushes a button on the right side of 
the case, releasing the posts, which 
lift the bottom of the display lid 
above the top of the computer case. 
The lid then swings manually into an 
upright position. Mechanical detents 
providing 15-degree indexing begin- 
ning at 90 degrees let the user lock 
the display into a comfortable view- 
ing angle. When the user is done 
computing, he or she folds the dis- 
play lid over the keyboard and 
pushes the case until it locks in place. 

The Gavilan has a typewriter-like 
keyboard with full-travel keys on the 
industry-standard 3 /4-inch spacing. 
The keyboard meets the DIN stan- 
dards for home-row height and 
angle. A numeric 10-key pad was in- 
tegrated into the keyboard design to 
suit the needs of the mobile 
executive. 




Photo la and lb: The Gavilan mobile com- 
puter offers a full-size, full-travel keyboard 
with a numeric 10-key pad and a fold-up 
8-line, 80-character liquid-cnjstal display. The 
snap-on printer adds less than 5 inches to the 
computer's length, yet provides 50 cps 
throughput onto standard plain paper. The 
computer and printer fit easily into a 
standard-size briefcase and weigh less than 15 
pounds. 




Photo 2: Keys to the user-friendliness of the 
Gavilan's packaging are the two spring-loaded 
posts and the hinge assemblies that attach the 
display housing to the computer. The posts 
permit the housing to form a cover that seals 
the keyboard when not in use yet rises to lift 
the display into its operating position. 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 81 




Photo 3: Memory expansion is provided in the form of unique capsules that contain the appro- 
priate memory chips and the boards required to support them. 



An Electronic Mouse 

To make the new computer more 
user-friendly than a conventional 
desktop machine, we used a mouse 
rather than an individual cursor and 
function keys. With a mouse, sym- 
bols and icons could simplify user ac- 
cess of the applications software. 

Because the size of the system 
didn't lend itself to the use of a hand- 
held mouse, a pressure-sensitive 
touch-panel electronic mouse was 
developed. 

The Gavilan's electronic mouse is 
actually two parallel resistive mem- 
branes separated by spacers. The 
sheets in the membrane assembly are 
scanned so that the location of any 
contact closure is quickly determined 
and encoded. To operate the mouse, 
the user presses a finger against the 
touch panel and moves it in the 
direction he wants the cursor to 
move. The direction and speed of 
finger travel are determined through 
membrane scanning and encoding. 
Finger speed is converted into 
distance by a squares algorithm. 
Thus, a short but rapid finger move- 
ment can send the cursor across the 
entire display. Conversely, very slow 
finger movement results in pixel-by- 
pixel cursor movement, providing 
precise control of the cursor position. 
The location of the finger's contact 
with the touch panel is unimportant. 



The touch panel supports software 
presenting various directories. The 
user selects a listing, positions the 
cursor next to it, and taps the panel 
to execute the selected action. The 
listing is then highlighted in reverse 
video. The cursor does not have to 
be in a specific location; it need only 
be positioned in the cell containing 
the desired listing. 

The entire panel above the key- 
board is a membrane assembly. On 
either side of the centrally located 
touch area are pressure-sensitive 
function keys that call up menus, 
scroll the display, and permit other 
communications with the processor. 
The panel is covered with a layer of 
mylar that should wear indefinitely. 

Expandable Memory 

The basic Gavilan has 64K bytes of 
user RAM (random-access read/write 
memory); 32K bytes are housed on 
the main printed-circuit board, and 
the remaining 32K bytes are supplied 
in a special capsule designed to fit 
into the limited space available. This 
memory provides better protection 
for the circuitry than plug-in cards or 
chips. 

Inside each capsule is a pair of 
printed-circuit boards (see photo 3). 
The edge of one board protrudes 
from an opening in the capsule's bot- 
tom and serves as a male connector. 



There are four mating connectors 
used for capsule inserts on the main 
printed-circuit board in the left-rear 
corner of the computer, next to the 
3V2-inch floppy-disk drive. 

Levers are built into the top of each 
capsule to facilitate removal of the 
capsules from their mating sockets. 
(Lack of space prohibits manual re- 
moval of the capsules from the 
sockets.) 

A lithium-thionyl-chloride battery 
in each capsule provides memory 
backup. With ordinary use, the bat- 
tery will last more than a year. The 
condition of each lithium battery is 
monitored through an A/D converter 
by a resident 80C51 CMOS single- 
chip microcomputer. When the bat- 
tery needs to be replaced, the 80C51 
signals the computer, which notifies 
the user through a message on the 
display. The contents of the capsule 
can be loaded onto disk before the 
battery is removed. Replacement of 
the battery involves little more than 
swinging out the bracket in the cap- 
sule's side and swapping batteries. 

Although each expansion capsule 
contains 32K bytes, the memory is 
mapped as 64K bytes, with the re- 
maining 32K bytes in ROM (read- 
only memory) on the main board. 
This ROM holds the Gavilan operat- 
ing system. Although mapping the 
operating system into four expansion 
modules may seem redundant and 
wasteful, it provides much faster 
response to commands because the 
processor doesn't have to go some- 
where else to pick up operating in- 
structions. Even more significant, 
mapping the operating system into 
the memory space of all the capsules 
permits them to be used as applica- 
tions modules containing both pro- 
gramming and operating-system in- 
structions. Plugging in a capsule 
with an applications program in 
ROM converts the computer into a 
dedicated business machine prepro- 
grammed to provide user support 
with no other instructions. If more 
than one applications capsule is in- 
stalled, the program names appear in 
the main desktop, or directory. In 
this case, the touch panel is used to 
select and execute the desired 
application. 



82 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 










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(602) 842-1133 Technical Information 



CAPSULE 
CONNECTORS 



I/O CONNECTOR 



I/O AND CAPSULE 
BUFFERS 



FLOPPY-DISK 
CONTROLLER 



8088 CPU 
SUPPORT 
LOGIC 



SWITCHING 
REGULATORS 



RECHARGER 
CONNECTOR- 



'□ 



RS-232C 
CONNECTOR 



MEMORY / DISPLAY 
PCB CONNECTOR — 



8051 I/O 
PROCESSOR 



MODEM 
CONNECTOR - 



Figure 1: Packing a 16-bit microcomputer complete with a 360K-byte floppy disk and full- 
size keyboard into an 11. 4- by 11.4- by 2.7-inch case required some creative packaging. In 
the layout of the Gavilan, the 3V2-inch floppy disk is mounted crosswise at the right rear 
ivith access through the right side of the case. In front of the disk-drive access port on the 
right side of the case jacks are located for connection to the built-in modem and for an external 
24-line by 80-character monitor. The enclosure at the left-rear corner reserves space for up 
to four-plug-in memory capsules. The main board fills most of the bottom of the case. Resi- 
dent memory is contained on two boards mounted above the main board between the disk 
drive and the keyboard. Above the memory boards is the display controller board. 



Internal Layout 

Most of the Mobile Computer's 
electronics are on the main 
printed-circuit board on the bottom 
of the computer's 11.4- by 11.4-inch 
interior (see figure 1). These elec- 
tronics include the DC/DC converter, 
the connectors for interfacing the 
printer and/or the second disk drive, 
an RS-232C port, a keyboard, an 
integrate d-mouse/ function-key 
touch panel, and a 300-bit-per-sec- 
ond (bps) modem with auto-answer 
and auto-dial. The modem accepts 
domestic frequencies in accordance 
with Bell 103 and European frequen- 
cies in accordance with CCITT V.21. 

Two memory boards housing 48K 
bytes of resident ROM containing 
the display messages and the operat- 
ing systems and the 32K bytes of 
user RAM are mounted above the 
main board and are interfaced by 



connectors. These memory boards 
are located between the battery pack 
housing and the capsules' housing. 

A third board stacked above the 
two memory boards contains the dis- 
play controller, which can support 
not only the computer's own dis- 
play, but a wide variety of other 
LCDs. Included in the controller is a 
proprietary gate array that accesses 
a local memory to map the display 
screen, which can be either the com- 
puter's 8 by 80 LCD or a 24 by 80 ex- 
ternal CRT monitor. Selection of the 
display format is made under soft- 
ware control via the touch panel. 

The computer uses a 3V2-inch 
floppy-disk drive, which offers the 
ideal combination of large storage 
capacity and small size. The drive is 
mounted crosswise at the right rear 
of the case with disk access on the 
right side. 



84 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 




Photo 4: The batten/ pack consists of W Vi-D nickel-cadmium cells, seven of which are in 
tubular form beside the disk drive and memory capsule enclosure. The remaining cells are 
housed side by side in an upright position in the space between the disk drive and the capsule 
enclosure. 



Because no industry-standard 
microfloppy format existed, we ini- 
tially chose a 3-inch drive for the 
computer. It was originally the only 
microfloppy compatible with 
5V4-inch drives in terms of rotational 
speed, disk format, and controller in- 
terface. Since then, however, other 
compatible 3V2-inch disk drives have 
become available and may become 
the industry standard. With that in 
mind, mechanical provisions were 



made so that many different 
sub-4-inch microfloppy drives can be 
mounted to the case. The disk con- 
troller was also designed to be com- 
patible with any of these drives. Disk 
access is through a detachable bezel 
that is easy to replace, simplifying 
drive changes during assembly. 

Making It All Work 

The Mobile Computer uses 10 V2-D 
nickel-cadmium cells that power a 



DC/DC converter, which in turn pro- 
duces the voltages required to power 
specific components or subassem- 
blies (see photo 4). The 12- volt bat- 
tery's capacity is great enough to 
continuously power all the elec- 
tronics and the disk drive in typical 
intermittent service for at least 8 
hours on one charge. The battery can 
be recharged to 80 percent of capac- 
ity in less than IV2 hours. 

Originally, the DC/DC converter 
was unable to supply enough power 
to operate the battery pack for 8 
hours. The problem was caused pri- 
marily by the NMOS 8088 pro- 
cessor's large power draw. Because 
there was no way to reduce the 
8088's power consumption during 
operation, a scheme was devised to 
shut down the 8088 when it was idle. 
Upon completion of its task, the 8088 
writes its internal states into memory 
and then powers down. When action 
is again required, the 8088's off-state 
is interrupted and it powers up. 

The 8088 determines which circuits 
need power and which do not. It 
turns off power to circuits that have 
nothing to do (most notably the 
microfloppy's spindle motor during 
periods when the disk is not being 
accessed). 

The 8088's power-down feature 
and its ability to control energy use 
in other circuits enable the DC/DC 
converter to supply the required 8 
hours of power. 

To maximize conversion efficiency 
while minimizing the size of the 
DC/DC converter, a flyback circuit 
converter was used. This converter 
supplies various voltages to power 
the logic bus, the EIA interface, and 
the disk drive. The main nickel-cad- 
mium battery is monitored by the 
80C51 microcomputer through an 
A/D converter (as are the expansion 
capsules' lithium batteries), which 
signals the user through the 8088 and 
the display when it's time to re- 
charge the batteries. 

Size and weight limitations pro- 
hibited putting a charger in the com- 
puter itself, but a separate battery 
charger comes with the Mobile Com- 
puter. The charger can operate the 
computer while recharging the bat- 
teries. The 80C51 monitors the bat- 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



85 




/ 



^V~>- A. /' /" 



2^p 



<" r' f J 



' 7f 



Only 

the Texas Instruments 

Professional Computer 

offers these 7 advantages 

that add up to more computer 

for your money 



If you're a smart business profes- 
sional, you want a business computer 
that gives you the most productivity 
power for your dollar. For you, Texas 
Instalments has the answer: the TI 
Professional Computer. With seven 
obvious advantages that make buy- 
ing TI make sense. 

The Disk Storage 
Advantage. 

The TI Professional Computer gives 
you standard 320K floppy disk stor- 
age. That's twice the standard data 
storage of the leading competitor. 

The Function Key 
Advantage. 

We give you ] 2 function keys that 
you can easily preprogram to make 
your work simpler and easier. The 
best the competition can do is 10 or 
fewer function keys. 

The Keyboard 
Advantage. 

Our standard touch-typing layout 
makes word processing as easy as sit- 
ting at a typewriter. The separate 
numeric and cursor control keypads 
let you isolate information and enter 
numbers for spreadsheets more 
quickly. And with our isolated edit/ 
delete keys, you'll never have to 



worry about accidentally erasing val- 
uable data. 

The Monitor 
Advantage. 

Our monitor gives you 40-50% 
better resolution than the leading 
personal computers. Which means 
you get clearer displays that are easy 
on the eyes. And some of the sharp- 
est graphics possible today. 

The Software 
Advantage. 

There's software available now for 
the TI Professional Computer that 
meets virtually every professional 
and small business need. And with 
our memory expansion board, you 
can use advanced integrated software 
like Lotus 1-2-3 ™ to help you do 
several kinds of work without 
changing programs. 

The Expandability 
Advantage. 

Our standard features like the floppy 
disk controller and printer support 
are built-in so they don't take up the 
valuable expansion slots you'll need 
for adding optional features like 
communications and up to ten 
megabytes of hard-disk storage. 
Which leads to one of our most 
exciting advantages. . . 



The Future Enhancement 
Advantage. 

No one wants to buy a personal 
computer that's already on the road 
to obsolescence. That's why we're 
developing exciting new features 
that you can easily add to your 
TI Professional Computer — like 
speech recognition. Imagine being 
able to say, "Spreadsheet, please" 
and having it appear instantly on 
your monitor. This and more will be 
available this fall. 

One additional benefit makes the 
TI Professional Computer especially 
attractive — the price. Feature for 
feature, dollar for dollar, you'll get 
more computer for your money. 

Get the business computer that 
puts these benefits to your advan- 
tage. Visit your TI authorized dealer 
or write: Texas Instruments Data 
Systems Group CA, Dept. 062B1, 
P. O. Box 402430, Dallas, 
TX 75240. Or call toll-free: 
1-800-527-3500. 



* 



Texas 
Instruments 

Creating useful products 
and services for you. 



Copyright (Q 1983 Texas Instruments 

1-2-3 and Lotus are trademarks of Lotus Development Corporation 



261477 -Rl 



BYTE September 1983 87 




Photo 5: The snap-on printer is housed in a case measuring 11.4 by 4.9 by 3 inches and 
weighs about 5 pounds including its self-contained battery pack. In spite of this small size 
and light weight, the printer can handle standard plain paper. 



tery through an A/D converter dur- 
ing recharge, and at the appropriate 
terminal voltage or temperature it re- 
duces the charging rate to a trickle to 
protect the cells. 

The printer presented another 
power problem. The printhead and 
paper-feed motors required so much 
power that the battery pack would 
have had to be twice the size and 
weight of the one required to power 
just the computer itself. Although 
the larger pack could have been ac- 



commodated, there was little reason 
to burden a user with the extra 
weight. An analysis of computer 
usage patterns indicated that a built- 
in printer wasn't essential— it could 
be a peripheral. 

Without the printer, the computer 
case is 11.4 inches square and less 
than 3 inches high, and it weighs 
about 9 pounds. 

A Snap-on Printer 

The separate printer is housed in 




Photo 6: To conseive space and minimize power consumption, a thermal print head is used. 
Unlike other thermal printers, however, the Gavilan printer prints on plain paper. The key 
is a special thermal transfer ribbon contained in a pop-out cartridge, which can be removed 
when thermal paper is used. 



a box with the same cross section as 
the computer. It can be snapped onto 
the computer's back panel, provid- 
ing both a mechanical and electrical 
interface (see photo 5). The electrical 
interface consists of an edgecard plug 
on the computer's rear panel mated 
with a jack on the front of the 
printer's case. The mechanical inter- 
face uses a latching arrangement that 
provides easy connection and dis- 
connection and a high level of hold- 
ing tension. The final design uses 
two spring-loaded clamps (one on 
each end of the printer's front panel) 
that bite thin stainless-steel brackets 
on the computer's rear panel. The 
combination of the spring loading 
and the slant of the brackets provides 
a mechanical attachment between 
the two units that, in effect, makes 
them a single package. The 
mechanical interface is so strong that 
lifting the computer from its front 
edge will also raise the printer as if 
it were built into the same case. 

The printer's dimensions are 4.9 by 
3 by 11.4 inches, allowing it to be car- 
ried in the same standard-size brief- 
case as the rest of the system. It is a 
plain-paper thermal graphics type 
with a special ribbon that transfers 
dye to plain paper when it is heated. 
The ribbon rides in a special cassette 
between the paper and the 16-wire 
ceramic printhead (see photo 6). The 
same mechanism that advances the 
printhead also advances the ribbon; 
when the ribbon is being used, the 
printer prints in one direction. When 
used with thermal paper, however, 
the ribbon cassette can be snapped 
out of the printer, which then 
operates bidirectionally. Unidirec- 
tional and bidirectional printing and 
printhead temperature are controlled 
by a resident microprocessor, which 
also manages character formation, 
the input buffers, and handshaking 
with the computer. 

A standard ASCII character set, 
along with special characters for six 
foreign languages, and a graphics 
character set are contained in ROM. 
The printer operates at 50 cps (char- 
acters per second) with or without 
the thermal transfer ribbon. 
Throughput is faster with thermal 
paper, however, because of the 



88 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



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BYTE September lM 89 




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bidirectional-printing capability. The 
printer weighs about 5 pounds in- 
cluding the internal battery pack, 
which consists of 11 sub-C size 
nickel-cadmium cells. The integrated 
computer-printer package weighs 14 
pounds. 

The printer's battery delivers about 
60,000 characters between charges. 
The computer charger will also re- 
charge the printer's battery pack. 
Control lines handled through the 
computer-tq-printer interface permit 
the 80C51 to monitor the printer bat- 
tery's charge and discharge just as it. 
does the computer's. 

A Snap-on Second Disk Drive 

A second disk drive with a 
self-contained battery pack is housed 
in a case about the size of the printer. 
A dual-drive system consisting of the 
computer and the second drive (in 
place of the printer) will also fit easi- 
ly into a briefcase. The second drive 
can include an additional 128K bytes 
'of main memory. The computer's 
80C51 monitors the voltage and 
temperature of the add-on drive's 
battery as it does the battery in the 
printer. The add-on drive's rear 
panel is equipped with the same 
electrical and mechanical interface as 
the computer, so the printer can be 
snapped on to form a mechanically 
stable, fully integrated computer sys- 
tem with nearly a megabyte of re- 
movable mass storage and an 
8V2-inch-wide plain-paper printer. 

We feel the Gavilan meets virtual- 
ly all the computing needs of the 
traveling professional. This com- 
puter is enhanced by a proprietary 
operating system that enables ap- 
plications software to take full advan- 
tage of the system's hardware. In ad- 
dition, off-the-shelf MS-DOS pro- 
grams will run on the system. By in- 
tegrating these elements plus ex- 
panded memory, a snap-on second 
disk drive and printer, and an exter- 
nal monitor into a single system, we 
believe the Gavilan mobile computer 
rivals conventional desktop 
computers. ■ 

F. John Zepecki is vice-president of hardware 
engineering at Gavilan Computer Corporation, 240 
Hacienda Ave., Campbell, CA 95008. 



90 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 95 on Inquiry card. 




We deliver 

the 

information 



to you ... 

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1 845 The Exchange 
Suite 1 40 

Atlanta, GA 30339 
(404)952-0267 



Crosstalk is o Trademark of Microstuf, Inc. 

The Source is a Trademark of Source Telecomputing Co. 

CompuServe is o Trademark of H6R Block 

IBM is a Trademark of IBM. Inc. 

Victor Is a Trademark of Victor Technologies 

Texas Instruments is a Trademark of Texas Instruments 

DEC is a Trademark of Digital Equipment Corp. 



Circle 302 on inquiry card. 



BYTE September 1983 91 




t courtesy of ISSC 
1-86 is a registered Irademark of Digital Research 
VTIOO is a 



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Circle 438 on inquiry card. 



Inside CMOS Technology 




Photo 1: The die for the 80C51, with the functions of the various sections identified. 



How CMOS devices are manufactured and a look at three of them 

by Martin B. Pawloski, Tony Moroyan, and Joe Altnether 

94 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



CMOS (complementary metal- 
oxide semiconductor) has often been 
called the ideal technology. It has low 
power dissipation, high immunity to 
power-supply noise, symmetric 
switching characteristics, and a large 
supply-voltage tolerance. But CMOS 
has rarely been used for advanced 
VLSI (very-large-scale-integration) 
microcomputer designs. Because of 
the complexity of the CMOS process, 
the ICs (integrated circuits) produced 
have traditionally had a relatively 
poor price/performance ratio. 

As a result, CMOS was used only 
in applications that required low 
power and were neither performance 
conscious (such as in calculators and 
watches) nor cost conscious (many 
military applications, for example). 
Suddenly, however, all major semi- 
conductor companies have an- 
nounced either advanced CMOS 
products or the intention of design- 
ing their next generation of high- 
performance microprocessors using 
CMOS technology. 

What has happened to make 
CMOS both affordable and high per- 
formance? For one thing, the domi- 
nant VLSI technology, NMOS 
(n-channel metal-oxide semiconduc- 
tor), is rapidly approaching the pro- 
cess complexity of standard CMOS. 
It is not unusual nowadays for 
NMOS technology to have up to four 
transistor types with different 
operating characteristics. Much of the 
complexity of this process is added 
simply to help VLSI designers keep 
the operating power of their circuits 
under control. 

Second, CMOS circuit designers 
are being more selective in the use of 
static CMOS logic. Critically placed 
dynamic logic, creative circuit design, 
and use of modes that offer varying 
degrees of power consumption are all 
tricks designers are using to maintain 
the advantages of CMOS. 

Finally, aggressive reduction in 
CMOS transistor size is being used 
to bring CMOS performance in line 
with that of NMOS. As a matter of 
fact, many manufacturers are devel- 
oping CMOS as a derivative of their 
advanced NMOS processes. This not 
only improves CMOS performance 



levels but also boosts reliability and 
reduces development costs. 

The Evolution of LSI 

Early LSI circuits were built with 
p-channel MOS transistors, which 
permitted high-circuit densities yet 
were relatively slow and difficult to 
interface to normal integrated cir- 
cuits, such as TTL (transistor- 
transistor logic). As an example, the 
1103-type IK by 1-bit dynamic RAM 
(random-access read/write memory), 
circa 1971, required its inputs (ad- 
dress, controls, and data) to swing 
between 1 and 15 volts (V) although 
its output was measured in 
millivolts— hardly TTL compatible! 
About 1974, NMOS came to the 
rescue. It provided faster speed, and 
most of its inputs and outputs were 
TTL compatible. 



Low power 

requirements are a 

major advantage of 

designing a system 

that uses CMOS. 



NMOS was more difficult to man- 
ufacture than PMOS because con- 
taminants would vary the thresholds 
of the n-channel transistors, causing 
deviations in speed and perfor- 
mance. But this problem was quick- 
ly overcome through ultraclean pro- 
cessing rooms, and NMOS became 
the workhorse technology because it 
cost less to manufacture, was easy to 
use, and had good speed-power 
characteristics. And NMOS technol- 
ogy had potential for greater im- 
provement of its speed-power char- 
acteristics through scaling (or shrink- 
ing) of the silicon devices. The result 
of this scaling was HMOS (high- 
speed NMOS), which accomplished 
three objectives: increased speed, 
reduced power, and increased 
density. 

Over the past 10 years, the reduc- 
tion in transistor size has, at the 
device level, increased memory den- 
sity by a factor of 64, increased speed 



by a factor of 3, and reduced power 
consumption by a factor of 100. How- 
ever, the scaling cannot continue ad 
infinitum because of resolution 
limitations of the photolithographic 
equipment used to make the circuits 
as well as breakdown mechanisms 
within the devices. More important, 
even before these limitations are 
reached, heat dissipation will pro- 
hibit major enhancements with 
NMOS. Heat generation increases 
exponentially with transistor count, 
and, at densities approaching 150,000 
transistors per integrated circuit, 
special cooling measures are re- 
quired. This heat can accelerate 
failure mechanisms within the sili- 
con, reducing device and system re- 
liability. To hurdle this barrier, low- 
power devices must be used. 

The Importance of 
Power Consumption 

The development of NMOS was 
spurred on by the semiconductor in- 
dustry's drive to produce high- 
volume, large-capacity memory 
devices, for which high density, 
rather than low power consumption, 
was the primary concern. As VLSI 
began to emerge, however, power 
dissipation became a limiting factor 
in continued increases in NMOS 
packing densities. Thus, the semi- 
conductor industry turned to CMOS 
as a potential alternative. 

CMOS achieves its low power dis- 
sipation through the use of both p- 
and n-channel transistors (hence the 
name "complementary"). Essentially, 
no DC power is dissipated in either 
logical state, and AC power occurs 
only during the relatively short 
switching period. Because most cir- 
cuitry in a complex design is active 
only 10 to 20 percent of the time, 
CMOS achieves a dramatic reduction 
in power dissipation compared with 
NMOS, which continually dissipates 
DC power whenever an operating 
voltage is applied. 

Low power requirements are a ma- 
jor advantage of designing a system 
that uses CMOS. Reducing power re- 
quirements has a domino effect that 
often substantially reduces the cost of 
the end product: 



September 1983 £ BYTE Publications Inc. 95 



(la) 



NMOS 
V CC 



J 



j, 



rr> 



■VoUT 



. ClOAD 



CMOS 

J 

p 



A, 



^CLOAD 



/77 



(lb) 



+ 5V 



1 \ 



(10 



ENHANCEMENT DEPLETION 
CURRENT CURRENT 



Ml 



-J *- 



X 



Ml 



n-CHANNEL 
CURRENT 



p-CHANNEL 
CURRENT 



QUIESCENT 
CURRENT 



QUIESCENT 
CURRENT 



TIME 



Figure 1: A comparison of NMOS and CMOS technologies. Figure la shoivs the schematic 
diagrams of an inverter as implemented in both NMOS and CMOS. A hypothetical input 
waveform and the resulting transistor currents are shown in lb and 1c. 



•low power allows smaller, lower- 
cost power supplies to be used 

• power distribution in the system is 
simplified 

• cooling fans can be eliminated 

• printed-circuit boards can be 
packed more densely and can thus 
become smaller 



With smaller power supplies, denser 
circuit boards, and no fans, smaller 
cabinets can be used, resulting in sav- 
ings in chassis and enclosure costs. 
Also, power fail-safe and hand-held 



use become possible if battery opera- 
tion is feasible. 

Basic CMOS Operation 

To truly understand the promises 
(and problems) facing both the 
CMOS VLSI digital designer and the 
CMOS systems designer, one must 
first understand some CMOS funda- 
mentals. 

Figure 1 compares the circuit 
diagrams and current characteristics 
of both an NMOS and a CMOS in- 
verter. The NMOS inverter uses an 
n-channel depletion-mode transistor 



as the pull-up device (which drives 
the output line high) and an n-chan- 
nel enhancement-mode transistor as 
the pull-down device (which drives 
the output line low). The pull-up 
transistor is used as a load; its opera- 
tion approximates that of a constant 
current source. The pull-down tran- 
sistor is used as the switching device; 
when active, it discharges the load, 
and when inactive it lets the pull-up 
charge the load. MOS loads are 
primarily capacitive and include the 
parasitic capacitances of the inverter 
itself, interconnect capacitances, and 
the thin-oxide capacitances of all the 
gates the inverter is driving. 

Let's note several characteristics of 
an NMOS inverter. When the pull- 
down device is turned on, it not only 
has to sink the current from the ca- 
pacitive load, but it also has to sink 
the current supplied by the pull-up 
load device. Even in the quiescent 
state this current component from 
the pull-up device still exists. Because 
logic gates spend most of their time 
in the quiescent state, this quiescent 
current accounts for up to 90 percent 
of the total power dissipated in 
NMOS VLSI designs; the remaining 
10 percent is switching or dynamic 
power. 

A second related characteristic is 
that the inverter's output voltage in 
the low state, V 0i , is dependent on 
the ratio of the impedances of the 
pull-down and pull-up devices. This 
ratio affects the noise margin and 
switching speed and is generally 
around 4:1. Such a ratio results in a 
Vol on the order of 0.2 V to 0.3 V. It 
also causes asymmetric switching 
characteristics: the fall time of the in- 
verter is significantly faster than its 
rise time. 

The CMOS inverter uses a p-chan- 
nel enhancement-mode transistor as 
the pull-up device and an n-channel 
enhancement-mode transistor as the 
pull-down device. In a CMOS in- 
verter, both the pull-up and pull- 
down transistors are used as switch- 
ing devices. When the input changes 
from low to high, the p-channel 
device shuts off and the n-channel 
transistor discharges the load. When 
the input changes from high to low, 
the n-channel device shuts off and 



96 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



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prints 




To put your 

micro computer on 

printing terms 

The Facit 4510 Low Cost 80-column 
Serial Matrix Printer is a thoroughbred 
micro printer. Engineered for quality 
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Facit 4510 fully configured features most printer 
options as standard. State-of-the-art micro-pro- 
cessor concept and a 2K-work buffer accepts print- 
ing data as fast as your computer can send it. 
Versatility comes from industry compatible inter- 
faces - both parallel and serial RS-232-C. 

Block graphics and pin graphics secure 
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Emphasizing multifont and high resolution 
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Fan fold tractor feed, single sheet and 
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Circle 181 on inquiry card. 



235 Main Dunstable Road 

P.O. Box 828 Nashua, N.H. 03061. 

Phone: (603) 883-4157. 

Europe: S-105 45 Stockholm, Sweden. 
Phone: (8) 7386000. 



GATE 
DELAY 

(m] 



1.0 

0.9 
0.8 
0.7 
0.6 
0.5 
0.4 
0.3 
0.2 
0.1 



CMOS NMOS 




SCALED CMOS SCALED NMOS 



0.1 1.0 

POWER /GATE (mW) 

Figure 2: The speed versus power consump- 
tion characteristics of NMOS and CMOS 
technologies. Note the advantages gained by 
scaling (reducing the size) of the integrated 
components. 



(3a) 



the p-channel transistor charges the 
load. While almost all current from 
the CMOS inverter is used to charge 
or discharge the load, a small current 
component does not flow through 
the load. This is a result of the fact 
that both the p-channel and n- 
channel transistors are on for a short 
period of time during the input volt- 
age transition. This current compo- 
nent is typically less than 10 percent 
of the total inverter current, though 
it depends greatly on the rise and falj 
times of the input signal. 

With no quiescent power compo- 
nent, a CMOS inverter's dynamic 
power dissipation represents only a 




(3b) 




EH 


n-SUBSTRATE 





p-SUBSTRATE 


nu 


p-WELL 


s 


n-WELL 


B 


OXIDE 


e 


POLY 



(30 




(3d) 



SE 



f+My^M'te-'. Vl 



TUSH 



Figure 3: Cross sections of transistors formed by each of the four major CMOS processes. 
Figure 3a is a p-well bulk CMOS transistor; figure 3b shows an n-well bulk device; figure 
3c is an example of a twin-tub bulk CMOS transistor; the transistor in figure 3d is formed 
using silicon-on-sapphire technology. 



small fraction of an equivalent 
NMOS inverter's power dissipation. 
Also, the CMOS inverter is a "ratio- 
less" design, having only one tran- 
sistor active after an input transition. 
This lets V 0i go all the way to ground 
potential, resulting in better noise 
tolerance than NMOS inverters. It is 
also a simple matter to design CMOS 
circuits with outputs that have equal 
rise and fall times. While this is im- 
portant in some circuits, it is general- 
ly not taken advantage of in VLSI de- 
signs because it requires greater chip 
area. 

For NMOS and CMOS technolo- 
gies with similar transistor dimen- 
sions and gate oxides, gate delays are 
essentially identical. The speed- 
power products for such a set of 
NMOS and CMOS technologies are 
shown in figure 2. This graphically il- 
lustrates the tremendous power ad- 
vantage CMOS offers when used in 
high-performance VLSI designs. 

While CMOS enjoys significant 
electrical advantages over NMOS, it 
does have a cost disadvantage. One 
small factor is the larger number of 
process steps needed to fabricate a 
CMOS device. More significant is the 
larger die required because CMOS 
has lower gate density. 

CMOS Technologies 

Figure 3 shows the four major 
CMOS technologies in use today: p- 
well bulk, n-well bulk, twin-tub bulk, 
and silicon-on-sapphire (SOS). P- 
well CMOS uses a p-type diffusion 
into an n-type bulk silicon substrate 
to form an n-channel transistor. The 
p-channel transistor is built directly 
in the bulk. This is the original 
CMOS technology, which has many 
years of good performance and reli- 
ability behind it. 

The n-well CMOS process starts 
with a p-type substrate. N-type 
material is diffused into it to form the 
n-well in which p-channel devices are 
built. N-channel devices are built 
directly in the bulk substrate. An n- 
well CMOS process is usually de- 
rived from an advanced NMOS pro- 
cess. It also permits a highly opti- 
mized n-channel transistor, which 
yields a slight performance advan- 
tage over a p-well CMOS process. 



98 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 




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Circle 459 on inquiry card. 



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ZenilhZW-1 10-32 


4.261 


C.ltohC-1-300. 3001pm. 


4.295 


Hazeltine Esprit 11 


540 


' "Unassembled Components 






Daisywriter2000.48K 


1.150 


Lear Siegler ADM 3A 


511 


M- Drive- H 


1,100 






DatasouthDS-180 


1.150 


Quadram MX700 CALL 


CPU68K 


500 


HARD DISKS 




Diablo 620. 25 cps,. daisy 


845 


Televideo925 


730 


CPUZ.6Mhz 


234 


Cameo 


CALL 


Diablo 630 


1,720 


Televideo950 


905 


RAM21.128K,12Mhz 


788 


Chalsworth4200 


3,340 


Epson FX-80 


564 


Televideo970 


.015 


Disk2. Hard Disk Contr 


500 


Corvus, 6 meg., w/o Inlf. 
Cyquest 

Davong,5meg. Univ. 
Morrow20meg., w/contr. 
NECAPCIOmeg. 
Pragmatic lOmeg, 
Santa Clara Sys. 10meg. 
TallgrassTech.6meg. 
Trantor5meg. 


1 629 


Epson MX-80FT 


475 


Visual 330G 14" 


932 


Pragma!ic20meg. 


2,990 


L391 


Epson MX-100 


657 


WyseWY-100 


680 


Pragmatic 40 meg. 


4,686 


1.395 


Florida DataOSP-130 


3.700 


WyseWY-200 


.020 


Columbia system, 2-320K 


2,779 


3.650 


Gemini 10 


309 


WyseWY-300 


.020 


Columbiasystem12meg 


4.119 


2.172 


Gemini 15 


454 


2enithZ-29 


635 


Columbia portable CALL 
Corona desktop, 2-320K 2,375 
Corona desktop, hard disk 3,495 


2,445 
1,970 
1,781 


Gorilla Banana 

IDSPrism132alloptions 

NEC2010 


199 

1.395 
995 


ACCOUNTING 
SOFTWARE 




Corona portable, 2-320K 

CorvusConcep!,256K 
Epson OX- 10 Valdocs 


2,255 


1.211 


NEC3510 


1.365 


ADS CALL 


3.699 






NEC 7710 


1.900 


Altos Accountant 


899 


2,650 






NEC 8023 


499 


BPI CALL 


Eagle H 
Eagle 1620 


1,575 
2,999 


IBM PERIPHERALS 


Okidala80 
Okidata82A 


317 
385 


CYMA.each module 
Graham Dorian, ea. mod. 


345 
420 


Eagle 1630 


4,699 


AST64K.4funct. 


275 


Okidata83A 


630 


MBSI, each module 


455 


Eagle PC-1 


2.320 


Hayes 1 200 B Modem 


449 


Okidata84P 


960 


Micro Computer 




EsglePC-2 


2,699 


Kertlronics 51 50 Keyboard 189 


OkidataB4S 


1.060 


Consultants, ea. mod. 


450 


Eagle PC-XL 


3,448 


Microsoft4 Funct. 


CALL 


Okidata92P 


480 


Microlax CALL 


Forlune 


CALL 


Plantronics Color Plus 


CALL 


Okidata92S 


604 


Open Systems, ea. mod. 


568 


MolecularSM810meg. 


4,648 


Quadlink 


549 


Okidata93P 


830 


Peachtree CALL 


Morrow Micro D.MD-1* 


755 






Okidata93S 


993 


Structured Systems, 
each module 




Morrow Micro D, MD-2" 


1,099 






Okidala2350P 


2.095 


735 


Morrow Micro D.MD-3" 
'w/terminal.add 


1.450 
499 


MODEMS 




Okidata2350S 
Okidata24l0 


2.195 
2.323 


Systems Plus 


345 


NECAPC-H01 


2.026 


Hayes 1200 


499 


Qantex60O0P 


1.086 


DATABASE 




NECAPC-H02 


2.669 


Novation 


CALL 


Oantex 7020 


1.235 


SOFTWARE 




NECAPC-H03 


3.250 


Rixon2l2A 


CALL 


Qantex7030 


1.548 




NECAPC-H12 




USRobo!icsAuto2l2A 


479 


Qantex7040 


1.703 


Condor III 


437 


Color Graphics board 


618 


US Robotics Password 


349 


Qumei1/40w/int 


1.395 


DBase II 


450 


F.O.B. shipping point. Prices subject to change withou 


notice. 




B-83-9 




The Purchasing Agent Philosophy, 


Part 3: 










• In general, i 


's best to buy only computers that are easily upgraded to 






add RAM. hard disks and improved 


CPUs. 
















THE 
















PURCHASING 
AGENT. INC. 










M 




/ %XwP La 1 ^ m § Bin ^^> • 

574 Weddell Drive, Ste, 5 
Sunnyvale, CA 94089 

(408) 744-0646 

Open Monday thru Friday, 8-5 PST 


4 














■1 ^ 























































Twin-tub CMOS combines n-well 
and p-well technologies by diffusing 
both an n-well for the p-channel tran- 
sistor and a p-well for the n-channel 
transistor. The twin wells are usual- 
ly formed in a lightly doped n-type 
substrate. While it is a slightly more 
complex and costly process than 
either n-well CMOS or p-well CMOS, 
twin-tub CMOS has the advantage of 
being able to optimize the perfor- 
mance of both the n-channel and p- 
channel devices. Thus, this process 
gives the highest overall performance 
of the bulk CMOS technologies. 

The highest performing CMOS 
technology is SOS. Silicon islands are 
grown on an insulating sapphire sub- 
strate. N-channel or p-channel tran- 
sistors are then built on the islands. 
High performance is achieved due to 
the significant reduction of parasitic 
capacitance. SOS also offers good 
gate density because no parasitic 
bipolar transistors are around to 
cause a phenomenon called latch up. 
Unfortunately, SOS devices are dif- 
ficult and expensive to manufacture. 
For example, unused sapphire wafers 
cost approximately 10 times more 
than bulk silicon wafers. 

While CMOS suffers a cost penal- 
ty of about 20 percent due to process 
differences, it generally suffers more 
significantly because of die size. 
(While processing steps have a linear 
relationship with cost, die size has an 
exponential relationship.) CMOS 
dies are larger than equivalent 
NMOS designs even when aggres- 
sive transistor scaling is employed. 
Three major factors contribute to this: 
the area used in trying to prevent 
latch up, CMOS logic-gate structure, 
and static design techniques. 

Latch Up Prevention 

Bulk CMOS technologies have 
parasitic bipolar transistors that, if 
improperly biased, can cause a phe- 
nomenon called latch up. This poten- 
tially destructive action results from 
triggering an SCR (silicon-controlled 
rectifier) formed by the transistors 
and can cause extremely large cur- 
rents to flow. Figure 4 shows the con- 
struction of the parasitic SCR in an 
n-well bulk CMOS device. 



100 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 373 on Inquiry card. 





Victor. 

How a first name 

* can make it 

big in the 

business world 



What does it take these days to be successful? 

First, speak several languages. Have a large and infallible memory. Adapt 
at lightning speed. Stay accessible 24 hours a day. Be practical. And, above all, 
remain simple and inexpensive. 

That's exactly why Victor® is a leader. The leading 16-bit microcomputer 
in Europe. 

Start with the fact that Victor speaks virtually all Western languages. 
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Then, Victor has a large and useful memory. That'svital. 

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tensive software library allows you to put Victor to work in your office, depart- 
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Finally, Victor is costrconscious. When it comes to price and performance, 
you can'tbuymore computer for less. 

A success in the business world? Absolutely. To find out how a first name 
can make it big in your business, contact Victor at the address or phone num- 
ber below. 

Circle 471 on inquiry card. 



VICT 




The computeryou call byname. 

V1CTORTECHNOLOGIESINC.P.O.BOX980I.MISS1ONHILLS.CABI340. 
I-(800)V1C-B000;IN CALIFORNIA. (800) 44 1-2345, EXTENSION 51. 
ECHNOLOG1ES EUROPE. \MOOFSESTEENWEG 71- I750SCIIEPD 1 \L. BELGIQUE (2)569.55.00. 



PRINTERS Wl 



G 



C. ITOH 

Prowriter 8510 $345 

F-10 Serial $1110 

MO Parallel $1110 

COMREX 

CR-1-S $670 

CR-l-P $760 

CR-2 $AVE 

DATASOUTH 

DS-180 $1170 

DIABLO 

620RO $920 

630RO $1720 

IDS 

Microprism 480 $485 

EPSON 

RX80 $AVE 

MX100 $AVE 

FX80 $AVE 

Free Cover with each Epson Printer 

NEC 

8023A $395 

3510 $1370 

7710 $2045 

OKIDATA 

82A $390 

83A $635 

84S $1070 

84P $980 

STAR MICRONICS 

Gemini 10X&15X $AVE 

TALLY 

MT 160Lw/ Tractors $570 

MT 180Lw/Tractors $785 

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS 

810 Basic $1240 

TOSHIBA 

1350 Par or Ser $1475 

TELEVIDEO 

910 

910+ 

920 

925 

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970 

803 



PIED PIPER 

COMMUNICATOR I 



$570 
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Prices reflect 3% to 5% cash discount. Product shipped in 

factory cartons with manufacturer's warranty. Free shipping 

is on UPS ground only. Prices & availability subject to change 

without notice. Send cashier's check or money 

_ order. ..all other checks will delay shipping 

^mmf m rwo weeks. 



(4a) 



vcc 



GND TO SUBSTRATE STRAP - 



V CC TO n-WELL* 



STRAP 



p-CHANNEL n-CHANNEL 

TRANSISTOR TRANSISTOR 
-TERMINAL TERMINAL 



UJ UJ 

"WELL Vj T1 



n-WELL 




p- SUBSTRATE 




Figure 4: Parasitic SCR in bulk CMOS can cause latch up. Figure 4a shows how the parasitic 
transistors are formed in the silicon; figure 4b is a diagram of the equivalent circuit. 



Two well-defined conditions must 
exist before latch up can occur. First, 
for the SCR to be triggered, IR„ e „ or 
IR sut must be greater than or equal to 
0.7 V. This forward-biases the base- 
emitter junctions of the parasitic 
bipolar transistors. Second, to sustain 
the latch up condition, the product 
of the |8s (gains) of the two bipolar 
transistors must equal at least 1. 

In order to minimize the chance of 
one of the SCR's transistors being for- 
ward-biased, every attempt is made 
to reduce the resistance values as 
much as is feasible. This has the ef- 
fect of requiring significantly larger 
injected currents before the SCR can 
be triggered. To reduce the resistance 
values, guard rings are used in the cir- 
cuitry. (Guard rings are low-resistiv- 
ity connections to the supply voltages 
placed around the CMOS p-channel 
and n-channel transistors.) While 
guard rings reduce the SCR bias 
resistor values, they also increase the 



space between n-channel transistors 
and p-channel transistors (thus 
reducing the gate density). To some- 
what minimize this effect, particular- 
ly sensitive areas (like VLSI com- 
ponent's I/O pins) are heavily guard 
ringed, while the more protected in- 
ternal circuitry is less so. 

A less controllable method of pre- 
venting latch up is to try and de- 
crease the /3s of the parasitic tran- 
sistors. While the vertical pnp tran- 
sistor's /3 is set by the process design, 
the lateral npn transistor is more 
directly controllable. Its /3 can be dras- 
tically reduced by increasing the n- 
well-to-n+ diffusion spacing (or p- 
well-to-p+ diffusion spacing in p- 
well technology). This method re- 
duces the /3 by increasing the width 
of the transistor's base. While this is 
an effective way of decreasing the 
gain of the parasitic structure, it also 
reduces the gate density. 

In bulk CMOS technologies, to 



102 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



^^^^H Bs!^&w%iSi!"W!« 




TDK Floppy Disks. 
Invaluable security for irreplaceable information. 

Today, more and more companies are relying on convenient floppy disks to record, 
store and safeguard information. Irreplaceable information which is vital to their business 
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invaluable tool for storage and security. And this is where TDK floppy disks become invalu- 
able to you. TDK floppy disks are guaranteed 100% error-free at the time of manufacture 
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TDK floppy disks are available in 5V4 and 8-inch sizes in 
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&TDK 




I ta i+i BOW ' DaAtt D-" 



2DX 



I 



- 3 
c 

.TO 



M2DX1S 96TPI 



©1 982 TDK Electronics Corp. 
Circle 435 on inquiry card. 



OTDK, 

The heart of your system. 



BYTE September 1983 103 



\ 



N 



When Performance 
Is A Factor... 



m 




i 



"'""in . 



u> •/ in 




Think of Siena Data 
Sciences when you 
think of performance. 
As you can see from 
the opposite page, it's 
designed into each of 
our products, both 
boards and complete 
systems. It's also the 
standard of our 
customer service and 
support. And it's 
always reflected in 
our reasonable prices. 

Our new 8MHZ, Z80 
Master and Slave 
boards and hard disk 
controller are proof 
positive. While others 
are just announcing 
6MHZ boards, Sierra 
Data is delivering 8MHZ 
high performance. 






"■"■I 
'HUM* 



PERFORMANCE! 

Winchester /SMD Hard Disk Controller 

(Shown with Sierra's new 8MHZ Boards) 



This is an amazing high-speed 
companion for your single-or 
multiuser system. Features 
NEC's new hard disk controller 
chip, on-board Z80 processor, 
buffered sector heads, full ECC 
supported, SASI or SMD versions 
available, and optional high- 
speed DMA pass-thru port for 
use on Sierra Data's new 8MHZ 



Master/Slave. With our 8MHZ 
team and TurboDOSf the hard 
disk transfers data directly into 
the Master's RAM, yielding 
200% increase in data transfer 
throughput. Also, the buss 
is freed for Master/Slave 
communication without disk 
I/O collisions. 



SDS-MUX CARD 

The perfect electronic switch. Allows 
RS-232 input to multiple serial devices. 
Place one printer or terminal between 
two systems, or have one system 
communicate with multiple peripherals. 
With multiple boards, an infinite number 
of arrangements are possible. Features 
three independent channels and a 
seven-segment, two-digit display. 



ZSIO-4 

A powerful four-port RS-232 serial I/O and 
real time clock board. Zilog SlO-chips 
provide ideal links to CP/M-MPM-and 
AlphaMicro-based systems for multiuser 
processing with high speed data 
communications. 





SDS-MIC 

Siena's most 
advanced 

system. 



8MHZ-SBC Master and Slave Boards 

Now, from a Z80 processor, the most 
incredible throughput available today 
in the S-lOO industry! As the powerful 
nucleus of a Sierra Data-supported CP/M 
2.2* or 3.0* system, our master makes 
any system look good. With networking 
TurboDOS* and our new slave, the results 
are absolutely unbelievable. Check 
these features (M-master, S-slave): 

• Z80H (M & S) Z80A (M optional) 

• Dart, 2 serial ports (M & S) 

• PIO, 2 parallel ports (M & S) 

• CTC, 4 counter timers (M & S) 

• From 64 to 512K on-board RAM (M 8c S) 

• 8232 Math Processor (M 8c S) 

• 4K/8K/16K EPROM (M 8c S) 

• Meets IEEE-696/S-lOO Standards (M 8c S) 

• NEC 765 Floppy Disk Controller-controls 8 in. 
and SViin. floppy drives simultaneously (M) 

• Multiple Master Buss Arbitration (M) 

• DMA ControUer (M) 

• High-speed Winchester DMA port (M) 

• 4K static RAM 8/16 bit independent 
bus transfer circuit (S) 

• Either one or two users per slave 
under TurboDOS* (S) 



SBC-lOO and SBC-IOOS Boards 

The workhorses of the single-board 
computer industry. At 4MHZ these totally 
IEEE-696 compatible champs out-perform 
even the 6MHZ imitators. In standalone 
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dedicated Z80A processing with 64K 
RAM, 4K EPROM, 2 serial RS-232 channels, 
2 parallel channels, 4 counter timers 
and a host of floppy and hard disk 
interfacing options. Teamed up with 
Sierra-supported CP/M 2.2* or networking 
TurboDOS* you get the most computer 
power and upgradability for the money 



Out-perform your competition with a 
company that stays a 
step ahead. Ask 



for our free 
"Performance 
Building Kit" 
today. 

216-892-1800 



\ 



HARDWARE 
SOFTWARE 





SIERRA DATA SCIENCES 

Fresno, CA 

Product Support Division • 25700 First Street • Westlake, OH 44145 

(216) 892-1800 • TELEX: 980131 WDMR 



Circle 400 on inquiry card. 



"TuiboDOS is a Registered Trademark of Software 2000 Inc 
•CPM is a Registered Trademark ot Digital Research 



(5a) 



vcc 

_J 

n 








L 

n — 




J 

n 


— *-( 



(5b) 



i r 



v C c 

j 



£ 



L " 



1 r 



(5c) 



vcc 



(5d) 




vcc 

J 



vcc 

L 



L^y 



f 



Figure 5: A comparison of typical logic gates in NMOS and CMOS form. Figure 5a is an 
NMOS NOR gate, while figure 5b is a CMOS version; figure 5c is an NMOS NAND gate, 
and figure 5d is a CMOS version. 



give absolute protection against latch 
up is not only tremendously expen- 
sive in silicon area, but it is also vir- 
tually impossible. CMOS designers 
sacrifice area to ensure there is 
enough margin in their design to pro- 
tect it from latch up in normal oper- 
ating-system environments. 

Logic-Gate Structures 

Gate densities are also reduced in 
CMOS because standard CMOS 
logic gates are built from more tran- 
sistors than their NMOS equivalents. 
Standard CMOS logic-gate design 
has a 1:1 ratio of n-channel transistors 
to p-channel transistors. For example, 
the two input gates shown in figure 
5 take four transistors in CMOS and 
only three in NMOS. The relative 
density decreases as the number of 
inputs increases. For example, three- 
input gates require six transistors in 
CMOS and only four in NMOS; 
four-input gates require eight tran- 
sistors in CMOS and only five in 



NMOS, etc. As a matter of fact, it is 
rare to have a standard CMOS gate 
with more than three inputs because 
the self-loading and the transistor 
stack make the structure inefficient in 
both speed and area. On the other 
hand, it is not unusual in NMOS to 
have gates with as many as eight 
inputs. 

Static Design Techniques 

A final reason for the lower CMOS 
gate densities is the use of static logic 
(modern VLSI NMOS microcom- 
puter designs rely heavily on 
dynamic circuitry). Dynamic circuitry 
essentially uses a small capacitor as 
a latch to store logic values. This tech- 
nique saves both area (by reducing 
the number of transistors in a gate) 
and power (by reducing the number 
of gates in structures like latches, flip- 
flops, shift registers, etc.). Employing 
dynamic design can reduce an 
NMOS latch's area by 30 percent and 
its power consumption by 50 percent. 



However, the problem with dynamic 
circuitry is that the capacitor used to 
store the logic value is leaky and will, 
over time, discharge and lose its data. 
This is the same problem faced by 
dynamic memory designers. The 
solution is to periodically refresh the 
capacitor, which forces a minimum 
operating frequency to be adhered to. 

CMOS can also use dynamic cir- 
cuitry, especially to increase the ratio 
of n-channel transistors to p-channel 
transistors. Because static CMOS de- 
signs have a 1:1 ratio of n-channel to 
p-channel transistors, being able to 
increase this ratio will have the effect 
of giving CMOS a higher gate densi- 
ty (but the minimum operating-fre- 
quency characteristic of dynamic cir- 
cuitry often conflicts with the CMOS 
potential of absolutely minimizing 
power). Therefore, while true static 
CMOS design does give the lowest 
possible power consumption (by al- 
lowing the device to operate at fre- 
quencies all the way to DC), dynamic 
CMOS designs, being more dense 
and resulting in smaller die sizes, 
tend to be more cost-effective. Thus, 
two trends are developing in the use 
of CMOS for VLSI microcomputer 
design. 

Designers of the next generation of 
16- and 32-bit microprocessors are 
choosing CMOS. Here, the goal is 
not to operate at the lowest possible 
power level but rather to keep the 
operating power under a maximum 
level for cooler junction tempera- 
tures, higher performance levels, and 
the ability to use standard low-cost 
packages. In these designs, extensive 
use is made of dynamic logic. The 
ratio of n-channel transistors to p- 
channel transistors is often as high as 
3:1. 

Designers of 4- and 8-bit single- 
chip microcomputers are choosing 
CMOS to accommodate a host of 
new portable, hand-held, and ultra- 
low-power applications. Here, the 
goal is to minimize the operating 
power levels consistent with the per- 
formance required by the application. 
In the simpler microcomputers, true 
CMOS static logic is used— their 
simpler structure still allows a 
relatively small die size, while the 
low-performance applications they 



106 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



are appropriate for allow low operat- 
ing frequencies. On the other hand, 
the more complex, higher-perfor- 
mance, single-chip VLSI components 
still make maximum use of static logic 
but are forced into dynamic logic for 
large arrays to keep the die cost 
down. 

Future CMOS 

CMOS will be the technology of 
choice for VLSI microcomputer de- 
signs. For one thing, with the advent 
of hundreds of thousands of tran- 
sistors on a die, CMOS is the only 
technology that offers a cost-effective 
solution to the power-density prob- 
lem. 

A second and more subtle future 
issue is reduced supply voltage. As 
MOS transistors continue to be 
scaled to smaller dimensions to eke 
out further performance and densi- 
ty advances, the standard 5-V supply 
voltage must be reduced, if only for 
internal circuitry, to limit substrate 
current and hot-electron effects. 
CMOS is better suited for lower sup- 



ply-voltage operation because its 
switch point is a fixed percentage of 
the supply voltage. Also, due to its 
"ratio-less" structures, CMOS enjoys 
better noise tolerance than NMOS, 
another important factor at lower 
supply voltages. 

Finally, CMOS has made and will 
continue to make major strides in its 
relative cost disadvantage to NMOS. 
Where CMOS formerly sold at as 
much as a fourfold premium, today 
it is selling at somewhat less than 
twice the price of comparable NMOS 
devices. With its continued use of 
standard, low-cost packaging tech- 
nology as well as the more creative 
use of dynamic circuitry and hybrid 
static/dynamic designs, CMOS will 
rapidly approach the cost of NMOS. 
As a matter of fact, several major 
semiconductor manufacturers have 
stated that CMOS/NMOS price pari- 
ty will occur this decade, and some 
manufacturers say it will happen as 
early as 1985. When CMOS and 
NMOS cost the same, why would 
anyone buy NMOS?H 



A CMOS Single-Chip Computer: 
Intel's 80C51 



by Martin B. Pawloski 



Intel's 80C51 is an interesting exam- 
ple of how the static logic versus 
dynamic logic trade-off was made in 
an actual product design. The 8051 is 
an 8-bit, single-chip microcomputer 
with 4K bytes of ROM, 128 bytes of 
RAM, two 16-bit counter/timers, 
multilevel interrupt control, 32 I/O 
pins, full-duplex UART (universal 
asynchronous receiver/transmitter), 
and on-chip oscillator and clock cir- 
cuits. A die with the sections iden- 
tified by functions is shown in photo 
1 on page 94. 

The CMOS version of the 8051, 
called the 80C51, is targeted at a num- 
ber of applications that require both 
high performance and low power 
consumption. In areas like telephony, 
automotive control, industrial con- 
trol, and portable instrumentation, 
the 80C51 operates at or near its max- 
imum speed, even if only for short 
intervals. (For example, most real- 



time applications need an external- 
interrupt response time of less than 
100 microseconds (/xs); more de- 
manding applications require better 
than 10-/zs response. While the re- 
sponse must be quick, and the inter- 
rupt routine executed quickly; the 
processor spends a significant por- 
tion of its time idle.) 

Once the performance require- 
ments of the application are known, 
it is possible to specify a minimum 
operating frequency. For the 80C51, 
a hybrid static/dynamic design was 
proposed that allows a minimum die 
size and includes various modes of 
operation to minimize power con- 
sumption. 

First, the only areas of the design 
that were made dynamic were the 
(very large) ROM and Control arrays. 
These arrays contain almost 50,000 
transistors and constitute a major 
portion of the die. By making them 

Circle 316 on inquiry card. > 




Get the 

total 

picture. 



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Microsoft is a registered trademark. 
i MS. XENIX and the Microsotl logo are 
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Normal 








V cc Supply 


Operating- 


Operating 




Power Down 




Voltage 


Frequency 


Mode 


Idle Mode 


Mode 


Product 


Technology Range 


Range 


(Ice Max) 


(l cc Max) 


(Ice Max) 






12 MHz Max 


24 mA 


3 mA 


50 pA 


80C51 


CMOS 4-6 V 














1.2 MHz Min 


2.4 mA 


0.3 mA 


50 ^A 


8051 


HMOS 4.5-5.5 V 


12 MHz Max 


150 mA 


— 


20 mA 






1.2 MHz Min 


130 mA 





20 mA 


Table 1: A comparison of the CMOS and NMOS versions of 


the 8051. 





dynamic, an area savings on the 
order of 40 to 50 percent was accom- 
plished. 

Second, the processor, all the pe- 
ripheral functions, the RAM, and the 
I/O ports were made static. This al- 
lowed two modes of operation other 
than normal operating mode: Idle 
mode and Power Down mode. 

Because in many applications the 
processor does nothing more than 
wait for an event to happen, in the 
Idle mode the major clocks of the de- 
vice are stopped and only smaller an- 
cillary clocks operate to drive the 
peripheral counter/timers, external- 
interrupt control, and the serial chan- 
nel. When one of the peripherals 
generates an interrupt, the processor 
clocks are restarted and instruction 
execution resumes in the interrupt- 
service routine. The Idle mode 
reduces power consumption by 
almost an order of magnitude. 

In Power Down mode, all the clocks 
inside the device are shut off and 
only the internal 128 bytes of RAM 
are "kept alive." The only current 
consumed is a minute amount due to 



pn-junction leakage. Static logic was 
designed in the peripheral sections in 
order to support this mode because 
no clocks are available to refresh 
dynamic logic. In both the Idle and 
Power Down modes, special provi- 
sions are made for the dynamic cir- 
cuits in the ROM and Control areas 
to enter a pseudostatic condition that 
prevents any extraneous power con- 
sumption due to voltage drift on ca- 
pacitive storage nodes. 

Table 1 compares the NMOS 8051 
to the CMOS 80C51. The 80C51, de- 
signed in Intel's HMOS-derived n- 
well process called CHMOS, is less 
than 10 percent larger than the 
NMOS design and consumes only 15 
percent of the normal operating 
power. More significant power sav- 
ings are possible by operating the 
80C51 at lower frequencies or by 
using the Idle mode. 

Martin B. Pawloski (5000 West Williams Field 
Rd., Chandler, AZ 85224) is involved in the prod- 
uct planning, definition, and implementation of both 
NMOS and CMOS single-chip microcomputers at 
Intel Corp. 



Z80 in CMOS Clothing: 
National Semiconductor's NSC800 



by Tony Moroyan 



A CMOS processor particularly 
suited to portable-computer applica- 
tions, National Semiconductor's 
NSC800 incorporates features typical 
of state-of-the-art NMOS devices 
with low-powered, high-density, sur- 
face-mounted packages (with both 
leaded and leadless chip carriers). 

Internally the NCS800 has the 
same instruction set and complement 
of registers as Zilog's popular NMOS 



processor, the Z80. Externally, the 
NSC800 features a multiplexed data 
and address bus like that of Intel's 
8085 processor. It dissipates only 5 
percent of the power that NMOS 
devices in its performance class do, 
and yet it is capable of operating at 
speeds up to 4 MHz. 

The chip is fabricated using Na- 
tional's P 2 CMOS process, a silicon- 
gate technology that achieves high 

Circle 317 on inquiry card. > 



Read the 
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(312) 228-5900 

NEC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan 




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Circle 15 on inquiry card. 



density by employing one level of 
metal for interconnection and two 
levels of polysilicon. (Future products 
will incorporate two levels of metal 
for further density improvements.) 

A major feature suiting the 
NSC800 to modern computer appli- 
cations is its compatibility with the 
wealth of available Z80-based soft- 
ware. Indeed, Z80-based develop- 
ment software, operating systems 
(such as CP/M), high-level languages, 
and applications programs will run 
without modification, and with no 
speed penalty, on an NSC800 sys- 
tem. This compatibility is a tremen- 
dous advantage for the small-systems 
builder. 

With the Z80 architecture, the pro- 
grammer has 158 instructions with 10 
addressing modes, 22 programmable 
registers, 256 directly addressable I/O 
locations, and a 64K-byte memory- 
address space. In addition, the multi- 
plexed bus frees some of the IC's 40 
pins for use in implementation of ex- 
tra functions not found on the Z80. 
These include: 

•three additional interrupt lines for 
faster interrupt-response times 
•two special status lines for decoding 
processor states 
•an onboard clock generator 
•a power-save feature for further re- 
ducing power consumption 

The Multiplexed Bus 

The NSC800's multiplexed bus 
uses 16 lines to transfer 16 address 
bits and 8 data bits. The upper 8 bits 
of the address bus are present on 
lines A8 through A15; lines ADO 
through AD7 carry the 8 data bits and 
the lower 8 address bits, at different 
times. Systems can use the multi- 
plexed bus, or the buses can be sepa- 
rated into a 16-bit address bus and an 
8-bit data bus. All NSC800 family 
components (including the NSC810 
RAM-I/O-Timer, the NSC830 ROM- 
I/O chip, and the NSC858 UART) 
have a multiplexed-bus structure and 
thus can interface directly with the 
NSC800. The ALE (address latch 
enable) control strobe of the pro- 
cessor controls bus demultiplex 
timing. 



The multiplexed bus requires one- 
third fewer bus lines to interconnect 
devices, resulting in reduced circuit- 
board complexity. (8085-type periph- 
erals and many memory devices sup- 
port this type of multiplexed bus.) 



Interrupts 

Three of the IC's freed pins have 
been used to provide more interrupts 
than the Z80 offers. The standard 
NMI (nonmaskable interrupt) and 
INT (multimode interrupt) are com- 
patible with the Z80 and 8080. 

The NMI is used as the highest- 
priority interrupt line and is useful 
during, for example, power failure 
conditions, for which the processor 
must be alerted for graceful power- 
down operations. NMI is an edge- 
sensitive input line and causes a 
direct restart to memory location 0066 
hexadecimal. 

The INT input has three modes: 0, 
1, and 2. Mode corresponds to the 
8080 method of interrupt handling. 
An interrupting peripheral places a 
restart instruction on the data bus, 
and the processor then executes the 
instruction, usually a call to a sub- 
routine. Mode 1 provides transfer to 
an automatic restart location (0038 
hexadecimal). Thus, in small systems 
the peripheral need not strobe the re- 
start instruction onto the data bus. 
With mode 2 interrupts, the pro- 
cessor reads a vector from the inter- 
rupting device; that vector is used 
with the contents of the I register to 
create a pointer to the address of a 
table entry that contains the inter- 
rupt-handler-routine address. This 
interrupt is maskable on or off and 
is controlled by system-interrupt- 
enable flip-flops inside the NSC800. 
These can be set by software, as they 
are in the Z80. 

The remaining three interrupt 
lines, RSTA, RSTB, and RSTC, pro- 
vide three different but fixed restart 
addresses. These lines are similar to 
the 8085 interrupts and are also 
maskable under program control. 

Power Modes 

In many applications, power con- 
sumption is so critical that it is help- 

Circle 318 on inquiry card. > 




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(312) 228-5900 

Nippon Electric Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan 



ful to put the NSC800 into a standby 
mode whenever possible. A single 
power-save input pin suspends pro- 
cessor operation and reduces power 
consumption by 50 percent. The 
NSC800 can be held in the power- 
save mode indefinitely: internal 
register contents are saved during 
this time, and the processor can re- 
sume operation without interruption. 
This feature does not stop clock 
operation, however, so some power 
is still consumed. With additional cir- 
cuitry, even the clock can be sus- 
pended for maximum power reduc- 



tion. The new 6-MHz NSC800 (avail- 
able in the first half of 1984) will have 
this feature built in for ultralow 
power dissipation. 

The power-save line can also be 
controlled by a switch to create a 
single-step function. When the 
switch moves to the normally open 
(NO) position, the processor executes 
one instruction, suspends operation, 
and waits for the switch to return to 
its normally closed (NC) position. 

Another NSC800 extra pin freed up 
by the multiplexed-bus structure per- 
mits an on-chip clock generator, 



which reduces system component 
count and cost. In place of an exter- 
nal clock-generator chip, the NSC800 
requires only a crystal or RC-oscillator 
circuit to produce the system clock. 
A final difference from the Z80 is 
that the NSC800 has an extra bit in 
the refresh register used to automat- 
ically refresh 64K-bit dynamic RAM 
chips without any extra logic. 

Tony Moroyan is marketing manager for the 
NSC800 family in the Microprocessor Group at Na- 
tional Semiconductor Corp. (2900 Semiconductor 
Dr., Mail Stop D3667, Santa Clara, CA 95051). 



A Look at CMOS Dynamic Memory 

by Joe Altnether 



The fast-growing portable-com- 
puter market is placing severe de- 
mands on semiconductor memory. 
For optimum system performance, 
these components must limit their 
power dissipation to suit battery 
operation and backup, and they must 
achieve the high data bandwidths 
and increased speeds needed for fast 
processing and high-resolution 
graphics. As the market reaches a 
projected $4.8 billion level by 1987 (a 
tenfold increase over 1982 levels), 
these requirements will combine to 
fuel the use of high-performance 
CMOS dynamic RAMs. 

One architecture that can increase 
the speed of a CMOS dynamic RAM 
incorporates static-column address 
decoders: static circuits perform the 
selection of the column address of 
the RAM. Previously, this architec- 
ture has not been used with dynamic 
RAMs because of the increased 
power consumption of the static cir- 
cuits over that of the dynamic cir- 
cuits, and the advantage of low 
power consumption would have 
been lost. But with CMOS, the in- 
creased power consumption is neg- 
ligible. 

Memory-device Architecture 

RAMs are organized internally as 
rows and columns of storage cells. 
Data access occurs at the intersection 
of a row address and a column ad- 
dress. In dynamic RAMs, the row 



and column addresses are multi- 
plexed to reduce package size and pin 
count: the row addresses are clocked 
into the device with the RAS (row ad- 
dress strobe) signal, causing one row 
of data (1 bit from each of the 256 col- 
umns in a 64K-bit dynamic RAM) to 
be fed into the 256 internal sense 
amplifiers. (Because of the low inter- 
nal signal levels, each column must 
have an associated sense amplifier to 
sense and restore memory-cell data.) 
Next, column addresses are pre- 
sented to the device and clocked into 
it with the CAS (column address 
strobe) signal. These column ad- 
dresses are then decoded to select 
one of the 256 bits. Faster access and 
cycle times are obtained within a row 
(or "page") after the first access to it 
because the 256 bits within the row 
continue to reside in the sense ampli- 
fiers and need not be refetched. Re- 
applying only column addresses, 
then, in what is known as Page Mode 
operation, provides fast serial ac- 
cesses and can increase cycle times by 
a factor of 2. 

The CMOS dynamic RAM can in- 
corporate static-column circuits to 
provide performance equivalent to 
that of high-speed static RAMs. With 
CMOS, the static-decoding circuits 
reduce the internal number of clocks 
by a factor of 3, eliminating the need 
to allow for setup and hold times of 
signals with respect to clocks and the 
need to compensate for timing skews 



due to process variances. With static- 
column circuits, precharge times are 
drastically reduced (in Page Mode 
operation of the Static-Column-mode 
device, precharge time is reduced 
from 30 nanoseconds [ns] to 5 ns). 
This precharge time reduction and 
the faster access times typically in- 
crease the memory's bandwidth to 20 
MHz. (Performance of memory dis- 
cussed here is based on the experi- 
mental 64K-bit CMOS dynamic RAM 
that Intel presented at the ISSCC 
conference in February 1983.) 

With static-column architecture, 
two different types of Page Mode 
operation are possible: Static Column 
mode and Ripplemode. Static Col- 
umn mode uses the RAS line and 
row addresses in the conventional 
manner, but once the row has been 
selected, data can be accessed mere- 
ly by changing column addresses. As 
with a static RAM, column addresses 
must remain stable and valid for the 
entire address access cycle. Access 
time is measured from column ad- 
dresses rather than the occurrence of 
CAS. (Typically, access from column 
addresses is 30 ns; from CAS, it is 10 
ns.) 

In operation, CAS is used to place 
the output in a high-impedance state 
or to activate an output buffer. CAS 
can be held active during the entire 
page cycle. In fact, it is possible to 
keep CAS permanently active (i.e., 
grounded). During a write cycle, 



112 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 252 on inquiry card. 



KEY TRONIC 

PERFECTS THE 

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Familiar Key 
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RETURN Key in Familiar 
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Convenient 
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Enhance your IBM* Personal Computer System with a Key Tronic keyboard peripheral. 

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AUTHORIZED DISTRIBUTORS: 



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DIGITAL ENTRY SYSTEMS. INC 
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CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research. IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines. 
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Osborne is a trademark of Osborne Computers. DEC Rainbow is a trademark of DEC. Kaypro is a trademark of Kaypro. 



however, addresses as well as data 
are latched by CAS or WE, whichever 
occurs last. Operation is identical to 
that of an NMOS dynamic RAM in 
this case. This action ensures that the 
data is written into the proper mem- 
ory location. 

Although Static Column mode 
provides fast, easy accesses, speed at 
the system level is limited by how fast 
addresses for the next cycle become 
valid; the time to generate and stabi- 
lize the addresses must be added to 
the cycle time. Increased system 
speed can be obtained by using Rip- 
plemode. With this mode, static- 
column circuits are again used to ob- 
tain access from valid column ad- 
dresses, but the addresses are latched 
on the falling edge of CAS, removing 
the requirement for addresses to re- 
main valid throughout the entire cy- 
cle. As a result, during the current cy- 
cle addresses for the next cycle can 
be set up or pipelined. 

Column addresses enter the RAM 
through the internal address latch. 
This latch, controlled by CAS, pro- 
vides flow-through operation. When 
CAS is inactive, the latch is open, and 
addresses pass through continuous- 
ly to the static-column decoders. Any 
change in address is transmitted im- 
mediately to the decoder. Conse- 
quently, access to the RAM is again 
measured from valid column ad- 
dresses. The latch captures the cur- 
rent address on the fall of CAS, per- 
mitting the system address to change 
while the access occurs. CAS also 
serves as an output enable on the 
data output. Static Column mode 
and Ripplemode both permit con- 
tinuous data streams up to 20 MHz. 

CMOS technology and static- 
column architecture provide more 
than low power consumption and 
high bandwidth. In addition, static- 
column decoding simplifies system 
design by eliminating critical timing 
relationships while providing higher 
system speed. Access from column 
addresses gives usable speed for 
single random accesses within the 
RAM. Also, the CMOS technology 
enhances reliability by incorporating 
a mechanism to significantly reduce 
soft errors. Finally, increased stored 
charge creates larger internal signal 



114 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 314 on Inquiry card. 



* 



AOy AH 



BINDER 



REFINED LUBRICANT 



• 



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\A/K^.+ ^1 



You can wait for industry standards 

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Computer Products Division, Maxell Corporation of America, 60 Oxford Drive, Moonachie, N.J. 07074 201-440-8020 

Circle 278 on inquiry card. 



levels, which can more easily be dif- 
ferentiated from noise. As a result, 
the CMOS dynamic RAM has wider 
operating margins and system reli- 
ability is improved. 

Power Consumption 

At the system level, dynamic mem- 
ory has three components of power: 
active, standby, and refresh. The 
system's power consumption is de- 
fined as 

P=V{M1 A +KI S +NI R ) 



where P = system power, V = volt- 
age (5.5 V worst case), I A = active cur- 
rent, I A = standby current, I R = 
refresh current, M = number of ac- 
tive devices, K = number of devices 
in standby, and N = total number of 
devices. 

CMOS reduces the first term, the 
active current, relative to NMOS by 
a factor of 2. In addition, the lower 
active current reduces supply voltage 
transients, thus simplifying 
printed-circuit-board design and 
reducing decoupling-capacitor 



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GANGPRO-8'" allows user to program up to 8 EE/ 
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QUV-T8™ series XJV EPROM ERASERS 

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requirements. 

The second term, standby current, 
is also reduced by a factor of 2 at TTL 
input levels. Driving the RAS signal 
to a CMOS level (V DD -0.5 V) places 
the device in a low-power-standby 
mode and typically draws 10 micro- 
amperes (/iA)— a factor of 50 reduc- 
tion over NMOS! 

Refresh current, the third term in 
the equation, is cycle-time depen- 
dent. Current increases with the fre- 
quency of refresh. In dynamic RAMs, 
data is stored on a capacitor that must 
be replenished or recharged every 2 
or 4 milliseconds (ms). This refresh 
time is a function of the stored charge 
and the leakage current. With the 
CMOS dynamic RAM, the cell stor- 
age capacitance is 0.125 picofarad (pF) 
compared to 0.040 pF to 0.085 pF in 
an NMOS dynamic RAM. This low 
capacitance, coupled with lower leak- 
age currents, permits the CMOS re- 
fresh period to be extended to 64 ms 
in standby. 

At the standard 128 refresh cycles/2 
ms (equivalent to a 15.625-/is refresh 
period), the NMOS device draws 
about 4.8 milliamperes (mA) and 
asymptotically approaches the stand- 
by current of 4 mA as the refresh 
period approaches infinity. Even 
eliminating refresh entirely only re- 
duces the current to 4 mA, which is 
only a 16 percent improvement. As a 
result, extending NMOS refresh does 
not significantly reduce the system's 
power consumption. 

Contrast this characteristic to the 
improvement CMOS offers. At 15.625 
US, the CMOS dynamic RAM draws 
approximately 10 percent of the 
NMOS current, or 0.42 mA at TTL 
levels. Extending the refresh period 
reduces the current asymptotically to 
the standby current of 0.05 mA. At a 
64-ms refresh period, the current is 
reduced to 0.15 mA, a 300 percent re- 
duction. When battery powered, the 
CMOS system has a 10 times longer 
life than does the NMOS system, and 
an extended refresh mode offers 
another fivefold improvement. A 
256K-byte CMOS memory can retain 
data for nearly one week on only AA 
nickel-cadmium (nicad) cells— more 
than sufficient for most portable 
systems. 



116 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 261 on Inquiry card. 




a 



Your Portfolio, Sir." 



DOW JONES INVESTMENT E VALUATOR™- 

the computer software that serves your personal 
investment needs at home, accurately and 
efficiently. 

A Personalized System 

With the INVESTMENT EVALUATOR, your 
home computer and a telephone modem, you 
have a personalized system for managing your 
portfolio. A system that automatically updates 
and tracks only those stocks you want to follow — 
allowing you to evaluate your position at a glance. 

Easy Access to News /Retrieval® 

This software automatically dials and connects 
you with Dow Jones News/Retrieval®, the 
world's leading supplier of computerized infor- 
mation on demand. It allows you and your family 
access to current quotes, financial and business 
news, general news, movie reviews, sports, 
weather and even the Academic American 
Encyclopedia. 



The Right Amount of Software 
for the Job 

The INVESTMENT EVALUATOR gives you 
the capabilities you need without making you 
pay for a lot of complex functions you may 
never use. Menu screens lead you to what you 
want with one-touch commands. The program 
is completely reliable, comes with an easy-to- 
follow manual and is fully supported by the 
Dow Jones Customer Service hotline. 

From Dow Jones, Publishers of 
The Wall Street Journal 

Dow Jones has been 
serving the business and 
financial communities for 
over 100 years. Now 
Dow Jones Software™ 
serves you at home. 



For a free brochure call: 
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call l-2ir>-7X9-7008 cxt. 2ti2) 




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Dow Jones Investment Evaluator ™ 

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Available for IBM PC and 
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witb Apple, Atari, Commodore 
to follow. 



Copyright © 1983 Dow Jones & Co., Inc. All rights reserved. 



Circle 155 on inquiry card. 



BYTE September 1983 117 



High-Speed 
Applications 

Ripplemode and Static Column 
mode are ideal for applications in- 
volving high-speed buffers, telecom- 
munications, and graphics. Bit- 
mapped graphics systems would 
seem to be a natural fit with Page 
Mode operation. However, this was 
not always the case. Prior to the In- 
tel 2164A 64K by 1-bit NMOS 
dynamic RAM, it was difficult to re- 
trieve all 256 bits within a single row 
of memory because of the RAS-low 
time limitation of 10 /xs. Even with a 
Page Mode cycle time of 125 ns, to 
retrieve all 256 bits would require 32 
lis— three times longer than allowed. 
The 2164A extended the RAS-low 
time to 75 /xs, permitting the extrac- 
tion of all 256 bits during a single 
Page Mode cycle. 

At the end of the cycle, the device 
cannot be reaccessed again until after 
a certain off-time allows internal 
nodes to be precharged to be ready 
for the next cycle. As a result, the 
2164A can stream data at greater than 



a 7-MHz rate continuously. This func- 
tion matches the timing and opera- 
tion of low-performance, bit-mapped 
graphics memories. One 2164A, for 
example, can map all the data for the 
256 by 256 matrix of a graphics dis- 
play During the horizontal scan time, 
the RAM performs a Page Mode cy- 
cle and one full line is displayed. 
During retrace time, the memory 
must be refreshed and can be up- 
dated with new data if required. This 
type of update is relatively slow; con- 
sequently, it limits the speed of 
animation on the screen because the 
processor has access to the memory 
only 25 percent of the time. 

To increase resolution, more lines, 
each with more pixels, must be used. 
By performing two sequential Page 
Mode cycles from two different 
RAMs, pixel densities to 512 bits per 
line can be achieved. As pixel densi- 
ty increases, the memory cycle time 
must decrease to paint more pixels on 
a line in the same amount of time. 
This cycle-time limitation plus the 
fact that memory can be updated 



only during blanking has precluded 
dynamic RAMs from use in 
higher-resolution graphics displays. 
These systems are usually built with 
high-speed, expensive static RAMs. 
With Ripplemode, memory update 
during screen display time, also 
known as cycle stealing, is possible. 
As an example, a 512 by 384 display 
requires 512 bits/line and 1 bit every 
67 ns. Data is read from four memory 
devices in a series of eight Ripple- 
mode reads each. Data is temporari- 
ly stored in a video-output register 
file and then shifted to the video 
screen at a rate slower than the Rip- 
plemode reads. Following this, 
enough time is available to perform 
an update cycle before the next eight 
Ripplemode reads are performed to 
continue screen refresh. Eight was 
the number chosen to minimize the 
time the processor must wait to up- 
date the memory. In addition to this 
cycle stealing, which updates during 
display time, memory updates are 
also performed during blanking. 
Along with this system, a similar sys- 




MegaPlus II & l/O-Plus II 
The Ultimate Expansion for IBM PC or XT 



The AST Research Mega Plus II™ has three func- 
tions standard: Parity checked and fully socketed 
memory up to 256k in 64k increments; clock/ 
calendar with battery back-up for automatic 
loading of time and date when the computer is 
turned on; and asynchronous communication 
port (RS232C serial) which can be used as 
COMI or COM2, [DTE fora printer, or DCE for 
a modem). Also included is SuperDrive™ "elec- 
tronic disk" software. This program builds "disk 
drives" in memory which access your programs 
at the speed of RAM. You get SuperSpooler™, 
print spooling software. It operates your printer 
while you continue to work with your computer. 
Options include a 100% IBM compatible 
parallel printer port (can be configured as LPTI . 
or LPT2), and a second RS232C asynchronous 
port fCOMl or COM2). Three MegaPak'" op- 
tions can plug onto your MegaPlus II "piggy- 
back" style to give you an additional 128k or 
256k of memory, or a game port. 



I/O-Plus II™, is the answer for those who 
don't need additional memory but would like 
all those other multi-function board features. 
The I/O-Plus II™ comes standard with a clip-on 
battery powered clock/calendar, an asynchro- 
nous communication port (RS232C serial), Su- 
perDnve"" electronic disk, and SuperSpooler'" 
print spooling software. 

Optional is a second asynchronous port 
|DTE. or DCE|, a parallel printer adapter, and 
the best game paddle adapter on the market. It 
is an IBM standard game port, but it can also 
use Apple compatible paddles and joysticks. 
Options are all socketed so they may be added 
later should the need arise. 

Both boards come with a one year factory 
warranty and the Qubie' satisfaction guaran- 
tee. If for any reason you are not satisfied with 
the performance of your board within thirty 
days of purchase, you may return it for a full 
refund, including the postage to return it. 



TO ORDER BY PHONE: 

In California [805) 482-9829 

Outside California TOLL FREE (800) 821-44 79 


^wSH 






i 


PRICES: 
I/O-Plus II™ with Clock/calendar, async. 
SuperDrive™ and SuperSpool"" - S129 
MegaPlus II™ with memory, clock, async, 
SuperDrive™ and SuperSpool™ - S289 

OPTIONS: 
64k upgrades, installed and tested S50 
Printer or 2nd async port S35 
Game Adapter [I/O-Plus II only) $35 
MegaPak™ with 256k of Memory S299 
with 128k of Memory S 1 99 
GamePak (MegaPlus II onlyl S50 
ConnectAII Cable Bracket SI9 
Cable to Parallel Printer S35 
Cable to Modem or Serial Printer S25 
Comprehensive Diagnostics Programs 510 
SUPERvVRITER by Sorcim SI 79 
SUPERCALC by Sorcim SI 59 
dBASE II by Ashton-Tate $419 

SHIPMENT: 
Normal shipment is day after receipt of 
order. We pay UPS surface charges. 2 day 
air service S5 extra. No extra for credit cards 
or COD. 



QUBIE DISTRIBUTING 

4809 Calle Alto, Camarillo, CA 93010 
Mon-Fri 8-5 pm 

Tempo House 

15 Falcon Road, London, Stf/11, UK, |01) 223-4569 



118 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 377 on inquiry card. 



jptermm 
versatili 




Completely Compatible with Universities, 
Libraries, Hospitals and Small Businesses. 



MACROTRON SYSTEMS CORP. offers the ultimate in total terminal versa- 
tility and adaptability in its new terminal, ET-2000. Now, universities, hos- 
pitals, libraries and businesses can up-date their present systems by 
adding the amazingly efficient and compatible ET-2000 terminal, or revolu- 
tionize their work procedures by beginning with ET-2000 terminals if they 
haven't installed any yet . . . 

ET-2000, our durable, low budget terminal has years of research and experi- 
ence to back it up. ET-2000's exclusive features enable it to surpass its 
competitors, like Televideo 920*, 925*, 950*, Hazeltine 1500", ADM-3A - , 
ADM-22", and Regent 25*. We invite you to make the comparison for your- 
self because it will reinforce our superiority in performance and price. Com- 
parison really does prove ET-2000's value. 

Our 12 inch diagonal non-glare CRT, 5 different methods for controlling text 
or data entry, Protect Mode where defined screen areas may be set to 
prevent data entries by the system operator, Smooth Scroll Feature that 



prevents display jitters also allows displayed text to be read as it is 
scrolled, a printer port that may be set for terminal page/date transmittal 
and a semi-graphics feature, all add up to make ET-2000 terminals versa- 
tile and dependable. 

You don't need a terminal — you need what a terminal does. ET-2000's 
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Write or call MACROTRON SYSTEMS CORP. for our product terminal 
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Dealer inquiries welcomed! 



UN 



MACROTRON 

Systems Corporation 

8147 Delmar Boulevard • St. Louis, MO 63130 • (314)721-3356 



Dist. West: IRT Assoc, Inc. 

200 Valley Drive #6 

Brisbane, CA 94005 

(415)468-2070 

Dist. South: Micro Component Co. 

2701-A Fondren, Suite 123 

Dallas, TX 75206 

(214)361-9074 

Circle 271 on inquiry card. 



ERG/68000 

MINI-SYSTEMS 

□ Full IEEE 696/S100 compatibility 

HARDWARE OPTIONS 

□ 8MHz, 10MHz or 12MHz 68000 
CPU 

D Memory Management 

D Multiple Port Intelligent I/O 

□ 64K or 128K STATIC RAM 
(70 nsec) 

D 256K/512K or 1MB Dynamic 
RAM, with full parity (150 nsec) 

□ 5 1 /i" - 8" D/D, D/S floppy disk 
drives 

D 5MB-40MB hard disk drives 
D Full DMA Disk Interface 

□ SMD Disk Interface 
D V*" tape streamer 

D 10 to 20 slot backplane 

D 20 or 30A amp power supply 

D Desk top or Rack mount 

cabinets 

SOFTWARE OPTIONS 

D 68KFORTH 1 systems language 
with MACRO assembler and 
META compiler, Multi-user, 
Multi-Tasking 

D Fast Floating Point package 

D Motorola's MACSBUG 

D IDRIS S Operating System with 
C, PASCAL, FORTRAN 77, 
68K-BASIC, CIS COBOL 4 , 
RDBMS 

D UNIX 2 Sys III C, etc. 

D CP/M-68K 3 O/S with C, 
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D VED68K 1 Screen Editor 

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OEM prices available 

For CPU, Integrated Card Sets 

or Systems. 



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Empirical Research Group, Inc. 

P.O. Box 1176 

Milton, WA 98354 

206-631-4855 



tem was built using 2164As with Ex- 
tended Page Mode operation. Each 
system used an iAPX 86 processor 
and similar software. A comparison 
of both systems showed the CHMOS 
(complementary high-speed metal- 
oxide semiconductor) system to have 
a 42 percent higher drawing speed. 
Animation on the CHMOS system 
was vastly improved. 

Usable Speed 

Memory design using dynamic 
RAMs has always been a challenge. 
Although multiplexing addresses 
does reduce the package pin count 
and increase system density, it limits 
the access and cycle times in the 
system. To access a dynamic RAM, 
low-order row addresses are pre- 
sented and latched into the dynamic 
RAM with RAS. Row addresses must 
be held for a period t RAH after the fall 
of RAS to guarantee proper opera- 
tion. Next, the addresses must be 
changed to high-order column ad- 
dresses and latched into the dynamic 
RAM with CAS, creating a timing 
window t RCD , which is the RAS-to- 
CAS delay. 

Within this window, the designer 
must guarantee row address hold 
time, change the addresses, and ac- 
count for any timing skew on the 
CAS signal. If column addresses are 
valid at the maximum specified t RCD , 
access time t RAC is measured from the 
high-to-low transition of RAS. 

The cycle time is the sum of the ac- 
cess time and the cycle precharge 
time t RP . The access time is a function 
of t RCD , which has contradictory re- 
quirements. It must be as long as 
possible to simplify system design 
and at the same time as short as 
possible to enhance system speed. 
Cycle time is affected directly by the 
length of t RP . 

Static-column operation eliminates 
the t RCD problem. After row addresses 
have been latched into the RAM, the 
second portion of the access begins 
from valid column addresses. In 
other words, column access does not 
wait for CAS to become valid, but 
operates in a fashion similar to that 
of a static RAM. This is due to the 
flow-through operation of the CAS 
latch. CAS serves only to latch the 



addresses and to provide an output 
enable. Access from valid column ad- 
dresses simplifies design by remov- 
ing the CAS signal from the critical 
timing path. 

Systems using dynamic RAMs are 
typically CAS access-limited because 
controllers generate timing signals in 
discrete clock increments. A CMOS 
dynamic RAM system might operate 
at 8 MHz without Wait states. Using 
any other 64K-bit dynamic RAM 
would require the injection of one or 
two Wait states, resulting in a corre- 
sponding performance penalty. Con- 
sequently, the advantage of higher 
processor speed is negated without 
the high-speed dynamic RAM. For 
systems incorporating either discrete 
or LSI controllers, the CMOS 
dynamic RAM simplifies the system 
design and offers higher system 
performance. 

High Reliability 

Soft errors are random, nonrecur- 
ring failures caused by ionizing radia- 
tion present within the environment. 
All matter contains small amounts of 
radioactive material. Alpha particles 
emitted by an IC's packaging material 
can penetrate the enclosed circuit. As 
they do so, they generate hole-elec- 
tron pairs. Any high-impedance 
node in the vicinity sensitive to 1 
million electrons may be affected, 
because the difference between a 1 
and a (known as the critical charge) 
is about 1 million electrons. Conse- 
quently, data in one cell could change 
from a 1 to a or vice versa. Correct 
data can be rewritten into the affected 
cell and the memory will again func- 
tion correctly, thus the term "soft 
error." 

When first discovered during tests 
of 16K-bit dynamic RAMs, soft errors 
occurred at a rate five times greater 
than catastrophic or hard-error fail- 
ures. While device designers worked 
to eliminate the alpha-particle sen- 
sitivity, systems designers added 
error-correcting circuits (ECC), which 
increased system reliability, but the 
systems were larger and more expen- 
sive due to the additional com- 
ponents required. Also, the system 
had to test and correct the data, slow- 
ing the system's performance. All this 



120 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 411 on inquiry card. 



In the flash of one second, 

Delta-10 can print 

the alphabet six times. 



At 160 cps, 100% duty cycle, Delta-10 is 
built for speed. It's the dot matrix printer that 
quickly strikes up an intense working relation- 
ship with your computer. 

There's no nonsense. Delta-10 performs 
with serial and parallel interfaces as standard. 
The 8K buffer gives Delta-10 the R R 

power to instantaneously store and 
print data as it frees your computer 
to continue its job. Turn Delta on 



mi c r on i c i • i n c 

THE POWER BEHIND THE PRINTED WORD. 

Computer Peripherals Division 
RO. Box 612186, Dallas/Ft. Worth Airport, TX 7 



and it can print three crisp copies simul- 
taneously at the continuous speed of 
160 cps. 

And Delta-10's performance isn't only meas- 
ured in swiftness. There's the diversity of its 
character fonts, its true descender matrix, 
and its underlining ability. 
~=^f Star's new Delta-10. Designed 
l^ for red-hot efficiency. And isn't 
that what you need? 




■& 




mi?* 



was due to soft errors. Obviously, 
what is really required is the elimina- 
tion of soft errors. 

CMOS technology offers such a 
solution. The CMOS dynamic RAM 
cell is built on an n-well in a p-sub- 
strate, creating a p-n junction or 
diode at the boundary. When alpha 
particles create hole-electron pairs in 
a CMOS device, something else oc- 
curs. First, the n-well is very shallow, 
and the majority of hole-electron 
pairs are created in the p-substrate. 
Holes cannot transfer across the 
reverse-biased p-n junction, which 



acts as a barrier to soft-error effects. 
Any electrons that do cross the junc- 
tion are gathered at the +5-V node 
away from the storage cell. The prob- 
ability that sufficient hole-electron 
pairs are created within the n-well 
that cell upset could occur is so low 
that the soft-error rate of CMOS 
dynamic RAMs is typically orders of 
magnitude below that of their NMOS 
counterparts. 

High storage capacitance also plays 
a role in the reduction of soft errors. 
The number of stored charged elec- 
trons representing a 1 or a is direct- 



10 reasons why you should call DataSource" 
for micro software and hardware... 



1. 

2. 

3. 
4. 

5. 



Software and Hardware for all Popular 
Microcomputers. We carry software in all 
popular formats and operating systems 
including PC- DOS, MS-DOS; CP/M-86 and 
CP/M- 80. Always the current versions in stock. 

Competitive Prices Our volume enables us 
to otter you prices which are consistently 
competitive. Compare for yourself, then call 
us toll-free 800-328-2260. 

Express Delivery Time is money and we at 
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hours for all products in stock. 

Discount Structures We otter significant 
discounts to any individual, organization or 
user's group purchasing in guantity. 

Key Account Program For corporations 
and institutions, we offer a comprehensive 
program: volume discounts, complete 
maintenance packages, specially staffed 
technical support, a sales team 
experienced in micro applications, and 
several financing options. 



6. 

7 

8. 

9. 
10. 



Risk-Free Software We stand behind 
every product we sell All items are fully 
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Toil-Free Technical Support We service 
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National Maintenance Network. We otter 
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institutions and government entities 



Here's a small sampling of products available now from DataSource: 
I you don't see what you need, just call us at the number below.) 



(«1 



Dala Bai« Management 

Data Design - insolt 

dBase H - AshtonTate 

Condor III - Condor 

Easy Filer - IUS 

Visiiile ■ Visicoip 

Tim III - Innovative Software 

Iniostar ■ Mlcropro 

PFS: File ■ Software Publishing 

PFS: Report • Software 

Publishing 
Quickcode ■ Fox & Geller 
DB Plus - HumansoM 
Knowledge Man - MDBS 
Versa Form - Applied 

Software Tech. 

Spr*adih««ti/Flnane* 

Supercalc • Sorcim 
Supercalc 2 - Sorcim 
Vlslcalc • Vlslcorp 
Multiplan - Microsoft 
Financial Planner - Ashton 

Tate 
Bottom Line Strategist - 

Ashton Tate 

Word Procaiilng 

Wordstar - Mlcropro 
Wotdstar/Mailmerge - 

Mlcropro 
Spellbinder - Leiisott 
The Final Word ■ Mark oi the 

Unicorn 
Easy Writer II - IUS 
Volkswriter - Llietree 
Superwrlter - Sorcim 
Multimate - Sofiword Systems 
Visrword - Visicorp 
Peachtext 5000 - Peachtree 
The Word Plus - Oasis 
Grammatilt - Aspen 
Punctuation 6c Style - Oasis 
Random House 

Thesaurus - Dictronics 



$179,00 
449.00 
495.00 
275.00 
189.00 
325.00 
297.00 
99 00 

95,00 
215.00 

99.00 
395,00 



125.00 
169.00 
189.00 
195.00 



229.00 
239.00 
125.00 
179.00 
359.00 
•CALL - 
285.00 
125.00 
60,00 
99.00 

115.00 



Graphics 

Chartman - Graphic Sottwar 
PFS: Graph - Software 

Publishing 
dGraph - Fox&Geller 
Visltrend/Plot - Visicoip 
Fast Graph ■ Innovative 

Software 
Graphwriter - Graphic 

Communication 

Languages/OS 

CP/M 86 - Digital Research 
Basic Compiler (IBM 

PC) ■ Microsoft 
Pascal MT - 86 {IBM PC) - 

Digital Res. 
Fortran (IBM PC) - Supersoft 

Communications 
Crosstalk - Microstui 
Smartcom II - Hayes 
PC/Intercom - Mark oi the 

Unicorn 
Emulink 3270 emulation - 

Micro Link 
Coax Link - Mlcrolink 

3278 emulation 



105,00 
215.00 
22500 



Miscellaneous 

The Home Accountant ■ • 

Continental 
Personal Investor - PBL 
Superiile - FY! 
Siatpak - NW Analytical 
Milestone 86 - Organic 

Software 

Easy Business Accounting 
Modules ■ IUS 
FCM ■ Continental 
Financier Personal 

Series - Financier 
TK! Solver - Software Arts 
ProKey - Rosesott 

Hardware 

Epson FX80 

Okidata92-A 

C. Hon F-lOSiarwrltei 

C ItohS510Prowriter 

NEC 3550 

Hayes 300 Smartmodem 

Hayes 1200 Smartmodem 

Hayes 12Q0B w/ Smartcom 

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VISA- 



ly proportional to the storage capac- 
itance. Higher capacitance equates 
to more stored charge, which in turn 
increases the critical charge. The 
critical charge is the number of par- 
ticles that differentiate a 1 from a 0. 
Increasing the critical charge beyond 
1 million electrons significantly 
reduces the susceptibility to soft er- 
rors. This, in addition to the n-well 
mechanism, reduces the soft-error 
rate to much less than 0.001 percent 
per 1000 hours. 

Studies were performed to com- 
pare reliability of systems with and 
without error correction for both 
NMOS and CMOS dynamic RAMs. 
The results show one surprise: at 
256K bytes and below, the CMOS 
system without ECC is more reliable 
than the NMOS system with ECC, 
because of the cycle-time depen- 
dence of soft errors. In small systems, 
the memory is accessed more fre- 
quently, and the probability of a soft 
error is increased. With a soft-error 
rate at the very minimum 100 times 
less than NMOS, the CMOS 
dynamic RAM does not experience 
this effect. 

Systems below 256K-byte capacities 
benefit by the elimination of ECC cir- 
cuits from a cost, performance, and 
simplicity-of-design standpoint. First, 
ECC increases the access time of the 
system by 50 ns to check and correct 
data. Assuming a 120-ns RAM ac- 
cess, ECC increases the access by 42 
percent. Moreover, the penalty on cy- 
cle time is even greater, especially 
when you are writing a single byte in- 
to a 2-byte word. In this instance, 
data must be accessed and corrected, 
the new byte merged into the word, 
and check bits generated. Finally, the 
system must write the new data into 
memory. Added to this are any sys- 
tem-timing skews. As a result, a 
200-ns cycle time stretches to a 335-ns 
system cycle time or an increase of 68 
percent. Therefore, using a CMOS 
dynamic RAM not only improves 
system reliability but enhances sys- 
tem speed and simplicity of design. ■ 



Joe Altnether is technical marketing manager at 
Intel Corp. (2111 N.E. 25th Ave., Hillsboro, OR 
97123). 



122 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 133 on inquiry card. 



Circle 395 on inquiry card. • 



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126 BYTE September 1983 



Circle 407 on inquiry card. 



The Challenge of Hard-Disk 

Portability 

How DMA Systems designed a removable hard-disk unit 
for the transportable generation 



by David A. Sutton 



In the Old West, Winchesters were 
designed to be portable. They could 
survive weeks in dusty scabbards 
and still function efficiently when the 
need arose. These days, portable 
Winchester disks operate under dif- 
ferent constraints to perform different 
tasks. 

This is an account of the portabili- 
ty issues encountered by one hard- 
disk-drive manufacturer, DMA Sys- 
tems, and of the design decisions its 
engineers reached. 

Why does a transportable com- 
puter need a hard-disk drive? Be- 
cause many of us need to transfer the 
power of our desktop computers to 
other locations, and we don't want to 
sacrifice software or hardware capa- 
bility in terms of speed and storage 
capacity. Ideally, the capabilities of a 
hard-disk unit should be available 
whether the system is transportable 
(requires AC power) or portable (re- 
quires battery power). 

A designer of a portable hard-disk 
system confronts a difficult task if 
reliability, speed, and capacity are to 
be preserved. The most difficult chal- 
lenge designers face is developing 
truly portable hard-disk drives for 
away-from-the-office data storage, 
program loading, and backup stor- 
age. 




Photo 1: The read/write head assembly 
developed for DMAs fixed /removable hard 
drives. 



Quasi-Winchester 

The challenge of combining both 
removability and portability in a 
single Winchester-type device means 
that designers must grapple with the 
fact that a removable-only cartridge 
drive (or the removable portion of a 
fixed/removable drive) is not a Win- 
chester in the classic sense. In 1973, 
IBM developed Winchester tech- 
nology and dropped the flying height 
of the head from 80 microinches to 
as low as 15 microinches above the 
disk. This low flying height dictated 
the characteristics we now consider 
typical of a Winchester— heads and 



disk in a sealed environment, heads 
that land on the disk prior to flying, 
lubricated media, and stringent air- 
filtration systems. These controls 
enable the head to fly lower and the 
drive to achieve Winchester flying 
heights. 

IBM's original 30-30 project (30 
megabytes fixed, 30 megabytes re- 
movable) presumed that the only 
way to guarantee a contamination- 
proof disk surface for the low-flying 
Winchester heads was to package 
heads and disks together in a sealed 
environment. The cost of a removable 
Winchester "pack," therefore, would 
have to include the cost of a complete 
set of heads and a head-carriage 
mechanism. It was an impractical ap- 
proach then and is even more 
impractical for microcomputers. 

In any situation in which a disk 
drive may be moved, it's equally im- 
practical to have the heads settle onto 
the disk area during power-down. 
Allowing the head to touch the 
media risks damage to both the data 
on the disk and the head itself. 

Hazards of Portability 

A portable hard-disk cartridge 
drive faces a triple set of hazards: to 
the cartridge, to the drive, and to the 
combined cartridge and drive 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 127 



(operating or not operating). Car- 
tridge and drive are both part of an 
electromechanical assembly that 
must deliver years of reliable service 
without requiring maintenance. It 
would certainly be asking too much 
of any user to seat the cartridge with 
anywhere near the level of care used 
in a factory clean room to align a 
sealed Winchester disk-and-head as- 
sembly. Instead, a drive designer 
must assume that both cartridge and 
drive, of either fixed or removable 
type, will be subject to every conceiv- 
able kind of abuse: 

• shock and vibration that can cause 
head or disk-surface damage or 
cause data to be lost because the 
balance between aerodynamic lift 
and head-loading force has been dis- 
turbed or because the heads have 
been thrown off track by spurious 
sideways movements 

• contamination (dust, cigarette 
smoke, moisture, or chemical fumes) 
that enters the cartridge or collects on 
the heads and actuator arm when the 
cartridge has been removed from the 
drive 

• strong electrical or magnetic fields 
that can make data and software un- 
readable 

•unsophisticated or unauthorized 
users who are convinced that their 
principal mission in life is to enforce 
Murphy's law personally 

Shrinking Size and Costs 

As if these challenges were not 
enough, cartridge-drive designers 
must face the fact that the require- 
ment for portability or transportabili- 
ty will only encourage the demand 
for smaller drives (or greater capaci- 
ty within the same drive envelope). 
A designer's task is to maintain reli- 
ability and performance. As disk size 
drops, data density steadily in- 
creases, making it all the more dif- 
ficult to maintain repeatability (the 
capability to read recorded data when 
a cartridge is inserted in a drive) and 
interchangeability (the capability to 
record data on one drive and read it 
when the cartridge is inserted into 
another similar device). 

In a cost-conscious market, little al- 
lowance is given to the difficulties a 



drive designer must overcome in this 
ongoing quest for miniaturization. 
Instead, the belief prevails that "If it's 
smaller, it should be cheaper." Main- 
taining reliability and enhancing per- 
formance means that a designer must 
rethink every aspect of the drive 
assembly and electronics: 

•the read/write heads 
•the disk media and motor 
•the head-positioning servo system 
•the data separator 

• the drive enclosure 

• the cartridge design 

In designing its Micro-Magnum 
fixed/removable and removable-only 
drives, DMA Systems attempted to 
address all of these needs. Charting 
unknown waters, DMA engineers ex- 
pected the worst (and have rarely 
been disappointed). 



As disk size drops, 

data density steadily 

increases, which makes 

it difficult to maintain 

repeatability and 

interchangeability. 



Contamination Control 

One concern of designers has been 
the control and removal of con- 
taminants that could cause severe 
head and media damage or destroy 
the integrity of recorded data. DMAs 
solution to this problem is the high- 
capacity, closed-loop, recirculating air 
system for a "double half-height" 
fixed/removable drive. 

A preliminary purge cycle removes 
all the contaminants that may have 
entered the drive when a cartridge is 
inserted. The impeller-drive system 
then continues to move all air in the 
drive through a recirculating filter at 
least once per second. The filter unit 
was designed to last for five years 
with no filter changes. 

Both the drive and the cartridge 
have self-sealing doors to keep con- 
taminants from entering their respec- 
tive compartments and to ensure a 
clean head-disk interface. Whenever 



the spindle motor is turned off, the 
head assembly is completely with- 
drawn into the drive and the door 
seals the head-port opening. The car- 
tridge also has a door to protect the 
head opening and a clamp that 
secures the hub against the cartridge 
to prevent foreign substances from 
entering the cartridge. 

Most of the contaminants that enter 
the system were already inside the 
cartridge when it was inserted into 
the drive. The purge cycle removes 
most of these and also raises the 
pressure in the cartridge so that any 
air leaks vent outward and no further 
contaminants may enter the car- 
tridge. Any loss due to leakage is 
made up by air pulled into the system 
through a breather filter. 

Head Design 

A consistent head-to-media rela- 
tionship is an absolute must for data 
integrity and device reliability. The 
head and disk must maintain their 
critical distance, yet head and disk 
surface must not physically touch. 
This premise is overlooked in the de- 
sign of most 5V4-inch Winchester disk 
drives— a fact that becomes critical 
when transporting the drive intro- 
duces the opportunity for violent 
head-to-disk contact. 

When the disk is in a cartridge 
that is being pushed in and out of 
several drives, or even in and out of 
the same drive on a daily basis, 
elimination of head-to-disk contact is 
essential. Therefore DMA developed 
the Cushion-Aire head assembly 
(photo 1) to allow a Winchester air 
bearing to be loaded dynamically 
onto a spinning cartridge disk. 
Because the head never starts or 
stops touching the disk, there is no 
head ringing on the disk, no 
head-landing on top of contaminants 
after purge cycles, no damage to 
heads during transit, and no acciden- 
tal jostling of the system during use. 

Though nickel-zinc-ferrite and 
manganese-zinc monolithic ferrite 
heads are commonplace on larger 
Winchester drives, both present 
drawbacks when incorporated into a 
5V4-inch design. At the data densities 
required, the signal output of nickel- 
zinc-ferrite heads is unacceptable, 



128 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



How to mate your Apple ran 

3V2 times faster. 




Just plug in the Accelerator n® 

and watch your Apple® II or II Plus take off. 

Imagine running VisiCalcf DB Masteif Applesoft, Apple Fortran or Pascal without long delays. 
With the Titan Accelerator II, your Apple II or II Plus runs these programs a true 3V2 times faster. The 
Accelerator II also runs your Franklin, Basis and other Apple II compatibles 3V2 times faster. This 
faster computer response time means less waiting for you and an increase in your productivity. 

This Titan exclusive has its own fast 6502 processor, 64K of high-speed memory and built-in 
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Find out how to run faster and increase your productivity without breathing hard. For informa- 
tion on the Accelerator II and other Titan microcomputer products, see your computer dealer or 
contact-. Titan Technologies, Inc., P.O. Box 8050, 3990 Varsity Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48107; Telephone 
(313)973-8422. 




M Titan 

— jH TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 

^MMMBMIHH^^ FORMERLYSATURNSYSTEMSOFMICHIGAN 

Attention dealers. Ask us about our special demonstrator unit offer. 

Sales and marketing by The MARKETING RESOURCE GROUP, Costa Mesa, CA. 

Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. VisiCalc is a registered trademark of VisiCorp, Inc. DB Master is a registered trademark of Stoneware, Inc. 

Circle 390 on inquiry card. BYTE September 1983 129 



and manganese-zinc heads are only 
marginally acceptable. Furthermore, 
monolithic heads have inherently 
less signal output due to their 
relatively long flux path. To remedy 
the signal strength problem— and to 
provide less parasitic inductance- 
DMA chose to develop a composite 
head employing a discrete manga- 
nese-zinc core, glass-bonded into a 
ceramic Winchester-type air-bearing 
enclosure. 

Embedded-Servo Head 
Positioning 

To overcome errors that might oc- 
cur in head tracking due to thermal 
expansion, cartridge interchange, 
friction in the cartridge, offset due to 
drive tilt, and disk runout, the DMA 
engineering staff employed another 
proven large-disk technique: embed- 
ded-servo head positioning. 

The embedded-servo technique 
eliminates any requirement for head 
alignment and is, in fact, a key to the 
successful use of hard-disk car- 
tridges. Servo codes embedded (i.e., 



recorded) on the disk guide the drive 
heads to the proper position by send- 
ing signals to the mechanism con- 
trolling the read/write head as the 
head passes over the disk. This tech- 
nique enables the drive to actually 
adjust the head position in the event 
of errors due to heat expansion or 
other factors. 

Embedded-servo positioning re- 
quires two steps. First, course posi- 
tioning allows the proper track to be 
located. Embedded-servo data is pre- 
recorded on the disk during the man- 
ufacturing process and is typically 
contained in the first 26 bytes of each 
sector on the disk. The servo code 
contains data for each track number 
on the disk. As the head crosses a 
track, it reads the servo data and a 
software routine calculates a demand 
velocity based on the difference bet- 
ween current track location and target 
track. Head speed is controlled, in ef- 
fect, by a linear-motor servo that 
receives continuous analog input 
from the drive's control electronics. 

In the second step, the fine-posi- 



tioning servomechanism locates the 
read/write head within a half-track 
distance of the desired location. Pre- 
recorded signal segments A and B 
define the fine-positioning servo 
bursts. The edges of signals A and B 
are recorded along the center of the 
tracks so that a head centered exact- 
ly on a track will read equal ampli- 
tudes from both segments (see figure 
1). If the head is off center, one ampli- 
tude will read higher, the other lower. 
The difference is detected and used 
as an error signal to drive a linear- 
motor positioner to seek and main- 
tain the proper track center-line 
position. 

Drive Electronics 

Shrinking the control electronics to 
the limited volume of a 5 % -inch drive 
was no small task. This mission was 
complicated by the circuitry for the 
embedded servo and voice-coil head 
positioner. 

We developed a dual micropro- 
cessor-controlled system to conserve 
space as well as to partition functions 





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21 2A 595 

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55 green 725 

300 948 

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15 525 

Epson FX-80 160 cps 560 

FX-100 CALL 

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84 Par 960 

92 500 

93 840 

MT 16DL 160 cps 620 

MT 1602 200 cps 1,393 

C.ITOH Prowriter I par 410 

8600 two colors 1,050 

Toshiba P1350 1,525 

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Dynax 15 1 3 cps (Brother) 520 

Brother HR-1 1 2 cps 785 

Silver Reed 699 

Transtar 1 30 727 



Diablo 620 985 

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NEC 7710, 7730 2,150 

3550 for IBM 1.850 

flume 11+ 40 cps 1 ,400 



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Zenith 

Amdek 

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ZVM-123 12" green 115 

ZVM-122 12" Amber 139 

ZVM-131 medium resolution . .305 

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color I 13" 340 

•color II RGB 699 

color IV 720x400 1,070 

300 green 149 

12" green 170 

1203 RGB 725 

color monitor 330 

Amber 149 



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Houston Instrument dmp -29 1,795 

DMP-40 795 

DMP-41 & DMP-42 CALL 

Hi pad Digitizer CALL 

Amdek XY plotter, 1 pen 665 

6 pens 1 ,095 

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w/digitizer for IBM 2,500 

Tandon Drive 1 00-2 260 



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3 8" dual M2894 drives subsystem pt 

o (assembled) 1,130 g 



Technical manual . 



.25 



hj Dual drives signal cable 50 

3 Slimline bare drive 8" 410O 

hrj (compatible w/Cromemco 64FDC) g 

o Dealers Welcome a 

Ej IDS Microprism printer $459 ra 

g Sanyo Color Monitor 680 

SI Hazeltine Espirt III 665 t£ 

COMPUTER CHANNEL COMPUTER CHAN 

Prices subject to change. American Express, Visa/Mastercard 
add 3%. F.O.B. point of shipment. 20% restocking fee for 
returned merchandise. Personal checks take 3 weeks to 
clear. COD on certified check only. N.Y. residents add sales 
tax. Manufacturers' warranty only. International customers, 
please confirm price before order. Accept P.O. from Fortune 
500, schools and gov't. 

Computer Channel TELEX: 

21-55 44th Road 429418 

Long Island City , NY 1 1 1 1 CSTNY 

For information CALL (212) 937-6363 
To order CALL 1-800-331-3343 



Circle 91 on inquiry card. 



BYTE September 1983 131 



Circle 294 on inquiry card. 



DISK DRIVES FOR 
IBM • CippkZ 'TRS-80JZ£SO*'/HEfiJW 

AND OTHER PERSONAL/MICROCOMPUTERS 




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1-8480' DUAL DRIVE. DOUBLE-SIDED, 2.4MB $1,495 
1-8481" SINGLE DRIVE, DOUBLE-SIDED, 1 2MB; 
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CAN BE ADDED LATER 995 

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5V4" FULL HEIGHT INTERNAL MOUNTING FLEXIBLE DISK 
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/p tr\ CONTROL DATA 
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CDC 9409 DO UBLE-SIDED. 48TPI, 320/360KB . 245 
landon 

TM100-2 DOUBLE-SIDED. 48TPI. 320KB 235 

TM101-4 DOUBLE-SIDED. 96TPI. 640KB 295 

5V4" Vl HEIGHT INTERNAL MOUNTING FLEXIBLE DISK 
DRIVES (INCLUDES STRAP KITS TO MOUNT IN FULL 
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TEAC FD 55-B 

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IBM PC DOS 2.0 35 

WINDRIVE ENABLES USE OF WINCHESTER 

SUBSYSTEMS FOR IBM PC DOS 2.0 35 

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J UTILITIES INCLUDES J FORMAT-2, WINDRIVE 

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DENSITY, WPN & HUB RING . . . (Box of 10) 
Special 29.95 

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SUBSYSTEM BY TAVA CORP. . . . 



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(714) 632-8512 

^^^ 305 S. State College Blvd. 
^55^ Suite 135 
I Anaheim, CA 92806 







EMBEDDED 














DATA 


















B 














TRACK 101 


A 




| USER 








TRACK 
DATA 


TRACK 100 




B 










TRACK 99 


A 










SECTOR 

INDEX 

AND 

TIMING 

FIELD 


COARSE 
POSITION 
TRACK 
NUMBER 








FINE 
POSITION 





Figure 1: This diagram shows how the servo data is embedded on the disk to facilitate precise 
positioning of the heads over the tracks. 



and simplify the hardware. One 
microprocessor is dedicated to I/O 
(input/output) status purposes in- 
cluding front-end function, safety 
checks, and fault algorithms. This 
microprocessor also preformats all 
SEEK commands into the form re- 
quired by the second microprocessor, 
which controls all the internal com- 
mand lines of the embedded-servo 
system. 

The second microprocessor also re- 
ceives embedded-servo information 
from a servo decoding unit— a 
custom, large-scale integrated circuit 
(LSI)— which gives the micropro- 
cessor the information required to 
perform the basic disk-drive servo 
functions: track following and seek- 
ing, rezeroing, and loading and re- 
tracting of the heads. 

Partitioning these operations be- 
tween two microprocessors helps 
achieve faster overall system 
response. For example, the second 
microprocessor may perform a SEEK 
while the first continues to handle all 
interface and safety functions; two 
microprocessors can handle emer- 
gency situations faster than a single 
processor. 

Two custom LSI gate-array chips 
were also developed to achieve the 
needed packing density and to man- 
age the servo data while protecting it 
from any accidental overwriting. 

The first gate-array chip is commit- 
ted to servo control of the spindle 



and is a 200-gate array that includes 
spindle-motor commutation circuits, 
a spindle-speed control servo, a 
speed-safety function, and a 10-MHz 
crystal oscillator. The second, an 
800-gate array IC, decodes the digital 
information within the embedded- 
servo fields. Erase-gap detection, sec- 
tor decoding, the location of index 
marks, track timing checks, and sam- 
ple pulses for fine positioning of the 
heads are all controlled by this chip. 
If the drive were ever to overwrite 
the embedded-servo fields, data 
could be irretrievably lost. To prevent 
this, a series of hardware and soft- 
ware safety checks works to protect 
both the embedded-servo fields and 
the data on the disks. The decoding 
gate-array chip checks hardware 
before clearing the way for a WRITE 
operation. The heads can respond 
within microseconds to any unsafe 
condition spotted by the gate-array 
chip. Software checks are also writ- 
ten into the drive firmware to enable 
the WRITE functions. The software 
will not proceed with a WRITE 
operation until two successive em- 
bedded-servo sectors have decoded 
the same track identification and no 
fault conditions have been found in 
the drive. 

Packaging and Power Drain 

In almost every respect, currently 
available hard-disk Winchester drives 
can meet the requirements imposed 



132 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Don't lake 
no for an answer! 



WINCHESTER CARTRIDGE DISK DRIVES FOR MICROCOMPUTERS 


Feature 


DMA Systems 
51/4" Drives 


3.9" Drives 


Other 

5% "Drives 


Now in production 


yes 


no 


no 


Data interchange 


yes 


no 


no 


Contamination control 


yes 


no 


no 


Retractable heads 


yes 


no 


no 


Standard cartridge 


yes 


no 


yes 


40 ms access time 


yes 


no 


no 


5 Mb capacity (formatted] 


yes 


yes 


yes 


Capacity growth capability 


yes 


no 


no 


Removable-only drive 


yes 


yes 


yes 


Fixed/Removable drive 


yes 


no 


no 



A comparison of Winchester 
cartridge disk drives shows there's 
really no comparison. 

Only DMA Systems allows you to 
interchange data between drives. 

Only DMA Systems has a unique 
retractable head that ensures data 
integrity by never touching the disk. 

Only DMA Systems has a self- 
sealing clean air system that prevents 
contaminants from reaching the data 
— even after thousands of insertions. 

And only DMA Systems gives 
you a choice of fixed/removable or 
removable-only drives. Both mod- 
els match mini-floppy front panel 
dimensions and adapt to existing 
5)4" Winchester drive controllers. 

What's more, DMA Systems is 
the only manufacturer delivering 



microcomputer Winchester cartridge 
disk drives. 

But DMA Systems drives don't 
just outperform other cartridge sys- 
tems. They outperform all other 
types of microcomputer backup. 

Consider the alternatives. . . 

Floppies have low capacity, poor 
reliability and slow access time. 

Streamers are unreliable and k 
can't provide random access. 

There's only one drive manufac- 
turer who can answer "yes" to all of 
your needs: DMA Systems. 

For more information write 
DMA Systems, 601 Pine Ave- 
nue, Goleta, CA 93117 Or 
call [805] 683-3811, 
Telex 658341. 



DMA 

S«-i-»STEfVIS 

Just what the industry needs. 




Circle 153 on inquiry card. 



BYTE September 1983 133 



Circle 162 on inquiry card. 




V 



LOWER PRICES! 

NO HIDDEN CHARGES • DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED 
Visa/MasterCard— NO CHARGE • Free UPS Shipping 



ctppkz 



PRINTERS 



SOFTWARE 



LIST EAGLE 



MICROSOFT 

MuhiDlan (DOS) 

Mulligan |C PMI * 

Mutti-iool Budget Planning (DOS) 

Multi-tool Financial Anal (DOS) 

Typing Tutor 

SURRA ON -LIN t 

Screenwriter II 

Screenwriter Prol 

The Dictionary 

EPf IV 

General Manager 

Cannonball Blitz 

Pegasus It 

Crossfire 

Frogge' 

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Marauder 

Threshold 

Ultima II 

VIDEX 

Applewnlef IIPre-Bool 
V-Calc 80 Pre-Boct 
V-Calc80Pre-BootwMem 

HARDWARE 

MICROSOFT 

16K RAM card 
Sattcard (CP'M Board) 

TO PRODUCTS 

Apple II Joystick 
Apple II Trak-Ball 
Apple II Gamepaddles 
Apple II Select-a-Pon 



VIDEX 

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Function Strip 

Vidioterm w Sottswitcfi 

Ultralerm (Hew) 

Ultraterm Manual 

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WrWcardlle,ll + . Franklin 

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PHOENIX 

Zoom Graphics 



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IBM- PC Joystick 
IBM- PC Track-Ball 



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Flight Simulator 
Murtiptan (MS-DOS) 
Mutlilool Budget Planning 
MulMool Financial Anal 
SISRRA OH-LINI 
Crossfire 
Frogger 
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SORCIM 

Supercalc 2 




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TO ORDER: 

BY PHONE: Order toll free, we honor M/C and Visa 
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Residents no tax on software (5% all others). 
Sorry, no COD. 

BY (MIL We will accept Cashiers Check and M/O. 
Personal checks allow 2 weeks. Please include 
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RETURNS: All sales final for games. 10% restock- 
6121 Stuebner Airline Houston, Texas 77091 ing fee on returns. 



ORDER DEPT.: 



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1-800-231-0616 

TEXAS RESIDENTS 

INFORMATION 

713/692-7100 

ALL BRANDS ARE REGISTERED TRADEMARKS' 
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ALL PRICES 

We'll Match Any Advertised Price in this Magazine) 



V 

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SUBJECT TO CHANGE AT 

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C. ITOH 

Prownter. 10. ' 120 CPS, PAR 

Prowriter. 10, 120 CPS SER l*b 378 

Prowrrter 2 15 " 120 CPS. PAR 995 Ml 

Prownter Z. 15. 120 CPS. SER 995 728 

Starwriter F-10. 40 CPS. PAR or SER 1895 1170 

Printmastw F-10. 55 cps par or SER 1995 1575 

Printer Plotter, 4 Color. 10, PARSER 695 Ml 
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SUrwrilerF-IOTraciof 325 250 
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Banana Printer. 50 CPS. P"S 115 

High- Resolution. Green 12 H 
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Gemini - 10X. 10." '20 CPS (Hew) 325 

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STX-80. 60 CPS. Thermal Printer 170 
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DISKETTES 

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5vrss>oo(iO) 22 

5V* DS'DD 21 
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Disk Flip-File 5". (50 Disk Cap) 21 

Disk Flip-File 8 (50 Disk Cap) 31 
APPLE COMPATIBLE DRIVES 
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Controller Card 75 

MODEMS 

AHCHOR 

Signalman Mark 1 . 300 Baud. Direct. RS232 12 
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LEX fl 300 Baud. Acouslic 135 

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inpLit • Built in self test • Cartridge ribbon • 2nd keyboard switch selectable. 



CBYTE WRITER 



125 NORTHV1EW RD., ITHACA, N.Y. 14850 
(607) 272-1 132 



by portability or transportability. 
They are reliable devices with built- 
in safety features and a high toler- 
ance for abuse. But two issues still 
need to be addressed: packaging and 
power. 

It is too early to say how the drives 
will ultimately be integrated into 
portable or transportable systems. 
Now, they are packaged as separate 
accessories that connect with a short 
cable to the back of the computer. 
This means that, for the first time, de- 
signers of small hard-disk drives will 
be concerned with appearance and 
with an exterior that can withstand 
scratches, heavy weights, and an oc- 
casional drop off a desk. Manufac- 
turers will also be pressured to fur- 
ther decrease size and weight, anti- 
cipating the day when hard disks are 
the standard storage medium for 
portable and transportable com- 
puters and have moved inside the 
"box" to take the place of fading 
floppy disks. 

Most hard-disk drives were de- 
signed for integration into a desktop 
or console cabinet, with no real 
limitation on the power required for 
driving the high-speed spindle. 
Drives now draw more than an 
ampere of current and dissipate up 
to 30 watts of power. This would 
quickly drain any battery pack that a 
user would be willing to carry. There- 
fore, despite any designer's best ef- 
forts to reduce power requirements, 
true portability is still unobtainable. 
Computers with hard-disk storage 
are still restricted to locations with ex- 
ternal power sources, including the 
12-volt cigarette-lighter jack available 
on most automobiles. 

Despite this reservation, however, 
there is no question that the hard- 
disk cartridge will soon be a feasible 
storage medium for every class of 
small computer. In terms of conve- 
nience, capacity, and removability, it 
may soon be the only viable 
alternative. ■ 



David A. Sutton is the engineering vice-president 
of DMA Systems (601 Pine Ave., Goleta, CA 
93117). Prior to working at DMA, he worked at 
General Electric and helved found Information 
Magnetics Corporation. 



134 September 1983 © BYTE Publications I 



Circle 58 on inquiry card. 



Zeus 4 because... 



If you're buying a small busi- 
ness computer, there are a few 
things you ought to know. A 
lot of things. 

You can spend several 
thousand dollars and still have 
a system that won't expand 
with your business growth. So 
we took this ad to point » 
out the facts about 
Ze/ns4... 



at the same time. Single 
processors bog down with 
simultaneous use. Plus, the 
Zejus 4 gives you total flexibility 
in computing with true shar- 
ing of data (not just passing 
from one to the next) in a 
complete multi-user environ- 
ment The operating features 



available to Zejus 4 users. Write 
us for a free software directory. 

. . . because you can buy 
the Zeus 4 for less than 
$1,300 per user including 
Winchester. 



. . . because multi-user is 
better than multiple single 
users. 

Once you grow 
beyond your own 
personal computing 
needs for business, it no 
longer makes sense to buy 
a single user computer. 

The cost alone— aside from 
the inefficiency of not being 
able to share data and to com- 
pute interdependently 
in an office environ- 
ment—makes this 
option obsolete. 

The Ze/us 4 allows up to 
eight users to work from one 
system at the same time. Each 
can have his own terminal, 
CPU, and active memory. Each 
shares ample file storage in- 
cluding floppy backup. And 
each has a second port for his 
own printer or telephone 
modem. 

. . . because multi-processor 
is better than single 
processor. 

With the Ze/js 4 multi- 
processor there is no loss in 
power or speed of operation 
when several users compute 



A 

Ze 




and speed of the Zejus 4 leave 
single-processor units in the 
dust. (We have documented 
benchmark data to support 
this— write us and we'll send it 
to you.) 

. . . because standard 
programs are better than 
non-standard programs. 

You can use your Zejus 4 
right away because OSM pro- 
vides you with industry stan- 
dard word processing software, 
electronic spread sheet, and 
a powerful data base manage- 
ment system. In fact, there 
are over 5,000 standard 
CP/M* and MP/M M programs 



r 



Circle 340 on inquiry card. 



When you think of 
what you'd have to 
put out for eight per- 
sonal computers, the 
Ze/its 4 Computer looks 
pretty good. Even when you 
add the cost of terminals and 
other peripherals, you can't 

beat the Zejus 4's cost 
effectiveness. Plus 
ifyourZejLts4ever 
needs maintenance, 
OSM covers you on its 
Limited Warranty and Replace- 
ment Plan through nearly 
200 nationwide locations of 
RCA Service Corporation. 
If these reasons 
sound compelling to 
you, act now to see 
a Zejus 4 in action at your 
local OSM dealer. To find the 
dealer nearest you please call 
1-800-538-5120 or in Cali- 
fornia, 415-961-8680. Or write 
to OSM at the address below. 
We want you to learn more 
about Zejus 4. Because. 
asm Your power to expand. 

OSM Computer Corp., 665 Clyde Ave, Mountain View, 
CA 94043 USA 

Ze/is4 isa trademark of OSM Computer Corporation. CP/M is 

a registered trademark and MP/M is a trademark of Digital 

Research. Incorporated© 1983 OSM Computer Corp. S&H 

Yes, I want to know more about the Ze/iS 4 because. . . 

Name 



Company- 

Address 



City/State/Zip 

Circle one: Dealer Distributor OEM Retailer End-user 

Send To: OSM Computer Com., 665 Clyde Ave. 
Mountain View, CA 94043 USA 




THE VICTORY FACTOR. MICROCOMPUTER 
ARCHITECTURE WITH NO END IN SIGHT. 



Real UNIX Power. Real-Time Speed. 

Victory Computer Systems announces 
the FACTOR-the first 16 -bit multi-CPU 
computer that gives you pure UNIX pro- 
gramming power with real-time response. 
We did it with a system architecture that 
simultaneously implements an entire array 
of 16 -bit single board computers. Each 
SBC has its own MC68000'" CPU, 256 
kilobytes of dual-ported RAM, and 
VRTX'"— a rugged, real-time software-on- 
silicon operating system that switches 



tasks in as little as 100 usee. So now you 
can run several UNIX programs at once. 
Or use your FACTOR to monitor auto- 
mated equipment while simultaneously 
processing words and data for up to 24 
fully supported users. 

The VMEbus. Faster by a factor of 10. 

The FACTOR'S CPUs communicate 
over the VMEbus— an advanced new 
backplane design with 6 card slots, 4 
bus arbitration levels and 32 -bit address 
and data paths. At 20 megabytes per 



second, the non-multiplexed VMEbus is 
an order of magnitude faster than the bus 
implemented in today's most popular 
microcomputer systems. Even if you 
don't run a factory, the FACTOR'S speed 
will mean faster throughput as your 
computing needs grow. And growth is 
what the Victory FACTOR is all about. 

Exponential Growth. FACTORED-ln. 

The FACTOR'S expansion-oriented 
architecture will take you far beyond 
today's performance horizons. In pro- 



UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories. VRTX is a trademark of Hunter & Ready Inc. Ethernet is a trademark of Xerox Corporation. MC68000 is a trademark of Motorola 
Inc. UNIPLUS is a trademark of Unisofl. Inc. Z80 is a trademark of Zilog, Inc. CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research, Inc. 'The VMEbus is supported by Philips/Signetics, 
Mostek, Motorola and Thompson-CSF. 





cessor power. In multi-channel industrial 
I/O flexibility. In on-board memory. In 
built-in mass storage options. In the 
number of fully supported users. And 
there's no end in sight. 

In designing a multi-user system with 
real-time speed, you've always had many 
factors to consider. 

Now there's just one. 

We've got more to tell you about the 
Victory FACTOR. To get the whole story, 
give us a call today. 



System Hardware: 

D Each single board computer with: 16-bit 

MC68000 CPU, 256 Kb dual ported RAM, VRTX 
real-time executive in PROM. 8 RS-232C serial 
ports, and a Centronics-compatible parallel port. 

□ New international standard 20 Mb/sec VMEbus.* 

□ Optional 1 Mb RAM expansion board. 

□ Mass storage: Hard disk, floppy disk, and removable 
cartridge hard disk built-in. (29-104 Mb UF) 

□ Fully supports Motorola 2 MHz I/O bus and 
industrial control interface cards. 

□ Alphanumeric terminals in green, international 
amber, or color. 

□ Graphics terminals in monochrome or color. 

□ Optional coprocessor board for concurrent execution 
of CP/M'" on four Z80's, each with its own 64Kb RAM. 

System Software: 

D UNIX (UNIPLUS") operating system (includes "C" 

language). 
D VRTX real-time operating system standard in PROM. 

□ Available languages: SMC Basic: Fortran 77; Pascal 
(IEEE Standard); RMCOBOL ANSI 74 Standard 
(Ryan-McFarland). 

□ Ethernet'" local area network interface. 

□ 3780, and 3270 data communications protocols. 



Outside CA: 1-800-221-2419 
Inside CA: 408-295-4600 

Or TELEX 176-431 ANS; VICTORY SNJ 
OEM QUANTITY DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE 



THE ARCHITECTURE OF INTELLIGENT COMPUTING. 




©Copyright 1983 Victory Computer Systems. Inc. 



VICTORY 

COMPUTER 545TEMS INC. 



2055 GATEWAY PLACE SUITE 300 
SAN JOSE, CALIFORNIA 95110 

Circle 472 on inquiry card. 



B^SIS 




Some people drive 

fine German machines to work. 

Some people drive them once they arrive. 




The tradition of high quality, high performance German 
craftsmanship and engineering is legend. And while we most 
often see that tradition in action on America's streets and 
highways, it is in America's business offices that its future 
holds the most promise. 

The BASIS 108 is the proof. 

This powerful small business computer passes higher- 
priced competitors with ease. Its dual 
processors — for CP/M® and Apple II® 
compatibility — open up the largest 
library of microcomputer software 
and plug-in peripherals available today. 
This unique combination also provides 
compatibility with other popular languages, including 
Pascal™ and LOGO. 

The detached keyboard is a work of art and practicality. 
Lightweight and low profile, it features a full one-meter cord 
for comfortable operation on your desk — or your lap. There's 
a full 128-key ASCII character set. Fifteen user-definable 
function keys that can provide access to 60 distinct functions. 
A nine-key cursor control block. And a convenient eighteen- 
key numeric pad. For special applications, you can also 

custom map the keyboard with a simple exchange of ROMs. ^Jv^SB^qW 5435 Scotts Valley Drive 
And there's more. RGB and composite NTSC or PAL ^s^g^^ Scotts Valley, CA 95066 

video. Keyboard-selectable 80-or 40-column display. ( 408 ) 438-5804 TWX: 910-598-4512 

Circle 48 on inquiry card. 
CP/M" is a registered trademark of Digital Research. Inc. Apple II" is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. Pascal ™ is a trademark of the Regents of the 
University of California at San Diego. Perfect Writer," Perfect Speller,'" Perfect Filer," and Perfect Calc" arc Trademarks of Perfect Software Inc. 



High resolution color graphics. Parallel and serial printer 
interfaces. Easily accessible outboard I/O connectors. Six 
Apple H-compatible card slots for peripherals expansion. 
Even a two-inch alarm or music speaker. 

The BASIS chassis is cast aluminum, eliminating heat 
and RFI interference problems. And there's plenty of room 
for internal expansion to include hard disk drives and 
other peripherals. 

The BASIS 108. Microcomputing's "Best Of Both Worlds." 
German craftsmanship and American business savvy. 
CP/M-based business computing and Apple II-based personal 
computing. High performance and surprisingly low cost. 
The BASIS 108. A computing machine finely tuned to handle 
the fast tracks of business today. Call your BASIS dealer for 
a test drive. Or call toll free in the U.S. (800) 222-0626. 




The Radio Shack TRS-80 

Model 100 

The power of this machine resides in the strong integration 
among the built-in software packages 



I first laid my hands on a TRS-80 
Model I back in 1978, and I was 
amazed at what it could do. It 



by Mahlon G. Kelly 

seemed obvious to me (and to many 
others) that the microcomputers that 
were then appearing— TRS-80, PET, 




' 



■raaaaoaaV 



Photo 1: The Radio Shack TRS-80 Model 100. 



Apple, and their ilk— would revolu- 
tionize how many of us do our work. 
Five years later, it's hard for me to 
remember what it was like not to 
have a microcomputer in my office. 

I have used more than 20 brands of 
microcomputers. All had their ad- 
vantages and disadvantages and 
most did what was expected of them, 
but none excited me like that first 
generation— until now. The excite- 
ment is back: the TRS-80 Model 100 
is the precursor of another revo- 
lution. 

The Model 100 is very different 
from its predecessors: the portable 
and pocket computers. The por- 
tables, all more than 20 pounds in 
weight and with delicate disk drives, 
aren't suited to go wherever you 
want. The pocket machines can be 
easily carried around but are 
inadequate for large jobs because of 
their limited keyboards, displays, 
memory, and speed. I have often 
dreamed of a computer— one that 
had a typewriter keyboard and a use- 
ful screen display — that I could hold 
in my lap, carry from office to office, 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 139 



and use for jobs I would otherwise 
do on my desktop machine. 

The Model 100 is just what I 
wanted, a fine stand-alone machine 
that is also ideally suited for hooking 
up to other computers, either directly 
or over the phone. With its excellent 
text editor, you can use it as an elec- 
tronic scratch pad and then exchange 
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transfer data between incompatible 
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The Model 100 is a little under 2 
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size keyboard and an LCD (liquid- 
crystal display) showing 8 lines of 40 
characters each that can be adjusted 
for clarity at various viewing angles. 
Around the edges are several sockets 
and switches, which should give you 



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an idea of the power of this com- 
puter. There's an on/off switch, two 
switches for the modem (one for 
choosing originate or answer mode 
and another for choosing between a 
direct connection and an acoustic 
coupler), and a push button for reset. 
It also has sockets for a power trans- 
former, a bar-code reader, a tape 
recorder, a DB-25 connector for 
RS-232C communication, a modem 
connection to a phone line, and one 
for a cable to a Centronics-compatible 
printer. The transformer and cables 
aren't included, but they're inex- 
pensive. On the bottom are sockets 
for additional ROM (read-only 
memory) and a bus connector, both 
of which hint at things to come. 

Power can come either from an AC 
outlet or from four AA alkaline bat- 
teries. Either source continually 
charges nickel-cadmium (nicad) cells 
that maintain the memory. The four 
AA cells will last about 20 hours; a 
light on the top warns when they're 
low. If they run down, the nicads will 
maintain the information already in 
the computer for many days. A 
switch on the back disconnects the 
nicads when the machine is going to 
be stored, but that will delete all the 
information in the memory. 

The Model 100 is available with 8K 
bytes of RAM (random-access read/ 
write memory) for $799 or with 24K 
bytes for $999; more can be added for 
a total of 32K bytes. Files and 
programs remain in memory until 
they are deliberately killed. This shar- 
ing of memory makes the 8K-byte 
version of the machine virtually 
unusable for anything serious. 

Keyboard 

The keyboard is as good as any I 
have used on a microcomputer or 
terminal. It's of standard size and the 
feel is excellent. There's nice audible 
feedback on each key, and the auto- 
repeat feature has a natural feel to it. 
A touch-typist will be right at home. 
Besides the normal typewriter keys 
(including a Caps-Lock), it has six 
special keys. Control and Escape keys 
are available mainly for use with the 
telecommunications program. The 
Model 100 itself also responds to con- 
trol characters— for example, Con- 



140 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



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trol-H sends a backspace and Con- 
trol-I does a tab. There's also a Tab 
key, although you cannot define the 
settings. 

The Num key latches in the down 
position and redefines a cluster of 
keys on the right half of the keyboard 
as a keypad for data entry. In some 
ways this is nicer than a separate key- 
pad, because your fingers are always 
near the Enter, Backspace, and other 
keys. Code and Grph sit to the right 
and left of the space bar. They let you 
type in special graphics and 
alphabetic (foreign-language) sym- 
bols that are represented by ASCII 
(American National Standard Code 
for Information Interchange) num- 
bers higher than 127. The keyboard 
has different characters for both 
shifted and lowercase Code and 
Grph modes. Unfortunately, because 
these are not standard characters, 
they won't be recognized by most 
printers. 

Above the main keyboard are 16 
special-function keys, eight of which 
are definable. The right-hand four are 
arrow keys for moving the cursor. I 
find them awkward to use; a cluster 
would be much better. To their left 
are four permanently defined keys: 
a Pause/Break key that makes a pro- 
gram pause or stop, a key for send- 
ing material to the printer, a Label key 
that causes the definition of the 
software-controlled keys to be dis- 
played on the bottom of the screen, 
and a Paste key that's used with the 
text editor. The eight left-hand keys 
are definable, serving different 
purposes with different software. 

The only problem I have found 
with the keyboard is that, when it's 
sitting on top of a desk, your thumb 
is likely to hit the lower edge of the 
case before it actuates the space bar. 
It's better if you put something under 
the back of the case to tilt the key- 
board, but it would have been nice 
if the lower edge of the case had been 
slightly cut away. Others have com- 
plained about the popping noise the 
keys make when they're pressed. 
Some people, however, don't mind 
the sound the keys make: when I 
loaned the machine to a student to 
use during an exam, none of his 
neighbors complained. 



Software 

The way that the programs in ROM 
are integrated with each other and 
the machine makes the Model 100 
revolutionary. Contained in 32K bytes 
of ROM are the BASIC interpreter, a 
versatile text editor, a telecommuni- 
cations package with advanced fea- 
tures that supports both RS-232C 
hook-up and 300-bps (bits per sec- 
ond) modem communication, a 
schedule book, and an address book. 
The address book also contains the 
phone numbers for the auto-dial 
modem. 

When you first turn on the ma- 
chine, you see a menu with the files 
and programs, the time, day, date, 
and the available memory. Five pro- 
grams (BASIC, TEXT, TELCOM, 
ADDRSS, and SCHEDL) are in 
ROM. Two RAM files, ADDRS.DO 



The way that the 

programs in ROM are 

integrated with each 

other and the machine 

makes the Model 100 

revolutionary. 



and NOTE.DO, are needed if the 
address and schedule books are to be 
used. Files are designated by three 
suffixes: .DO(cument), .BA(sic), and 
.CO(mmand). A broad reverse-video 
cursor covers the file names and is 
moved by the arrow keys. Pressing 
Enter either executes the program 
pointed to by the cursor or, for a .DO 
file, enters the text editor and loads 
that file into it. 

Microsoft is selling the operating 
system and BASIC to others, and this 
system may become a de facto 
standard. The NEC notebook com- 
puter that has recently been intro- 
duced is very similar, partly because 
it uses much of the same software. 

Text Editor 

The text editor is the most com- 
monly used program. It's used to 
create and edit documents (including 
the files for the address and schedule 
books), and it also serves as the 



BASIC editor. It's simple but very ver- 
satile; it is not a word processor, how- 
ever. When a document is printed, it 
is presented exactly as it occurs in the 
memory; no provision is made for 
page control, variable margins, and 
the other things that a word 
processor should do. But a simple 
BASIC program can be used to 
format a file (see listing 1). 

The text editor is simplicity itself in 
concept. Only eight things can be 
done: text can be inserted, marked, 
deleted, copied, or searched for; the 
cursor can be moved; and files can be 
saved to or read from tape. No type- 
over mode is available. To replace 
text, it must first be deleted, by either 
backspacing over it or by marking it 
and then cutting it out. Being 
permanently in an insertion mode 
may be confusing if you're used to 
more typical text editors, but the 
strangeness soon goes away. When 
pressed by themselves, the arrow 
keys either move the cursor up or 
down or one character to the right or 
left. They can also be used to scroll 
through the text. Pressing Shift and 
an arrow key either moves to the top 
or bottom of the screen or one word 
to the right or left. Pressing the Con- 
trol key and either horizontal arrow 
moves the cursor to the beginning or 
end of a line; with the vertical arrows, 
Control moves to the top or bottom 
of the document. When supple- 
mented by the Find function, the 
arrow keys make it easy to position 
the cursor anywhere in the text. 

Cut-and-paste operations are just 
as easy. Pressing the key marked Sel 
(for select— function key F7) and then 
moving the cursor makes everything 
that the cursor passes over appear in 
reverse video. Text can be "un- 
marked" by pressing the Break key, 
moving the cursor back over the text, 
or pressing the Sel key again. Press- 
ing Cut (key F6) removes the marked 
text, saving it in the paste buffer. If 
you press Copy (key F5), the text 
goes to the buffer but isn't removed 
from the document. At any time, 
pressing the Paste key puts the con- 
tents of the paste buffer into the 
document in front of the cursor. 

I do have some criticisms of the 
editor. It's easy to find a string, but 



142 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



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Listing 1: A Model 100 BASIC program to format text output. This program was placed in 
the public domain by Ed Juge of Tandy. 

1 'NEWPRT.100 Ed Juge 04/19/83 

2 '<GRPH>p causes forced end of page 

3 'Defaults for Margins (L,R), print 
1 ' title or, page 1 (HD$) and line 

5 ' spacing (LS) exist in line 20, 

6 ' 

7 ' 

to cls:clear20oo:s=o:files 
20 l=io:r=65:hd*="Y":ls=i 

30 C$=STRINGt(60,32);LN=0:PG=l 

10 GOSUBlOOtlNPuT'.DO file to print "!N$ 

50 GOSUBlOOtlNPuT'Margins (L,R) ",L,R:iFL=0THENL=l 

60 L$=STRING$(L-l,32):GOSUB100:iNPUT"Line Spacing (1/2) "JLS 

70 GOSUB100,'INPUT"Enter page title",H$ 

80 GOSUBlOOIINPuT'Title on Pg,l (Y/N) "}HW 

85 OFENN*FORINPUTAS1 

90 GOTO110 

100 PRINT02O5 t C$ :PRINT@205 , "" f tRETURN 

110 CLS:iFH*=""THEN PHt=L$+DATE*!GOTO140 

120 PH$=STRINGt(R-8,32)+DATE$ 

130 FH*0""THENKIM(PW,L, (LEN(W) ) )=H$ 

HO IFr©$="Y"ORHD$="y"THENGOSUB 360!PR$=L$ 

160 PR$=Lt 

170 IFLN>=50THENGOTO330 

180 F0RJ=LEN(PR$)T0R 

190 PR$=PR$+INFUT$(1,1> 

200 IFEOF ( 1 ) THENCLOSE tEN=l : GOTO280 

210 IFRIGHT*(PRt, 1 )=CHRt( 10 )THENPF=1 IGOTO270 

220 IFRIGHT*(PR*,l)=CHR*(128)THENPR*=4.EFT$(PR*,J-l):GOTO330 

230 NEXTJ 

210 IFMID$(PR$ ) J,1)=" "THEN260 

250 J=J-i;GOT0240 

260 NX»=MID*(PR$,J+l > R):PR$=rlID$(PR$ t l,J):GOTO230 

270 PR$=LEFT$(PR$,LEN(PRt)-2) 

280 IFMID*(PR*,L,3)=" "THEN300 

290 IFHID$(PR$,L,1)=" "THEN PR$=f1ID*(PR$,2,LEN(PR$)):GOT0290 

300 LPRINTPR$:LN=LN+i:iFEN=lTHEN330 

310 IFLS=2THENLPRINTtLN=LN+l 

320 pr$=l*+nx$:nx$=" m :goto 170 

330 for ji=lnto65:lprint:nextji:pg=pg+i 

310 ifen=1thenmenu 

350 IFX$O""THEN360 Q5EPRMei60 ( ""} {INPUT" <ENTER> = next page, <N> - nonstop" }X* 
360 CLSJLPRMPHtlLPRIrflUr'Page "JPG 

370 lprint:lprint:ln=i:gotoi8o 



there is no provision to find a string 
and replace it with another. Second, 
it's awkward to add text from other 
files ("boiler plate" paragraphs and so 
on). The easiest way is to leave the 
document, enter the other file, and 
mark and copy the text to the paste 
buffer. You can then reenter the 
original document and paste in the 
text (that's not as hard as it sounds). 
You can also add text from tape, but 
that's really awkward and slow. It 
would be nice to have a command to 
insert or append text from other files. 



Another problem is that when you 
add text to the middle of a fairly long 
file (2000 to 3000 characters) it's easy 
to type faster than the characters 
appear on the screen. Because there's 
a type-ahead buffer, your input won't 
be lost. Nevertheless, the delay is dis- 
concerting, and long segments of in- 
serted text must be proofread after 
the screen catches up. However, if 
you're typing at the end of the file, 
you can't type faster than the screen 
will display. In order to insert text 
into the middle of a very large file, I 



144 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



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Listing 2: A Model 100 BASIC program that 
determines the length of a Model 100 text file; 
it will not work on program files. 



5 CLEAR 1000!fl=0:B=0:PRINT:FTLES:ON ERROR GOTO 200 
10 INPUT "Mhat's the file"iF* 

20 as 

30 OPEN Ft FOR INPUT AS 1 

10 IF E0F(1) GOTO 100 

50 FRINT80," " 

60 LDO(PUTtl,A» 

70 A=A*LEN(A«> 

80 Efc8*l:PRINT80,B 

90 GOTO It 

100 PRINT "File ";CHR»(27)t"p"»F»*CHR«(27)»"q conUins"iA;>jtes" 

110 PRIXT"or";lNT<A/i>;"gor*; 3r*riB;"recards," 

120 CLOSEIGOTO 5 

200 PRINT "Error no."iERR 

210 GOTO 5 



find it easier to insert text at the end 
of the file, mark it to be cut, and then 
paste it in where it belongs. 

A further problem, and one that 
doesn't apply to just the text editor, 
is that there's no way of knowing how 
much memory is occupied by each 
file. Listing 2 is a BASIC program that 
will tell you how long a text file is, 
although it won't work with BASIC 
programs. 

Finally, when you edit a file you're 
working directly with the text stored 
in memory. With disk-based editors, 
if you make a mistake you can reload 
the original file. If you do so while 
editing a file in the Model 100, the 
mistake is permanent. It's a good idea 
to save the file to tape or to another 
file before you edit it. (This rather 
important point is not mentioned in 
the documentation.) 

The small LCD screen isn't as nice 
for editing as a 24-line by 80-character 
video display, but when you get used 
to it it's not inconvenient. I wrote this 
article on the Model 100 and then 
sent it to my Li\TW-80 computer for 
final editing and printing (using the 
Newscript word-processing pro- 
gram). By embedding the proper 
Newscript formatting commands in 
the text itself, the file was ready for 
printing as it left the Model 100. 

Address and Schedule Books 

These two programs, ADDRSS and 
SCHEDL, are virtually identical in 
what they do, and presumably they 
share the same ROM. They both 
simply find a block of text that con- 
tains a certain string of characters. 
The block, which can be someone's 



address and phone number or a de- 
scription of an appointment, is a long 
string that ends with a carriage 
return. The address function accesses 
a file named ADDRS.DO (which also 
contains the numbers accessed by the 
automatic dialing procedure in the 
communications software) while the 
schedule program looks at one called 
NOTE.DO. But the similarity and 
simplicity of these two programs 
don't negate their usefulness. You 
can, for example, create a list of items 
that have been flagged with special 
characters; when you search for the 
special characters, all flagged items 
will be displayed. The items could be 
appointments with your boss or the 
addresses and phone numbers of 
your field representatives. The files 
are created with the text editor and 
can be sorted and rearranged with 
fairly simple BASIC programs. It's 
also possible to send the found items 
to a printer. 

Telecommunications 

If the address and schedule pro- 
grams are simple, the communica- 
tions software (TELCOM) is the 
opposite. It's not hard to use, it just 
does so many things that it's hard to 
describe. When you move the menu 
cursor to TELCOM and press Enter, 
you go to mode 1 of the telecommu- 
nications package. Four possibilities 
are then offered by function keys Fl 
through F4: Find a name and phone 
number in the address file, Call the 
number to log on to a host, Stat, 
which lets you define the RS-232C 
parameters, and Term, which goes 
into mode 2, the terminal mode. 

Let's look first at how you might 
sign on to a bulletin board system at 
300 bps, with the number already in 
the directory. To use the modem you 
need a special cable. One end plugs 
into the Model 100, another into a 
wall jack, and the third is a socket for 
your phone. Although the manual is 
a bit confusing about this, telling you 
to plug the cable into your phone, the 
connections are obvious. The modem 
cable package is a great bargain. At 
less than $20, it includes an hour 
each on the Dow Jones and Compu- 
Serve information utilities. 

The RS-232C parameters must first 



146 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



©Ota>o 




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147 



Data Rate 


M 


Modem (internal)— operates at 300 




bps 


1 


75 bps 


2 


110 bps 


3 


300 bps 


4 


600 bps 


5 


1200 bps 


6 


2400 bps 


7 


4800 bps 


8 


9600 bps 


9 


19,200 bps 


Word 


Length 


6 


6 bits 


7 


7 bits 


8 


8 bits 


Parity 





Odd parity 


E 


Even parity 


N 


No parity 


I 


Ignore parity 


Stop 


Bit 


1 


1 stop bit 


2 


2 stop bits 


Line Status 


E 


Enable XON/XOFF 


D 


Disable XON/XOFF 


Pulse Rate 


10 


10 pulses per second 


20 


20 pulses per second 


Table 1: RS-232C parameters that can be 


specified by using the Stat key from within 


the TELCOM communications program. 



be defined (if that hasn't been done). 
If you hit the Stat key and enter 
M8I1E,10, you tell the UART 
(universal asynchronous receiver/ 
transmitter) that the modem will be 
used (M), a word will be 8 bits (8), 
parity will be ignored (I), there's 1 
stop bit (1), XON and XOFF protocols 
are enabled (E), and the phone will 
be dialed at 10 pulses per second 
(,10). 

Table 1 shows other possibilities. 
Suppose the name of the bulletin 
board is "mousenet". Press the Find 
key, type "mousenet", and the name 
and phone number will be displayed 
from the address file. If it's wrong, 
you can hit M (for more) to see if 
there's another mousenet; if you 
change your mind, you can press Q 
to quit. If you press Call, the number 
will be dialed; when the modem tone 
is received, you'll be switched into 
mode 2, the terminal mode, con- 
nected to the host. Only pulse dialing 
is supported. Most tone-dialing sys- 
tems will also support pulse dialing, 
but if you're using a ROLM or PBX 
system that requires tones, then the 



number must be dialed manually. 

While in terminal mode, you re- 
ceive whatever comes from the host 
and you are presented with four pos- 
sibilities on the function keys. Press- 
ing the Prev key will display the pre- 
vious eight lines of input, in case 
what you want has scrolled off the 
screen. Pressing Full will change be- 
tween full and half duplex. Pressing 
Echo will send everything to the 
printer as well as the screen. The last 
two keys, Down and Up, let you send 
and receive files. Press Down and 
you'll be asked for a file name. After 
you enter it the word "Down" will 
appear in reverse video, and every- 
thing you receive will be stored in the 
file. When you press Down again, 
the file will be closed and its contents 
saved. That's much simpler than 
downloading a file with a disk-based 
system. 

Uploading a file to a host is just as 
easy. Press the Up key and you're 
again asked for a file name. When 
you enter it, you're asked for a width; 
when you answer that, everything in 
the file is sent to the host, with car- 



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148 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



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Key 


Meaning 




? 


Waits for a specified character to be received by the Model 


100 


= 


Pauses tor 2 seconds 




! 


Immediately precedes a "?" or " = " when those characters 


are to be transmitted 




to the remote computer 






Sends the following character as a control character (e.g., * 


K sends a Control-K) 


Table 2: Codes for use when automatically logging onto remote 


computers. 



riage returns entered at the nearest 
space to the width you defined so 
that words will not be broken in the 
middle. That's all there is to it. When 
you're done, just press the Bye key 
and the Model 100 will hang up. 

There are several other possibilities 
in the way TELCOM can dial the 
phone. First, if you want to call a 
number that's not in your directory, 
just press Call while in mode 1 and 
type in the number. If you're calling 
a computer, you must put the sym- 
bols "<>" after the number to tell 
the Model 100 to wait for a modem 
tone. If there's no answer, hitting 
Break will hang up. You can also call 
people instead of computers using 
the address directory and TELCOM: 
just don't put " <>" after the phone 
number in the address file. You must 
pick up the phone before dialing is 
finished, or the Model 100 will 
immediately hang up when it's done 
dialing. The Model 100 can act as an 
auto-dialer with many, many num- 
bers. 

The Model 100 will also log on to 
the computer for you if there's a 
coded message between the angle 
brackets ( <> ) at the end of the num- 
ber. Because the code is a bit compli- 
cated I won't describe it here (see 
table 2), but it's fairly easy to use with 
almost any host. 

Making a connection to phone 
lines can be done in two ways: with 
an audio coupler or by direct connec- 
tion. Both work via the same socket, 
but a switch on the left side of the 
Model 100 chooses between a direct 
connection and an acoustic connec- 
tion. Auto-dialing is possible only in 
direct-connect mode. The audio 
coupler lets you use the modem if 
you're someplace that doesn't have 
modular jacks on its phones. 

The telephone communications 
capability of the Model 100 is better 



than I have seen for any dedicated 
terminal. It lacks a few of the things 
available in the more sophisticated 
terminal programs available for larger 
microcomputers (translation tables 
and macro transmission, for 
example), but the deficiencies are 
slight. 

Although not well described in the 
manual, one of the most important 
abilities of the Model 100 is that it can 
transmit data directly from memory 
into another microcomputer at rates 
up to 19,200 bps. Direct transmission 
to another computer is much needed 
because the small memory space of 
the Model 100 forces you to transfer 
files elsewhere to make more space 
available in the machine. Although 
programs and data can be stored on 
tape, it's quicker, more convenient, 
and more reliable to transfer them to 
another machine. The ability of the 
Model 100 to combine its power with 
that of a desktop machine is one of 
this computer's greatest assets. 

Exchanging data by direct connec- 
tion to another computer is similar to 
doing it over the phone except you 
must connect the Model 100 to the 
other computer through the RS-232C 
port. Because both machines try to 
send data on pin 2 and receive it on 
pin 3, you must use a "null modem" 
(a cable with the wires to pins 2 and 
3 reversed on one connector) to con- 
nect the computers. You can buy one 
from Radio Shack for about $30, or 
you can make one from two DB-25 
plugs and an eight-conductor cable. 
Solder it together so that pins 2 and 
3 are crossed over while pins 1, 4 
through 7, and 20 are connected 
directly. 

Once the two computers are 
hooked together, you just have to 
specify the right data rate via the Stat 
key. For example, the "5" in the Stat 
parameter "57E1E" would set the 



data-transfer rate to 1200 bps (see 
table 2). Then when you press the 
Term key, you can upload and down- 
load data just as for telephone com- 
munications, but much more quickly. 
Of course you need the proper soft- 
ware for the larger machine, but a 
wide variety of programs are avail- 
able for most microcomputers. You 
can use the Model 100 as a terminal, 
either by direct connection or via a 
300-bps modem connection, for any 
computer that supports an RS-232C 
port. I have used the Model 100 with 
mainframes, minicomputers, and 
several microcomputers (CP/M sys- 
tems as well as my own LNW-80) at 
rates up to 19,200 bps. You can also 
transfer data using BASIC programs. 
Using the Model 100 as a terminal 
has one problem. Data can come in 
faster than it can be scrolled by the 
screen. That's usually not a problem 
at 300 bps or when you're typing, but 
at faster rates the input can actually 
overflow the input buffer. When that 
happens characters are lost. The best 
way to avoid this is to be sure the 
host doesn't send linefeeds after a 
carriage return, thus preventing the 
scrolling of the screen. The informa- 
tion will be hard to read because it 
all appears on one line, but it will all 
go into the file that's being saved. 
Because of this problem, the Model 
100 cannot completely replace a high- 
speed data terminal. 

Some Applications 

For me, the TELCOM communica- 
tions software is the most useful part 
of the Model 100, and I suspect it will 
be for many others. In fact, although 
I can use four TRS-80s, several CP/M 
machines, and an LNW-80, since I 
bought the Model 100 I have used it 
more than any of the other machines. 
Maybe my experiences will show you 
how useful this machine can be. 

One of the best uses for the Model 
100 is in transporting data. I have 
always suffered when transferring 
data from a CP/M machine in my 
office to my LNW-80 at home. Now 
I can just dump a data file from the 
office machine to the Model 100, take 
the Model 100 home, and upload the 
data to the LNW. At 4800 bps, it takes 
about 2 minutes at each end, includ- 



150 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



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ing hookup, to transfer any file (Visi- 
calc file, text file, or any other kind 
of ASCII data) that fills a 32K-byte 
Model 100. And of course it works 
with any microcomputer that has an 
RS-232C port. 

Another application is shown by 
the way I did this article. I wrote a lot 
of it on the Model 100 while traveling. 
At my destination, I simply sent the 
text to our university's mainframe 
computer. When I got home, I down- 
loaded the text to my LNW-80 and 
printed it using the Newscript 
word-processing program. 

The Model 100 seems almost ideal- 
ly suited to engineers, foresters, and 
anyone else who works in the field. 
In my own research, I regularly fill 
out data forms while in the field. I 
have a little program in the Model 100 
that asks me for the data, stores it in 
an array, and sends it to disk on my 
office computer, which then prints 
the form, including the data, that I 

For me, the TELCOM 

communications 

software is the most 

useful part of the 

Model 100. 

used to fill out in the field. I no longer 
have to key the data in by hand at the 
office, and the Model 100 takes care 
of a lot of the tedious calculator work 
that I used to do in the field. 

By itself, the powerful combination 
of the text editor and the telecommu- 
nications package makes the Model 
100 worth its price. But the software 
I have described so far is only the tip 
of the iceberg. The Model 100 has 
what may be the most powerful 
BASIC interpreter yet written for a 
microcomputer. 

BASIC Interpreter 

The Model 100's BASIC, like the 
BASIC for all other TRS-80s and like 
the rest of the operating system on 
this machine, was written by Micro- 
soft. It is as complete and extensive 
a version of Microsoft BASIC as is 
available for any machine, and it has 
a number of enhancements specifi- 
cally for the Model 100. Its execution 



152 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 451 on Inquiry card. 



Circle 157 on inquiry card. 



speed (as judged by a number of 
benchmark programs) seems to be as 
fast as or faster than that of the Model 
III. And this BASIC does all its cal- 
culations, including transcendental 
functions such as sin and log, in 
double precision (14 digits). You may 
be confused if you're used to other 
TRS-80 BASIC or Microsoft interpre- 
ters; several statements have different 
syntax, especially those for opening 
files, and you must set the number 
of I/O (input/output) files and the top 
of memory using MAXFILES and 
HIMEM statements— the Model 100 
does not ask any questions about 
files and memory when you enter the 
interpreter. 

I cannot review all aspects of the 
BASIC dialect here. Table 3 summa- 
rizes all the statements. A rough 
count gives 5 operators and 39 state- 
ments that are not included in the 
very powerful Model III extended 
disk BASIC. 

The added arithmetic operators are 
" \ " and MOD, both of which per- 
tain to integer division. The MOD 
operator gives the remainder (5 MOD 
3 = 2) while " \ " gives the truncated 
quotient (9\2 = 4). Surprisingly, 
" \ " is not on the keyboard— you 
have to use the Grph key and a 
minus sign. The added logical oper- 
ators are XOR, EQV, and IMP. XOR 
does an exclusive or— when one bit 
is and the other is 1, the result is 
1. With EQV, when either both bits 
are or both are 1, the result is 1. 
With IMP, the result is 1 unless the 
first bit is 1 and the second is 0. These 
new operators can often replace 
several awkward comparison state- 
ments. 

Three new numeric functions are 
CRSLIN, which returns the line 
where the cursor is located; POS, 
which returns the column position of 
the cursor; and MAXRAM, which re- 
turns the amount of RAM installed 
in the computer. 

One of the most significant addi- 
tions to Model 100 BASIC is the use 
of extended-interrupt commands. 
Older versions of BASIC had only 
one— ON ERROR GOTO would 
make a branch when an error 
occurred. This BASIC adds four new 
ones: ON COM GOSUB branches 











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September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 153 



Numeric Functions 

ABS— Returns absolute value 

ASC— Returns ASCII code of a string 

ATN— Computes arctangent 

CDBL— Converts to double precision 

CINT— Converts to integer 

COS— Computes cosine 

CRSL1N— Returns vertical line position of cursor 

CSNG— Converts to single precision 

EOF— Returns end-of-file status 

ERL— Returns the line number of latest error 

ERR— Returns the error code of latest error 

EXP— Computes natural exponential 

FIX— Truncates to a whole number 

FRE— Returns current amount of available memory 

INSTR— Searches a string for a substring 

INT— Converts to integer 

LEN— Computes length of a string 

LOG— Computes natural logarithm 

LPOS— Returns column position of print head within the printer 

buffer 

MAXRAM— Returns Model 100 RAM size 

PEEK— Returns value at a memory address 

POS— Returns column position of cursor 

RND— Returns pseudorandom number 

SGN— Returns algebraic sign 

SIN— Computes trigonometric sine 

SQR— Computes square root 

TAN— Computes tangent 

VAL— Converts string to numeric value 

VARPTR— Returns memory address of a variable 

String Functions 

CHR$— Returns ASCII character 

LEFTS— Returns left portion of a string 

MID$— Returns middle portion of a string; may also be used on 

the left side of the equal sign to replace the middle characters in 

a string 

RIGHTS— Returns right portion of a string 

SPACES— Returns a string of spaces 

STRS— Converts a numeric value to a string 

STRINGS— Returns a string of characters 



Table 3: A summary of TRS-80 Model 100 BASIC statements. 



Simple Control Commands 

CALL— CALL is used to execute a machine-language subroutine 

from BASIC; allows more parameters than USR 

IF. . .THEN. . .ELSE— Tests relational expression, then performs 

THEN clause if the expression is true or performs ELSE clause (if 

present) if expression is false 

FOR. . .NEXT— This command gives BASIC a looping structure; 

an optional STEP value may be included 

GOSUB— Causes the BASIC program to execute the subroutine 

beginning at the line indicated, and then returns to the statement 

following the GOSUB when a RETURN statement is encountered 

GOTO— Causes the BASIC program to branch to the line 

number indicated 

ON. . .GOSUB— Branches to appropriate subroutine 

ON. . .GOTO— Branches to appropriate line 

Interrupt Commands 

ON COM GOSUB— Calls a subroutine when the computer 

receives data over the RS-232C line 

ON ERROR GOTO— Branches to an error-handling routine if 

some error occurs while the program is executing 

ON KEY GOSUB— Calls a subroutine if you press one of the 

eight definable function keys 

ON MDM GOSUB— Calls a subroutine when the computer 

receives data over the modem 

ON TIMES GOSUB— Calls a subroutine when the real-time clock 

reaches a certain time 

RESUME— Resumes program execution after an error; RESUME 

ends the error-handling routine 

Graphics/Sound Commands 

BEEP— Causes the sound generator to emit a tone for about Vz 

second 

LINE— Draws a line on the screen; optionally may draw a box 

(outline or filled) 

PRESET— Turns off an LCD pixel 

PSET— Turns on an LCD pixel 

SCREEN ON/OFF— Locks or unlocks the screen label line 

SOUND— Outputs a tone of specified pitch and duration 

SOUND ON/OFF— Enables or disables sound during cassette 

loads and while the Model 100 is waiting for a carrier signal from 

the telephone modem lines 



Listing 3: A BASIC program demonstrating 
the use of the ON TIME$ extended-interrupt 
command. This program sounds an alarm 
when the Model 100's internal clock reaches 
15:37 (3:37 p.m.). 



10 ON TIItEt="15!37:00" GOSUB 100 
20 TD€« ON 

30 as 

10 PRINT B4,QR»(27H"p "+TIME«+" "4CHM(Z7)t'V 

50 GOTO 10 

100 PRINT"press enter to stop 3larn" { BEEP 

110 M»DKEY» 

120 IF M«"" GOTO 100 

130 as 1 RETURN 



when something comes in over the 
RS-232C interface, ON MDM 
GOSUB does it when the modem re- 
ceives something, ON KEY GOSUB 
branches when a function key is 
pressed, and ON TIMES GOTO 



makes a branch at a specified time. 
The potential usefulness of these 
commands should be obvious; listing 
3 gives an example. The various 
interrupts can be enabled and dis- 
abled by commands such as MDM 
followed by ON, OFF, or STOP. 

All the graphics and sound com- 
mands are new. Sounds of varying 
tone and duration as well as beeps 
can be produced, individual pixels or 
points on the LCD can be turned on 
and off, and lines and boxes can be 
drawn between any two sets of x,y 
coordinates; the box can be either an 
outline or filled. The LCD screen has 
a resolution of 260 by 64 pixels. 

Perhaps the most radical new fea- 



ture is the use of the OPEN state- 
ment. We usually think of OPEN and 
CLOSE statements being associated 
with disk files. What's OPEN doing 
in a machine that doesn't use disks? 
Any RAM file and any peripheral 
device can be declared as a file for 
output and input. You can write to 
a file in memory just as you would 
write to a disk file. RS-232C and 
modem I/O are handled by declaring 
the device to be a file. Even the screen 
can be treated as a file for output, as 
can the printer. For example: 

OPEN "LPT:" FOR OUTPUT AS 1 

sends all output for file number 1 to 



154 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Other Commands 

CLEAR— Clears all variable values, closes all open files, and op- 
tionally reserves string and high memory space 
CLS— Clears the screen 
CLOAD— Loads a BASIC program from tape 
CLOAD?— Verifies a cassette load of a BASIC program 
CLOADM— Loads a machine-language file from tape 
CLOSE— Closes open files by number, or all files 
COM ON/OFF/STOP— Enables or disables communications 
interrupt 

CONT— Continues program execution after a STOP command or 
press of Break key 

CSAVE— Saves a BASIC program on tape; program may be 
saved in compressed or ASCII formats 

CSAVEM— Saves a machine-language program on tape, using 
start, end, and entry addresses 
DATA— Defines a data set within a BASIC program 
DATES— Prints or sets current date in MM/DD/YY form 
DAY$— Prints or sets current day of the week 
DIM— Defines array size 
EDIT-Edits a BASIC program 
END— Ends BASIC program execution 
ERROR— Simulates an error in a program 
FILES— Prints the names of data and program files stored in 
RAM 

FRE— Returns the amount of memory available to BASIC 
HIMEM— Returns highest memory address available to BASIC 
INKEYS— Returns any keyboard key currently pressed 
INP— Returns a value from a CPU port 
INPUT— Inputs data from keyboard 
INPUT #— Inputs data from a file 

INPUT$— Inputs a number of characters from keyboard or from 
a file 

IPL— Defines a BASIC program to run whenever the Model 100 
is powered up 
KEY— Defines function keys 
KEY LIST— Lists function key definitions 

KEY ON/OFF/STOP— Enables or disables function key interrupts 
KILL— Erases a RAM file 
LCOPY— Copies the screen text to the printer 
LET— Optional assignment statement 
LINE INPUT— Inputs a string from the keyboard 
LINE INPUT #— Inputs a string from a file 
LIST— Lists the current program to the screen 
LLIST— Lists the current program to the printer 
LOAD— Loads a BASIC program from RAM, cassette, communi- 
cations port, or modem for execution 



LOADM— Loads a machine-language file from RAM or cassette 
LPRINT— Prints data to the printer 
LPRINT USING— Prints formatted data to printer 
MAXFILES— Specifies the maximum number of files your pro- 
gram can have open at one time 

MDM ON/OFF/STOP— Enables or disables modem interrupt 
MENU— Returns to the Model 100 menu 
MERGE— Combines two BASIC programs; one of the programs 
will be in current memory, the other will come from RAM, CAS, 
COM, or MDM 

MOTOR ON/OFF— Turns the cassette motor on or off 
NAME. . .AS— Renames a RAM file 
NEW— Erases the current program 

OPEN— Opens a RAM, CAS, COM, LCD, LPT, or MDM file for 
I/O 

OUT— Outputs a byte to a port 
POKE— Loads a value into memory 
POWER— Controls the automatic power-off feature 
POWER CONT— Prevents automatic power-down 
POWER OFF— Turns power off; if optional RESUME is added, 
execution continues where it stopped before power was turned 
off 

PRINT— Prints data to the screen (abbreviated as "?") 
PRINT ©—Prints at specified position on screen 
PRINT #— Prints data to a file 

PRINT USING— Prints formatted data to screen or file 
PRINT § USING— Prints formatted data to a file 
READ— Reads a data set within a BASIC program 
REM— Indicates an unexecutable comment 
RESTORE— Allows DATA items to be reused; the optional line 
number specifies which line the DATA pointer is to be set to 
RUN— Runs a BASIC program. May include loading the program 
from RAM, cassette, communications port, or modem. The ,R 
option tells BASIC to leave open files open. 
RUNM— Loads and executes a machine-language program from 
RAM or CAS 

SAVE— Saves the current program to RAM, cassette, com- 
munications port, LCD, printer, or modem. Optional ",A" may be 
used to store an ASCII file to RAM or cassette. Other devices 
automatically save in ASCII. 

SAVEM— Saves a machine-language file to CAS or RAM 
STOP— Stops program execution 
TAB— Skips to specified column with PRINT or LPRINT 
TIMES— Displays or sets the current time 
TIMES ON/OFF/STOP— Enables or disables the time interrupt 



the printer. This type of file routing 
is usually available only in the most 
powerful operating systems for the 
most expensive microcomputers and 
minicomputers. 

Several other useful new com- 
mands are available. KEY is used to 
define the function keys. KEY LIST 
puts the definitions of the functions 
onto the screen. FILES shows the 
available files. Two new tape com- 
mands, LOADM and SAVEM, are for 
loading and saving machine-lan- 
guage programs. A particularly 
important command, one that will be 
used mostly in direct mode, is 
NAME, which lets you rename a file. 
Three commands start with POWER. 



They specify how soon the power 
should be turned off (if at all) if the 
computer isn't used or if it shouldn't 
be turned off; one turns it off from 
within a BASIC program and gives 
you the option of resuming the pro- 
gram when the machine is turned 
back on. MAXFILES, normally 
placed at the beginning of a program, 
specifies how many files will be used. 
TIME$, DATES, and DAY$ contain the 
time, date, and day of the week re- 
spectively. 

An especially useful BASIC com- 
mand (normally used as a direct 
command) is IPL. It lets you specify 
that a particular BASIC program 
should be run when the Model 100 



is turned on. It allows a form of cus- 
tomization. As such, it can be used 
to turn the Model 100 into a turnkey 
computer that automatically runs a 
given program. 

Although BASIC programs can be 
directly typed in, they are edited 
using the text editor. If you type EDIT 
100, you enter the text editor with line 
100 as the text. Any range of line 
numbers can be specified, although 
because it takes some time to convert 
the tokenized program to ASCII, pro- 
grams should be edited in small 
pieces. If you try to return to BASIC 
and there is an error in the format of 
the edited program, you'll be given 
the error message "Text 111 Formed" 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 155 



and you will have to correct the prob- 
lem before you can reenter BASIC. A 
danger exists here: it's possible to 
make the edited program so screwed 
up that you can't find the error and 
you can't even get out by hitting the 
Reset button. (On the Model 100, 
reset is really a forced break, not a 
hardware reset.) 

If you're used to Microsoft's usual 
interpreted BASIC editor, this one 
takes some getting used to. It's easy 
to use and very powerful, but it lacks 
some things a programmer would 
want. For example, there's no way to 
renumber a whole program. And if 
you renumber a statement with the 
editor, it will be moved in the listing, 
but other statements that refer to it 
will not be changed. That's a very 
quick way to create hard-to-find 
errors. It also has no cross-reference 
utility that will show you where vari- 
able and line references occur. In 
other words, the editor remains a text 
editor and not a program editor 
tailored to BASIC programs. A nice 
feature is that you don't have to 
explicitly save programs: they remain 
in memory even when you return to 
the main menu unless you type 
"NEW. Also, if power is turned off 
while a program is running, the 
Model 100 will resume running it 
when the power comes back on. 

Technical Details 

The manual says absolutely 
nothing about the system operation 
of the Model 100— not even a mem- 
ory map. By the time you read this, 
however, you'll be able to order a 
service manual from any Radio Shack 



store through its national parts divi- 
sion, and a users technical manual is 
forthcoming. Anyone who wants to 
understand how the Model 100 
works must have either the service or 
technical manual. 

The following has been gleaned 
from a preliminary draft of the Model 
100's service manual, which I recom- 
mend to anyone who wants to know 
about the machine's inner workings. 

The Model 100 has five main inte- 
grated circuits. The microprocessor is 
an Intel 80C85, which is a CMOS 
(complementary metal-oxide semi- 
conductor) chip that uses the same 
instruction set as an 8080. A parallel 

The powerful 
combination of the 
text editor and the 
telecommunications 
package makes the 
Model 100 worth 
its price. 

I/O chip, an Intel 81C55, connects the 
microprocessor to the outside world; 
it handles the printer, keyboard, 
clock, buzzer, UART, and modem. 
The tape deck connects directly to the 
8085, as does the bar-code reader. 
The UART is an Intersil IM6402, 
which can be programmed in BASIC 
by OUT statements. The modem chip 
is a Motorola MC144T2, also easily 
programmed. The clock chip is an 
NEC /iPD1990AC, and it also can be 
accessed with machine language. 
The Model 100 uses many more I/O 



ports than do the other TRS-80 com- 
puters. The display, keyboard, clock, 
UART, modem, and buzzer are all 
controlled by I/O calls. The service 
manual gives the proper port 
addresses. 

The system has a 40-line bus, with 
three of the lines not used. The bus 
includes all the 8085's address, data, 
and control lines plus optional con- 
trol lines for an I/O unit and separate 
RAM. 

The 80C85 can directly address 64K 
bytes of memory; 32K bytes are in 
low memory as ROM, the ROM that 
contains the operating system. The 
ROM in the extra socket can be bank- 
selected (i.e., it replaces the 32K-byte 
hard-wired ROM) using an OUT call. 
RAM can be installed in four DIP 
(dual-inline pin) sockets; each socket 
holds a custom-made DIP package 
that contains four 2K-byte chips 
wired together (see the lower left 
corner of photo 2 on page 158). Thus, 
even with only four sockets for the 
RAM, 16 address lines are needed. 
You'll never be able to install standard 
RAM chips in the Model 100— they 
aren't what the computer expects to 
see in the sockets. 

Documentation 

By now it should be obvious that 
I think the Model 100 is one of the 
best microcomputers ever made. The 
documentation is its only major flaw. 
It's clear that a lot of work went into 
producing the manual, which is 
intended for the first-time user, and 
clear explanations are given for each 
software module. Unfortunately, the 
most elementary points are explained 



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156 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 487 on Inquiry card. 




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over and over again, while some 
important points are either left out or 
hidden in the repeated explanations. 
The manual's index is inadequate— I 
wasn't familiar with the MOD oper- 
ator in BASIC and it's not in the 
index. It took me 10 minutes to find 
it in the text. Many other things are 
left out. Another problem is that the 
manual doesn't encourage the user to 
understand why he or she is doing 
something. Anyone can learn to 
make good use of the Model 100 in 
an hour or two by using the manual, 
but it is poor at helping you to use 
the full capabilities of the machine. 
Even the page numbering is messed 
up: pages 134 and 135 are reversed. 

Finally, the manual does a poor job 
of showing what the Model 100 can 
really do. Although an experienced 
computer user would know that you 
can easily manipulate text files with 
BASIC programs, the manual doesn't 
mention it. The method for inserting 
boiler plate that I described earlier 
isn't even mentioned, although it's an 
almost essential feature of the editor. 
No mention is made of using the ma- 
chine to transport data between two 
other machines, and RS-232C hook- 
up information is relegated to the 
appendix, where one is led to believe 
that the Model 100 can be connected 
only to a Radio Shack Model II, III, 
or 16. 

Some of the following points are 
either omitted from the manual or 
are so obscurely buried that they'll be 
missed by most users. This is prob- 
ably not a complete list: 



• Escape sequences work with 
strings in BASIC programs. Escape 
and "p" forces output to be in reverse 
video while Escape and "q" puts it 
back. Other escape sequences ap- 
parently do other things, but I've not 
been able to find out what. 
•The buzzing noise during a tape 
save or input can be turned off (or 
on) by typing SOUND OFF or 
SOUND ON while in BASIC. 
•It's possible to force a cold restart of 
the Model 100 by simultaneously 
pressing the Ctrl, Pause, and Reset 
switches. This wipes out every file 
saved in memory and is equivalent to 
moving the memory switch on the 
back of the machine. 
•When setting up telecommunica- 
tions parameters with the Stat key, 
the dialing pulse rate must be set to 
either 10 or 20 pulses per second- 
no other values work. 



Other Complaints 

The Model 100 is a well-thought- 
out machine, but it's not perfect 
(although most of its problems are 
trivial). 

Some enhancements are provided 
in other BASICs that are not included 
here. Perhaps the most glaring 
deficiency is the lack of any attempt 
to provide for structured program- 
ming. The simple addition of a 
WHILE. . WEND statement and the 
ability to call named subroutines 
would have been appreciated by 
many programmers. Some have 
asked for BCD (binary-coded deci- 











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Photo 2: Inside the Model 100. The main circuit board is on the left, while the keyboard and 
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the lower left corner of the main circuit board. 



mal) arithmetic, which allows many 
more decimal places but not such 
large numbers. Personally, I prefer 
the present system. 

Another deficiency is the lack of 
any indication of file size or status. It 
would also be nice to have files dated 
when created and marked when 
updated. 

Although much mention is made 
of the use of machine-language pro- 
grams and there's even a nice CALL 
command in BASIC, there's no way 
to write a machine-language program 
other than by poking it into mem- 
ory—a process that is tedious for 
short programs and impossible for 
long ones. Although an assembler is 
in the works, independent software 
vendors will be handicapped in their 
ability to create Model 100 software 
until it becomes available. 

Finally, a few things are just miss- 
ing. Although almost every use of the 
function keys is shown on the bottom 
"label" line of the LCD, function key 
F5 in the terminal mode, which 
sends all terminal interaction to a 
printer, is not labeled. A worse prob- 
lem is the inability of the terminal 
program to send a true "break" 
signal. Luckily, most newer host 
computers use a Control-C instead. 

But the few deficiencies are negli- 
gible compared to the machine's 
tremendous ability. I was unable to 
find any real bugs, and I understand 
that the software has been more 
thoroughly tested than anything else 
Radio Shack has released. 

The Future 

The Model 100 just begs for 
additions and enhancements, both 
by Radio Shack and by independent 
suppliers. The existence of a ROM 
socket, the bus connector, and a 
socket for a bar-code reader all speak 
of things to come. A Tandy executive 
was reluctant to tell me exactly what 
to expect, but it's not hard to make 
some guesses. 

Because of the machine's limited 
memory, the most obvious addition 
would be a mass-storage device. A 
good candidate would be one or two 
microfloppy-disk drives. Even better 
would be some sort of bubble-mem- 
ory device. It should be possible to 



158 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 244 on Inquiry card. ■ 



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package 1 or 2 megabytes of bubble 
memory in about half the volume oc- 
cupied by the machine itself. But the 
turmoil in standardizing microflop- 
pies and the cost of bubble memory 
will probably prevent those options. 
I'll bet something's coming along, 
however, and I expect that 
independent suppliers will get into 
the act as well. 

Another obvious addition would 
be some sort of compact printer. Al- 
though the Model 100 now provides 
for printer output, it's a bit hard to 
carry any satisfactory printer around 
in your briefcase. Present technology 
should allow design of a unit no 
larger than the computer itself— and 
Tandy is one of the larger printer 
manufacturers around. 

An accessory that I would really 
like to see is a multichannel, 12-bit 
analog-to-digital converter. The 
Model 100 is ideally suited for data 
acquisition in industrial and field ap- 
plications. This market is smaller 
than for a printer or disk drive, but 
the Model 100 could be used as a 
remote data logger that would be bet- 



ter than anything else produced, 
even units in the above-$20,000 price 
range. 

The Model 100 presents tremen- 
dous possibilities for use by the dis- 
abled. If Baudot codes could be sent 
with the terminal program, it could 
serve as an inexpensive terminal for 
the various phone communication 
services available for the deaf. And 
its size makes it ideal for use with a 
head-stick by a quadriplegic. I was 
disappointed to see that some key 
combinations require two hands; the 
keyboard could have been designed 
for use by an amputee. Perhaps the 
most far-out fantasy would be a 
microcomputer for use by the blind. 
The keys could have braille caps, and 
it should be possible to design a flat 
plate like the LCD with tactile 
"bumps" that present a braille ver- 
sion of the visual display. 

As for software, a book/software 
product called the Model 100 BASIC 
Language Lab should be available from 
Radio Shack by the time you read 
this, and I understand that 
personal-productivity and personal- 



finance programs are in the works, 
with business-application software 
following. And, of course, it doesn't 
take much insight to guess that 
there'll be some games available. 

Whatever Tandy chooses to sell as 
accessories for the Model 100, it is 
certain that programmers and hard- 
ware suppliers will recognize the tre- 
mendous market presented by this 
machine. I expect to see a prolifera- 
tion of hardware and software add- 
ons that make those available for 
most other microcomputers seem 
sparse. As all those Apple ads tell 
you (and the TRS-80 ads should as 
well), it's the available body of hard- 
ware and software that really makes 
a microcomputer useful. 

Conclusions 

I first saw a Model 100 sitting next 
to a radio-controlled toy car at a Radio 
Shack store; I quickly passed it off as 
a toy as well. It was only after reading 
about it and playing with one for 
about an hour that I realized how 
powerful a machine this is. Sadly, it 
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160 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 414 on Inquiry card. 



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PU 286 When we introduced CPU 8085/88 in 

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>-series processors. Three years later, CPU 286 (based on the 

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running all existing 8086/8088 software, but opens up new 

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the use of four on-chip processors. $1595 ASM, $1750 CSC. 



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Breakwater Court, Hayward, CA 94545 
Circle 87 on inquiry card. 



Circle 146 on inquiry card. 



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that's truly flexible. 2 Jj 

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memory. With its enormous memory- 
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With its 60K of buffer memory, con- 
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firmware, MultiSpool can orches- 
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five printers simultaneously. Only this 
degree of flexibility can meet the 
ever-changing port-expansion needs 
of today's multiuser environment. 
Note , too, that MultiSpool mixes 
four serial and two Centronics- 
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handles X-on, X-off protocols 
and DTR. So, with the unit's 
dipswitch, you can configure 
each port to accommodate either 
a computer or printer; and you can 
define the discipline of that port. 
Best of all, MultiSpool sells for 
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who could make excellent use of the 
Model 100's abilities still think of it as 
a toy. It's too bad that Radio Shack is 
associated with toys and CB radio- 
its computers, especially the Model 
100, are as good as or better than any- 
thing available at much higher prices. 

I am told that it took a little more 
than a year from the time the Model 
100 was conceived until the first units 
were on the market. I'm amazed by 
that. The Model 100 shows tremen- 
dous planning and foresight. It can 
do things that desktop microcom- 
puters of several times its price can- 
not. The software is extremely well 
designed and innovative. It has the 
best features of a disk-based system 
while using only RAM storage, and 
the software is so well integrated that 
it is practically effortless to use the 
machine for a variety of applications. 
The Model 100 has a few faults, such 
as the documentation, but they are 
minor when one looks at the system 
as a whole. 

Perhaps the most telling test of the 
Model 100 is that since I bought one 
I have cut my use of larger machines 
by about half. I actually prefer to use 
the Model 100 instead of either an 
LNW-80 or a TRS-80 Model III for 
text editing. Even more telling is that 
at least one executive at Tandy said 
he uses the Model 100 more than his 
TRS-80 Model 12 and Model 16 com- 
bined. 

The Model 100 microcomputer is 
the first of a generation of really por- 
table machines. Undoubtedly a host 
of imitators will appear, and some of 
them may be on the market by the 
time you read this (the NEC note- 
book computer, using a very similar 
Microsoft operating system, was 
announced while I was writing this 
article). But the combination of hard- 
ware and software in the Model 100 
will be hard to beat. I doubt that, 
even several years from now, I will 
regret having bought one of the earli- 
est Model 100s on the market. ■ 

Mahlon G. Kelly (268 Turkey Ridge Rd., Char- 
lottesville, VA 22901) is Associate Professor of 
Environmental Sciences at the University of 
Virginia, where he studies the environments of lakes 
and rivers. His other interests include freelance writ- 
ing and the application of computers to environ- 
mental research. 



162 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 367 on inquiry card. 





It 





How to avoid becoming a casualty 
of the computer revolution. 



Dai 


talife 


"•\fetbaiim 


-^ypp^ 


Datalife 

-\trt»ilm- 

10Mr**l<s 


H^H| 



The computer revolution is eliminating lots of work for everybody. Unfortunately, it's often work you 
wanted to keep. 

Because of inconsistent or weak magnetic properties, some flexible disks can "forget" some or all of your 
information. But not if you're using Datalife®' flexible disks. They're certified 100% error free and backed by a 
5-year warranty. This means what you put on them stays, ready for instant retrieval. 

So enjoy all the benefits of the computer revolution without suffering the painful loss of your information. 
Use Datalife by Verbatim, the world's leading producer of flexible disks. 

For your nearest Verbatim dealer, call toll-free 800-538-1 793; in California or outside the U.S., call collect (408) 737-7771. 
Circle 470 on inquiry card. byte September 1983 163 



03551 



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call our toll-free line (800) 


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(Orders under S100 add service charge SIO 


. No service charge on orders over $ 


100!) 






Word Processors: 




IBM PC (MS-DOS) 


Your 


Wordstar (reg. CP/MC 


495 


300 1 


List 


Price 


Spellstar 


295 


180 


ATI Power lor PC DOS 75 


54 


Mailmerge 


295 


1(10 


ATI Power (WordStar) 75 


54 


Super Sort 


195 


180 1 


Supercalc 75 


54 


BONUS PACK 


990 


455 


MBASIC 75 


54 


(Includes: Wordstar 






Multiplan 75 


54 


& M/merge) 






Visicalc 75 


54 


Word Handler 


199 


139 


dB Power 75 


54 


CP/M (Most Formats) 




EasyFiler 75 


54 


CP* 


150 


109 


EasyWriler.il 75 


54 


Random House Thes. 


150. 


109 


Versa Form 389 


268 


dPATCH 


195 


129 


BSTAM 200 


144 


MicroLib File Lib. 


295 


195 


Target Fin Model 325 


253 


ATI-Pwr. tor CP/M 


75 


54 


Condor I Database 295 


212 


dB POWER 


75 


54 


Condor III Database 650 


468 


Wordstar Power 


75 


54 


Home Account. Plus 150 


104 


SuperCalc Power 


75 


54 


1st Class Mail 124 


89 


MBASIC Power 


75 


54 


Property Management 495 


345 


MultiPlan Power 


75 


54 


Write on 129 


89 


dBASEII 


700 


Call 


Real Estate Invest. 129 


94 


Financial Planner 


700 


499 


Random House Thes. 150 


109 


Bottom LineStrat. 


400 


289 


Money Decisions 199 


144 


BSTAM 


200 


144 


Z0RK I. II. Ill 39 


36 


Cardbox 


245 


174 


Deadline 39 


36 


Roots/M 


195 


137 


Star Cross 39 


36 


PlannerCalc 


99 


74 


PC Text 100 


70 


Target Fin. Modeling 


325 


254 


Window 150 


109 


Palanlir Word Proc. 


425 


309 


Wordtrix 34 


25 


FMS-80 


995 


599 


Joysticks (Kraft Sys.) 69 


49 


Citation card file 


250 


169 


Spellbinder 495 


274 


Supervyz 


150 


90 


Mince 175 


160 


Micro B* f /BASIC 


260 


209 


Final Word 300 


215 


Micro B+f/MBASIC/ 


260 


209 


Scribble 175 


159 


COBOL 






Cross Talk 195 


149 


Smart Key 


60 


46 


StatPack 495 


359 


Smart Print 


35 


28 


The Word Plus 150 


108 


QuickScreenf/BASIC 


149 


123 


The Personal Investor 145 


99 


MBASIC. dBASEII 






RM /COBOL 950 


684 


FMS80 






I RM/C0B0L Runtime 250 


179 


dGRAPH 


295 


217 


Job Cost System 495 


359 


dUTIL 


99 


84 


File Manager Plus 149 


109 


Quickcode 


295 


214 


Advanced Visicalc 400 


309 


Agri-bus Software 


3500 


1995 


VisiWord 375 


293 


Prof. Time Acct 


595 


439 


VisiSpell 225 


176 


SuperFile 


195 


117 


I Visicalc 250 


189 


ZORK 1. II. Ill 


49 


36 


Desktop Plan 300 


229 


Deadline 


59 


42 


VisiDex 250 


219 


Star Cross 


49 


36 


VisiTrend/Plot 300 


229 


Mathemagic 


99 


74 


Bus. Forecast. Models 100 


79 


Pascal Z 


450 


378 


Move-It 150 


99 


Pascal BZ (bus. ver.) 


450 


378 


Multiplan 275 


219 


Spellbinder 


495 


274 


Roots/ M 195 


137 


Final Word 


300 


219 


CP/M 86 




Benchmark 


499 


359 






Benchmark mailist 


250 


179 


Random House Thes. 150 


109 


CIS Cobol 


850 


612 


Spellbinder 495 


269 


FORMS 2 


200 


144 


SP/Law 125 


90 


FORTH 79 


139 


109 


Benchmark 499 


359 


CROSSTALK 


195 


153 


BSTAM 86 200 


149 


ZIP (Cor M-BASIC) 


160 


104 


Move-It 150 


99 


ZIP for both C- and 


225 


142 


DBASE II 700 


469 


M-BASIC 






Level II COBOL 1600 


1059 


StatPack 


495 


357 


APPLE 




The Word Plus 


150 


108 


Games 




Textwriter III 


125 


108 


Cannon Ball Blitz 35 


25 


Datebook 


295 


229 


Eggs It 30 


21 


Milestone 


295 


229 


Frogger 35 


25 


Job Files (Proj. Cost) 


500 


360 


Kamikaze 35 


27 


Pearl 1 


49 


32 


Master Type 40 


27 


Pearl 2 


295 


179 


Olympic Decathelon 29 


23 


Pearl 3 


495 


297 


Robot Wars 40 


24 


Personal Pearl 


295 


179 


Zork I. II & III 39 


36 


The Quad 


495 


419 


Wizardry 50 


35 


Quick N Easy Pro 


395 


284 


Serious Stuff: 




MailMan 


125 


94 


PFS: Pers File System 125 


95 


Quick N Easy Gen. 


295 


214 


PFS:Pers. Rep. Sys. 125 


95 


CRT FORM 


400 


289 


Eduware(all) 


Call 


Encode/Decode 


100 


74 


Visicalc 3.3 250 


1B9 


Diagnostic II 


125 


89 


Desktop Plan 3.3 250 


189 


Term II 


200 


144 


Advanced Visicalc 400 


315 


Disk Doctor 


100 


72 


(Apple III) 




Disk Edit 


100 


74 


f Modifiable D/base 80 


59 


Scratchpad 


295 


209 


I DB Master 229 


160 


Move-It 


125 


94 



. plember 1983 



VALUE 



SANYO STC 550 The first IBM-compatible computer under $1 ,000 ! 

(includes cpu, 1 Floppy, keyboard & Software) Now taking advance orders: To assure 
delivery by Christmas place your order immediately 



in 



ALSOFTHEMUNrH! 




SMITH-CORONA 
TP-1: 

AT OUR PRICE, 
NO COMPUTER 
SHOULD BE 
WITHOUT ONE! 

^6-95 each. List $849 

NBN. Tractor for TP-i, $129 





GEMINI 10X 

from 
Star-Micronics 



tmuous underline US) $*» , 

Special: New pnces 

TOO LOW TO ADVERTISE! 

KM**** « ^•■carn.Qe.EvBn better buy, 
ListS6A9 



IBM-PC COMPATIBLE COMPUTERS 

EAGLE 



jgaywZ-100 

NEW LOW PRICES! 



r^.Hll'.HM 




Advanced color graphics, 
16/8 bit, 128KRAM 
11 MByte Hard Disk 
List $5495 J CALL 




IBM-PC 64K 

I two floppies 320K 
I color board SCALL 



EAGLE-PC— Fully IBM-Com- 
patible. Detached keyboard 
105 keys, 24 user-delined 
EAGLE-PC— 1 floppy - List 
S1995 SCALL 

EAGLE-1600— Uses 8086, 
faster than IBM-PC SCALL 




COLUMBIA 1600 accepts all 
IBM boards, reads all IBM 
software. 12BK. B expan- 
sion slots! NEW: S3.000 
FREE SOFTWARE; JCALL 



.-p— -s-rrss"? 

mm » B """",'„„ i ,S0 cps. am ■**«■ 



Mannesmann-Tallv 
MT-160L 



printing at 50 cps. 



M T-180L NEW up to 



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.$ CALL 





«mm0M msm ^ c ~ 



CORONA PC 

The quality you expect from Corona — at a 
price you can afford! 128K RAM standard. 
2 Floppies (320 KB each) or 1 Floppy and 
10 MB internal hard disk. 4 expansion 
slots, 83-key keyboard, serial & parallel 
ports. High-resolution graphics standard 
(640x325 pixels)! Both MS-DOS andCP/M 
86 included, GW-BASIC, GSX graphics 
software and word processor standard. 

LIST $2,999... SCALL 



IBM COMPATIBLE MEMORY AND INTERFACE BOARDSI COMPLETE SELECTION S CALL 




BUY OF THE MONTH 



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WortPrn-c RAM : su Perb display, dedicated 
Word Processing keys. Spell-Binder Ultra- 
Calc, CBASIC, CP/M. 2 Floppies 390KByte 

LIST. . . . $1,999 
EAGLE 10 MByte Hard Disk 

AGE $ DEAL " ' $ CAU ^ SPECIAL PACK 
1 Full Year Warranty, 
Nationwide service (Bell & Howe 




NEC 

P-8800 



T 



SCALL 



Personal Computer System: Just Arrived: 

All the flexibility one could ask for, in highest per- 
formance system! Z-80 standard, 8086 16-bit pro- 
cessor optional. ROM Basic (8/16 bit), Graphic RAM, 
5M and 8" floppies. Include 3 individually-controlled | 
windows, text & graphics, RGB or composite dis- 
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LIMITED SUPPLY . SCALL 



NEW 

Brother 

HR-T& 

Letter 

Quality 
printer 







NEW: JUKI 6100 

Letter quality daisy wheel printer, all word 
processing functions/graphics. 18 CPS 
List S699 SCALL 




SOFTWARE SPECIAL 

SELECTOR V 2nd GENERATION 
DATA-BASE 

More Powerful More Flexible 

■ Built-in capability fo extract information 
from up to 6 Oata-liles simultaneously 

10 geneiate a single report! 
i Full-Screen Editor integral, allowing Free 
creation ol Dala. Enlry Screens with no 
additional sollware' (No need for QuickcorJe 
or similar sollware) 

■ LOWER PRICED. List S900 Only $649 
(Compare with DBase plus 
Quickcode) 

SPECIAL OFFER: Selector V Demo. 
Handles 60 Records with Full Capabilities 
and Full Documentation 

ONLY SI Per Record fSBOj 




TfekMdeo 
803 



Newer version of the well-known TeleVideo 
802. All the features ol the 802 (RS422 
communication interface optional) PLUS 
Larger screen nearly double the standard 
12" display: adjustable positioning, no Ian 
lor quiet operation' High resolution graphics 
under CP/M (64- x 240 pixel), graphics soft- 
ware included: 16 programmable function 
keys. AND THE BEST OF ALL: Priced at 
S1000 under the 802' With all these fea- 
tures, the TeleVideo 803 is an exceptional 

buy' List $2495 S CALL 

TeleVideo 1603. 806. 816 SCALL 

Nationwide Inslillilion md/servlca by TRW 
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Displayed and sold at our Showroom, 
12210 Michigan Ave., Grand Terrace, CA: 

MICRO-DECISION 

by Morrow Designs 





Perfect 

desk-top computer 
• Z-80. 1 Floppy standard, 2nd optional, Optional 
terminal, or use your own. • CP/M with user friendly 
"shell." • WordStar, SpellChecker, Spreadsheet, 
Microsoft Basic-80 & BASIC. List $1195 to $1790, 
Limited Quantity CALL For Availability. 
NEW: Now with double-sided double-density Flop- 
pies (800 KB storage), and with Data Base Manage- 
ment Software CALL For Availability! 



NEC 

APC 




Extremely sophisticated 
graphics and color display 
(1024x1024 pixel) 16-bit 
(8086!), 128K standard, expandable to 256K. 1-2 8" 
Floppies 1 MEG each (run any CP/M program avail- 
able on 8"). Detachable keyboard. Integral monitor 
(monochrome/color). Extensive software. 

H01 Monochrome, 1 Floppy List $3298 

H02 Monochrome, 2 Floppies List $3998 

H03 Color monitor, 2 Floppies List $4998 

CALL for appointment 



~)ay Exchange Privilege (sl 
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TAXAN COLOR MONITOR SCALL 

AMDEK 12" Amber $159. 

AMDEK COLOR III RGB S3B2 

Zenith RGB hi-resolution RGB $524 

PGShi-res. 12" RGB S645 

NEC 12" RGB hi-res SCALL 

INTERFACES & MODEMS. ETC. 

Hayes Modems $ CALL 

MICROFAZER printer b uffer S139 

ALL ODADHAM BOARDS > SCALL 

TYMAC printer-adapter f /APPLE ... S89 
GRAPPLER $129 

DOT-MATRIX PRINTERS: 

Epson FX-80 $ CALL 

Epson BX-80 $ CALL 

Okidata 83A 132 col. (s/P) $649 

Okidata 84-P 200 cps. & 50 cps .... $994 

Okidata 92, just released S CALL 

NEW: Cut Sheet Feeder for 

Okidata 84 SCALL 

IDS Microprism: serial and parallel inputs, 
two printing speeds and printing 
qrades: Draft/Correspondence ... S519 
Letter-Quality Printers: 

Fujitsu 80 CPS (!) $2289 

•NEC 3510 33cps serial $1449 

;DIABL0-620 25cps, ser $1094 

'DaisyWrrter 200. 48K buffer! $1023 

TRANSTAR. emulates Diablo. 

parallel $699 

TOSHIBA 1 350. heavy-duty. ..S1549 
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LIST S1681 SCALL 

OLYMPIA ES100KRO Electronic 

Typewriter/Printer 17.5 CPS. s/p$1150 



BHAT 



MS Prices in litis ad apply I" prepaid orders only, relied 5% cash disrount oil our regular sale pnces Per- 

00 companies. Universities and Government only: 30-day net, based 

7 00 AM-5:30 PM PST, Sat.12:00 NOOn-5:00 PM Pbl .;sh prices and requires payment in tull by Cashier s Check or 

, residents add 6% lax This ad supersedes all prior oilers Prices subjecl to 

■ -Mil prior notice All merchandise new in original factory cartons, carry full 

manul ir.l ed by lull insurance during shipping Absolutely no return on used or dam- 

i in UNOPENED original wrapping We now offer 15-DAY EXCHANGE 

rking charge on rclurned merchandise, and excluding special order Hems Aod 3% 

)5 minimum) 



472-0127 ATTEN EMD 



inc P.O. Box 3791. Riverside, 




APPLE Is irauemarn ol Apple Computer Inc. IBM is trademark ol International Business Machines. Inc. 



Circle 52 on inquiry card. 



BYTE September 1983 165 



The New Microfloppy 
Standards 

Only media specifications are settled at this point, but de facto 
standards for disk drives are already emerging 

by Thomas Jarrett 




Photo 1: The Shugart SA300 3Vi-inch microfloppy-disk drive (on the right) next to a 5Vt-inch disk drive. 

166 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



One of your next computers will 
probably have a microfloppy-disk 
drive that uses a 3V2-inch hard-shell 
cartridge with an automatic shutter. 
It will also be compatible with the 
standard interface for 5V4-inch disk 
drives. More than 30 companies are 
now supporting this emerging stan- 
dard in the sub-5V4-inch disk, or 
"microfloppy," market as a result of 
an agreement on disk media between 
the Microfloppy Industry Committee 
(MIC) and Sony Corporation earlier 
this year. While the disk drive and 
media specifications have been 
presented to the American National 
Standards Institute (ANSI) X3B8 
committee on microfloppies, they 
will probably become a de facto stan- 
dard in the marketplace before they 
gain official acceptance. 

Already, many portable computer 
manufacturers have adopted the 
3V2-inch disk drive as a standard. 
The sales of 5V4-inch disk drives are 
still increasing, particularly now that 
half-height drives are appearing in 
products, but experts predict that 
3V2-inch disk drives will soon outsell 
any other size. 

Microfloppy Applications 

Microfloppy-disk drives are small, 
light, inexpensive, and powerful, 
representing the newest wave of 
miniaturization in computer 
mass-storage peripherals. Their 
range of applications includes 
memory typewriters, new office 
equipment, scientific and engineer- 
ing instruments, the next generation 
of smaller portable computers, and 
other uses still on the drawing 
boards. 

Because of strong market demand 
for smaller, more powerful com- 
ponents and systems, the greatest 
potential for microfloppies is in por- 
table computers. They offer better 
performance and the same capacity 
as 5%-inch floppy disks in a smaller 
and less expensive package. While 
today's "portable computers" are 
more easily transportable than desk- 
top models, drives and media will 
contribute to the development of 
truly portable computers. Microflop- 
pies are also suitable for any applica- 
tion in which 5V4-inch disks are used. 



Reductions in the size and/or cost 
of silicon chips, displays, and disk 
drives lead to many new applications 
for small computer systems. The 
new semiconductor chips, cheaper 
memory, flat-panel displays, and 
sub-5V4-inch floppy-disk drives can 
help make for a system small enough 
to be carried in a briefcase. As a 
result, microfloppies may usher in a 
new era of freedom from the work- 
place. 

The Advantages of Microfloppies 

One of the most crucial factors that 
determines the cost and size of 
microcomputers is peripheral stor- 
age. In some cases, disk drives ac- 
count for 60 percent of the cost of a 
microcomputer system. Today's 
most popular and powerful micro- 
computers have two floppy-disk 
drives, which increase a system's 
volume and weight considerably. 
Microfloppy-disk drives, which are 
one-quarter the size and one-half the 
weight of conventional 5V4-inch disk 
drives, consume 50 percent less 
power. 

The microfloppy drives now on the 
market store from 358K bytes to 1 
megabyte per disk; 500K bytes is 
typical. This is raw, unformatted 
storage capacity that is typically re- 
duced to a 320K- or 360K-byte format 
compatible with the IBM Personal 
Computer disk format. This capacity 
is less than some of the new high-ca- 
pacity 5V4-inch disks now appearing 
on the market, but it is equivalent to 
most standard 5V4-inch disks. 

As microfloppy drives are inte- 
grated into consumer products, sys- 
tems designers and OEMs (original 
equipment manufacturers) will take 
advantage of the 3V2-inch disk's size, 
price, and performance to create new 
uses beyond those of 5V4-inch drives. 

Another advantage microfloppies 
offer is carrying convenience. Early 
market research revealed that people 
want disks that can be carried in a 
pocket or purse. But because micro- 
floppy disks are easy to trans- 
port—and therefore easy for inex- 
perienced users to damage— the disk 
and drive manufacturing companies 
are supporting a hard-shell cartridge. 
Further, most disks have an auto- 



matic shutter that closes over the 
media surface when the disk is re- 
moved from the drive. Thus the 
"floppy" in microfloppy is no longer 
accurate. Such protective measures 
help ensure that beginners who 
don't know the meaning of com- 
puter messages such as "BDOS 
Error— bad sector" will not have to 
learn about them the hard way. 

Industry Standards 

Standards are essential to the effi- 
ciency and growth of every segment 
of the computer and electronics in- 
dustry, and microfloppy drives and 
media are no exception. Standardiza- 
tion lowers costs to manufacturers, 
OEMs, and consumers alike by 
allowing the mass production of in- 
terchangeable parts. Standards also 
eliminate the need for expensive 
redesigns. 

Disk and drive manufacturers can 
compete within the framework of an 
established standard. That way, 
OEMs and systems houses won't fail 
to support a customer if their main 
source does not have parts available. 
They can fall back on second sources 
of standard parts. 

When microfloppies were first an- 
nounced, the market was flooded 
with incompatible products. Hitachi, 
Matsushita, and Maxell introduced a 
3-inch disk drive and media; Tabor 
and Dysan presented a 3%-inch 
drive with soft-jacketed disks that 
Seagate Technology later supported; 
Sony introduced a 3V2-inch drive that 
both transferred information and 
rotated twice as fast as the standard 
5%-inch drive; Canon had a 3.8-inch 
drive; and more recently, IBM intro- 
duced a 4-inch drive. Disk-media 
manufacturers were endorsing sev- 
eral disk sizes, but most of the sup- 
port was behind the 3V2-inch format. 

The Microfloppy Industry 
Committee 

The Microfloppy Industry Com- 
mittee (formerly called the Microflop- 
py Standards Committee) was 
formed in May of 1982 to establish a 
microfloppy media standard. The 
committee announced its activities at 
the National Computer Conference 
in June 1982 and opened its member- 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 167 



3.7 IN 




AUTOMATIC SHUTTER 
HEAD ACCESS 
WINDOW 

DISK 



POSITIONING HOLE 
CHUCKING HOLE 

CENTERING HUB 
PLASTIC CASE 



WRITE PROTECT 
FEATURE 



BACK VIEW 



Figure 1: The SVi-inch disk cartridge endorsed by the Microfloppy Industry Committee has 
a hard plastic case and an automatic shutter. 



ship to any interested party. Shugart 
Corporation was among the original 
four members of the committee, 
which by April of 1983 included 22 
leading disk-drive, media, and per- 
sonal computer manufacturers. 

In September 1982 the MIC pro- 
posed the adoption of a 3V2-inch 
hard-cartridge disk standard to the 
ANSI X3B8 committee on microflop- 
pies. By then Sony had begun to ship 
its own version of a 3V2-inch drive 
and hard cartridge. The Sony media 
and the MIC's proposed standard for 
3V2-inch media, while similar, dif- 
fered on four main points: the num- 
ber of tracks (concentric circles) on 
the disk, coercivity, thickness of the 
iron-oxide coating, and the type of 
shutter used to protect the head ac- 
cess window, where the disk drive 
reads and writes information on the 
disk. 

The Sony drive had 70 tracks of in- 
formation, while the MIC proposed 
80 tracks as standard. Both used 
metal hubs in their disks to improve 
centering tolerance. The coercivity of 
the Sony medium was 580 oersteds 
(a unit of magnetic resistence), while 
the MIC had suggested 650 oersteds. 
Sony's oxide layer was 100 micro- 
inches thick, and the MIC's proposal 



specified 40 to 50 microinches. The 
thinner oxide layer and higher coer- 
civity allow higher recording densi- 
ties to be used without sacrificing 
reliability. 

Sony's first shutter on the disk was 
a simple metal slide that the user had 
to manually open before inserting 
the disk into the drive then manual- 
ly close after the cartridge was re- 
moved. That procedure required 
touching the area around the head 
access window and possibly ruining 
the disk. Also, the shutter could slide 
open accidentally, exposing the head 
access window to contaminants. 

The MIC design, in contrast, in- 
cludes a spring-loaded autoshutter 
that automatically opens upon inser- 
tion of a cartridge into the drive and 
automatically closes when the car- 
tridge is ejected. An actuator inside 
the drive controls the opening of the 
shutter and loads the read/write 
head(s) onto the media. This system 
reduces the possibility of putting the 
disk into the drive incorrectly and the 
chances of media damage due to the 
disk shutter being open when out of 
the drive. The MIC hard cartridge 
also has a sliding mechanical write- 
protect tab instead of a detachable 
plastic write-protect tab, which can 



get lost. See figure 1 for an illustra- 
tion of the MIC 3V2-inch hard- 
cartridge standard. 

The most significant development 
in the microfloppy media standards 
issue was the compromise agree- 
ment Sony and the MIC reached in 
January 1983. The two groups agreed 
on 80 tracks per side of a disk, a coer- 
civity of 625 oersteds, and an oxide 
thickness of approximately 60 micro- 
inches. Thus, important progress 
was made toward solving the thor- 
ny issue of microfloppy media stan- 
dardization. Sony will be manufac- 
turing a second-generation product 
compatible with the MIC cartridge 
and will continue to support its 
original drive and media. Sony will 
also use an autoshutter on its new 
media. 

The agreement between the first 
company to ship production quanti- 
ties of microfloppies and a commit- 
tee of leading U.S., European, and 
Japanese manufacturers adds weight 
and momentum to the effort to estab- 
lish a single microfloppy configura- 
tion as the standard. Table 1 lists the 
members of the Microfloppy Indus- 
try Committee and the supporters of 
the various disk sizes. 

The Microfloppy Competitors 

From the beginning, size has been 
the most basic bone of contention 
among the microfloppy-drive manu- 
facturers. Four disk sizes ranging 
from 3 to 4 inches have been pro- 
posed, and each one has its sup- 
porters. 

The 3-inch disk drive: The 
Hitachi/Matsushita/Maxell 3-inch 
drive has a 5V4-inch interface and an 
automatic shutter on its rigid-case 
disk. Hitachi has not announced any 
volume agreements with American 
computer makers yet, although 
many Japanese manufacturers are 
lined up behind this proposed stan- 
dard. Gavilan Computer Corpora- 
tion introduced its new portable 
computer with Hitachi's 3-inch drive 
but has since decided to use the 
3V2-inch microfloppy. Maxell is 
owned by Hitachi and is therefore 
associated with this group. Mat- 
sushita is supporting the 3V2-inch 
drive as well as the 3-inch drive. 



168 September 1983 © BYTE Publications In 




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3 1 /2-inch with 


3V2-inch with 




3-inch 


3 1 /4-inch 


Shugart interface 


Sony interface 


4-inch 


Canon 


Brown Disc Alps 


Computer 


IBM 


Fuji 


Dysan 


Citizen 


Devices Inc. 




Hitachi 


Seagate 


Control Data Corp. 


Hewlett-Packard 




Jicoh 


Soroc 


Epson 


Jonos 




Matsushita 


Tabor 


Formmaster 


RCA 




Maxell 




Fuji 


SKS 




Micro Peripherals Inc. 


Gavilan Computer 


Sony 




Mitsumi 




Sankyo 


Sord 




Nihon 




Sony 


Tandon 




Sankyo 




Sord 


Universal Data 




Sanyo 




Tandon 


Systems 




Teijin 




TEAC 






Tokyo Denki 




Toshiba 

Apple Computer 
Atari 
Athana 
BASF 

Cii Honeywell Bull 
Dennison Kybe 
I Dobbeiin Boeder 
Matshusita 










Media Systems Technology 








f Memorex 








Microfloppy j 


Mitsubishi 








Industry / 


Nashua Corporation 








Committee \ 


Olivetti 
I Otrona 

Phillips 
I Remex 
I Shugart 

Spin Physics 

TDK 

Verbatim 

Wabash 

Xidex 

YE Data 






Table 1: The 


various companies supporting the different 


microfloppy-disk sizes 


Note 


that some manufacturers are offering more than one type of microfloppy. 





The 3-inch drive has two potential 
problems. First, because the disk is 
so small, both sides of it must be 
used to achieve a capacity of 500K 
bytes. Because the drive has only one 
read/write head, this is currently ac- 
complished by reading one side 
(250K bytes) and then flipping the 
disk over. The company recently an- 
nounced a double-sided drive that 
will access both sides of a disk (500K 
bytes) at the same time. Second, in 
order for 3-inch drives to achieve a 
1-megabyte capacity, a track density 
of 200 tracks per inch would have to 
be used. This would significantly re- 
duce the reliability of an open-loop 
drive. See Table 2 for more technical 
comparisons between the different 
microfloppy drives. 

3V*-inch disk drive: The Tabor/ 



Dysan/Seagate 3%-inch disk also has 
slightly less recording area than the 
3V2-inch disk. This is the only group 
that does not offer a hard-shell car- 
tridge because its 3 y* -inch disk is 
covered by a more traditional soft 
envelope. These companies feel that 
the price of their disks will be more 
competitive because of the less ex- 
pensive soft jacket (which uses exist- 
ing 5%-inch disk technology and has 
fewer parts). Dysan owns portions of 
Tabor and Seagate and has financial 
ties to Brown Disc, so it is not 
unusual to see these companies 
together. They have not announced 
any volume deals on their drives. 
The 3 Vi-inch disk drive: The 3y2-inch 
disk format has twice the available 
recording area of the 3-inch disk. 
Higher-capacity drives are already 



170 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



mm 



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BYTE September 1983 171 







Unformatted 


Single or 




Track-to-Track 








Vledia Size 


Capacity 


Double- Dimensions Media 


Transfer Rate 


Tracks Access Time 


Bits 


Tracks 


Company 


(inches) 


(bytes) 


-sided (inches) Covering 


(kilobits/sec.) 


per Surface (milliseconds) 


per Inch 


per Inch 


Hitachi 


3 


500K 


Double 1.62 by 3.6 by 6.0 Hard 


250 


80 3 


8946 


100 


Tabor 


3 1 A 


500K 


Single 1.62 by 4.0 by 5.5 Soft 


250 


80 10 


9250 


140 


Shugart 


3V2 


500K 


Single 1.62 by 4.0 by 6.0 Hard 


250 


80 6 


8204 


135 


Tandon 


3'/2 


1000K 


Double 1.62 by 4.0 by 6.0 Hard 


250 


80 3 


8776 


135 


Sony 


3 1 /2 


1000K 


Double 2.0 by 4.0 by 5.1 Hard 


500 


80 12 


8717 


135 


IBM 


4 


358K 


Single 2.62 by 4.5 by 6.6 Hard 


333.3 


46 40 


6865 


— 


Table 2: 


Specifications for some 


of the different microfloppy-disk drives 











being announced as improved media 
and head-positioning technologies 
become available. Most 3V2-inch disk 
drives use only one side of the disk 
to store 500K bytes. Adding a second 
head, a simple redesign of the pre- 
sent drive, will create a 1-megabyte 
double-sided drive. Sony and Tan- 
don have already announced this 
upgrade as well as versions of their 
drives with both the 5V4-inch inter- 
face and the Sony interface. Tandon 
has announced a $310 million agree- 
ment with a major microcomputer 
manufacturer (rumored to be IBM) 
for its disk drives (probably the 



3V2-inch disk drive with the 5V4-inch 
interface). 

Sony started delivering the first 
microfloppies in 1980 in one of its 
word processors. The company has 
since offered the microfloppy in its 
SMC-70 microcomputer. Hewlett- 
Packard placed a $30-million order for 
Sony microfloppy drives and recent- 
ly announced that it had sold 25,000 
drives in its various products, among 
them the Series 200 Model 16 micro- 
computer, which accounts for half of 
the estimated 50,000 microfloppy 
drives that have been sold so far. 
Computer Devices uses Sony drives 



in its Dot microcomputer; RCA uses 
them in development systems; Sord, 
Jonos, and Universal Data Systems all 
use Sony Drives in their portable 
computers. 

Sony will continue to manufacture 
and support its older drives, but now 
that the company is offering the new 
3V2-inch drives with the MIC media 
and Shugart interfaces, it is debat- 
able how many manufacturers will 
stay with the older Sony disk format 
or the Sony interface. 

IBM's 4-inch disk drive: While the 
4-inch IBM disk has more recording 
area than the 3V2-inch disk, it is too 



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172 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



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BYTE September 1983 173 



big to fit easily in a shirt pocket and 
doesn't offer systems integrators 
enough of a size incentive to replace 
5V4-inch disks. The IBM drive 
presently stores only 358K bytes- 
less storage capacity in a larger pack- 
age than a 3V2-inch drive. It has a 
slow (40-millisecond) track-to-track 
access time, and both the data-trans- 
fer rate and the interface are non- 
standard. Until this drive is used in 
an IBM product, it probably won't go 
far. 



The most popular interface for 
microfloppy-disk drives is the stan- 
dard 5V4-inch Shugart interface used 
on most 5V4-inch floppy-disk drives. 
This standard defines the data and 
control lines and specifies a disk rota- 
tion of 300 revolutions per minute 
(rpm) and an information transfer 
rate of 250K bits per second. Disk 
drives that use the 5V4-inch interface 
can be easily interchanged. Systems 
integrators can then use the new 
microfloppies directly in place of the 



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older 5V4-inch drives. Computer 
manufacturers in turn can take ad- 
vantage of tried-and-true technology 
(their existing computers and the 
proven reliability of 5V4-inch inter- 
faces) while getting to the market 
first with smaller, faster computer 
systems. 

The new microfloppy-disk drives 
access information on the disk quick- 
ly. Transferring that information out 
of the drive and into the computer, 
however, can be a slow process. Sys- 
tems designers may feel limited by 
the Shugart interface transfer speed 
of 250K bits per second when they 
want to use the new, faster micro- 
processors and memory that micro- 
floppy-disk performance can't keep 
up with. That's one of the major 
reasons why Sony is offering its 
600-rpm 3V2-inch disk drive with a 
Sony interface that can transfer infor- 
mation at 500K bits per second, ef- 
fectively twice the speed of the 
Shugart interface and the same as 
double-density 8-inch disk drives. 

Case Study of a Microfloppy 

Shugart Corporation's entry in the 
microfloppy field is the SA300, a 
single-sided drive that stores 500K 
bytes on a 3V2-inch disk (see photo 
1). The SA300 measures 1.6 inches 
high, 4 inches wide, and 6 inches 
deep and weighs only 1.3 pounds. 
The drive is extremely quiet and has 
only nine moving parts because of its 
efficient, brushless direct-drive DC 
motor, which eliminates the need for 
belts and pulleys. It records with the 
JV1FM (modified-frequency modula- 
tion) method at a density of 8204 bits 
per inch and 135 tracks per inch, 
with 80 tracks per side. Track-to- 
track access time is 6 milliseconds. 
The SA300 uses + 12 volts when the 
disk is being accessed, dissipating 
less than 8 watts. In a standby mode 
it uses +5 volts and dissipates less 
than 4 watts, producing about one- 
third less heat than standard 5V4-inch 
disks. In portable computer systems 
this translates to less draw on a bat- 
tery pack and thus longer operation 
without recharging batteries. The 
lower heat dissipation also means 
that parts last longer. 

In terms of its interface and the 



174 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 482 on inquiry card. 



Circle 372 on inquiry card. 



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Baud Phone Modem? 




You need time. 



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Much more than just a phone modem. 

When you're on-line, time is money. PRO-MODEM helps you 

save. By monitoring the duration and cost of your phone calls. 

By sending and receiving messages at preset times when the 

rates are lower. Unattended. With or without your computer. 

Compare the $495 PRO-MODEM 1200 with any other 
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And PRO-MODEM 1200 does more. It lets you 

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PRO-COM Software. 

There isn't space to describe it all here. 

See your local dealer for complete 

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your time. And money. 

Prometheus Products, Inc., 
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(415)490-2370 



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configuration of the disk track den- 
sity and layout, the Shugart SA300 
is compatible with computer systems 
that use standard 5V4-inch disks. 
Consequently, it can be plugged into 
any system that has previously used 
standard 5 ¥4 -inch disks. Plug com- 
patibility enables systems designers 
and OEMs to use the latest tech- 
nology in data storage while preserv- 
ing their investment in their existing 
hardware and software. And 
alleviating drastic redesigns helps 
keep costs to the end user to a 
minimum. 

Standards for the Future 

Of the four competing disks, the 
3V2-inch hard-shell cartridge is be- 
coming the de facto standard. Its 
media is safer and more reliable due 
to the hard case and automatic shut- 
ter. At the outset, consumers will 
have to pay up to $7 per disk for this 
added safety, but with mass produc- 
tion the prices will quickly be com- 
petitive with 5 V* -inch disk prices. 
The 3V2-inch disk is small enough to 
fit into a shirt pocket and large 
enough to hold a megabyte of stor- 
age without taxing present disk tech- 
nologies. Just as the audiocassette re- 
placed reel-to-reel tapes, the 3V2-inch 
disk could become a mass-marketing 
phenomenon. 

The compatibility and portability of 
the 3V2-inch disk drive with the 
Shugart interface also bodes well for 
its success. The 5 V* -inch-compatible 
interface, it should be added, pro- 
tects investments in existing software 
and disk controllers. 

Marketplace acceptance will ulti- 
mately determine the standard for 
the next generation of sub-5V4-inch 
drives and media. But the compro- 
mise agreement between Sony and 
the MIC, along with hard-shell 
media protection, a plug-compatible 
standard interface, and a potential 
for enhancements, make the 3V2-inch 
Shugart-interface disk drive the lead- 
ing contender for the title of indus- 
try standard. ■ 



Thomas Jarrett is the microfloppy marketing 
manager at Shugart Associates (475 Oakmead 
Pkwy., Sunnyvale, CA 94086). 



176 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 386 on Inquiry card. 



High resolution, low cost graphics 
should be more than a retrothought . 



w 







try settle for a low resolution retrofit graphics termin 
when you can have a VISUAL high resolution terminal 
with quality and reliability built in. And at a cost 
that makes retrofits overpriced. 

The VISUAL 500 and VISUAL 550 emulate the 
Tektronix" 4010/4014 but cost only about half as 
much. And they provide 585(V) x 768(H) resolution 
for sharp text and graphic display on a large 14" 
screen without the need to add boards or change 
the CRT. This superior resolution offers the ideal 
vertical to horizontal dot density ratio of 1:1 for 
balanced images and reduces the "stairstep" 
effect you get with most retrothoughts. 

The VISUAL 500 provides selectable emulations ■% 
of the DEC VT52,' Data General D200, Lear Siegler 
ADM3A," and Hazeltine 1500 terminals. The 
VISUAL 550 is DEC VT100' protocol-compatible 
as well as a character or block mode terminal 
which complies to the ANSI X3.64 standard. 

Call or write for a free comprehensive refer- 
ence booklet on graphics terminals including 
a glossary of graphics buzzwords. 




_ 



^TnT 



See for yourself 



Visual Technology Incorporated 

540 Main Street, Tewksbury, MA 01876 

Telephone (617) 851 -5000. Telex 951-539 



Circle 474 on inquiry card. 







VISUAL 500/550 












VISUAL 






RETROTHOUGHTS 




DIGI1 


SELANAR 














SG100 








500 


550 


VT640S 


VT640 


DQ650S 
240 


DQ650M 
480 


iPUJS 


SG200 


SG480 


Vertical Resolution 


585 


585 


240 


480 


240 


240 


480 


Horizontal Resolution 


768 


768 


640 


640 


800 


800 


1225 


1225 


780 


Dot Density Ratio 


1:1 


1:1 


1:2 


1:1 


1:3 


1:1 


1:4 


1:4 


1:1 


Screen Size 


14" 


14" 


12" 


12" 


12" 


12" 


12" 


12" 


12" 


Tektronix 4014 Compatible 


STD 


STD 


NO 


NO 


NO 


STD 


NO 


STD 


STD 


Data Tablet Support 


STO 


STD 


NO 


NO 


OPT 


OPT 


NO 


NO 


NO 


Vtulti-Vendor Printer Support 


STD 


STD 


OPT 


OPT 


OPT 


OPT 


OPT 


OPT 


OPT 


8 Dir. Cross Hair Cursor 


STD 


STD 


NO 


NO 


NO 


NO 


OPT 


OPT 


OPT 


Programmable Function Keys 


STD 


STD 


NO 


NO 


NO 


NO 


NO 


NO 


NO 


Tilt/Swivel Enclosure 


STD 


STD 


NO 


NO 


NO 


NO 


NO 


NO 


NO 


Compatibility 


VT52 


VT100 


VT100 


VT100 


VT100 


VT100 


VT100 


VT100 


VT100 




ADM3A 


VT52 


VT52 


VT52 


VT52 


VT52 


VT52 


VT52 


VT52 




H1500 


ANSI 


















D200 


X3.64 
















PRICE (suggested list*) 


$2,495 


2,695 


3,025 


3,355 


3,025 


3.510 


2,890 


3,390 


3,190 



"fiet rot hou gnls price includes DEC VTI00" terminal based on published information as of 4/1/83. 



System Review 



The HP-75 Portable Computer 




This briefcase computer from Hewlett-Packard has 
powerful real-time scheduling capabilities 

by Rowland Archer Jr. 



The HP-75 marks Hewlett-Packard's entry into the mid- 
priced portable computer fray. Truly a portable com- 
puter, the HP-75 includes a full-featured BASIC inter- 
preter, a text editor, a real-time clock/calendar, and an 
appointment scheduler (see photo above). 

Low-power CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semi- 
conductor) memory (16K bytes, upgradable to 24K) re- 
tains files, programs, and the appointment calendar 
when the machine is switched off (only the display ac- 
tually powers down). A rechargeable battery pack keeps 
the HP-75 running for about 20 hours of active use before 
it needs to be recharged. 

Magnetic cards are used to save and restore programs 
and data files. Each card holds about 1300 bytes. Op- 



tional peripherals, such as a video-display driver, a 
digital cassette recorder, and a thermal printer, can be 
connected through the HP-IL (Hewlett-Packard Interface 
Loop) port on the back of the HP-75. 

Display 

The HP-75 has a 1-line, 32-character liquid-crystal dis- 
play (LCD). System software provides automatic hori- 
zontal scrolling through a 32-character window, up to 
a maximum line length of 96 characters. All visible ASCII 
(American National Standard Code for Information In- 
terchange) characters (uppercase and lowercase letters, 
numbers, and punctuation) can be displayed by the 
HP-75, with or without underlining. It also contains a 



178 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



set of special characters: graphics symbols, a partial 
Greek alphabet, and several characters needed to sup- 
port foreign languages, such as the umlaut over the o. 
Using a computer with a 1-line display takes some get- 
ting used to, though the software makes it more 
tolerable. Commands such as LIST (list a text file or a 
BASIC program) cause the text to pause automatically 
after displaying each successive line. The duration of this 
pause can be set by a command. 

Keyboard 

The keyboard contains 65 keys in a standard QWER- 
TY layout. All of the 256 possible 8-bit character codes 
can be generated from the keyboard. Each key repeats 
automatically when held down. Three special keys 
marked TIME, APPT, and EDIT can be pressed at any 
time to switch into the clock/calendar display, the ap- 
pointment-scheduling program, or the text editor, 
respectively. The FET key can be used to fetch the 
message associated with the most recent error. DEL 
deletes single characters; CLR clears entire lines. Four 
arrow keys are used to move the cursor within the cur- 
rent line or to the next or previous line. 

The keys give tactile feedback and an audible click 
when they are pressed, but they have a very short travel. 
I did not find the keyboard suitable for fast touch-typing; 
the calculator-like buttons are too small and require too 
much pressure. However, I would guess that they will 
remain highly reliable, based on their similarity to HP 
calculator keys. 

A very flexible keyboard reprogramming feature lets 
you assign a string of characters to any one of 194 valid 
key codes and key combinations. For example, you could 
assign a set of BASIC keywords to all the ASCII control 
characters, so that pressing CTL (control) plus a key 
would enter an entire keyword. The current set of 
keyboard definitions is drawn from a file called keys. You 
can maintain keyboard redefinition files on magnetic 
cards or in-memory files. 

Magnetic Cards 

As many multiple program and data files as memory 
permits can be stored in the HP-75. If you need to store 
additional files, you can use the built-in magnetic card 
reader. Magnetic cards are also used to transfer software 
between machines. Several sample programs come with 
the HP-75 on prerecorded cards. 

The magnetic cards store 650 bytes on each of two 
tracks for a total of 1300 bytes. You can read or write cards 
by pulling them manually through a slot in the lower 
right-hand corner of the machine, as prompted by the 
system software. It took a while to find the right speed 
to pull the cards through the reader. Warning messages 
tell you if you pulled too slowly or too quickly, but only 
within a limited range of the correct speed. Outside this 
range, you get a warning of bad read/write. My machine 
may have had some problems with the card reader, as 
it would sometimes give an error as soon as I pushed 
the RTN (return) button; according to the manual, there 



At a Glance 

Name 

Hewlett-Packard HP-75C Portable Computer 

Distributor 

Hewlett-Packard 
Corvallis Division 
1000 Northeast Circle Blvd. 
Corvallis, OR 97330 

Dimensions 

II y a by 6 by 1 % inches; 1 pound, 10 ounces 

Features 

Rechargeable battery pack; AC adapter; 16K bytes of memory; HP 
proprietary microprocessor; 65 keys; HP Interface Loop; full ASCII 
plus graphics, some Greek letters, some European-accented roman 
letters; I line of 32 characters on liquid-crystal display 

Other peripherals 

Built-in magnetic card reader 

Expansion features 

User memory to 24K bytes total; three plug-in ROM sockets; HP 
Interface Loop peripherals including video display, digital cassette, 
and thermal printer 

Software 

BASIC interpreter, text editor, file manager, clock/calendar, and 
appointment scheduler 

Price 

S995 

Documentation 

360-page, softcover, 3-hole punched Owner's Manual with com- 
plete operating instructions, tutorial, table of contents, and index; 
quick-reference manual not received for review 

Audience 

For programmers and professionals in need of a portable 
computer with appointment scheduling, editing, and BASIC 
programming capabilities 



is supposed to be about a 5-second delay before it 
presents an error message. 

The HP-75 automatically computes the number of 
cards needed to save a file and prompts you to insert 
them one by one. When you read a file back from cards, 
you do not need to read the tracks back in the order you 
wrote them, as long as you read all the tracks at least 
once. 

Hardware Expansion 

The HP-75C comes with 16K bytes of RAM (random- 
access read/write memory) in addition to 48K bytes of 
ROM (read-only memory). I tested an HP-75D, which in- 
cludes an additional 8K bytes of RAM, for a total of 24K. 
Most of this is available for user programs and data; my 
machine showed 22,463 bytes free after a system reset. 
If you buy an HP-75C, you can purchase the 8K bytes 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



179 



of RAM later and simply plug the module in behind the 
battery compartment. 

Three slots on the front of the HP-75 accommodate 
ROM modules, which can add new functions to the 
system. There were no details supplied with the review 
machine on these functions, but reference is made in the 
owner's manual to expanding BASIC with new features. 

The rear of the HP-75 contains an HP-IL port (see "The 
Hewlett-Packard Interface Loop," by Robert Katz, April 
1982 BYTE, pages 76-92). This is a two-wire expansion 
bus used by HP for connecting peripherals such as a 
digital cassette recorder, a thermal printer, and a video 
interface. The same peripherals used by the HP-41C 
hand-held computer can be used by the HP-75. 

File System 

An in-memory file system is the basis for storage of 
text files (or documents) and BASIC programs. Files can 
be created and modified, renamed, deleted, and copied 
to magnetic card or any other device on the HP-IL. File 
names can have as many as eight characters. Files can 
be protected in two ways: First, a BASIC program can 
be made private, in which case it can be run and deleted, 
but not listed or edited. Second, a password can be sup- 
plied for any file when you copy it to a card; that card 
cannot be read unless you supply the correct password. 

The system knows about five types of files: BASIC pro- 
grams, text files, appointment files, LEX files, and in- 
terchange files. Appointment files are managed by the 
appointment-scheduler program. LEX files are lan- 
guage-extension files. They add new commands to 
BASIC or the operating system. Interchange files are 
standard-format (not specified) files used to exchange 
information with other computers. A command is pro- 
vided to transform files between BASIC, text, and inter- 
change formats. 



Text Editor ' 

The HP-75's text-editing capabilities are used by all the 
other software (BASIC, appointment scheduler, clock/ 
calendar program, and filer). This line editor is both 
powerful and easy to use. 

You can move a blinking block cursor across the line 
with the left and right arrow keys. Characters can be 
changed by typing over them. One key deletes the 
character under the cursor, and another key toggles the 
editor in and out of insert mode, which lets you insert 
characters between existing characters. 

The two modes of text editing are for BASIC programs 
and documents. BASIC program statements are checked 
for valid syntax as they are entered. Both file types re- 
quire line numbers before every line of text. These line 
numbers are used to specify a line or range of lines to 
be listed, printed, moved, deleted, and renumbered. 

Appointment Scheduler 

The appointment-scheduling program makes exten- 
sive use of the clock/calendar system. The HP-75 soft- 
ware is set up so you can switch between editing a 
BASIC program or text file, running the appointment 
scheduler, and checking or setting the time, all without 
losing any work in progress in another mode. By press- 
ing the APPT key, you switch to the appointment-sched- 
uling program. If an appointment is due, it will appear 
in the display with the time and date underlined for em- 
phasis. If no appointment is due, you are given a 
template to use to create a new appointment: 

Day Mo/Dy/Yr Hr:Mn AM #1N !Note 

You fill in the day, date, and time fields to indicate when 
your appointment comes due. There is a lot of flexibil- 



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180 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 304 on inquiry card. 



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BYTE September 1983 181 




ity and ease of use here; you can fill in the day and time 
only, and the program will automatically supply the date 
of the next occurrence of that day. Similarly, the day will 
be supplied if you fill in the date and time. 

The #1 field specifies the alarm type. Nine different 
types of alarms are provided, from quick beeps to urgent- 
sounding sirens. The alpha character is the appointment 
type: N stands for normal; R specifies a repeating ap- 
pointment, in which case a new appointment will be 
automatically rescheduled at a given interval in the 
future as soon as this one comes due. A is like R, but 
you must acknowledge the due appointment before a 
new one will be scheduled. !Note can be anything you 
want. Typically it will describe the appointment or 
reminder, such as "phone home." You can also schedule 
a BASIC command (including RUN program) to be ex- 
ecuted when the given time arrives. 

When an appointment comes due, the HP-75 will take 
one or more actions depending on what it is doing at 
the time. If you are using the machine for something 
else, the alarm will sound and the letters APPT will show 
at the bottom of the display. When you are finished us- 
ing the machine, the action associated with that appoint- 
ment will be done (either the Note displayed or the 
BASIC command executed). If the display is turned off 
when the appointment comes due, the alarm sounds 
and the action is immediately performed. 

I don't think average executives will forgo their 
secretarial support and carry an HP-75 around all day 
to keep their schedules. On the other hand, I think that 
this facility could form the basis for a powerful real-time 
control system. The relative immunity to power failures 
and the ability to schedule the execution of BASIC pro- 
grams provides a great deal of flexibility for a home con- 
trol system. 

Immediate Mode and BASIC 

When the HP-75 is in EDIT mode, you can enter arith- 
metic expressions to be evaluated. This is referred to as 
calculator mode and is like the immediate execution mode 
supported by most BASIC interpreters. The RES (result) 
function is always equal to the result of the last expres- 
sion evaluated, handy for long calculations. You can 
assign values to variables in this mode, and the variables 
so defined will be kept separate from program variables. 
I found this concept a bit strange and prefer having one 
pool of variables shared between programs and 
calculator mode. 

All arithmetic is carried out in decimal format, mean- 
ing no precision is lost in conversion between an inter- 
nal binary format and an external decimal display for- 
mat. You can enter numbers as long as 13 digits; all 
values are rounded to 12 places before storage. The range 
of legal value is -9.99999999999E499 to 
+ 9.99999999999E499. The smallest positive number is 
+ IE -499; the smallest negative number is -IE -499. 

Variable names can be one letter or a letter followed 
by a single digit. Four types of simple variables are 
allowed: REAL, SHORT, INTEGER, and STRING. REAL 



182 September 1983 @ BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 8 on inquiry card. 





<g%^ 



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Listing 1: This sample program in HP-75 BASIC illustrates the user- 
definable function (DEF FN). 



10 DEF FNA$ 

20 H$ = TIMES 

30 H = VAL(H$[1,2]) 

40 IF H > 1 1 THEN FNA$ = 'PM' ELSE FNA$ = 

50 END DEF 



AM' 



numbers have the full precision given above. SHORT 
numbers take up less space, having five digits plus a two- 
digit exponent, giving a range of -9.9999E99 to 
+9.9999E99. An INTEGER can have five digits, ranging 
from -99999 to +99999. A STRING can be of any length 
up to the amount of memory in the machine. One- and 
two-dimensional arrays of each numeric type are 
allowed, but there are no string arrays. 

A very complete set of numeric- and string-manipu- 
lation functions is included with the HP-75. Logical 
operators include AND, OR, EXOR (Exclusive OR), and 
NOT; HP's scientific bent shows up in its selection of 
trigonometric functions, which goes beyond the usual 
sine, cosine, and tangent functions to include arc sine, 
arc cosine, arc tangent, cosecant, secant, and cotangent. 
Arguments can be in degrees or radians, and functions 
to convert between degrees and radians are provided. 
A built-in constant approximates pi to 12 places. String 



functions can find the length of a string, search one 
string for another, convert lowercase to uppercase, and 
convert numbers to strings and vice versa. 

There isn't enough space here to describe the BASIC 
in detail. I can say in general that it has many features, 
and I found nothing that did not work as advertised. 
Most HP-75 features can be controlled from within a 
BASIC program, giving the system a lot of flexibility and 
power. 

For example, the user-defined-function capability (in- 
cluding multiline functions) lets you define a function 
that returns the string AM if the time is before 12:00 
noon, or PM if it is 12:00 noon or later (see listing 1). 

TIMES is a built-in function that returns a string con- 
taining the current time (based on the 24-hour clock), 
such as 10:07:42. Line 30 converts the first two characters 
(10 in this case) to a number representing the hour of 
the day. Line 40 sets the value of the function to PM or 
AM based on a comparison to 11 a.m. If your BASIC pro- 
gram contains a call to FNA$, AM or PM will be sup- 
plied according to the time of day. 

More BASIC Features 

A BASIC program can contain as many as 1001 timers. 
Each timer can be individually set to delay an event for 
anything from fractions of a second to centuries. The ON 
TIMER #<n>, < delay > < statement > statement will set 
the < delay > for timer number <n>, and execute 



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<statement> every <delay> seconds. It is possible to 
write a program that runs, establishes some timers, and 
turns the machine off, but keeps the timers active. When 
a timer runs out, the specified action will occur. 

A single program can access up to 9999 files; in prac- 
tice, the actual limit will be determined by available 
memory. Data is stored in a file by a succession of BASIC 
DATA statements. Each data statement has a line number, 
and you can specify a line number in a READ statement 
to start reading data from any line in the file. Entire ar- 
rays can be written and read using a single statement. 
For example, to write the two-dimensional array A(,) to 
file number 1, just type "PRINT #1; A(,)". 

Programs can call other programs, which in turn can 
call others up to the limit of available memory. Variable 
values are passed between programs by writing them 
to a file. 

Hewlett-Packard has provided good debugging capa- 
bilities. The TRACE statement can display the line 
number of the executing statement and (optionally) the 
value of any simple numeric variables changed in that 
statement. Programs can be stepped through one line 
at a time; each line is displayed before it is executed. You 
can use ON ERROR GOTO and ON ERROR GOSUB 
statements in your program to take action when an er- 
ror occurs. The ERRN and ERRL functions return the 
error number and line number in which the error 
occurred. 

Documentation 

The HP-75 comes with a hefty manual (larger and 
heavier than the HP-75 itself) packed with 360 pages of 
information about the machine. The manual is well writ- 
ten and organized. The first three chapters provide an 
overview of the system, with hands-on examples that 
familiarize you with the editor, clock/calendar, appoint- 
ment scheduler, and file system. This is an introduction 
for the beginner, yet it has you doing useful things fair- 
ly quickly. 

The second part of the manual contains seven chapters 
that cover every part of the HP-75 in detail, except BASIC, 
which is covered later. Keyboard redefinition, connec- 



tion of HP-IL peripherals, immediate mode numeric cal- 
culations, use of the card reader, and all the details of 
the clock/calendar and appointment scheduler are 
discussed. 

The third part of the manual contains seven chapters 
describing HP-75 BASIC. Numerous examples are pro- 
vided to facilitate learning. Some examples are on pre- 
recorded magnetic cards; others give you practice typ- 
ing in a program. 

Eight appendixes cover accessories, warranties, a sum- 
mary of keyboard and display usage, the HP-75 charac- 
ter set, memory requirements of various system func- 
tions, machine defaults, a table of legal abbreviations for 
keywords, error conditions, listings of prerecorded pro- 
grams, a glossary, and a syntax summary. The manual 
ends with a detailed subject index and instruction-set 
index. 

According to the preface, there is a smaller, more por- 
table reference manual that summarizes the HP-75's com- 
mands; this would certainly be a useful adjunct to the 
machine. 

Conclusion 

This is a well-integrated and powerful machine. I did 
get an opportunity to use it with the optional digital- 
cassette and thermal-printer devices, and they work 
smoothly and effectively. The HP-IL loop works well and 
enables the computer to communicate with other HP 
peripherals. However, it does tie you to HP's devices, 
rather than letting you use devices that interface to stan- 
dard serial or parallel ports such as modems. 

Overall, I am very impressed with the quality of con- 
struction and programmability of this machine. If you 
are interested in a single-vendor solution to your needs 
for a very portable computer with powerful real-time 
scheduling capabilities, you should look closely at the 
HP-75. ■ 



Rowland Archer ]r. (5420 Loyal Place, Durham, NC 27713) earned a master's 
degree in computer science from Massachusetts Institute of Technology and 
is software development manager for a major computer manufacturer. He has 
written several articles and reviews for BYTE. 



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186 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 440 on Inquiry card. 



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Circle 90 on inquiry card. 



BYTE September 1983 187 



System Review 



The Access Portable Computer 

This portable offers all the hardware a computer user could want in 

a small package 

by Terry Kepner 



Would you buy a computer primarily because it comes 
with almost all the hardware you'll ever need? The 
Access Matrix Corporation is betting you would. The 
Access portable computer includes all the components 
most users find necessary: a full-sized detachable 




keyboard, a 7-inch (diagonal) amber display two double- 
density disk drives; an 80-column dot-matrix printer; 
acoustic and direct connect modems; two RS-232C ports; 
one IEEE-488 port; one 8-bit parallel port; a composite 
video output jack, and an 8-inch disk driver interface. 
All this hardware comes in a package that weighs just 
33 pounds (see photo 1). 

Also included with each Access computer is a com- 
plete set of software: Perfect Writer, Perfect Speller, 
Perfect Calc, Perfect Filer, PFONT, CP/M 2.2, Microsoft's 
MBASIC, and Digital Research's CBASIC. 

Setting up the Access is easy: open the shipping box, 
lift out the computer, and plug in the power cord. If 
you're familiar with CP/M, you can start using the com- 
puter and its software right away. The users manual in- 
cludes a short tutorial on CP/M but if you're unfamiliar 
with the program you'll need another source of infor- 
mation to learn CP/M's intricacies. 

The Hardware 

The Access features a 4-MHz Z80A microprocessor and 
64K bytes of dynamic RAM (random-access read/write 




Photo 1: The Access portable computer system with its keyboard 
detached. 



Photo 2: The Access printer mechanism with its plastic cover 
removed. 



188 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



memory). A separate Z80A controls the video display, 
the real-time clock, and the keyboard interface. The 
printer uses two other microprocessors (an 8741 and an 
8749), and an 8749 controls keyboard scanning. An ad- 
ditional 4K-byte RAM is used for the system monitor, 
two 4K-byte system EPROMs (erasable programmable 
read-only memory) hold the bootstrap firm, and one 
256-character EPROM is used as the display generator. 

The 7-inch amber screen has 24 lines of 80 characters 
featuring the full 96 ASCII (American National Standard 
Code for Information Interchange) character set, both 
uppercase and lowercase. The characters on the review 
unit were made up of 5- by 7-dot patterns within an 8 
by 11 matrix (the specifications sheet incorrectly stated 
that the characters are 7 by 9 in a 9 by 11 block). The 
characters are difficult to read on a 7-inch screen, but, 
according to Access Matrix, the production units will 
have 6- by 8-dot characters (a 25 percent size increase), 
making the characters much easier to identify. A twenty- 
fifth line on the screen is reserved by the system as a 
status information line. 

The separate processor for the video display makes it 
possible to assign attributes to the screen. These include 
inverse video; blinking characters; underlined and 
double-underlined characters; and half-intensity and 
full-intensity display characters. It is also possible to 
define the cursor as either a line or a block, blinking or 
not blinking. Even special features, such as protected and 
unprotected fields; insert/delete characters or lines, and 
erase and other useful functions, can be assigned to the 
screen. 

The Access's video display was designed to emulate 
the Soroc 120 video terminal and will respond to the con- 
trol codes used by the Soroc. 

Keyboard 

The keyboard is full-size and low-profile. In addition 
to regular typewriter keys, a block of 15 keys does dou- 
ble duty as either a numeric keypad (with plus, minus, 



and equals signs) or as a set of 15 special-function keys. 
The keyboard also has cursor-control keys, Caps Lock, 
Tab, Backspace, Escape, Control, Control Lock, Clear 
Screen, Print Screen on Printer, Delete, and Video/ 
Printer On/Off-line keys. 

When moving the computer, you can fold the 
keyboard up over the screen. When the computer is in 
use, the keyboard can be attached or detached from the 
main unit. When detached, the cord between the 
keyboard and the terminal stretches 4 feet. The cord's 
reach allows the user ample room to situate himself com- 
fortably when an auxiliary monitor is attached to the 
computer. 

A tilt stand is built into the two front feet of the com- 
puter to lift the video display to a comfortable reading 
height and angle. 

Printer Unit 

The printer mechanism is an Epson MX-80, one of the 
most popular dot-matrix printers (see photo 2). Friction 
feed moves the paper, and the unit prints bidirectional- 
ly at 80 characters per second. Four column widths are 
available: 80 (normal mode), 40 (expanded mode), 132 
(compressed mode), and 66 (compressed-expanded 
mode). The printer mechanism can print standard ASCII 
characters (both uppercase and lowercase alpha) as well 
as 73 graphic characters and special characters in a 9 by 
9 dot matrix. For charts and diagrams, it can print dot- 
addressable graphics. 

The platen control knob, located below the printer dust 
cover, is a geared wheel that you turn. Controlling the 
printer off line (linefeeding, formfeeding, and setting 
top of form) is done through software commands from 
the keyboard. A $40 tractor feed is available as an op- 
tional extra. 

Mass Storage 

The disk drives, mounted to the immediate right of 
the video-display terminal (see photo 3), are 5V4-inch, 




Photo 3: The front of the Access— note the 7-inch screen, two half- 
height drives, and the disk compartment. 



Photo 4: A telephone handset in the acoustic modem cups. 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 189 



At a Glance 



Name 

Access Portable Computer 

Use 

General-purpose computing, word processing, programming, 
spreadsheet, and file management 

Manufacturer 

Access Matrix Corporation 
2159 Bering Dr. 
San Jose, CA 95131 
(408) 263-3660 

Size 

1614 by 10 by 10% inches 

Weight 

33 pounds 

Standard Features 

Hardware: 7-inch (diagonal) amber display (80 characters, 25 
lines), dual 184K-byte disk drives, dot-matrix printer, acoustic and 
direct connect modems, 64K-byte RAM, two RS-232C ports, one 
parallel port, one IEEE-488 port, composite video output, 8-inch 
disk-drive interface, and detachable keyboard. 
Software: Perfect Writer, Perfect Speller, Perfect Calc. Perfect Filer, 
MBASIC, CBASIC, PFONT, TELCOMU (communications program), 
Systems Utilities, CP/M 2.2 

Documentation 

Manuals for the Perfect programs. Access Manual (three-ring 
binder) 

Price 

S2495 

Options 

Uninterruptible power supply, S239: tractor feed for printer, $40: 
double-sided disk drives, S100 each: carrying case (not yet 
available): softcover (S30), hardcover ($130). shipping case (S250) 



half-height units. Each single-sided double-density drive 
has a formatted capacity of 184K bytes, organized as forty 
18-sector tracks with 256 bytes per sector. To the right 
of the two drives is a recess in which you can store about 
10 floppy disks. At the front of the recess is a lip that 
prevents the disks from falling out. Additional double- 
sided double-density drives with more than 700K bytes 
of storage on line can be added if more storage space 
is needed. 

Communications 

The acoustic modem is mounted behind the printer 
and is designed to accept a standard Bell telephone 
handset (see photo 4). On the back of the Access com- 
puter, behind and below the acoustic modem, are the 
two modular jacks for direct connection to the phone 
line. By placing the Access in line between the telephone 
and the wall jack, you can use your phone normally or 
use the computer to auto-dial and connect to another 
computer. Of course, the auto-dial and auto-answer 
features will not work if you're using the acoustic 




Photo 5: The rear panel of the Access showing (left to right, top): 
poioer cord storage compartment, on/off switch, and fan. Bottom panel 
(left to right): bidirectional parallel port, two RS-232C serial ports, 
external video monitor jack, and IEEE-488 port. 



coupler. The modem can be operated from to 300 bits 
per second (bps), full or half duplex. 

The Access computer has two RS-232C ports that sup- 
port any data rate from 61 to 9600 bps. The two ports, 
labeled port A and port B, are terminated with DB-25 
connectors. Port A is electronically connected to the 
direct-connect phone jack, so that any information ar- 
riving over the phone appears at port A. Incoming 
phone information can be monitored on a terminal 
and/or an RS-232C printer attached to port A. Port B is 
a general-purpose serial port. 

The 8-bit parallel port can be configured as a Centron- 
ics-compatible printer port for external printers or as a 
bidirectional port for connecting to outside peripherals. 

Power Option 

An optional combination battery pack and uninterrup- 
tible power supply (UPS) affords both convenience and 
true portability. Not only does the UPS provide 1 hour 
of emergency battery-power backup, it also incorporates 
a line filter to eliminate power surges and voltage spikes. 
The UPS can be recharged from standard 115- 220-; and 
12-volt supplies (your car's electrical system can power 
the Access). 

Hardware Hassles 

I have a few complaints about the review unit. First, 
the latch that holds the keyboard closed is an invitation 
to broken fingernails. To open the keyboard, the user 
must press down on its edge and bend the plastic case 
while simultaneously pulling the keyboard forward and 
outward to release the metal retaining pin. In terms of 
engineering, this latch is not only inelegant, it is inept! 
I was not the only one who found this inexcusable- 
Access Matrix has informed me the latch mount has been 
redesigned to eliminate this problem. 

My second gripe concerns the carrying handle, which 
is not mounted over the computer's center of gravity. 
When you move the computer, it tilts forward instead 



190 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 





S lOOAVorld News 



MACROTECH International Corporation 



20630 Lassen Street, Chatsworth, California • 213-700-1501 



NOW 1 MEGABYTE MAX FOR ALPHA MICRO 

CHATSWORTH-June 30, 1983-Mike Pelkey, Macro- 
tech International President, announced today that a spe- 
cial version of MAX is now running in Alpha Micro 
Systems. 

This special version is available only through Soft Ma- 
chines of Champaign, IL. (217) 
351-7199. Howard Ogle of Soft 
Machines stated, "The new 
AM-MAX1 runs full speed with 
all three Alpha S100 machines'.' 
Ogle also said, "The AM-MAX 1 
is not only the most economical 
memory for Alpha, but the most 
versatile as well. The system is 
even faster with Soft Machines' 
'GO FAST' disk cache utilities'.' Howard ogle 

Bob Rubendunst of Soft Machines reports, "Every 
MAX is shipped with software that greatly simplifies imple- 
mentation on bank switched systems. Also included are de- 
tailed installation instructions and diagnostic programs'.' 

Dealer inquiries and orders should be directed to Bob 
at Soft Machines. M 










%F 



MAX SERIES GAINS WIDE ACCEPTANCE 



CHATSWORTH-June 30, 1983-S100 sys- 
tems manufacturers, integrators and users 
have been ordering and implementing MAX 
for a wide variety of environments and appli- 
cations. These environments would include 
both 8- and 16-bit processors. Typical exam- 
ples would include graphics and virtual disk 
implementations. 

These environments include 16 bit systems 
such as those manufactured by Empirical 
Research Group, Dual Systems, Compupro, 
Cromemco, Lomas and Seattle. MAXh&s 
been used in non IEEE/696 systems such as 
Alpha Micro. 

These MAXusers have taken advantage of 
the density, high speed and low cost per bit to 
bring large system memories to S100 buyers. 



Ralph Ring of Compatible Systems Engi- 
neering of Annandale, VA, (703) 941-0917 has 
used 4 AfciYboards in a dual system UNIX* 
environment. Mr. Ring stated, "My applica- 
tion required a 4 megabyte system memory. 
Quarter meg boards were impractical, the 
MAXiS ideal for this system'.' 

Systems builders are using the M- 1 option to 
utilize large memories in 8-bit environments. 
Using the MAYboard in this environment 
means using a single board for all memory 
needs. This includes functioning as system 
memory, virtual disk or cache memory. Some 
of these 8-bit environments include Compu- 
pro, CCS, Tarbell, IMS & Ithaca Intersystems. 

M 3 translates the 16 logic bits from an 8-bit 
processor into 24 physical address bits. This 



MACROTECH Moves 

CHATSWORTH-June 30, 1983-Macro- 
tech has moved to larger facilities located 
at 20630 Lassen St., Chatsworth, CA 91311. 
The new phone number is (213) 700-1501. 
'Due to a healthier marketplace and a 
ph^r.^/.iiviial demand for the MAX series, 
larger facilities were necessary. This per- 
mits additional staffing, increased produc- 
and -usiomer support levels',' said 



Mike Fwlkj 



jisiut/ii.. of Ma^iuiech. M 



©1983 Macrotech International Corporation. 



Virtual Disk for CP/M 86* 

Dan West, Westcom Systems 

BURBANK-June 30, 1983-Most of the 
CP/M 86* application programs available to- 
day fail to take advantage of the possible one 
megabyte address space. Virtual Disk for 
CP/M 86* will convert this unused space into 
RAM resident disk capacity for greatly im- 
proved disk access processing. The easily in- 
stalled Virtual Disk 86 software module has 
been added to Macrotech's applications soft- 
ware available to owners of MAX series and 
128ST memory boards. M 



opens up the system to a 16 meg address 
space. Using software provided in the man- 
ual, virtual disk can be implemented using 
CP/M 2.2? CP/M 3.0? or MP/M 2* operating 
system. 

If you think about it— quality, price, perfor- 
mance, and the reputation of Macrotech In- 
ternational—it's no wonder so many demand- 
ing systems builders have used MAXseries 
dynamic memory. The S100 world's only full 
function one megabyte IEEE/696 memory. 



Virtual Disk Gives 
MAX Split Personality 

BURBANK-June 30, 1983-"Many current 
operating systems permit MAXto double as 
both virtual disk and system memory," stated 
Dan West of Westcom Systems. As an example, 
an MP/M 2.1* system using MAX-M could be 
configured as a 512K system memory and a 
512K Vdisk. A typical CP/M 3.0* configura- 
tion could be 256K of system memory and up 
to 768K Vdisk. CP/M 2.2* of course, only per- 
mits a 64K system memory, leaving the bal- 
ance for a virtual disk. With MAX, or the 
128ST, both functions can run simultaneous- 
ly in a single memory board. M 



"CP/M 2,2. CP/M 3.0, CP/M 8ft and MP/M 2.1 are registered 
trademarks of Digital Research Inc. UNIX is a registered trade- 
mark of Hell Labs. 



Circle 270 on Inquiry card. 



of hanging level. When set down, the keyboard edge 
strikes the surface before the rubber feet. Not only is this 
disconcerting, the unit could receive quite a jolt if the 
carrier misjudges the surface clearance. 

Third, the folks at Access must design a more secure 
cover for the printer mechanism. The present plastic 
cover pops off whenever brushed against. And, finally, 
the entire unit should have some sort of carrying case 
because the backplate is a perforated metal panel and 
the external connectors (RS-232C, parallel port, etc.) are 
exposed (see photo 5). 

Software 

In addition to CP/M 2.2, Access Matrix includes the 
following software with the computer: Perfect Writer, a 
word processor; Perfect Speller, a spelling checker; 
Perfect Filer, a file manager; and Perfect Calc, an elec- 
tronic spreadsheet. Two high-level languages are also in- 
cluded: Microsoft's MBASIC and CBASIC from Digital 
Research. The manuals for these programs are softcover, 
perfect-bound books, with complete descriptions, ex- 
amples, and indexes. They also contain summary cards 
of the commands. 

Along with these "canned" programs, Access Matrix 
includes some "custom" software— programs expressly 
tailored to the Access portable. The two most important 
are a telecommunications program and a print control 
program. 

The telecommunications program (TELCOMU) gives 
you control over the RS-232C ports and the modems. 
It lets you select the operating modes, ports, and UART 
settings. The main failing of TELCOMU is that it isn't 
complete. Several features listed in the menu aren't ex- 
plained in the manual, and several features mentioned 
in the manual cannot be implemented. In fairness, the 
manual is stamped preliminary and the final version may 
correct these failings. 



PFONT, the print control program, is a subset of the 
text formatter, Fancy Font, and could be used instead of 
the formatter built into Perfect Writer. PFONT lets you 
control the usual functions: margins, headers and 
footers, vertical and horizontal page centering, line 
centering, page length, tabs, and page numbering. 
PFONT is important because it offers a number of print 
fonts: Roman (8, 10, 12, 18, and 40 point), bold Roman 
(10, 12, and 18 point), italics Roman (10, 12, and 18 point), 
script (12, 18, and 20 point), sans serif (8, 10, 12, and 18 
point), italic sans serif (12 point), and Old English (18, 
20, and 40 point). These are in addition to the 10 fonts 
available on the standard Epson printer. PFONTs can be 
combined on a single line (as can Epson fonts). However, 
you cannot mix PFONTs and Epson fonts on one line. 

CP/M Utilities 

Other programs supplied with the Access include a 
configuration program to change the defaults of the 
video monitor, printer, RS-232C ports and parallel port; 
a program to set the correct time and date on the system 
clock; a program to format and copy disks; and a pro- 
gram to display a disk file on the monitor. 

Summary 

The Access is a complete, portable, hardware/software 
system designed for the average user. Its main drawback 
is that its TELCOMU program and accompanying 
documentation are not complete. 

In spite of this and its hardware problems, which are 
being corrected, the Access is a system I can recommend 
to anyone needing full computer support in a 
(trans)portable package. ■ 

Terry Kepner is a full-time programmer and writer who has had articles 
published in BYTE and other periodicals. He can be reached at FOB 481, Peter- 
borough, NH 03458. 



There are 130 computer books 
in our September issue. 

Don't miss the 20-page B. Dalton catalogue of books on computers— 
a read)' reference to personal, business and advanced computers, software, 
programs, languages, word processing and games. It's at the 
centerfold of the September SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, 
a single-topic issue devoted to The Dynamic 
Earth. Recognition of continental drift 
two decades ago brought on a revolution 
in geology that has given us a deep new 
understanding of the dynamics of our planet. 
That's the story we unfold in this issue. 
On sale September 1. 

People who know books know^CC JC^w'C- 

BOOKSELLER 




192 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 391 on inquiry card. 









success 



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Perfect 

It's really two \ 
system! 



Powerful, automatic formatting plus simple on-screen manual editing. 

Only Perfect Writer gives you both. 



SOME 



OTHERS 



It does the work so you 
don't have to. 

You probably don't want 
to know how a word processor 
works. 

In fact, even setting 
margins, tabs, chapter head- 
ings, and other format details, 
is something you shouldn't 
have to worry about. That's why 
we developed automatic formatting 
for Perfect Writer.™ It's powerful 
enough to do much of the work for 
you, so you don't have to think about it. 



Simple, Edit-Time 
Formatting Software: 

Wordstar 1 
Easy Writer" 



t 



]=L 



Dedicated Print-Time 
Formatting Systems: 

IBM Displaywritef' 
Wangwriter* 




) 



Only Perfect Writer" 

BOTH 

Simple, on-screen formatting 

Automatic print-time formatting 



Professional word processing 
in minutes. 

You don't have to be an expert to produce pro- 
fessional word processing in minutes. Perfect Writer™ 
supplies over 100 commands for instant results for- 
matting your document. Set tabs, align margins, adjust 
spacing or indent and number lists — all automatically. 
For business letters. Memos. Reports. Technical 



Document Formatting 



Print time formatting 
AUTOMATIC: 

Just write. Perfect Writer™ does the rest 
for you. Document design formats such as 
footnotes, indexing, tables of contents, and 

report formats— they're all automatic. 

Screen formatting 
MANUAL: 

What you see is what you get. 

Manually control the screen and print exactly 

what's there. 

Only Perfect Writer™ does both! 



papers. Personalized mass 
mailings. Even books. 

Advanced formatting 
features like automatic 
indexing, table of contents 
and footnotes are built in. 



Simple on-screen editing. 

If you have a special format in mind? A 
quick note or document design you may want 
to use only once? No problem. Perfect 
Writer™ also includes simple on-screen editing 
and formatting— just like the system you' re 
probably most familiar with. Your printed 
document will look exactly like the document you 
design as you write. What you see is what you get. 
Some expensive dedicated word processing 
systems offer automatic formatting features. Others 
offer simple manual screen formatting. Only Perfect 
Writer™ gives you both. 




Full-power function keys. 

All Perfect Software™ programs can be configured 
to take best advantage of the sophisticated features 
offered with today's computers and smart printers. 

You can use all of your function keys— including 
the more than 50 function keys on the IBM- PC. 
Perfect Writer™ fully utilizes printers with proportional 
spacing, too. Print with a choice of up to six typefaces. 



Writer 

>rd processing 
n one. 



Finally. A word processing program 
for any computer in your office. 




SMART 
PRINTERS 

Perfect Writer is the 
most compatible 
word processing 
program. 

Everything you 
compose with Perfect 
Writer'"— every chart, 
every table, every doc- 
ument — evevythm g 
can be used by virtually 
any other word processing 
program or dedicated word 
processing system. 

That's because Perfect Writer™ uses true ASCII 
data files to store your documents. ASCII is the 
computer industry standard. It's read and recognized 
by computer systems worldwide, regardless of disk 
format or size, whether it's used locally or sent over 
telephone lines. 

Spreadsheets can be included. 

Want to illustrate your Perfect Writer™ document 
with a financial table or graph that's stored in a 
Perfect Calc™ spreadsheet? You can — easily. In fact, 
you can even edit the numbers for your Perfect Writer™ 
document without disturbing the original Perfect 
Calc™ spreadsheet. That's Perfect Software's™ fully 
integrated programs at work. 

Split screen editing. 

You can view and edit two documents on the 
screen at the same time with Perfect Writer's™ unique 
split screen feature. One simple command moves 
you easily between documents. And you can even 
review a spreadsheet while editing up to six other 
documents! It makes the preparation of complex 
documents easier than ever before. 



DISK DATA COMPUTERS/ 

FORMATS COMMUNICATIONS MAINFRAMES 

Check your spelling 
as you write with 
Perfect Speller.™ 

Perfect Speller's™ 
in-text spelling checker 
finds spelling errors 
and typos at a rate of 
4,000 words per minute. 
(That's 20 pages every 
three minutes!) Then, at a 
single command from 
you, Perfect Speller™ lists 
the misspelled words or 
marks errors in the text of your document. 

Self-teaching software makes it easy. 

Perfect Writer's™ document design tutorials are 
matched to the easy-to-read user guide. Eight les- 
sons are included. Learn how to handle form letters, 
how to write business correspondence, and how to 
create your own special spelling dictionary. On-line 
reference and Eng lish prom pts provide assistance 
anytime you've got a command question. All tutorials 
are software-based, interactive programs to make 
learning easy and fun. 

Available for all IBM PC-DOS • and MS-DOS 80 
CP/M s computers. 

When you upgrade to new hardware, Perfect 
Writer™ keeps right on working. All text files are trans- 
ferable. No other software works with a wider range 
of personal computers. In fact, Perfect Software™ will 
soon be available for all of the most popular 8-, 16-, 
and 32-bit computers. 

Only Perfect Writer™ offers you this much 
flexibility. Write your own success story today. With 
Perfect Writer.™ 

Perfect Software; Inc. 



Perfec 

Up to seven assoc 
plus multiple \ 



For successful solutions in financial planning. 



Perfect Calc™ 
makes it easy. 

Perfect Calc™ gives you 
the financial planning and 
analysis tools for success. 
Automatic associated 
spreadsheets. Built-in ac- 
counting and financial tools. 
Easy commands. 

And only Perfect Calc™ 
features on-line associated 
s preadsheets plus split-window 
display. 

With Perfect Calc's™ 
multiple window display, you can see two 
different spreadsheets at the same time. 
Change your figures and see how the result 
ing variations affect each spreadsheet. Up 
to seven spreadsheets on-line at once. 



Multiple Spreadsheets 



Associated Spreadsheets 
AUTOMATIC: 

No double work— use any information you 

choose simply by referring to other 
spreadsheets. Move information, formulas or 
whole spreadsheets freely between multiple 

spreadsheets. Permits fill-in-the-blanks 

automatic forecasting and planning. 16 built-in 

application programs are included. 

Spreadsheet Consolidation 
MANUAL: 

Simple cut-and- paste spreadsheet 
entries. Line, column, or whole spreadsheet 

additions from any one of seven on-line 
spreadsheets are also easy with Perfect Calc™ 

Only Perfect Calc™ does both. 



Cost of Goods 




How Perfect Calc's™ multiple 
file association really pays off. 

A good example is the 
built-in Income Statement 
Program. The income spread- 
sheet automatically reads from 
three other spreadsheets: Cost 
of Goods Statement, General and 
Administrative Expenses State- 
ment, and Sales Expenses. All 
four are on-line simultaneously. 
All you do is fill in the blanks. 

Then use all that informa- 
tion to perform an instant 
analysis and illustrate the re- 
sults of potential budget cuts 
or increases. You change just 
one spreadsheet using the 
fill-in-the-blanks style. Perfect 
Calc™ automatically takes care of the rest. 

Setting up the Perfect " spreadsheet! 

Entering titles, labels, and additional information 
on your spreadsheet is easy with Perfect Calc™ It 
recognizes words automatically and handles them 
correctly without any special commands. If you want 
to use numbers — like dates— for item labels, that's 
easy, too. 

Individually variable column widths add flex- 
ibility in setting up your Perfect Calc™ spreadsheet. 
And once you've developed one spreadsheet, you can 
use it as a template for other applications. Simply 
refer to it. 

Self-teaching software. 

Easy, software-based lessons are included to 
make learning spreadsheet techniques simple.The 
lessons are matched to guides in the user manuals so 



tCalc 

ited spreadsheets 
ndow display 



Sixteen applications built in. And that's only the beginning. 



you can follow along 
in the text. Because 
you learn on the com- 
puter at your own 
pace, there's no pres- 
sure to perform. Try 
new applications 
when you are ready. 



Perfect Calc's built-in programs: 

(Add custom applications as you like.) 

Income Statement Program • Cost of Goods Statement 
Sales Expense Statement .General and Administrative 
Expenses • Cashflow Assessment Program •Accounts 
Receivable Worksheet "Accounts Payable Worksheet 
Payroll Analysis Program .Stock Portfolio Evaluation 
Program • Real Estate Analysis • Chi-square Analysis 
Professional Fee Analysis • Family Budget • Financial 
Net Worth Program • Check Register Progratri 
Individual Tax Return Analysis Program 



The most complete 
applications. 

Perfect Calc™ is 
the only spreadsheet 
you can buy with 16 
applications built in. 
Standard paper and 

pencil financial tools are ready to use. All you do is 
fill in the blanks. 

Just a simple command is all you need to start 
working. And on-screen tutorials and English prompts 
give you assistance whenever you need it. 

Handy cursor commands. 

You can move the cursor easily to the top of a 
column, beginning or end of a line, to the page before 
or after— with a single command. 

And you can go back and forth between two 
spreadsheets on split- screen display with just as 
much ease. That makes multiple spreadsheet han- 
dling easier than ever before. 

The most compatible spreadsheets. 

Perfect Calc"' data is stored in true ASCII files — 
the files read and recognized by every computer 
system. So, it's simple to use a Perfect Calc™ spread- 
sheet in a Perfect Writer™ report or letter. Or, build 
graphic displays using the information in one of 
your spreadsheets. 




All the functions you need- 
and more. 



You get standard functions for 
financial, scientific, and engineering 
applications plus an expandable functions library 
which allows you to add new formulas as you like. 
You can write your own complex applications pro- 
grams by writing it on a Perfect Calc™ spreadsheet and 

taking advantage of 
the powerful asso- 
ciated files feature. 

Put the solutions 
for success to work 
for you. 

Using simple 
plain-Eng lish 
prompts and on-line 
references , you can do sophisticated forecasting 
and planning in minutes. 

Automatic associated spreadsheet information 
management. Standard spreadsheet calculation and 
consolidation. Only Perfect Calc™ gives you both. 

Start planning for success today with Perfect Calc" 

Perfect Software, Inc. 





Success in 
manai 



The powerful records management solution 
for the personal computer user. 



Put information to work for you. 

Most information management 
systems are either too small or too 
difficult to use. Now there's Perfect 
Filer.™ It's an executive management 
information system that's easy to 
use. You can keep track of mail- 
ing lists, clients, sales, merchan- 
dise, names and addresses, and 
much more. 



Easy to get started. 

Two ready- to- use data 
entry forms are provided so that 
you can begin using Perfect 
Filer™ immediately. One is for 
individuals, the other for com- 
panies and organizations. You 
only type important information 
once. Perfect Filer™ does the 
rest for you. No special training 
is required, and your entire staff can use it. 

On-line references and English prom pts provide 



Information Management 



Data entry forms 
AUTOMATIC: 

Use Perfect Filer's™ built-in data entry forms 

to create your own records file. All of the 

parameters have been pre-defined. Just enter 

information on the convenient entry form. 

Information management 

MANUAL: 

Create custom data bases with ease. 

You can build an entirely new structure or 

use data entry groups from existing 

formats to construct a customized data 

base with exactly the information 

you want to manage. 

Only Perfect Filer™ offers you both. 




NSTANT DATABASES AND REPORTS 



assistance when you have 
questions. Tutorials are in- 
cluded for improving your skills 
with Perfect Filer.™ 

Personalized form letters. 

Use Perfect Filer™ together 
with Perfect Writer's™ powerful 
word processing features to 
add a personal touch to mass 
mailing letters. You can even tag 
different groups within one 
mailing list so that their letters 
include special paragraphs, 
subsections or operator-typed 
comments. 

And Perfect Filer™ remem- 
bers nicknames, titles— even 
your special salutation for 
clients or friends. 

Generate mailing lists. 
Form letters. Specialized record-keeping forms and 
sorted lists. You can choose from the two data entry 
forms provided or from seven data entry groups. 



■< Creating custom data bases 
J has never been this automatic. 




Single-keystroke data entry menus do the work 
for you. You enter your data just once on a blank 
Perfect Filer™ data entry form— whether it be client 
addresses, direct mail sorting codes, payment records, 
inventory, or standing orders. 

Perfect Filer™ makes successful information 
management simple. 



t Filer 

[formation 
ment. 



The integrated software solution. 



When you learn one program, 
you've learned them all. 

Perfect Software™ All of the 
most-asked-for business and per- 
sonal computer appli- 
cations in one complete 
package. Word proces- 
sing. Financial planning. 
Mail management. 
Records keeping. Solu- 
tions to all those every- 
day problems in one 
simple, integrated 
software package. 

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Please send my rebate to: 

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Purchases made as pan of computer manufacturer's original equipment are not eligible. 

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Perfect Software, Inc. 

Solutions for success. 

702 Harrison Street, Berkeley. CA 94710 

Perfect Software, Perfect Calc, Perfect Writer, Perfect Filer, and Perfect Speller are trademarks of Perfect Software, Inc. CP/M is a registered trademark of 
Digital Research, Inc. MS-DOS is a registered trademark of Microsoft. IBM PC-DOS is a registered trademark of International Business Machines, 






System Review 



Epson's HX-20 and Texas 
Instruments' CC-40 

Portable notebook computers hold more promise than performance 

by David Ramsey 



The microcomputer revolution caught everyone by sur- 
prise. When the first Altairs became available, no one 
had any inkling that personal computing would be more 
than an expensive hobby for eccentrics. Things didn't 
work out that way of course. And now we're on the 
verge of a submovement: the portable computer revolu- 
tion. 

In this article we'll take a look at two of the many por- 
tables available today: the Epson HX-20 and the Texas 
Instruments Compact Computer 40. 

The Epson HX-20 

The Epson HX-20 is the Japanese computer that was 
going to set America on its ear. It didn't, although its 
brisk early sales were encouraging. After an initial spurt 
of interest, people began to note that no accessories or 
software were available for the machine. In an unusual 
case of Japanese marketing failure, Epson had the lap 
computer market to itself for almost a year and did 
nothing with it. 

Fortunately, it looks as if a truckload of new software 
and peripherals for the HX-20 is just around the corner. 
Epson has recently upgraded the standard $795 machine, 
which now includes the formerly optional (at $160) 
microcassette drive and a simple word processor called 
Skiwriter. Disk drives for the machine are due out before 
the end of the year, and a telecommunications ROM 
(read-only memory) should be available by September. 

The basic machine contains two 6301 processors, 
CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) im- 
plementations of the 6800 architecture that run at 614 
kHz. One processor handles computing chores while the 
other handles I/O (input/output). Included in the stan- 



dard machine are 16K bytes of RAM that can be expand- 
ed to 32K with the addition of the $150 expansion unit. 
The standard 40K-byte ROM includes BASIC, the 
routines to drive the printer and microcassette drive, and 
the small word processor. BASIC and the word processor 
share the same addresses— the application not in use at 
the time is bank-switched out. (See the "At a Glance" 
box.) 

Epson's goal with the HX-20 was to provide a complete 
portable computer system that includes a printer and 
mass storage. The HX-20 has a 60-key, full typewriter 
keyboard, a 4-line by 20-character LCD (liquid-crystal dis- 
play), and a 20-column impact dot-matrix printer (which 
is, incidentally, the smallest impact dot-matrix printer in 
the world). It is also equipped with RS-232C (albeit 
through a DIN connector) and serial ports and a com- 
puter-controlled microcassette mechanism for program 
and data storage. 

The display has an important capability not found in 
competing machines: the ability to act as a window on 
a "virtual screen" of arbitrary size. Theoretically, a screen 
of up to 255 rows of 255 columns can be supplied; 
realistically, however, the 64K bytes of memory that 
would require don't exist in the machine. Still, allocating 
an 80 by 24 screen is as simple as typing WIDTH 80,24 
in BASIC. You can use the cursor keys to move around 
the virtual screen with scrolling in all directions, and 
various control keys provide larger (more than a single 
character) jumps in any direction. The display is also dot- 
addressable as a 120 by 32 array, and commands to plot 
points and draw lines are included in the BASIC. 

Along with the standard typewriter keyboard, the 
HX-20 has three dedicated keys (Break, Pause, and 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 193 



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Circle 114 on inquiry card. 



PLATO 

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At a Glance 

Name 

Epson HX-20 Notebook Computer 

Manufacturer 

Epson America Inc. 
3415 Kashiwa St. 
Torrance, CA 90505 
(213) 539-9140 

Price 

S795 

Dimensions 

11.3 by 8.5 by 1.7 inches 

Display 

20-character by 4-line liquid-crystal display 

Keyboard 

Typewriter style 

Software 

BASIC, Skiwriter (a word processor) 

Memory 

I6K bytes of RAM 

Included Interfaces and Peripherals 

Microprinter, microcassette, RS-232C interface, bar-code interface, ex- 
ternal cassette interface, system bus connector 

Documentation 

Two-volume BASIC Tutorial and Reference Manual, A Guide to Opera- 
tions, Skiwriter and microcassette manuals. 



Menu) and five user-definable keys that shift to provide 
10 functions. System assignments to the function keys 
allow manual control of the microcassette drive and 
printer. Interfaces for an external cassette recorder and 
bar-code reader are also provided, although the former 
will probably not be used much now that the micro- 
cassette drive is standard. 

Built-in Software 

The HX-20 comes with BASIC in ROM and a small 
word-processing editor called Skiwriter. Also in ROM 
are a small machine-language monitor and routines to 
drive the microcassette, printer, external cassette (in- 
cluding motor control), and serial and RS-232C inter- 
faces. The BASIC, which is supplied by Microsoft, is a 
fairly standard implementation that supports both 
single- and double-precision real numbers as well as in- 
tegers. Epson adaptations include specifying the posi- 
tion of the cursor anywhere on the virtual screen, com- 
mands to control the microcassette, and commands to 
set and read the time-of-day clock/calendar incorporated 
into the machine. A TONE statement allows precise con- 
trol of the duration and pitch of notes through the 
HX-20's piezoelectric speaker. 

A notable extension to the BASIC is its ability to load, 
save, and merge programs to and from the microcassette, 
external cassette, RS-232C port, or serial port. If you have 
a larger computer with a serial port, you can edit BASIC 



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Circle 179 on Inquiry card. 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 195 



code for the HX-20 on it, connect the two machines, and 
easily download the text of the program. 

The BASIC editor is impressive. Just move the cursor 
anywhere on the virtual screen, type your changes 
(using INSERT and DELETE if necessary), and press 
RETURN to resubmit the line. Why don't we have editors 
like this on our Apple and Radio Shack machines? 

When the HX-20 is turned on, the screen displays a 
menu of up to 10 options. The standard machine dis- 
plays three choices: Monitor, BASIC, and Skiwriter. At 
this point you also have the option of pressing Control-® 
to initialize the machine (i.e., clear memory and reset 
the clock). BASIC programs may be given titles, which 
will appear as part of the menu until the title is removed 
or the program is erased. Pressing a menu number im- 
mediately executes the desired application. 

The HX-20 has an in-memory program and data file 
system. Five program partitions— PI through P5— exist, 
and you can switch between them by entering LOGIN 
(partition). The memory allocation among the partitions 
is completely dynamic: any program can expand to fill 
available memory. In addition, a user-controllable area 
known as the RAM File, an area of memory whose size 
is chosen by the user, serves as a random-access data 
file. The command DEFFIL (record size), (offset) defines 
the behavior of the special GET and PUT statements. The 
first parameter defines the size of the record, while the 
second defines how many bytes into the RAM file record 
begins. Several files of differing record lengths can be 
kept in memory at one time. 

Built-in Peripherals 

The HX-20 is alone in the lap computer market in pro- 
viding both a printer and mass storage as parts of a stan- 
dard unit. The little printer is nothing short of amazing: 
it prints 20 columns on plain paper and consists of four 
print wires spaced equidistantly across the 20-character 



width of the platen. As the printer prints, the head wob- 
bles back and forth until one horizontal line of dots is 
printed. The paper then advances one dot, and the pro- 
cess is repeated. The procedure sounds slow, but the 
printer finishes a little more than one line per second. 
The printer is controlled by BASIC LPRINT and LLIST 
commands. For those cases in which you need more 
than a microprinter, any printer with a standard serial 
port can be connected to the HX-20 and used for listings 
and printouts. 

The HX-20 supports the microcassette drive with a 
minimal set of commands. LOAD and SAVE take care 
of program storage; WIND winds the tape until the (soft- 
ware) tape counter reaches a specified value, and serial 
data files can be written by opening the cassette as a file 
and using the INPUT# and PRINT# statements. A ran- 
dom-access file could theoretically be implemented by 
determining the amount of tape each record took and 
using the WIND statement to position the tape before 
reading and writing, but the procedure would probably 
be too slow to be useful. 

I admit to ambivalence about the microcassette drive. 
On one hand, it's very handy to have integrated mass 
storage. On the other hand, it's a pretty minimal imple- 
mentation. My principal objection to the microcassette 
implementation, however, is that it's basically just the 
standard audio recorder moved onto the machine. Con- 
venient, yes . . . but how about keeping directories on 
the tape? How about a real operating system so I can 
catalog the tape? 

In Epson's defense, the company does provide a set 
of BASIC programs for manipulating a simple directory 
on the tape. The program builds a directory by scanning 
an entire tape at the normal read speed (which takes 15 
or 30 minutes, depending on the tape length) and then 
placing a directory at the start of the tape. The same pro- 
gram then lets you select a directory entry for loading 



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N.J. RESIDENTS MUST ADD 6% SALES TAX. 



196 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 350 on inquiry card. 



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and winds directly to it. But the slow scanning process 
must be repeated every time you want to update the 
directory, and there's no protection against a program 
growing to overwrite its immediate neighbor. In my opin- 
ion, what the HX-20 needs most is an enhanced operat- 
ing system for its tape drive. Hewlett-Packard does far 
better with the HP-75, and it doesn't even have the ad- 
vantage of working with a capstan drive. 

The RS-232C port implements lines 1 through 8 of the 
RS-232C standard on a DIN connector. Espon supplies 
as options two cables with DB-25 connectors; one has 
pins 2 and 3 reversed for use with a modem. Although 
Epson offers a fine CX-20 acoustic modem, no terminal 
program is commercially available for the HX-20 at pre- 
sent. I've written a terminal program that drives a Hayes 
Smartmodem through the serial port. The serial port 
supports a variety of data formats— the user can set the 
bit-per-second (bps) rate (110 to 4800), the number of 
bits, parity, and type of handshake, although the very 
standard XON/XOFF software handshake protocol is 
curiously absent and must be handled in software. Pro- 
grams using the port with systems that expect this pro- 
tocol must query the buffer status to determine the num- 
ber of characters and transmit XON and XOFF where 
appropriate. 

The serial port obeys the signal level standards for 
RS-232C but implements only pins 1 through 5. The bps 
rate goes to 38,400. In Japan, this connection is used for 



the TF-120, a dual 5V4-inch floppy-disk drive. Epson is 
working on a drive for the American market that is due 
to appear before the end of the year. It is rumored to 
contain its own Z80 processor and a fair amount of 
CMOS memory. The TF-120 requires AC power, but Ep- 
son has said that new peripherals for the HX-20 will be 
battery powered, which almost certainly means sub- 
5-inch drives. Rumor also has it that a larger LCD will 
be a plug-in option. 

Ski writer 

Skiwriter, a small word-processing program on a 2764 
ROM, was written by Kenneth Skier, who also wrote all 
of the HX-20 manuals and was one of the programmers 
for Wang's word processor. Now standard on the 
machine, Skiwriter is also available as a separate prod- 
uct for those who bought earlier versions of the HX-20. 

Skiwriter is well designed and easy to use. A simple 
program, it offers only three output formatting com- 
mands: line spacing and left and right margins (defaults 
are 1, 10, and 70, respectively). The user enters text in 
free format, and words wrap at the boundary of the 20- 
column screen. Horizontal scrolling is not used, presum- 
ably because it would make reading a document on the 
screen more difficult. 

Skiwriter lets the user mark, copy, and delete blocks 
of text, find (although not replace) strings, and reset the 
format (line spacing and margins) at any point in the 



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High Quality FR-4 Type PC Board 

All Data, Status and Address Lines 

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198 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 83 on inquiry card. 




niV^c 1 




More micro software is jg^F written for Hayes than for any other modems! 



Because Hayes, the telecomput- 
ing leader, continues to lead the 
way! With popular-selling modems 
that make telecomputing a breeze 
for beginners or professionals. And 
with sophisticated engineering that 
appeals to software developers. 

Send for our free Communications 
Software Directory. It lists more than 



a hundred software programs written 
for Hayes modems by independent 
programmers. For diverse communi- 
cation functions, from the practical 
to the fun. But all maximizing the 
advanced telecomputing capabilities 
of Hayes modems. 

Whether you're collaborating on 
competitive strategies with offices 



in the field. Doing your gift shopping 
via computer Or collecting and analyz- 
ing commodity or stock information. 
Let Hayes provide the superior com- 
munications link! 

Mail the coupon today for your 
free copy of the Hayes Communica- 
tions Directory. (Or pick one up at 
your local computer store.) 







V": 



Provides a comprehensive 
- portfolio management — 
system for active trader, 
money manager or 
investor. 

Protects sensitive 

information sent over 

telephone lines so that 
no unauthorized person 
can decode files. 

Permits use of normal — 

telephone lines for 
accessing international 
Telex network. 




THE FLIGHT PLANNER 

Aviation software 

- simplifies planning 

and increases safety. 

Automatically logs-on 
to networks, answers 
phone, saves incoming 
data, and allows it to be 
stored on disk, edited, 
and printed. 

Transfers files between 

- various micros, minis or 
mainframes. 

Automatically answers 
phone in your name; 
receives, delivers 
messages. 



NOTE: More and more 
software is being written 
for Hayes modems every- 
day. Please let us know if 
you would like to have 
your program included in 
our next software directory. 

Circle 203 on inquiry card. 



TELEGAMMON 



Allows users to play 
backgammon with 
players at distant 
locations. 



Mail To: Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc. 
Attention: Marketing Services, 5923 Peachtree 
Industrial Blvd., Norcross, Georgia 30092. 

Name 



Address . 
City 



. State . 



.Zip. 



Please send additional information on: 

□ Smartmodem 300* ** 
D Smartmodem 1200* ** 

□ Smartmodem 1200B* 
(plug-in board for IBM PC) 

D Micromodem He* (for Apple computers) 

(J) Hayes * 

*FCC approved in U.S.A. 

* *DOC approved in Canada. 

©1983 Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc. 





THE HA 



A disk is built with certain 
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The hub ring. Designed to 
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RD FART IS MAKING SURE 
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The lubrication system. A con- 
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The sleeve. Comes with a soft liner 
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Introducing the powerful, multi-processing 
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The result? No degradation 
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Z-80 is a registered trademark of Zilog, Inc. 

TurboDOS is a registered trademark of Software 

2000, Inc. CP/M-80, CP/M-86, MP/M and CP/M are 

either trademarks or registered frodemarks of Digital 

Research Inc. 

Systems serviced nationwide by MAl/Sorbus Service Division 

Circle 325 on inquiry card. 



document. This last feature is useful for setting off sec- 
tions of documents. You can also insert formfeeds into 
the document at any time. Skiwriter has two 16-byte buf- 
fers whose contents are sent to the printer before print- 
ing (for the preprint buffer) and after printing (the post- 
print buffer). That way, the user can put control and 
escape sequences in these buffers (which are normally 
filled with nulls) to get the printer to a particular state. 
I think Skiwriter would be much more useful if it let you 
insert control and escape sequence commands directly 
in the text. 

When you make an error, Skiwriter beeps. You can 
continue, but pressing the Help key displays a help 
screen detailing the error. This is a nice touch, especial- 
ly for people who have little previous computer ex- 
perience. 

You can save and restore documents to either the 
microcassette or an external cassette, and documents can 
be printed on the internal microprinter or through the 
RS-232C port. Documents can be read in from either cas- 
sette and appended to the document in memory, a useful 
feature. 

You can't use Skiwriter to edit BASIC text, but the stan- 
dard HX-20 BASIC editor is so good that you don't really 
mind. 

[Editor's note: Skiwriter may be available for other micro- 
computers in January 1984. . . .R. M.] 

The Monitor 

The machine-code monitor comes as a pleasant sur- 
prise, especially for those who enjoy digging into the 
(undocumented) workings of a machine. The monitor 
uses the physical screen only— you're limited to the 20 
by 4 display— and normally displays the contents of the 
A and B accumulators in the index register, stack pointer, 
condition code register, and program counter. The fol- 
lowing single-keystroke commands are available: 

B Return to BASIC 

K Set the "keystack sequence," a group of keystrokes 
that is automatically executed whenever the HX-20 
is turned on 

D Dump memory (in hexadecimal) 

G Execute a routine in memory with optional break- 
points 

S Set new memory values— used for entering data in 
hexadecimal 

X Display and (optionally) change register contents 

R Read a file from external cassette, microcassette, 
serial port, or ROM 

V Verify file saved on device 

W Write file to device 

A Return starting and ending addresses of file as well 
as the entry point 

Documentation 

Four manuals are supplied with the HX-20: a two- 
volume BASIC Tutorial and Reference Manual, a Guide to 
Operations, and Skiwriter and microcassette manuals. All 



UNIX 

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MS-DOS: includes ed.grep, sort.diff, uniq, etc. . . .200 

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Unix is a trademark of Bell Laboratories. 

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MS-DOS is a trademark of Microsoft. 

UniCalc is a trademark of Lattice, Inc. 



Circle 467 on Inquiry card. 



September 1983 g BYTE Publications Inc. 203 



are complete and well written. The Guide to Operations 
is a profusely illustrated work that gently guides the neo- 
phyte. Topics such as the virtual screen and the concepts 
of "programs" and "data" are handled very well. Over- 
all, I'd have to rate the documentation high. 

Summary 

The HX-20 has a lot of potential. The introduction of 
the Radio Shack Model 100 has given the HX-20 very 
stiff competition, and compared to Radio Shack's 40 by 
8 display, the HX-20 looks primitive. But Epson's new 
wave of peripherals and software, if introduced in a time- 
ly manner, will probably save the machine. Currently, 
its big selling points are the integrated microcassette and 
printer, features no other portable offers yet. 

The Texas Instruments Compact Computer 40 

I tried to be unbiased and objective about this 
machine, I really did. I kept reminding myself what a 
notebook-sized BASIC computer would have meant to 
me just a few years ago. And the price of the TI CC 40 
is only $250. 

But there's no clock. No file system. Only one BASIC 
program at a time can reside in memory, and the user 
can work with only about 5200 bytes of that. And the 
keyboard is vile. 

There's also no cassette interface. If you want to store 
programs or data, you have to buy the TI wafertape 
drive. The CC 40 offers neither built-in storage nor a stan- 
dard audiocassette interface. It could be argued, how- 
ever, that you can buy a CC 40, the optional wafertape 
for mass storage, and another 16K bytes of memory, and 
still have an inexpensive computer. Unfortunately, none 
of these accessories was available at the time this review 
was written. 

The CC 40 has a 31-character display, a sort-of-type- 



writer keyboard, and a separate numeric/cursor keypad. 
The keyboard spacing is so small that it's essentially im- 
possible to touch-type on it. The Shift and Control keys 
lock for one keystroke— to type an uppercase character, 
you press and release the Shift key, then press the char- 
acter key. There's only one Shift key; the space normal- 
ly occupied by the right-hand Shift key is taken up by 
the Return key. 

The CC 40 does make a dandy scientific calculator, and 
perhaps that's the market it should be aimed at. Good 
scientific programmable calculators cost about as much 
and are not nearly as powerful as the CC 40. Up to 10 
user-definable key sequences can be entered, and the 
Playback feature recalls the line last entered on the dis- 
play for editing and resubmission. All BASIC keywords 
can be entered with a two-keystroke sequence (FUNC 
followed by another key), which is handy considering 
how difficult it is to type on this machine. There is a slot 
for ROM or RAM cartridges in the upper-left corner of 
the machine. None were available at the time of this 
writing. 

Built-in Software 

The TI BASIC included is a good extended BASIC with 
several interesting features, among them a subprogram 
capability (with local variables); an ACCEPT statement 
that combines the functions of the normal INPUT state- 
ment with automatic positioning of input and length and 
type checking; a PRINT USING and IMAGE capability 
that allows some elaborate output formatting; and some 
real oddities such as SETLANG, which sets the output 
language for system messages. The standard computer 
includes English and German, so you can set your error 
messages to be displayed in German if you wish. Some 
ROM cartridges presumably offer the option of other 
languages. 



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THE 



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programs from other computers 



The Microtext module is a program pack containing not 
only firmware but a second serial port sothat both your 
printer and modem can be connected at the same time. 
Microtext can be configured for any serial printer that 
will work with the Color Computer, even if it requires 
line feeds! But even if you don't have a printer, you can 
keep a permanent copy of your data by storing to 
cassette tape. Also, any Radio Shack/Centronics- 
compatible parallel printer may be used by adding the 
Micro Works' P180C parallel interface. 



For those of you with special terminal applications, 
Microtext has selectable parity; it sends odd, even, 
mark or space. With mark parity (which is default) you 
can send to computers requiring either seven or eight 
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You'll find many uses for this versatile module! Avail- 
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204 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 293 on inquiry card. 



COMPUTER HUT 



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QUADRAM 

Quadboard-PP,SP,C/C,Mem + s/w 

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Quad 512 + SP, Mem with s/w 

64K $249 51 2K $659 

MICROFAZER (print buffers) 
ME8 Snap-on Epson/IBM $129 

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MP8 P-P w/pause/copy $139 

MP64 P-P w/pause/copy $229 



RESEARCH 

MegaPlus II 4-Funct 51 2K + s/w $989 
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Micromodem II for Apple II $275 

Micromodem II w/Term Prog $319 

Smartmodem 300 $225 

Smartmodem 1200 $535 



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AMDEK 

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SOFTWARE FOR IBM PC 



WORDPROCESSING 
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All products usually in stock for immediate shipment and carry full manufacturers' warranty. Price subject to change — this ad prepared two months in advance. You 
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At a Glance 

Name 

Texas Instruments Compact Computer 40 

Manufacturer 

Texas Instruments Inc. 
POB 53 

Lubbock, TX 79408 
[800) 858-4565 

Price 

S249.95 

Dimensions 

9.2 by 5.7 by l inch 

Display 

3l-character by l-line liquid-crystal display 

Keyboard 

Miniature typewriter style 

Language 

BASIC 

Memory 

6.2K bytes of RAM 

Peripherals 

Printer/plotter. RS-232C interface, wafertape digital tape drive. Hex-bus 
interface, socket for ROM cartridges 

Documentation 

One 280-page manual 



Peripherals 

The CC 40 includes an integral Hex-bus interface, 
which TI describes as "a medium speed (6000 bytes/sec- 
ond) 4-bit interface." The Hex-bus is used to connect 
peripherals such as the wafertape drive (which old- 
timers may remember as the Exatron stringy floppy) and 
printer. 

Documentation 

The CC 40 is accompanied by a single manual describ- 
ing the computer and explaining BASIC. About two- 
thirds of the bulk of the manual is BASIC reference. 
Several appendixes describe the ASCII code, error 
messages, the internal structure of the machine (includ- 
ing memory maps), and warranty and service 
information. 

Summary 

The redeeming feature of this machine is its low price. 
Virtually all of its competition vastly outstrips it in power 
and features. If you don't need portability TI's own 99/4A 
home computer will give you much more memory, col- 
or graphics, sound, and lots of expansion capability for 
a mere $99. The CC40's true utility cannot be judged until 
at least some of the peripherals and software become 
available. ■ 



David Ramsey is a programmer in the Concept group at Corvus Systems 
Inc. (2029 O'Toole Ave., San Jose, CA 95131). 



206 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 315 on inquiry card. 




Actual Size 
Unretouched Output 



COLOR THAT PEAKS FOR ITSELF 



EXPLORE THE WORLD OF COLOR OUTPUT 
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If you're looking for a new high in your out- 
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Circle 562 on inquiry card. 



INTEGRAL PRINTERS 



System Review 



The Pied Piper Portable Computer 

Briefcase styling and low cost in a Z80 machine 

by Seth P. Bates 



Resembling a small, thin attache case, the Pied Piper 
packs 64K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write 
memory), a single disk drive, and the Perfect Software 
package into a 12-pound portable computer system for 
$1299. Because it lacks an internal display device, this 
lightweight system will cause less muscle strain. To see 
your work, you must use an external monitor or televi- 
sion set. So although this computer won't do you much 
good while you're on the road, it delivers a low-cost 
Z80A system that is easy to move from one location to 
another. 

General Observations 

The Semi-Tech Micro (STM) Electronics Corporation 
designers intended the Pied Piper to be truly portable 
and immediately usable. The exclusion of the monitor 
was a decision the machine's designers expected to ap- 
peal to those who don't like the thought of carrying the 
added weight of a video display and its power supply. 
Even the smaller monitors in the Otrona and the 




Photo 1: A prototype Pied Piper portable computer with optional 
second disk drive, monitor, and printer. 



Osborne systems add considerably to the bulk and 
weight of a computer system. Possibly because of a re- 
cent drop in prices of LCDs (liquid-crystal displays), the 
company plans to offer a 2-line by 80-column display 
in the near future. Until then, however, an RF 
modulator provides an inexpensive way to use your tele- 
vision with the computer. You can also plug an 
80-column monitor in directly. 

To further reduce the weight of the system, its de- 
signers eliminated a second drive. Instead, a Mitsubishi 
drive with 784K bytes of formatted capacity is includ- 
ed. With this high density, a single 5V4-inch floppy disk 
holds Perfect Writer, Perfect Speller, and the Perfect For- 
matter/Printer software as well as the CP/M command 
library, with over 400K bytes remaining for user pro- 
gram storage. The single drive increases the time re- 
quired to transfer files between disks. For example, mak- 
ing a backup copy of the system disk took 8 minutes. 
One method of avoiding this lengthy procedure is to use 
the TRANSFER utility when you back up a recently up- 
dated text or data file. With this shortcut, a single-disk 
system works well at home and on the road, but for ex- 
tended use in the office, a second floppy-disk drive or 
a hard disk soon becomes a necessity. An additional 
784K-byte drive conveniently plugs into a connector on 
the back panel to provide extra disk capacity. 

The company wisely planned for user expansion by 
including interfaces for both this drive and a hard-disk 
drive on the motherboard. Two expansion slots will also 
eventually house serial interfaces and modems. STM of- 
fers a serial board and plans to introduce several others, 
including an integral auto-dial/ auto-answer 300-bps 
modem and dual serial ports on a single board. 

The Pied Piper is easier to use than any other com- 
puter I know of. Its simple operation, bundled software, 
and clear documentation make it an ideal first system 
for business users. The 78-page users manual isn't 
indexed but includes a thorough table of contents and 
is logically organized, which makes locating informa- 



208 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 




Photo 2: The production version of the Pied Piper computer. The indicator lights for power and disk drives were last-minute additions. 



tion a simple task. By writing clearly and from a novice's 
point of view, the authors present a document par- 
ticularly suited to the needs of a first-time computer 
user. The manual contains instructions for starting the 
Pied Piper and connecting it to a television set or a 
monitor as well as descriptions of all the major CP/M 
commands. Guidelines for basic disk usage and file 
management are also included. 

For novices, the Perfect Software Primer provides a 
well-written guide to Perfect Writer, Speller, Filer, and 
Calc. The primer and its accompanying files not only 
help you learn about the software but also tell you which 
of the many lesson files you can safely delete from your 
working disk. This manual, however, suffers from one 
fault not shared with the rest of the documentation— it's 
hard to read. Apparently, the company produced it with 
a dot-matrix printer on 8V2- by 11-inch paper then re- 
duced it to 7 by 9 inches to conform to the dimensions 
of the other documentation. It's nice to have everything 
the same size, but I'd rather be able to read the manual. 

Problem Solving 

The Pied Piper is manufactured for STM in Hong 
Kong and tested at several points during manufacture 
and shipping. One test includes dropping the system 
from nine feet while it's in the carton and dropping it 
from three feet without the carton. I didn't notice any 
problems that might have resulted from the testing. But 
after three hours with a prerelease version of the Pied 
Piper, I noted several potential problems with the docu- 
mentation and the system's case. However, in the re- 
lease version of the machine, every item on my list had 
been fixed, including a revision of the documentation. 
The only other problem was some interference with a 
wireless telephone. After locating the problem in the 
radio unit, I concluded that the shielding for the Pied 
Piper may not be adequate for use near those phones. 

Although the company believes its testing will 



eliminate any problem units, it does offer an extended 
warranty through Xerox Service Centers at $199 per year 
for those who like a little extra insurance. The service 
centers promise a 16-hour or two-business-day turn- 
around on all repair work. 

The Perfect Software Package 

The four bundled software programs leave me with 
favorable impressions. Especially impressive were the 
ease of use, carry-over command structures, and the 
thorough implementation of the program's features. 
Only Perfect Filer seemed scant in its features, but it 
doesn't claim to be a true database system. With its 
selection of this package of software, STM appears to 
have correctly addressed the needs of the Pied Piper's 
intended user. This factor should figure strongly in the 
machine's success. 

Perfect Writer. After two hours I felt comfortable with 
this package. During that time Jerry Pournelle's com- 
ments about word processors that are continuously 
"nattering" at you seemed appropriate. Perfect Writer 
uses two lines at the bottom of the screen (called the 
Mode Line and the Echo Line) to inform you of the 
status of the system. At least half of this information 
isn't necessary, the rest of it is essential, and none of 
it can be altered to fit your particular needs. Most 
troublesome, however, is that each time you press a key, 
the cursor appears momentarily at the end of the Mode 
Line. This is very irritating, and the reason for it escapes 
me. I have learned largely to ignore it, but some users 
may not adjust to it well at all. 

Other aspects of Perfect Writer are more noteworthy. 
The designers did an excellent job of thinking out the 
command structure ahead of time. An example is the 
set of commands for cursor movement. In general, 
where a Control code is used for local and small-scale 
movement, equivalent Escape codes are used for larger- 
scale movements. For example, where Control-P and 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 209 



Control-N get the previous and next lines, respective- 
ly, Escape-P and Escape-N access the beginning of the 
previous and next paragraphs. An implementation such 
as this makes it easy to remember most commands. 

Perfect Writer, like all of the Perfect packages, is menu 
driven. If you want to get back to the previous level of 
menu at any time, the Escape key does the job. Control- 
Y will "Yank back" the last text alteration. Control-G 



At a Glance 

Name 

The Pied Piper I 

Manufacturer 

STM (Semi-Tech Micro) Electronics Corporation 
525 Middlefield Rd., Suite 130 
Menlo Park, CA 94025 
(415) 326-6226 

Price 

S 1 299 (includes software) 

Processor 

Z80A 

Memory 

64K bytes of RAM 

Storage 

5 'A -inch floppy-disk drive, 784K bytes 

Input/Output 

Centronics-style parallel printer port, software-selectable 40- or 
80-column display output, video modulator output plug (an exter- 
nal modulator is required), removable power cord 

Keyboard 

Full-sized— 61 keys; 94 printable characters; Escape, Control, . 
Delete, Backspace, and cursor-control keys. 

Dimensions 

20.2 by 10.8 by 4 inches 

Weight 

1 2 lbs. 

Software 

Perfect Software package including Perfect Writer, Perfect Speller, 
Perfect Filer, and Perfect Calc; CP/M 2.2; Pied Piper utilities 

Documentation 

Pied Piper I users manual, 78 pages; Perfect Software Primer, 1 7 
pages; Perfect Writer/Speller manual, 380 pages; Perfect Calc 
manual, 346 pages; Perfect Filer manual, 188 pages 

Accessories 

External second disk drive (including software): S550.00 
10-megabyte hard-disk drive: to be announced 

Carrying case: S49.95 

Printer interface cable: S39.95 

Monitor stand: S39.95 

Serial interface: S 1 20.00 

RF Modulator (Astec) S59.95 



will "Go back" to before the last unexecuted command 
(a command in progress); take care not to confuse it with 
the letter G (Go), which starts an operation selected 
from a system menu. 

Perfect Speller. Proofing with Perfect Speller is fantastic. 
Words you use frequently can be added to the diction- 
ary, and special dictionaries can be constructed for dif- 
ferent projects. Once the program locates misspelled 
words, it asks you to provide a one-key code indicating 
whether to mark it for correction, add it to the diction- 
ary, or ignore it. When this is done, you exit directly 
to Perfect Writer and move through your text to each 
marked word, correcting your spelling as you go. As 
yet, Perfect Speller hasn't failed to find a misspelled 
word. 

Perfect Filer. It takes longer to learn Perfect Filer, and 
some of its advanced features, like reformatting an exist- 
ing database, require a two-disk system. Still, the pro- 
gram comes with several built-in systems that business 
users will find immediately useful. As an added bonus 
the tutorials on modifying existing field and record for- 
mats make it simple to develop new databases from the 
existing ones. 

Perfect Calc. While I didn't spend as much time with 
this program, Perfect Calc appears to include all the 
major features offered by other spreadsheet packages. 
The control and command structure remains consistent 
with the other Perfect programs, reducing learning time. 
Tutorials in the software manuals assist novices in grasp- 
ing the basics needed to start using the system. In ad- 
dition, as with Perfect Writer and Filer, the program disk 
includes sample files to modify, so you can learn to use 
the system with a minimum of lost time and effort. 
Several useful sample spreadsheets are the Family 
Budget program, the Financial Net Worth program, the 
Check Register program, and the Individual Tax Return 
Analysis program. 

Conclusion 

The Pied Piper offers real business features at toy 
prices. Although a few of its features might have been 
designed differently, as with any machine, STM offers 
a good system for the money. Models II and III are 
already in the works, and one of them is a 16-bit 
machine. These additions to the line, along with the 
promise of the 2-line LCD option, make the Pied Piper's 
future look bright. ■ 

Seth P. Bates is assistant professor in the Division of Technology at San 
]ose State University (San ]ose, CA 95192) and president ofTeknos, a small 
firm that does systems integration. 



The Pied Piper uses its own disk format. Software in this for- 
mat is available from selected distributors. Currently available are 
MBASIC, Pascal, FORTRAN, dBASE II, FPL, Bottom-line 
Strategist, Wordstar, Condor, T-Maker III, Supercalc, and the 
American Training Institute training packages. 



210 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



NEVADA 



NEVADA 




• : 



tran C 



"If you want to learn or teach someone FORTRAN, this is the 
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include IF. . THEN . . . ELSE constructs, COPY statement, 
CHAINing with COMMON, TRACE style debugging and 
150 verbal error messages. What's more, you can intermix 
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those special Micro needs! Get yours today. Diskette comes 
with 214-page manual. 



NEVADA 

PILOT 

Why has Nevada PILOT become so popular 7 It's definitely 
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Perfect for training, testing, virtually all programmed instruc- 
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NEVADA 



EDIT 



"A well-thought-out product with excellent documentation 
and an astoundingly low price." Microcomputing, May 1983. 

Now. high quality text editing for micros. Nevada EDIT is 
great for program editing, as it was designed specifically 
to create COBOL. BASIC, and FORTRAN programs. It's a 
character-oriented full-screen video display text editor. 

Simple to configure. You can customize tab stops, default 
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selection. 

CP M is a registered trademark ol Digital Research. Inc 1HS-80 is a registered trade 
mark ol Tandy Corp Apple It is a trademark ol Apple Computer Inc Osborne is a reg- 
istered trademark o! Osborne? Computer Corp Xerox 8?0 is a trademark ol Xerox Corp 
Kaypro is a trademark ol Non linear Sys Heath Zenith is a trademark ol Heath Corp 
IBM is a trademark ol International Business Machines Corp Nevada COBOL Nevada 
FOR I HAN Nevada PILOT Nevala EDIT and t His Computing arc tradrrinaiks ol FHti. 
Computing Inc r - 1983 Ellis Computing Inc. 



o 



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Nevada COBOL is based upon the ANSI-74 standards with 
many advanced features. It's field-proven with thousands 
of users world-wide in Business, Government and Education. 
The excellent documentation (165 pages) is used as a class- 
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Because of Nevada COBOL's superior design, it requires 
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This major advantage is just one reason many business 
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And, lots of students are using Nevada COBOL because it's 
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Nevada FORTRAN and Nevada COBOL are now avail- 
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To make our software available to even more micro users, 
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This is a limited time offer, so order yours today! 




each 



ELLIS COMPUTING 



MAIL TODAY! To: Ellis Computing, Inc. 
3917 Noriega Street 
San Francisco, CA 94122 
(415) 753-0186 

The CP/M* Operating System, an 8080/8085/Z80 microprocessor, and 
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Software Packages: □ COBOL □ FORTRAN D PILOT □ EDIT 

Diskette Format: 8" D SSSD (Standard IBM 3740 tormat) 

5WO Apple CP/M D Xerox 820 (Kaypro) □ Osborne 

DTelevideo D Micropolis Mod II □ North Star DD □ North Star SD 

□ TRS-80 Mod I with CP/M (a 4200 hex □ TRS-80 Mod I/Mapper 

□ Heath Hard (Z-89) □ Heath Soft (Z-90) 

□ Superbrain DD DOS 3.X (512 Byte sectors) 

Shipping/Handling Fees Add $4 00 lor the lirst package and $2 00 for each addilional 
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BYTE September 1983 211 



System Review 



The Kaypro II 



Dependable hardware and extensive software make this affordable 

portable a winning package 



by Roger Fager and John Bohr 

One industry pundit insists that for a microcomputer 
system to be successful, it need only be adequate— which 
is to say complete, reliable, standard, and inexpensive. 
The Kaypro II from Non-Linear Systems epitomizes 
these homely virtues. 



A complete system encased in aluminum, the Kaypro 
II contains a single-board computer, two 5 V\ -inch 
floppy disks, and a 9-inch (diagonal) green-phosphor 
video screen that displays 24 lines of 80 characters. A 
6-foot coiled cord hooks a high-quality, 76-key detach- 




Photo 1: The Kaypro II portable computer. 

212 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



able keyboard to the Kaypro's chassis. It uses a Z80 
microprocessor running at 2.5 MHz and has 64K bytes 
of RAM (random-access read/write memory) plus an 
RS-232C serial port and a Centronics-compatible parallel 
printer interface. 

The Kaypro II comes bundled with extensive software, 
including CP/M 2.2 and the Perfect Software series: Per- 
fect Writer (a word processor), Perfect Filer (a database 
program), Perfect Calc (an electronic spreadsheet), and 
Perfect Speller (a spelling checker). In addition, the 
manufacturer supplies Profit Plan (a simplified spread- 
sheet) and two forms of BASIC: S-BASIC, which is 
structured, compiled BASIC, and MBASIC, the de fac- 
to standard, interpreted BASIC. To round out the soft- 
ware package, Kaypro II includes The Word Plus (a 
powerful spelling checker) and several game programs. 

Hardware 

On examining the machine we immediately noticed 
that the Kaypro IPs hardware is solid and obviously de- 
signed for transport. When you want to move the 
Kaypro II, the keyboard snaps onto the case to form an 
18- by 15%- by 8-inch suitcase that weighs 26 lbs. Heavy- 
gauge aluminum surrounds and shields the keyboard 
and the main chassis. 

Inside the case, Non-Linear Systems' test-equipment 
expertise is readily apparent. The major subsections are 



firmly mounted to the case, far apart from each other. 
Not only does isolating components provide space for 
air circulation and heat removal, it also makes all the 
major components readily accessible for examination 
and repair. 

The layout of the main circuit board (see photo 2), sug- 
gests that the system was designed as four subsections. 
The main computer subsection consists of the Z80 micro- 
processor, the ROM (read-only memory) chips, and 64K 
bytes of dynamic memory. The floppy-disk-control sub- 
section consists of a 1791 disk controller and TTL 
(transistor-transistor logic) support chips. The I/O 
(input-output) subsection includes two Z80 PIOs 
(parallel input/output devices), a Z80 SIO/0 (serial in- 
put/output device), TTL buffers, and connectors. The 
final subsection is the digital part of the video genera- 
tion system: 2K bytes of static RAM for screen memory 
and a character-generator ROM. The chips are socketed 
and easy to get at. 

Surprisingly, the system clock rate is only 2.5 MHz 
(a rate of 4 or 6 MHz is possible with a Z80A or Z80B 
and corresponding support chips). At least one other 
potential hasn't been tapped: each of the PIO chips can 
support an additional 8-bit parallel port. This means that 
with existing hardware the Kaypro II could easily drive 
an IEEE-488 port to supplement the parallel and serial 
ports already available. The IEEE port could be im- 




Photo 2: The main printed-circuit board of the Kaypro II. 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 213 



At a Glance 

Name: Kaypro II 

Manufacturer 

Kaypro Division 
Non-Linear Systems Inc. 
533 Stevens Ave. 
Solana Beach, CA 92075 
(619) 755-1134 

Dimensions 

Folds to an 18- by 8- by 15/2-inch suitcase-like metal box with a 
handle; weighs 26 pounds 

Components 

A Zilog Z80 microprocessor running at 2.5 MHz; 64K bytes of 
dynamic RAM and 2K bytes of screen memory; an 80-column by 
24-line green-phosphor display with brightness control: a selectric- 
style keyboard with numeric keypad; two single-sided, double- 
density 5 'A -inch drives, each with a capacity of 193K bytes (for- 
matted); RS-232C serial and Centronics-compatible parallel ports 

Software 

CP/M 2.2; the Perfect Software family: Perfect Writer (word pro- 
cessor). Perfect Files (database). Perfect Calc (spreadsheet), Perfect 
Speller (spelling checker), tutorial disks; The Word Plus (Spelling 
checker); Profitplan (spreadsheet); MBASIC (Interpreted BASIC with 
Games); S-BASIC (structured, compiled BASIC); system utilities. 

Documentation 

System manual; standard CP/M manual; Perfect Software manuals; 
The Word Plus and Profitplan manuals; S-BASIC and MBASIC 
manuals (language descriptions) 

Price 

S1595 

Options 

Vinyl and nylon cases 



plemented by software routines to do the timing for the 
various control lines. This would enable the Kaypro II 
to interface directly with intelligent test equipment. 

Despite those two missed opportunities, the computer 
is dependable and well laid out and runs coolly even 
over long periods of use. 

Human Interface 

The detached keyboard has contoured keys and a 
standard IBM Selectric layout supplemented by these 
special keys: ESC, CTRL, Line Feed, Tab, Caps Lock, 
Backspace, DEL, and four cursor keys. The numeric key- 
pad has its own period, comma, and Return keys. An 
LSI (large-scale integration) chip within the keyboard 
generates serial signals, which are communicated 
through a 6-foot coiled cord with modular tele- 
phone-handset-style RJ12 connectors on both ends. 

The 9-inch green-phosphor display gives a sharp, 
stable image in an 80-character by 24-line format. In ad- 
dition to the ordinary ASCII (American National Stan- 
dard Code for Information Interchange) characters- 
upper- and lowercase, numerals, and punctuation— the 
Kaypro II displays the Greek alphabet. The only graph- 
ics available are simple character graphics. 



Storage 

The Kaypro II comes with two double-density single- 
sided disk drives, each of which provides 193K bytes of 
storage (see the text box on "The Kaypro 4 and the 
Kaypro 10" for other configurations). The floppy-disk 
drives can read and write disks in Xerox 820 format; 
therefore most CP/M software is available to the Kaypro 
owner. Software is now available from Kaypro to read 
other 5V4-inch disk formats (including those of the 
Osborne 1 and Radio Shack Model I). 

Hardware Hardships 

A machine of this weight needs a comfortable handle; 
however, the Kaypro's handle will cut two parallel 
grooves into your hand if you carry the system for more 
than a short time. A well-designed, padded handle 
would be a considerable improvement. 



Perfect Writer's multibuffer 

memory architecture allows you to 

edit as many as seven documents 

at one time, transferring sentences 

or paragraphs between them. 



The Kaypro II's lack of environmental seals is also a 
problem. There are no covers for the interface jacks, and 
the air circulation holes at the top can serve all too well 
as inlet ports for rain when the system is moved. The 
unsealed junction of the keyboard and case also invites 
contaminants into the keyboard circuitry and floppy 
disks. (The manufacturer offers a protective vinyl cover 
as an extra-cost option.) 

Unfortunately, the Kaypro II provides no means to 
carry its software treasure. For convenience, some other 
portable computers have integral disk holders. 

Software 

Non-Linear Systems, aware that the typical user is not 
a computer professional or hobbyist, has wisely selected 
a package of user-friendly software. Purchased separate- 
ly, Perfect Writer, Perfect Filer, Perfect Calc, Perfect 
Speller, Profitplan, MBASIC, S-BASIC, Word Plus, and 
CP/M 2.2 would cost much more than the Kaypro II 
package. 

Perfect Writer 

Perfect Writer uses a distinctive command structure for 
inserting, editing, deleting, and replacing text. The pro- 
gram is similar to the text editor MINCE, which in turn 
is based upon a mainframe editor called EMACS. As 
with these forebears, not all of your document needs to 
be in memory; the virtual memory technique uses a disk 
swap file to extend the size of a document up to or 
beyond 64K bytes' worth of characters. Another im- 



214 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



How can your microcomputer talk 
to an IBM mainframe? 

CLEQ 




The communications features of the CLE0-3270 Software 
package allows your microprocessor to emulate a cluster 
of IBM terminal devices. 

You don't even need to change software on your main- 
frame computer, because for all it knows, it's communi- 
cating with a 3271-1 2, 3275-1 2, or 3276-XX cluster. And 
the program will accommodate up to 8 terminals. 

The CLEO software provides the cluster emulation and 
makes the ASCII devices look like an IBM 3278 CRT and 
3287 printer. 

If your IBM mainframe doesn't support remote 3270 clus- 
ters, you need remote batch communications. CLEO-3780 
Software is your answer. 

For full details contact Phone 1, Inc., 461 North Mulford 
Road. Rockford, IL61 107; phone (815) 397-81 10. 

Circle 358 on inquiry card. 



— 



Standard Features^CLEO 3270 

• Bisynchronous 3276-2 protocol to 9600 baud 

• SDLC 3271-12 and 3275-12 protocol 

• Up to eight line cluster activity 

• Selectable control unit address 

• User install program for various CRTs 

• 3278 emulation for ASCII CRTs 

• Available for CP/M™. MP/M™, MsDOS™, TurboDOS™, Unix", 
and Xenix™. 

• Coded in C language 

• 3276-12 protocol, coming soon 

Standard Features^CLEO 3780 

• Point-to-point and multipoint communications 

• Available for CP/M™, MP/M™, MsDOS™, TurboDOS™. Unix™, 
and Xenix™. 

• Supports transparent mode 

• Coded in C language 



CLEO 




CP/M is a Trademark of Digital Research. Inc. 
MP/M is a Trademark of Digital Research. Inc. 



TurboDOS is a Trademark of Software 2000. Inc. 
Unix is a Trademark of Bell Labs 



The Kaypro 4 
and the Kaypro 10 

by Arthur A. Little 



Time waits for no man and certainly for no microcomputer 
reviewer. Since this review was completed, Non-Linear Systems 
has revamped its product line for 1983 with two nezv system con- 
figurations (the Kaypro 4 and Kaypro 10), new software offerings, 
and a different pricing structure. The noiu "venerable" Kaypro II 
is quite a bargain because NLS recently dropped its suggested retail 
price to $1595, a $200 reduction. 

The Kaypro 4 is essentially an upgrade of the earlier model. Like 
its forebear, the Kaypro II, the Kaypro 4 is a portable, CP/M-based 
system with 64K bytes of RAM and two double-density floppy 
disk drives. The three major differences are that (1) it has double- 
sided disk drives (each offers 380K bytes of storage), (2) it is pack- 
aged in a dark gray case, and (3) it costs $1995. A minor, if inex- 
plicable difference, is in the product name. NLS has shifted from 
using roman numerals (e.g., II) to arable numerals (e.g., 4)— a 
change not without historic precedent. 

The big news is the Kaypro 10, which incorporates an internal 
10-megabyte hard disk as well as one double-sided, double-density, 
half-height floppy-disk drive (380K bytes of storage). The Kaypro 
10 itself is an upgrade of the Kaypro 5, a 5-megabyte hard-disk 
portable shown in 1982 but never produced in quantity. The Kaypro 
10, including software, will put you back only $2795. 

First, let's look at the hard disk. The physical 10-megabyte disk 
is divided into two logical devices of 5 megabytes each, called drives 
A and B. The 5Vi-inch floppy-disk drive is drive C. Drives A and 
B are each subdivided into 16 user areas (i.e., AO, Al, . . . A15 
and BO, B1,...B15). As delivered from Kaypro, the unit has the 
following files recorded on the hard disk: 

User 0: Kaypro and CP/M utility programs 

User 1: Perfect Writer word-processing program 

User 2: Profitplan electronic spreadsheet 

User 3: Perfect Calc electronic spreadsheet 

User 4: Perfect Filer/ Individual Member Data Base 

User 5: Perfect Filer/Organizational Member Data Base 

User 6: S-BASIC 

User 7: MBASIC and Games 

You can add or delete files to suit your needs as long as you 
stay within the 5-megabyte limit per logical drive. Note that user 
areas do not have predefined storage limits— each user area takes 
from the 5-megabyte common pool. 

One file, SAFETY.COM, is hard-disk-specific. Before ending a 



session with the Kaypro 10, run the SAFETY program. This utility 
moves the hard disk's read/write heads to an unused area of the 
hard disk prior to powerdown. Therefore, even if the heads were 
to hit the surface of the hard disk, no damage would occur to an 
area on which data was stored. Running this program is a must 
for those who will be taking the Kaypro 10 out into the real world 
and a should for the rest of us. (It would have been nice if this 
procedure had been incorporated into an automatic shutdown 
process.) 

Aside from the single drive, the exterior of the Kaypro 10 looks 
much like its predecessors, especially the Kaypro 4. Both systems 
share the same no-nonsense, gunmetal-gray cabinet and all-black 
keyboard. One welcome addition is an integral wire stand for the 
front of the unit that tilts the display up to a comfortable viewing 
angle. Also, the carrying handle has been redesigned to be more 
compact. Because of the hard disk, the designers included a fan 
for cooling the interior components. The whole system weighs 31 
pounds, as compared with 26 pounds for the Kaypro 4. 

The back panel shows evidence of some changes also: the pozver 
cord is removable, there are connectors for one parallel port and 
two serial ports (one printer and one modem), there is a jack for 
a light pen, the brightness control has been moved to the back, 
and the Reset button has been moved to a more accessible location. 

In addition to the 80- by 25-character display, the Kaypro 10 
has these graphics capabilities: draw/erase a line, draw/erase a 
pixel, inverse video, half-intensity, blinking, graphics characters 
(2- by 4-pixel matrix), cursor positioning, and cursor on/off . The 
display is treated as a matrix 100 pixels high by 160 pixels wide. 
S-BASIC has special commands that draw geometric figures such 
as circles, rectangles, squares, and bars. 

Non-Linear Systems includes a prodigious amount of applica- 
tions software with each system. In addition to all of the programs 
supplied with the Kaypro II, the firm is offering Wordstar as an 
option to the Perfect Writer program. There is also a neiu utility 
that will read and write disks in the formats of several other popular 
computer systems— at the moment, it can transfer data to and from 
the Osborne 1, the Xerox 820/11, and the TRS-80 Model I. There 
is reason to believe that another 10 or more formats are on the 
horizon. 

Arthur A. Little is a technical editor for BYTE. 



pressive feature is multibuffer memory architecture, 
which allows you to edit as many as seven documents 
at a time, transferring sentences or paragraphs between 
them. A split-screen feature allows any two documents 
to be viewed simultaneously. 

The documentation for Perfect Writer is excellent. The 
manual leads you through the program's capabilities one 
step at a time, always building on previous knowledge. 
The editing routines are presented in tutorial form with 
illustrations of the commands (such as CTRL and ESC 
key sequences), and there are abundant examples of 
edited documents. 

Although the documentation is helpful, the program 



itself is annoyingly unforgiving of mistakes. Perfect 
Writer may terminate suddenly if you type in a wrong 
control code, wiping out your newly created document. 
The "delete sentence" command will hang up the sys- 
tem if there are no more periods in the file, which could 
occur when you edit toward the end of your document. 
Perfect Software is aware of the problem, and later revi- 
sions should eliminate this problem— an example of 
practice making perfect, no doubt. 

Perfect Filer 

Perfect Filer enables you to create a database record 
as long as 1024 characters, enter data under cursor-key 



216 September 1983 © BYTE Publications. Inc. 



The TTX-1014 Desktop Daisywheel. 

Professional Printing. 
Personal Price. 



Just $649 buys 
a letter-quality, 
daisywheel printer. 



You don't need a big-business budget to 
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$649. Complete. The TTX-1014 
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Performance. Not Problems. The 
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inches wide. Want a different typeface7 
No problem here, either. The 100- 

character ASCII printwheel can be 

changed in seconds... 
and extra 



daisywheels are available in computer 
stores and major retail outlets 
everywhere. And you can quickly select 
pitch (10, 12, or 15 characters/inch) and 
linespacing (3, 4, or 6 lines/inch) by pro- 
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plus logic-seeking, bidirectional printing 
at up to 14 cps. And all for $649. 

Built Business Tough. In business, 
dependability counts. And the TTX-1014 
is built to stand up to the rigors of 
business applications. At a typical 25 % 
duty cycle, business users can look to 
a full 3000 hours of printing before 
servicing is required. And in home use 
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TTX-1014 can deliver many years of 
trouble-free operation. 

Professional printing. Personal price. 
The TTX 1014-Desktop Daisywheel. 
Professional performance for just $649. 
Try one at your dealer's today. 




TTX 



$649 is manufacturer's suggested retail price 



Teletex Communication Corporation 

3420 East Third Avenue 
Foster City, California 94404 
415/341-1300 TX:349420 



Circle 442 on inquiry card. 



BYTE September 1983 217 



\bu'll never have a better reason 
to begin shopping by mail: 

IBM RAM 
BOARDS 

256K 

WITH AN RS-232C INTERFACE 

$349 

$507 WITH SUPERCALC 2 

512K 

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Our fully-populated memory 
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They are compatible with all IBM 
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This is a rare opportunity to 
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They are completely guaranteed 
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Alpha Byte also carries the finest 
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Multiplan TK Solver 

CP/M 86 

Please call for our low prices. 




IPUTER 
PRODUCTS 



31304 VIA COLINAS 
WESTLAKE VILLAGE, CA 91362 



To order or for 

information call 

From Chicago: 
(312)454-1236 
From New Yxk: 
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In Los Angeles: 
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actual shipping charges will oe added to non-prepaids. California residents, add appropriate sales lax 



control, use up to five sort keys, and print out any subset 
of your stored records in form letters, mailing lists, or 
specialized forms. You can also change the format of a 
database without losing your data. Because Perfect Filer 
is fully menu-driven, you don't have to be a program- 
mer to handle these rather sophisticated tasks. 

As examples of how to construct your own file 
managers, two predefined database templates accom- 
pany Perfect Filer: an individual member mailing list 
(name/address/phone/busphone/organization) and an 
organizational mailing list (org/address/phone/con- 
tact/comment). 

Another uncomplicated menu-driven subprogram 
enables you to define a subset for search (for example: 
all New York names entered after November 1982). The 
results of the search can be output to the display, printer, 
or disk file for use in Perfect Writer. 

The Perfect Software programs 

share commands, facilitating 

crossover learning from one 

application to the next. 

Perfect Calc 

The electronic spreadsheet, Perfect Calc, displays an 
entry window of 8 columns by 24 rows on a 52- column 
by 255-row worksheet. Perfect Calc features cursor-key 
directed movement, instant recalculation of formulas, 
and a Help menu. 

The master disk supplies 29 formatted spreadsheet 
templates with applications varying from checkbook 
balancing to income-tax calculation. The users guide sug- 
gests that they "may require modification to meet your 
particular needs." This is an understatement because 
many of the templates contain bugs. For example, the 
accounts-receivable worksheet formulas call for variables 
from accounts-payable entry sheets, and the Payroll 
analysis set depends on a spreadsheet, "payfacts.pc," 
which Perfect Software has not included. 

Still, Perfect Calc itself is comfortably bug free. It has 
the same split-screen, virtual-memory, multibuffer edit- 
ing features as Perfect Writer. The control commands are 
identical, except that there are extensions for the editing 
of columns. You can pass entries or blocks of entries be- 
tween any number of spreadsheets, and a powerful 
"associate files" option links the formula calculation and 
calling into memory of separate sheets. Although the 
Kaypro II does not do graphics, Perfect Calc allows you 
to format a bar graph as varying strings of asterisks. The 
user manual is written in jargon-free English and is well 
illustrated. 

The biggest disappointment is the lack of communica- 
tion between the Calc and Filer programs. If you need 
totals in Perfect Filer, which does not perform arithmetic, 
you have to transfer the numbers individually to a Calc 
file using split-screen editing, then key the totals back 
by hand. 

The Perfect programs in the Kaypro II package were 

4 Circle 19 on inquiry card. 



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AMDEK 300 12"' Hires green 
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A simple to operate plotler which 

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IBM PC COMPATIBLE 
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Syslem packages at special prices. 




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National Computers Fall 1983 collection of State-of- 
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designed as an integrated package and share command 
structures, format, and an overall functionality. This 
means that there is considerable crossover learning from 
one program to the next— a boon to users. Perfect Soft- 
ware is not perfect, but considering the price, portabili- 
ty, and commitment to improvement, it is very good 
indeed. 

Profitplan 

Kaypro also includes Profitplan from Chang Labora- 
tories. This spreadsheet program is appropriate for sim- 
ple applications: data and formula entry are fairly 
straightforward, but once you make a "what if" projec- 
tion, you can't restore your original spreadsheet. 

The Word Plus 

Although Perfect Speller is still included in the Kaypro 
II software package, it has been largely superseded by 
The Word Plus from Oasis Systems. The Word Plus lists 
words it doesn't recognize and asks whether they need 
correction. It can display the words in context and will 
generate a list of likely corrections at your request. Next, 
it automatically makes the corrections in your text and 
writes an updated file to disk. The program will even 
"learn" new words and add them to its dictionary for 
future use. 

Furthermore, The Word Plus displays total word count, 
frequency of occurrence, homonyms (such as colonel and 
kernel), anagrams (debug and budge), and lists of rhymes. 



It also assists in solving crossword puzzles and playing 
Scrabble. These word-puzzle routines are so intriguing 
and so much fun that The Word Plus may interfere with 
your time management; sooner or later you will lose a 
whole morning playing with them. 

The 45,000 words of the main dictionary were selected 
on the basis of frequency of occurrence and frequency 
of misspelling and were checked for accuracy by proof- 
readers and by existing lexical programs. In addition, you 
can create specialized dictionaries (e.g., legal, medical 
or scientific terminology) and specify them at run time. 

Because the S-BASIC manual lacks 
illustrations of actual code, it takes 
some trial and error to type certain 

S-BASIC statements in a way that 
pleases the compiler. 

Down to BASICS 

MBASIC from Microsoft is so widespread within the 
microcomputer world that we need only say that this 
interpreted BASIC works as expected and makes a huge 
software base available to the Kaypro owner. 

The S-BASIC compiler is an interesting mixture of 
BASIC syntax and Pascal control structures. BASIC pro- 
grammers may find little need to change their program- 
ming methods except that variables must be declared. 
(However, if they want to write more readable, debug- 



Microrubble 

How long could your business survive if your computer were 
suddenly reduced to a smoldering pile of microrubble? If it were 
stolen? Or tampered with? 

For as little as $35/yr SAFEWARE provides for full 
replacement of all hardware, media and purchased software after 
a low $50 deductible. 

You're covered against fire, theft, accidental damage, 
earthquakes, and damage in transit. SAFEWARE even covers 
power surges, the second leading destroyer of microsystems. And, 
in the event of a claim, you'll get fast replacement. So you can 
be back in business almost before the smoke clears. 

To find out more, or to obtain immediate coverage, call 
the toll free number. Or write: Columbia National General 
Agency, 88 E. Broad Street, Columbus, OH 43215. 



1-800-848-3469 

(In Ohio call toll free 1-800-848-2112) 





Circle 387 on inquiry card. 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 221 



System Saver 

The most important peripheral 
for your Apple II and He. 



HI 




For Line Surge Suppression 

SYSTEM SAVER provides essential protection to hard- 
ware and data from dangerous power surges and spikes. 
Dangerous voltage spikes are clipped off at a safe 130 
Volts RMS/ 175 Volts dc 
level. High frequency noise 
is smoothed out before 
reaching the Apple II. 

For Cooling 

Today's advanced peripheral cards generate more heat. 
In addition, the cards block any natural air flow through 
the Apple II creating high temperature conditions that 

substantially reduce the life 
of the cards and computer 
itself. SYSTEM SAVER's 
fan exhausts 15 cubic feet 
of air per minute. 

For Operating Efficiency 

SYSTEM SAVER contains two switched 
power outlets. SYSTEM SAVER efficiently 
organizes your system so that one conven- 
ient, front mounted power switch controls 
SYSTEM SAVER, Apple II, 
monitor and printer. The heavy 
duty switch has a pilot light to 
alert when system is on. You'll 
never use the Apple power switch 
again. Also available m 220/240 Volt. 50/60 Hz. 




ZEOl^ 




Easy Installation 

Just clips on. Color 
matched to 
Apple n. 



Fits on Apple Stand 



©LISTED 




$89.95 at dealers everywhere or order direct by phone or mail. 

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gable, and maintainable code, the means are there.) 

S-BASIC offers good internal documentation with its 
variety of commenting structures. Variables can be 
declared and documented on the same line, and COM- 
MENT. . .END allows a whole block of comment lines 
to be entered. S-BASIC supports interactive program- 
ming with an assortment of INPUT statements, and a 
single instruction outputs an entire block of display lines. 
Its "advanced structured techniques" show a strong 
similarity to Pascal: WHILE. . .DO; REPEAT. . . 
UNTIL. . .; CASE. . .OF. . .END; as well as procedures 
and functions which allow parameter passing and 
recursion. 

Boolean variables are fully implemented although 
there is not a separate boolean type. A statement such 
as FLAG = (X < Y) will work whether FLAG is declared 
as integer, real number, or string. In the latter case, a 
string that begins with "Y," "y," "T," or "t" is evaluated 
as true. You might use the variable in a routine similar 
to the following: 

INPUT1 "DO YOU WANT DOUBLE WIDTH 

PRINTING"; FLAG 
IF FLAG THEN DOUBLE.WIDTH 

S-BASIC aims to be a tool for the experienced program- 
mer of structured languages, improving on Pascal by 
adding string variables and random-access file I/O and 
dispensing with its tedious punctuation (a = b replaces 
a : = b;). It does not have Pascal's power in describing 
data types, however. There are no pointer variables, sets, 
records, or scalar subrange variables. 

Parameters in a procedure are used somewhat dif- 
ferently First, all parameters are of the pass-by-value 
type. In other words, none of the arguments of a func- 
tion or procedure can be altered by it. While this may 
not meet the approval of Pascal purists, I feel that the 
resulting independence of modules is an aid to program 
structure. S-BASIC handles the problem of a multivalue 
function by using global variables. Remember that 
microcomputer programming is not a likely environment 
for a major team software project. The clarity of a pro- 
gram that will take up only 60K bytes of memory is not 
going to suffer from a few extra global variables. Fur- 
thermore, arrays are not allowed as parameters. Also, 
a parameter declaration is not permitted to have the same 
name as a global variable or as a variable local to another 
procedure. 

Software Problems 

The current S-BASIC manual, although an improve- 
ment over the original, does not have sufficient illustra- 
tions of actual code, so it takes a certain amount of trial 
and error to type some of the statements in a way that 
pleases the compiler. The following statement, which is 
meant to call up the execution of a separately compiled 
program, is an example: 

chain "b: program com" 



222 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 249 on inquiry card. 



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This statement produces run-time errors until you dis- 
cover that the file name must be typed in uppercase let- 
ters. The manual does not make this clear. 

Another problem is a statement with more than 65 
characters. The compiler uses a linefeed as the delimiter 
of a program statement, and neither the manual nor the 
Kaypro II users guide hints that specifying Perfect 
Writer's "normal" mode is the way to turn off word wrap. 

Compiler error messages are noticeably weak. For ex- 
ample, "$$$$$$$ Cannot process this / Statement error" 
is the only message covering a large class of syntactical 
errors in REPEAT, WHILE, ELSE, and CASE statements. 
Incredibly, S-BASIC has no test for an end-of-file condi- 
tion. Thus, a program will crash unless you take the trou- 
ble to define a counter field that you increment when 
you write a new record. 'Modulo' and 'odd' functions 
have been omitted for the sake of economy, leaving the 
programmer to grapple with integer-division expres- 
sions. 

Aside from these rough edges, writing structured code 
was easy and natural. With improvements, S-BASIC 
could be highly suitable for introducing microcomputer 
users to the advantages of structured programming. 

The Company 

When you are buying a computer, your scrutiny 
should not end with the hardware, software, and docu- 
mentation. The company matters, too. Non-Linear Sys- 
tems has been around for a long time. In the 1950s the 
company president, Andrew Kay, invented the digital 
voltmeter, and Non-Linear has been a major supplier of 
portable test equipment for the last 30 years. His son, 
David Kay, is product manager for the Kaypro line. They 
seem genuinely committed to customer service and are 
well organized for it. As part of this customer support, 
Non-Linear Systems publishers Pro-Files, a Kaypro users 
magazine. Pro-Files is available free for one year to Kaypro 
owners. 

Conclusion 

If Kaypro II is the answer, then the question might be, 
"What is the best value in a practical portable computer?" 
Though it has some limitations, the Kaypro II is both 
good and affordable. For $1595 you get an extensive soft- 
ware package with high-quality documentation, stan- 
dard hardware that works all the time, a fine keyboard, 
an 80-character display, standard interfaces, and good 
floppy-disk drives. That's what we call "best value." ■ 



Editor's Note: Shortly after this review was written, Non-Linear Systems 
announced that it has changed its corporate name to Kaypro Corporation. 
Non-Linear Systems will become a division of the parent company. 



Roger Fager is associate professor in the Physiology Department at the 
University of Virginia School of Medicine in Charlottesville. 

John Bohr has a degree in mathematics and is a part-time computer science 
student. 



224 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 499 on inquiry card. 



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Circle 149 on inquiry card. 



BYTE September 1983 225 



Product Description 



The Corona Portable PC 

A new -portable IBM PC-compatible computer with an eye-catching 

display 

by Rich Malloy 



If you've attended any of the recent computer trade 
shows, you've probably seen a reasonably priced por- 
table computer that rapidly flashes a series of eye-catch- 
ing pictures across a very high contrast green display 
screen. This machine, the Corona Portable PC (photo 
1), along with its sister desktop version, the Corona PC, 
offers stiff competition to the numerous machines com- 
patible with the IBM Personal Computer. 

Corona Data Systems, the manufacturer of the new 
systems, is one of the several start-up companies 
spawned by the IBM PC. It was founded two years ago 
by Dr. Robert Harp, who a few years earlier had been 
the founding wizard of Vector Graphic. Before announc- 
ing its new line of IBM-compatible systems, the new 
company was known primarily for its hard-disk drives. 

The two Corona machines are very similar. The por- 
table has an 8088 microprocessor, 128K bytes of mem- 
ory, one or two half-height double-density double-sided 
floppy-disk drives (storing 320K bytes each), a 9-inch 
high-contrast green monochrome display screen with 
graphics capabilities, a serial port, a parallel printer port, 
four IBM-compatible expansion slots, and a fairly siz- 
able bundle of software: Microsoft's MS-DOS operat- 




m^ 



\v\\ 



Photo 1: The Corona Portable PC, a portable IBM PC clone with 
a high-contrast display. 



ing system and GW-BASIC language, Softword Sys- 
tems' Multimate (a word-processing program), and PC 
Tutor, a program to teach you how the system works. 
The price for all this is $2945 for the two-disk-drive 
model (the one-disk-drive model is $400 less). The com- 
puter weighs 28 pounds and measures 9.6 inches high 
by 18.8 inches wide by 19.8 inches long. 

The desktop machine (photo 2) has everything the 
portable has except that it has a 12-inch screen instead 
of a 9-inch screen. It will use standard-height disk drives 
until more half-height drives become available. The two- 
drive desktop model sells for $2995. The one-drive unit 
is $400 less. 

Because the machines are so similar, it is hard to talk 
about one without discussing the other. But in keeping 
with the theme of this issue of BYTE, I'll restrict my 
observations to the portable version. Bear in mind, 
though, that most comments apply equally to both 
models. 



Compatibility 

The first thing to think about when considering an 
IBM-compatible computer is, "How compatible is it?" 
Despite many manufacturers' claims, it is very difficult, 
and illegal, to produce an exact copy of the IBM Per- 
sonal Computer. For the machine to be legal, at least 
some of its parts have to be different (for instance, the 
copyright notice). It is essential to find out that the soft- 
ware (or expansion hardware) you need will run on the 
machine you are interested in. 

The Corona portable comes with the MS-DOS operat- 
ing system (essentially the same as IBM's PC-DOS), and 
Digital Research's CP/M-86 is offered as an option. Any 
program that is written for MS-DOS or CP/M-86 should 
run on the Corona. Any program, however, that ac- 
cesses IBM's proprietary ROM (read-only memory) 
routines to drive the display and keyboard may not run 
on the Corona or most of the other IBM Personal Com- 
puter clones. The best way to test this, of course, is to 
try to run your favorite IBM Personal Computer pro- 
gram on the Corona. 



226 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



For this Product Description I did not have time to do 
an exhaustive test of the software written for the IBM 
Personal Computer, but I was able to test one of my 
favorites, Peachtree Software's Peachtext, configured for 
the IBM PC, at the spring Comdex show in Atlanta. 

After watching an MS-DOS program called PC Tutor 
running on the Corona, I discreetly asked if I could try 
to run a Peachtext disk that was in my pocket. The peo- 
ple at the Corona booth hemmed and hawed a bit, but 
they finally led me to a desktop version of the machine 
off in the corner where no one would see it should it fail. 
Their hesitancy was unnecessary. The disk booted up 
without a problem, and a few keystrokes later Peachtext 
was processing a text file. 

This was, of course, far from an acid test of com- 
patibility, which will have to wait for a future issue of 
BYTE. But it is a test I highly recommend: take a pro- 
gram you like and see if it actually works before you 
buy. 

Video Display 

As mentioned earlier, the most eye-catching feature 
of the Corona is its green monochrome video display. 
It has an extremely high contrast, which seems to reduce 
eyestrain. Photographs may not capture its clarity, so 
I recommend you visit your local computer store to have 
a look. 

The screen, which also has graphics capabilities, can 
display 25 lines of 80 characters. According to Corona 
Data Systems, each character is formed on a 16- by 
13-pixel (picture element) grid. That's 16 pixels wide, 
not high! The horizontal size of the pixels is presumably 
half that of the vertical size. If you consider that there 
are 80 characters per line and 16 horizontal pixels per 
character, the effective horizontal resolution is an in- 
credible 1280 pixels! 

Like the IBM Personal Computer, the Corona Portable 
PC supports two levels of intensity for each character. 
It also supports reverse-video characters, underlining, 
and blinking. 

Graphics 

The aforementioned high-contrast screen is coupled 
with high-resolution graphics capabilities (640 by 325 
pixels). Unfortunately, this is not the same format as the 
IBM color/graphics display-adapter board (640 by 200 
pixels). But the IBM color/graphics board can be plugged 
into one of the expansion slots, thus giving the Corona 
more compatibility with programs such as Lotus Devel- 
opment's 1-2-3. 

The Corona graphics format is supported by an extra 
set of BASIC commands in its GW-BASIC interpreter. 
It should also be supported by the GSX graphics inter- 
preter that can be attached to CP/M-86. GSX (Digital 
Research's Graphics System Extension) promises to give 
its users a layer of compatibility in graphics, the same 
way CP/M gave us a layer of compatibility for general 
8-bit software (see reference 2). When CP/M-86/GSX 
software becomes available, the Corona should be able 



to run it. 

Two other nice features of the Corona are that graphic 
images can be placed anywhere on the screen, regard- 
less of text-character placement. And graphics informa- 
tion can be placed anywhere in memory. This allows 
for the quickly changing pictures I mentioned at the 
beginning of this article. 

Keyboard 

The Corona Portable PC, like many of the new per- 
sonal computers, uses an IBM-like keyboard from Key 
Tronic (see reference 1). This keyboard has a layout 
similar to that of the IBM Personal Computer, but has 
an indicator light for the Caps Lock and Num (numeric) 
Lock keys. It also has a much lighter "feel" for each key- 
stroke and it does not make a loud click as the IBM unit 
does. 

Key Tronic makes two versions of its keyboard. On 
one, the layout of the keys is exactly the same as that 
of the IBM. On the other, the keys are arranged in a 
more traditional layout; that is, the left Shift key is to 
the immediate left of Z, and the Return (or Enter) key 
is just to the right of the quotation marks key. These 
positions are more in line with other keyboards used 
in the United States. 

Corona Data Systems originally offered the exact IBM 
key layout, but recently it decided to offer the more 
traditional keyboard because many users had requested 
it. This is a prime example of the adaptability of smaller 
companies. I wish IBM could display similar flexibility 
in its choice of components. 

Durability 

A prime factor in the selection of a portable computer 




Sipmi fj"5. I > ' 



: t ! ■ ' i ' i * t*\ ' \ Yi 



Photo 2: The Corona PC, the desktop version of the Corona por- 
table. The unit shown here has half-height floppy-disk drives, but 
most units will be shipped with regular-height drives. 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 227 



is its ability to survive travel. The unit used at the Com- 
dex show offered evidence of the Corona's ruggedness. 
The Corona prototype I saw had been subjected to 
some rough handling on an airplane flight, enough to 
break off the front panel. Another prototype was not 
available, so the broken one had to be used. During the 
show, the front panel had to be propped up against the 
machine. But despite what must have been a fairly 
severe blow, the prototype still worked. Let's hope the 
mass-produced versions fare as well. 

Multimate 

Multimate, the word-processing program that comes 
with the machine, is somewhat similar to the software 
Wang Laboratories uses on its dedicated word pro- 
cessors. Developed by Softword Systems of East Hart- 
ford, Connecticut, Multimate is fairly powerful and has 
the ability to merge letter files with address files. 

Options 

One of the options for the Corona Portable PC is Cor- 



At a Glance 

Name 

The Corona Portable PC 

Manufacturer 

Corona Data Systems 
31324 Via Colinas. Suite 110 
Westlake Village. CA 91361 
(800) 621-6746 

Size 

19.8 inches long by 18.8 inches wide by 9.6 inches high 

Weight 

28 pounds 

Hardware 

8088, 1 6-bit processor; 1 28K bytes to 5 1 2K bytes of memory; 
9-inch green phosphor display, 80 by 25 characters, reverse 
video, underline, blinking, high-intensity, 640 by 325 pixels; Key 
Tronic keyboard with modified IBM-PC key layout; mass storage: 
1 or 2 half-height floppy-disk drives, 320K bytes each; interfaces: 
RS-232C serial port, Centronics parallel printer port; expansion: 
four IBM-PC compatible expansion slots 

Software 

MS-DOS operating system, GW BASIC interpreter, Multimate word 
processor, PC Tutor 

Options 

Extra memory, !28K-byte modules, S295 each; second floppy-disk 
drive. $450; hard-disk drive, 10 megabytes, S2695 

Documentation 

Four 3-ring binders, 8/2- by 5/2 -inch pages. User's Guide, MS- 
DOS Reference Manual, Microsoft BASIC Manual, and Multimate 
Manual 

Price 

PPC-1 [one fioppy disk), S2545 
PPC-2 (two floppy disks), S2945 



ona's hard-disk drive, which was developed for the IBM 
Personal Computer. A 10-megabyte hard disk in its own 
case will sell for $2695. 

Up to 512K bytes of memory can be placed on the 
main circuit board. The standard unit contains 128K 
bytes, with each additional 128K bytes costing $295. 

The four expansion slots on the Corona are not needed 
to produce a minimal working configuration. The main 
board of the Corona already includes the video-display 
interface, the disk-drive interface, serial and parallel 
ports, and a large amount of memory. Thus, the four 
slots are left open for cards that will actually expand the 
system. According to Corona, any IBM Personal Com- 
puter card should work. Again, a thorough test of this 
will have to wait. 

Possible Shortcomings 

One possible shortcoming of the Corona is its lack of 
a spreadsheet calculator program in its bundle of soft- 
ware. Such programs have proven to be very popular, 
and some potential customers may be put off by the re- 
quirement of having to buy a spreadsheet separately. 
Also, some popular programs such as Lotus's 1-2-3 may 
not be compatible with the Corona's graphics format. 
You will have to purchase IBM's color/graphics adapter 
board and a monitor, or wait for a Corona-graphics- 
compatible version to come out. 

Comparisons 

Simply speaking, the Corona is an IBM Personal Com- 
puter clone, and it is very tempting to compare the copy 
with the original. If we make the assumption that the 
quality is equivalent (which may or may not be valid), 
the pricing offers an interesting comparison. The two- 
disk-drive version of the Corona costs $2945. An 
equivalent IBM configuration costs $3800— $2100 for 
the basic one-drive unit plus $500 for the second drive, 
$250 for the graphics board, $200 for a monochrome 
monitor, $120 for the printer port, $120 for the serial 
port, $170 for an extra 64K bytes of memory, $300 for 
a word-processing program, and $40 for the operating 
systems. Even the Compaq portable IBM clone, with a 
similar configuration, would run about $3900. 

Summary 

The biggest selling point of the Corona is its fine dis- 
play. It's a good machine with an attractive price. If you 
need a general word-processing machine with a key- 
board that's easy to get used to and a screen that's easy 
on your eyes, then the Corona may be for you.B 



References 

Glasco, David B. and Murray Sargent III. "Using IBM's Marvelous 
Keyboard." BYTE, May 1983, page 402. 

Langhorst, Fred E. and Thomas B. Clarkson III. "Realizing Graphics 
Standards for Microcomputers." BYTE, February 1983, page 256. 



Rich Malloy is a senior technical editor of BYTE. 



228 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



ANNOUNCING THE WY-50. 




A NEW GENERATION OF LOW-COST TERMINALS FROM WYSE. 



r 




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Never before has anyone put so much 
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In fact, the birth of the WY-50 intro- 
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The WY-50 sells for only $695.00. 



BORN WITH ADVANCED 
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A Report on the Consumer 

Electronics K ^ 

Show ^ 




*> 



"\ ^ 




A bird's-eye view of the latest offerings 



A single event dominated the Con- 
sumer Electronics Show held in 
Chicago: the introduction of the 
Adam, Coleco's personal computer 
(see the photo above). Just as the 
Osborne computer once revolution- 
ized the personal-computing market- 
place by bundling applications soft- 
ware, languages, and all the basic 
hardware except a printer for $1795, 
Coleco now offers a computer system 
with more standard features than 
seem possible for $599. 

The Adam personal computer con- 
tains a Zilog ZSO microprocessor with 
80K bytes of RAM and a word pro- 
cessor in ROM. A full-sized keyboard 
has a diamond-shaped cursor pad, 
function keys, and built-in numeric 
pads on the two standard game con- 
troller units. According to Coleco, a 
512K-byte digital data pack system 
will rival the transfer rate of a flop- 
py disk. The speed of the bidirec- 

230 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



by Phil Lemmons 

tional daisy-wheel printer included 
with the Adam is less than 15 char- 
acters per second (cps), but that 
doesn't detract from the sharp quali- 
ty of the characters. The standard 
Adam lacks a monitor but can use a 
television screen as a 40-column dis- 
play and offers an optional 
80-column card for those who buy a 
monitor. The Adam is CP/M-com- 
patible, and Coleco promises to make 
the most popular CP/M programs 
available on digital data packs. The 
company also claims its BASIC is 
source-code compatible with Apple- 
soft. And if the computer features 
aren't impressive enough, don't 
forget the Adam's ability to run 
games written for Coleco's line of 
game machines. 

The Adam wasn't the only impor- 
tant machine introduced at CES. 
Atari presented four new machines 
based on a 6502C microprocessor 



running at 1.79 MHz. The least ex- 
pensive of these was the $199 600XL 
featuring 16K bytes of RAM expan- 
dable to 64K bytes and 24K bytes of 
ROM. In addition, a CP/M module is 
available as an accessory. Atari also 
introduced the 1027 letter-quality 
daisy-wheel printer for the low price 
of $349.95. The 1027 prints at 20 cps, 
faster than Coleco's printer by 5 cps. 
The 1027, the Atariwriter word-pro- 
cessing cartridge, and the 600XL 
computer are bundled as a word-pro- 
cessing system for $599.95. But keep 
in mind that the keyboards of all the 
new Atari machines have only 62 
keys, no cursor-control keys, and on- 
ly four function keys. That's under- 
standable, for the price, but for word 
processing the Atari can't compare 
with the Coleco Adam keyboard or 
the Video Technology Laser 3000, 
which I'll describe shortly. Atari's 
800XL has 64K bytes of RAM and 



produces output to drive a monitor, 
whereas the 600XL has output for a 
television only. Both the 1400XL and 
1450XLD contain a built-in 300-bit- 
per-second modem and a speech 
synthesizer but the 1450XLD adds a 
built-in disk drive to the package. 

More Machines 

Spectravideo improved its 318— a 
Z80 running at 3.6 MHz— and intro- 
duced the more powerful 328 (see 
photo 2). Although the 328 lacks the 
earlier model's built-in joystick, it 
provides cursor-control keys, a 
numeric pad, and five programmable 
function keys. The 328 has 48K bytes 
of ROM expandable to 96K bytes and 
80K bytes of RAM expandable to 
256K. The standard ROM contains 
BASIC, a word processor, a terminal 
program, and on-line documenta- 
tion. 

Tomy introduced its 16-bit, $129.95 
Tutor, a microcomputer that is based 
on the TMS 9905 microprocessor (see 
photo 3). Tomy's promotional effort 
stressed that the Tutor can instruct 
children without parental supervi- 
sion. The machine features a rubber 
keyboard, and a disk drive is avail- 
able. 

The fastest 6502 machine on view 
was the Video Technology Laser 3000 
(see photo 4), which runs at 2 MHz. 
The machine's keyboard features cur- 
sor-control keys, a numeric pad, and 
eight programmable function keys. A 
plug-in Z80A cartridge enables the 
machine to run CP/M software, and 
its 64K bytes of RAM are expandable 
to 192K bytes. The Laser 3000 has an 
Apple-compatible mode, and Video 
Technology says that two custom 
large-scale integration chips replace 
more than 100 discrete integrated cir- 
cuits that would otherwise be 
necessary. The chips also perform 
video processing, memory manage- 
ment, and system control. The Laser 
3000 displays 80 columns of text and 
has 560 by 192 pixels (picture 
elements) in the color-graphics 
mode. Standard items include four- 
channel sound generation, a Cen- 
tronics parallel-printer port, and a 
cassette interface. Although the 
machine can support as many as four 
disk drives with 164K bytes, neither 




Photo 2: The new 328 from Spectravideo. 




Photo 3: The Tutor from Tomy. 




Photo 4: The Laser 3000 from Video Technology, which runs at 2 MHz, was the fastest 6502 
machine at the CES Show. 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 231 




Photo 5: The Unisonic Wafer-Driven Home Computer System is based on the wafer drive 
from Entrepo. 



the disk controller nor a serial- 
communications port is included as 
part of the standard equipment. 

Unisonic displayed a Wafer-Driven 
Home Computer System (see photo 
5), one of the many machines that 
uses the wafer drive from Entrepo. 
The wafer drive evolved from con- 
tinuous-loop recording tape, former- 
ly called a stringy floppy. 

General Consumer Electronics in- 
troduced a keyboard and light pen 
for use with the Vectrex Graphic 
Computer System, its 6809-based 



game system. GCE also demon- 
strated programs that used the light 
pen to compose and edit music and 
to generate animated graphics. The 
software helped produce animation 
by interpolating lines between those 
drawn with the light pen. The light 
pen sells for about $40, and the basic 
system's price has dropped to $100 
without a keyboard. 

Texas Instruments displayed a cos- 
metically improved version of the TI 
99/4A but declined to announce the 
forthcoming 99/8. The 99/2, which 



was announced at the winter CES in 
January, has been discontinued. 

Commodore demonstrated Magic 
Desk, a desktop manager for the 
Commodore 64 home computer, 
dropped prices, and once again in- 
troduced its Executive 64 portable 
computer, which looks just as good 
now as it did at the winter CES and 
at the National Computer Con- 
ference. The Executive 64 is a port- 
able Commodore 64 with a 6-inch 
color monitor and one or two disk 
drives in a compact 27-pound pack- 
age. It does not come equipped with 
a printer. The price for a one-drive 
system with 64K bytes of RAM is 
$995. An optional Z80 cartridge per- 
mits running CP/M programs. 

Standard Miracles 

As of summer CES 1983, the only 
low aspect about the low end of the 
personal computer market is the 
price of the systems. The one possi- 
ble exception concerns the speed of 
mass storage. Depending on how fast 
the wafer drives and digital data 
packs prove to be in normal use, peo- 
ple may demand the speed of ran- 
dom-access storage devices as stan- 
dard equipment in their home com- 
puters. The company to be the first 
to introduce a $600 system that in- 
cludes both a floppy-disk drive and 
a letter-quality printer may be the 
next market leader. ■ 



Phil lemmons, West Coast Bureau Chief of BYTE, 
can be contacted at BYTE/McGraw-Hill, 4th Floor, 
425 Battery St., San Francisco, CA 94111, (415) 
398-7990. 



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232 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 77 on inquiry card. 



The Next Five Years 
in Microcomputers 

Our user unlocks his crystal ball and becomes a seer 



I've told this story before, but it's 
worth repeating. In 1954 1 was invited 
to the University of Illinois to see the 
ILIAC, which at that time was the 
world's most powerful computer. 
Housed in a gymnasium, it was sup- 
ported by the world's largest air-con- 
ditioning system. 

ILIAC was a vacuum-tube ma- 
chine. Two undergraduates had the 
singular job of rushing about inside 
ILIAC with shopping carts full of 
tubes; when one burned out, they'd 
replace it. It did all its calculations 
three times and took a majority vote 
on the answer, because a tube might 
burn out while it was making a 
calculation. 

For all that, time was scheduled on 
ILIAC months in advance; it really 
was the world's most powerful 
machine. 

The TI-59 programmable scientific 
calculator is considerably more 
powerful than ILIAC was. 

That development took 30 years, 
but technology always accelerates. 
Barring nuclear war, there should be 
nearly as much change in computers 
in the next 10 years as there was in 
the preceding 30. 

When you try to predict trends, 
you're usually too far out over the 
short run and too conservative over 
the long haul. Still, we can see where 
the computer revolution is taking us: 
by the year 2000, anyone in the West 
who seriously wants to will be able 
to get the answer to any question, the 



by Jerry Pournelle 

answer to which is known or 
calculable. 

That's a pretty strange world, but 
it's nearly inevitable. Microcomputers 
will contribute to that world: they'll 
be the link between the big machines 
and the ordinary citizen. Having 
stepped that far out, let's get closer 
to home and look ahead five years. 

When the micro world first started, 
it was all one community: hobbyists. 
The last time NCC was held in 
Anaheim, everything— all the micro- 
computers, software, hardware, sup- 
port people, the whole works— was 
hidden away in one back room at the 
Disneyland Hotel. 

Like pariahs. As if AFIPS (Ameri- 
can Federation of Information Pro- 
cessing Societies, which sponsors 
NCC) was ashamed of us. 

This year's NCC is dominated by 
microcomputers. The old high priests 
of the computer industry may still 
dislike us, but they can't ignore us. 

In those days, hobbyists dominated 
the micro world. If you weren't a 
hobbyist, if you were just a user like 
me, you were not only rare, you had 
no choice but to team up with one of 
the wizards. You didn't just walk into 
a store and buy a computer system. 
Good equipment was put together, 
often from kits. 

That's all changed now. One of the 
people who changed it was Adam 
Osborne, who packaged a working 
system with enough software to 
make it useful and sold the whole 



works— machine, software, and all — 
for about half what anybody else 
charged for a comparable package. 

That's one of the currents in the 
micro stream. Another is represented 
by Bill Godbout and his Compupro 
team. They sell advanced equipment. 
Compupro machines are widely 
used for software development, but 
you still have to know something 
about microcomputers, or have con- 
sultants who do, in order to take full 
advantage of the Compupro line. 

Another trend is represented by 
Apple's Lisa: not really all that ad- 
vanced, maybe even overpriced 
when you consider what's inside the 
machine, but sold to a market that's 
interested in the convenience. Lisa 
doesn't really compete with Osborne 
or Compupro; as far as I can see, Lisa 
is cutting into a market that's used to 
paying a lot more than $10,000 for 
machinery. This is the computer as 
executive perk. 

Clearly then, trends will affect the 
Godbouts and the Osbornes quite 
differently, and those two won't be 
the whole story either. Microproces- 
sors are going to appear in all sorts 
of ways that won't be recognizable as 
computers. Home appliances, cars, 
television sets, home security sys- 
tems, games, and a lot more— all 
those industries will be affected. 

In other words, there's no such 

This article is based on a presentation given at 
the 1983 National Computer Conference. Dr. Adam 
Osborne was the other speaker at the presentation. 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 233 



Circle 93 on inquiry card. 




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thing as "the" future of the micro- 
computer industry; it's a bit like ask- 
ing someone in 1950 to talk about the 
future of the transistor. We can look 
only at broad trends. 

Adam Osborne is interested in the 
mass market and predicts that most 
micros will, in the next few years, be 
sold to people who don't want com- 
puters at all. They only want 
machines that do things. 

He may be right, although— given 
the trends toward making "computer 
literacy" the new buzzwords and re- 
quiring an understanding of com- 
puters for graduation from college 
and perhaps even high school— one 
could argue that Osborne has mis- 
read the trend. In any event, I'll stay 
mostly with things that look and act 
like computers. 

Hardware 

We can sum up the hardware trend 
in one sentence: more capability for 
less money. That trend will accel- 
erate. 

Memory: the price of memory has 
fallen every year. When I first bought 
Ezekial, my late friend who hap- 
pened to be a Z80, 16K bytes of high- 
quality (Industrial Micro) static mem- 
ory cost more than $500. That's 
$31.25/K. Today, top-quality static 
memory (Compupro) costs $995 for 
T28K bytes, or $7.77/K. Dynamic 
memory has become more reliable, 
and it's a lot cheaper. This month's 
BYTE advertises deals such as 256K 
bytes for $795, or $3.10/K. 

I can do even better than that. I 
have a Macrotec dynamic board: a 
full megabyte for $1983 list. That 
works out to $1.94/K. These are ad- 
vertised retail prices for single 
quantities. 

The next generation in memory re- 
quires some new technology; it won't 
be enough to simply glue a batch of 
the 64K-byte chips together. How- 
ever, there's absolutely no reason to 
suppose the new technology won't 
be forthcoming, either from here or 
from Japan. Thus we can in con- 
fidence say that five years from now 
memory will cost no more than 15 
percent of what it does now. The 
smallest machines will have a full 
megabyte; most will have a lot more. 



Ten-megabyte microcomputers will 
be common. 

ROMs: ROMs will be cheaper, too, 
so that it will be easy to have ROM 
software as part of a computer pack- 
age. Instead of programs on disks, 
machines will have their operating 
system, text editor, and other com- 
monly used stuff built in, the way 
BASIC was built in on the old TRS-80 
Model I. 

Use of ROMs as a means for dis- 
tributing software may cut down a lot 
on piracy. 

EROMs (erasable read-only mem- 
ory) will let you do things like recon- 
figure the keyboard and otherwise 
customize the system. You do that 
once and forget it. 

Mass storage: I've titled this section 
mass storage rather than disk drives. 
I think floppy disks will be with us 
in five years, but they may largely be 
relegated to their original purpose of 
transferring information from one 
machine to another, rather than as a 
mass-storage device. 

Incidentally, my engineering ad- 
visers predict that in five years both 
the 8- and 5 % -inch floppy disks will 
be a dying breed; they'll be replaced 
by some kind of hard disk, possibly 
the cartridge Winchesters, and one of 
the vest-pocket disk systems. The 
vest-pocket (3V4- to 3V2-inch) disks 
would already have made great in- 
roads into the 5V4-inch market if the 
industry could agree on some kind 
of standard. 

Note the trend in disks. Ezekial's 
disk system— two drives, controller, 
interface, and cables— cost $2000 for 
241 x 2 = 482K bytes of storage, or 
$4.15/K. This month's BYTE adver- 
tises Compupro double-sided quad- 
density disks with controller at $1595; 
for that you get 2.2 megabytes, 
2200K, or $0.73/K. 

The trend in hard disks is just as 
dramatic. Five years ago, you couldn't 
afford hard disks. Now, George Mor- 
row will sell you 16 megabytes for- 
matted, with controller, for $1595; 
that's $0,099, less than a dime per K! 

Of course other mass-storage 
devices are available. We have bub- 
ble memory, battery-backed memory, 
streaming tapes, disk cartridges, and 
such like. We don't need to know pre- 



234 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



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cisely what we'll be using five years 
from now. We can, however, be sure 
that it won't cost more than a nickel 
a K, and will probably be a lot less; 
and it will be fast. 

Five years from now it won't be 
worthwhile building a micro with 
less than 10 megabytes of mass 
storage. 

CPU: an interesting race is going 
on: which chip will dominate the 
next few years? The leading con- 
tenders are the 8086 and its suc- 
cessors versus the 68000. The Z8000 
seems to have dropped out of conten- 
tion. The 16032 is a dark horse, with 
very interesting chip architecture. 

Most analysts believe that the 8086, 
followed by the upward-compatible 
2-86, possibly followed by more 
upward-compatible successors, and 
the 68000 are the chips to watch. 
Which one you ought to go with is 
a financially important decision, but 
it's not crucial to our analysis. 

We're pushing out to the limits of 
VLSI (very-large-scale integration) 
technology, but there are bound to be 
breakthroughs. If we assume CPU 
complexities will go up by only a fac- 
tor of two while the price is cut in 
half, we get a fourfold increase in 
bang for the buck. 

Linking: the main problem with 
Ethernet is that it's expensive. That 
won't last. I don't mean that the hard- 
ware for Ethernet itself will necessari- 
ly fall in price, although that's very 
likely; I do mean that hardware for 
linking computers together into net- 
works will be made steadily more 
available. 

Some engineers think the RS-232C 
system, carried to its full potential, 
will be more than sufficient. Others 
reject that. Few, however, believe we 
won't have reliable, fast, and low-cost 
intersystem communications hard- 
ware well before 1988. 

For example, I fully expect one day 
to talk to my editor in New York 
while we both have text on our 
screens. I'll use a light pen, or some- 
thing similar, to mark my text, and 
my editor will see the same thing 
happen on her screen, but we won't 
have to give up our voice communi- 
cations to do that. The limiting fac- 
tor here isn't computer technology, 



it's the phone company. 

Other stuff: Pournelle's Law: Iron is 
expensive, but silicon is cheap. 

Modem hardware, memory-man- 
agement units, system support, math 
chips, voice-recognition units, and all 
that paraphernalia will get cheaper 
and more plentiful. 

The trend in printer equipment 
isn't quite as dramatic. In 1978 I paid 
about $3000 for a good letter-quality 
printer. I'd have to pay about $2000 
today, and I'd be surprised if I didn't 
have to pay at least $1000, possibly 
$1500, in 1988. 

Impact printers require a good bit 
of machined metal, and that gets 
more, not less, expensive. The cost of 
chips has dropped enough that 
printers can be smarter and still be 
less expensive, but there's a mini- 
mum that mechanical equipment 
isn't likely to fall below. 

However: machines that are a com- 
bination of laser printer and copy 
machine are available this year for 
about $15,000 in quantity one and 
about $7000 in quantity 1000. The 
usual trend is for this year's quantity 
1000 price to be next year's quantity 
one price. Within five years, laser 
printers that will also be your office 
copy machine will be available for no 
more than letter-quality printers cost 
today. This will give us amazing 
capabilities for producing camera- 
ready copy, complete with variable 
typefaces and excellent graphics. 

Bottom line on hardware: hardware 
costs less for more capability. Total 
systems costs are coming down. 

In 1977 Ezekial, my first Z80 ma- 
chine, cost about $12,000, including 
software, systems integration, letter- 
quality printer, modem, cables, and 
a maintenance contract. He was a 
very advanced machine for his time. 

In 1983 Zeke II cost about $8500. In 
speed and other capabilities, Zeke II 
is at least twice as powerful as Zeke 
I was. He's three times as fast, has a 
1200-bps modem, twice as much 
memory, and almost 10 times as 
much disk storage. He has more and 
better software. Yet he costs only 75 
percent as much. 

If all I wanted was enough equip- 
ment for word processing, I could 
save even more by getting an 



236 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



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Circle 26 on inquiry card. 



BYTE September 1983 237 



Osborne, the communications pack, 
and a tolerable printer. I'd still end up 
with as much system as Zeke ever 
was, all for $3500 or so. That's 30 per- 
cent of what I paid for Zeke, but the 
same capability. 

That trend will obviously continue. 
In five years you should be able to get 
a full business-quality system for 
what home computers cost now; 
while microcomputers that will do 
nearly all that the $100,000 minicom- 
puters can do will be available for less 
than $10,000. Notice that I'm using 
real dollars, with no adjustments for 
inflation. 

Software 

The general statement is simple: 
software is going to be cheaper, more 
universal, and easier to use. 

For instance, right here at this show 
Epson America is showing some 
pretty radical software: it's Chris 
Rutkowski's Valdocs system, which in 
effect uses the text editor as an oper- 
ating system. 

The Valdocs concept is certainly 



headed in the right direction. You 
turn on the machine and it comes up 
in the text editor. If you want to call 
a friend, you push a couple of keys 
and you're in communications, either 
by voice (by picking up your phone) 
or computer-to-computer. If you 
want to see today's schedule, you 
push another button. You can get a 
printout of your next week's appoint- 
ments. Another button uses your 
computer as a desk calculator. 

In theory, you don't have to refer 
to the documentation; you find out 
how to use Valdocs with online help. 

That's where software is going. It 
isn't there yet, because (in my judg- 
ment) the Z80 isn't fast or powerful 
enough to support all that work with 
tolerable speeds. No matter. The 
hardware exists. I think it would be 
easy to get Valdocs working like a 
striped ape on a machine like the 
Eagle 1600, for example, with its hard 
disk and fast screen. 

Other trend-setting programs are 
on display out there. Lotus 1-2-3 is 
moving in the right direction. So is 



Visi On. Richard Frank's people at 
Sorcim haven't yet integrated Super- 
writer and Supercalc, but that's only 
a matter of time. 

Voice-controlled systems are avail- 
able, and of course there's Apple's 
Lisa. 

They're all headed in the same 
direction: making very complex pro- 
grams easy to use. They integrate the 
computer directly into people's lives 
and make it accessible to people who 
aren't interested in learning CP/M 
and BASIC; this trend will accelerate. 

Prices will inevitably fall: as the 
market base expands, it will be possi- 
ble to make large profits from 
moderately priced software. Books, 
after all, sell for less than $25, but 
there's no shortage of people willing 
to write them, and some of us make 
a fair living writing books. Software 
development will be the same. 

As software prices fall, support 
levels will fall: documents will be bet- 
ter, there will be more and better 
online help features, and the need for 
expensive people to answer tele- 



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TDK 8" SS/SD (box of 10) . $23.00 
TDK 8" DS/DD (box of 10) . $25.00 

EPD Surge Protectors 

Lemon $48.00 

Peach $69.00 

Lime $78.00 

Orange $95.00 



MORE MODEMS 

Hayes Micromodem 2 $279.00 

w/term. program $315.00 

IBM PRODUCTS 

AST Combo Board $345.00 

Quadram 4 Function Board . . . $270.00 

Tandon 100-2 Disk Drive $268.00 

Datamac Hard Disk Drives 

6 Megabyte $1195.00 

12 Megabyte $1595.00 

18 Megabyte $1995.00 

MONITORS 

Taxan Green $139.00 

Taxan Amber $149.00 

Taxan RGB Med-Res $329.00 

Taxan RGB Hi-Res $499.00 

Apple Interface CALL 

Amdek Color 1 $299.00 

Amdek Color 2 $399.00 

Amdek 300G $139.00 

Amdek 300A $159.00 

Nee 1201 Green $169.00 

Nee 1205 Amber $189.00 

Nee Composite Color $299.00 

TERMINALS 

Televideo 925 $695.00 

Televideo 950 $895.00 

Axlon Datalink $289.00 



238 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 496 on inquiry card. 



How Dow Jones News/Retrieval 
Makes Learning Fun For The Oertells 

The Oertell's have discovered there's something enjoyable for about the way the kids are learning to become computer 

every member of the family in Dow Jones News/Retrieval®. literate, which will be so important later on in their lives." 

This unique computerized information service is changing , . 

the way this family learns, shops and gathers information. " s Paid For Itself For Life" 

(( T .„ ten , T-. ., t? . T ,„ As for Harold, his initial enthusiasm for News/Retrieval 

The Whole Family Enjoys It" hasn , t changed a bit « As far as my - mvestments are con . 

"I started the News/Retrieval service primarily for my cerned, it's already paid for itself for life. I have more 

personal investment decision-making," explains Harold control over my investment decisions than ever before." 

Oertell. "But since the service was installed, the whole „ . _, . . , . _, . „_ 

family is enjoying it in ways I never imagined." But there is one problem. As Ronald puts it, Sometimes I 

think we need more than one computer." 
There are 20 data bases in all, including sports, weather, r 1 11 17 T7 R W 

general news, a shop-at-home service and movie reviews. *-" a " * H ° r ^ree Booklet 

Even a complete 20-volume encyclopedia, plus business For learning that's fun, all you need is a personal computer, 

and financial information. a telephone and a modem. Ask for a demonstration at a 

... T m . , . ... , „. „ . computer store or call for a free 1 2-page booklet. 

News/Retrieval puts an incredible amount or information 

at our fingertips," says Harold's wife, Elinor. "It's really Call Toll Free 

broadening all our minds and is especially good for the 1-800-345-8500 Ext 5 

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Ronald and his 1 5-year-old Sister, Ingrid, are proof of this. Dow Jones News/Retrieval is a registered trademark 

"It really makes learning fun," Ronald explains. "I've al- - of Dow Jones* Company, inc. 

ready used the electronic encyclopedia more in just a few 
weeks than I have our printed encyclopedia in my whole life." 

Both Ronald and Ingrid have found the easy-to-use en- 
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valuable for a variety of school projects, from special 
reports to biographical data. 

But the sports data base for Ronald and the movie 
reviews for Ingrid are the real passion. "Some 
times I'll go into the encyclopedia," confesses 
Ronald, "just for an excuse to go into sports 
later. They've got everything." 

For Elinor, the News/Retrieval shop-at-home 
service "makes it easy to comparative shop. 
But I'm most excited 







Circle 396 on inquiry card. 



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an IBM PC 

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phones will disappear. Companies 
that can't do it right the first time 
won't survive. 

Programming languages are get- 
ting more accessible, and a lot of peo- 
ple will learn to program. A few years 
ago, hardware was available, and 
some people took advantage of it to 
start new companies. The result was 
Altos, and Apple, and some other 
outfits you've heard of. 

A number of well-known software 
houses started the same way 

That will happen again and again 
over the next five years as develop- 
ment-quality systems become avail- 
able at popular prices. Languages are 
falling in price: I've recently been told 
of a BASIC compiler for less than 
$100. JRT Pascal isn't likely to be the 
only high-level language for less than 
$50. 

As micros become more powerful, 
imagination and program design gets 
more important than the ability to 
write efficient code. If you can make 
your program easy to use, who cares 
how elegant it is? Not very long ago, 
what was important was the ability 
to do fantastic tricks in assembly lan- 
guage. When memory gets cheap, 
however, it's not worth paying com- 
puter wizards to write memory- 
efficient code. 

Even now, what's really important 
is the ability to describe needed 
programs— to write what my mad 
friend MacLean called a metalanguage 
description of a program. Coding 
Visicalc so that it would run on an 
Apple was really brilliant work; 
writing the same program in Pascal 
to run on the Sage 68000 is a student 
exercise. 

Some other discontinuities are just 
around the corner. For example, 
within the next five years, probably 
a lot sooner than that, someone is go- 
ing to build what amounts to a LISP 
machine for micro prices. A lot of 
software is being written in LISP: text 
editors, spelling programs, that sort 
of thing, and also a lot of teaching 
programs. A lot of artificial intelli- 
gence people will suddenly be able 
to write programs with a potential 
market of tens of thousands of 
copies. 

The educational potential of com- 



puters hasn't even been touched. In 
my judgment, it's better that kids 
program computers than that the 
computer programs the kids; I've 
never been wildly fond of so-called 
programmed learning. On the other 
hand, the use of computer games to 
teach valuable lessons has hardly 
been exploited at all. There's poten- 
tial for a billion-dollar industry in 
educational software, but first it has 
to be created. 

Will Micros Really Rival Minis? 

Answer: yes. 

There are some definite hardware 
limits to microcomputers. You can do 
only so much with a single chip 
before you run into fundamental 
problems. Those limits won't matter, 
though, because of parallel process- 
ing. Concurrent CP/M-86 is just now 
catching on; when people realize just 
what you can do with concurrent 
processing, it will really take off. 

Example: the Valdocs program I 
mentioned earlier tries to do every- 
thing by overlays. When you call the 
scheduler, or address book, it saves 
off your text automatically. It effec- 
tively logs you out of the editor, and 
you're limited by the speed of your 
disk drives. 

With concurrent processing you 
won't have to do that, arid programs 
to accomplish all that Valdocs does, 
and more, won't be hard to write, 
especially with a language like 
Modula-2 to write them in. 

A few years ago, those of us who 
like peering into the future said that 
the trend was toward "one user, one 
CPU." We believed that multiuser sys- 
tems were swimming against the 
current. 

Now I think it's clear: we're head- 
ed not just for "one user, one CPU," 
but several CPUs for each user. We 
haven't even begun to wring out the 
potential of parallel processing. 

The kind of multiuser system I see 
coming gives each user several CPU 
chips connected through a bus and 
capable of doing concurrent process- 
ing; quite a lot of memory; a ter- 
minal; and some kind of disk drive, 
quite possibly a small Winchester. 
His operating system will allow con- 
current processing, so that he can ap- 



240 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Looking Good! 




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pear to be several "virtual terminals"; 
one of those terminals has his text 
editor, another his scheduler and 
card-file box, another is connected to 
an electronic-mail network. 

Locally he'll be connected to other 
users through a network that lets him 
share use of a laser printer and a real- 
ly big hard disk with tape backup. 

The only difference between what 
I've described and a VAX is that the 
micro system will be a lot easier to 
use, and it will be cheap. 

The trend, then, is clear: micros 
will get more like minis at the same 
time their prices are falling, while 



higher-level languages will be more 
widely available and cheaper. 

That's significant, because the 
trend will be toward portability and 
modularity It won't be necessary to 
start over when writing a new pro- 
gram. Programmers can bring over a 
number of modules intact and just 
write new stuff. They'll also be able 
to understand their programs. 

Meanwhile, we'll see a trend 
toward making graphics available to 
a wider and wider group of program- 
mers. You won't have to be a wizard 
in order to write decent graphics. 
Languages like Modula-2 really lend 



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themselves to this, and I expect in the 
next couple of years to see Modula 
graphics modules offered for sale to 
programmers. Graphics statements 
in many BASIC languages are avail- 
able right now. The Otrona has them, 
and the Zenith Z-100 even has color 
statements in its BASIC. 

All this will make graphics avail- 
able to the business and educational 
programmer as well as to the gamer. 

Games 

Speaking of games: Larry Niven 
and I are at this moment writing a 
game around our book Inferno. I 
notice that Infocom, the company 
that markets Zork and various other 
script-driven interactive games, has 
sufficient cash flow to take out really 
big ads now. 

We can expect to see a lot more of 
this, and gaming rights will become 
as important to authors as their 
foreign rights. If you couple video 
disks to interactive games, you get a 
possibility of a whole new entertain- 
ment form, a story in which the 
reader can participate. I notice that's 
already happening in certain comic 
books, where you're instructed to 
turn to different pages depending on 
your decision at various points in the 
story. 

Videodiscs, languages like PILOT, 
and new cheap, fast processors can 
create a new entertainment field. I'm 
not sure when it will happen, but it 
can't be too long before you can buy 
a videodisc and game cartridge that 
lets you be the central character in a 
Star Wars adventure, and when it 
comes time to fly your ship, or shoot 
the bad guys, you actually control the 
ship and the gun turrets: combining 
interactive fiction with an arcade-type 
game. 

Miscellaneous 

So far I haven't even said anything 
about new languages or trends 
toward programs like PEARL and 
The Last One, so-called program- 
writing programs. Both trends will 
continue, of course. Computer- 
assisted programming is one of the 
goals of the artificial intelligence com- 
munity. This too will contribute to the 
software explosion, driving it to the 



242 September 1983 © BYTE Publications In 



Circle 272 on inquiry card. 



UM-COSTRS-232 NETWORKING. 



THE ANY-PORT-TO-ANY-PORT 
SMART SWITCH J89S. 




PRINTER 

Here's an affordable way to 
switch up to eight RS-232 ports 
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easy installation. 

The Smart Switch is controlled 
by simple user- 
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MODEM 



CPU 



CPU 



Sort, determine status, and log-off. 
: the selected port is busy it's 
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What's more, it can optionally time- 
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Use the Smart Switch to cre- 
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: rum 




access to a single I/O port on your 
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Or use it with any distributed 
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To learn more about the SS-8 
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In California call (714) 979-0363. 
Or write Western Telematic, 
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Or telex 467741. 

□ western 

D telematic inc. 



Circle 484 on inquiry card. 



BYTE September 1983 243 



logical limit: if you can describe what 
a program does, you can write the 
program. 

I do not think we will reach that 
limit in five years; but we will have 
moved a surprisingly long way 
toward it. 

Talking Computers 

I've seen some spectacular things 
done in this field, but I don't really 
have a good feel for how quickly it 
will develop. Certainly the hardware 
will be available. It already is. The dif- 
ficulty is in devising crashproof soft- 
ware. That's going to depend a lot on 



the AI community, and predicting 
the state of AI is a risky business. 
They're always going to have a break- 
through Real Soon Now. 

Then they get one, and things 
change rapidly. 

Specifics 

I'll make a few guesses based on 
the above analysis. 

I'll make a guess that there's a 50 
percent probability that by 1988 Dr. 
Osborne's company will be selling 
machines that talk and listen. The 
odds are 4 to 1 that Compupro will 
have such machines. 



Hi-Tech Country? 




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these chips . . . 

...our area 
was developing 

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The nation's corporate giants have always been here. Vibrant industrial leaders and 
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Join us. Financing expertise, coupled with immediate occupancy in superb indus- 
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Interactive fiction and script-driven 
games will be a significant part of the 
entertainment industry. Old-line 
firms like Doubleday and Ballantine 
and Random House will publish and 
distribute these games, and they'll be 
sold in B. Dalton bookstores. 

Word-processing systems will out- 
sell typewriters. 

The telephone company will offer 
an information utility service. 

Information utilities will be a lot 
easier to access and will make avail- 
able a lot more data. We won't quite 
be to the point where anyone who 
wants to can get the answer to any 
question, but we'll be approaching it. 

Someone will begin to worry about 
the kinds of information available 
and will want to restrict such things 
as the formula for mustard gas and 
how to make botulin toxin. A lot of 
lawyers will get rich arguing about 
this. 

The ability to ask questions and 
know where to find information will 
be at least as important as memoriz- 
ing facts, and some educational 
theorists will notice that. Lord knows 
what kind of crazy fad that will start. 
There's no predicting what a PhD in 
education can dream up. 

Within five years we'll see com- 
puters included as part of television 
sets. When you buy a TV, you'll get 
the computer. 

There will be a noticeable trend 
toward "The Electronic Cottage": 
more people working at home with 
communications by computer. They'll 
go to the office perhaps one day a 
week. 

Finally: about five years ago, John 
McCarthy of Stanford bought a 
Heathkit color television. The inten- 
tion was to have a robot build the 
television set. 

As of this year, the robot hasn't 
even been able to open the box. 

Within five years, John's robot will 
certainly have opened the box and 
removed the components. I doubt 
that it will have built the set— but I 
won't give long odds.B 



jerry Pournelle is a former aerospace engineer and 
current science-fiction writer who loves to play with 
computers. 



244 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 62 on inquiry card. 



When you're ready to add disk drives to your system, 
pick them carefully. Get all the options you need, but don't 
pay for features you'll never use. 

You get that flexibility in Micro-Sci 5 ] A " floppy disk 
drives. Choose from a selection that includes everything 
from a beginner's first add-on to large capacity, high-speed 
subsystems right for the busiest office environment. 

Micro-Sci's Model A2 is a superbly crafted, 35-track 
drive which is completely compatible with all Apple II® and 
Apple He® hardware and software. It features ajumper- 
selectable boot PROM and a price tag its competitors envy. 
Just right for the budget-conscious consumerl 

For data processors, the Model A40 from Micro-Sci 
boasts increased data reliability, high speed access and a 
capacity of 164K. And a whopping 286K capacity charac- 
terizes the Model A70 with a 96TPI mechanism— perfect 
for Pascaf and CP/M® usersl 



Apple III® owners will crave the Model A3. It offers all 
the features and capabilities of the Disk III® at a fraction of 
the price. Ideal as a second drivel 

At 286K, Micro-Sci's Model A73 provides Apple III 
users with twice the capacity of the Disk III, and it plugs 
right in to the built-in controller— no extra board or 
power cord I 

The king of a\\ Apple compatible drives is the Micro-Sci 
Model A143, the largest 5 Vi " floppy disk storage system 
available for the Apple III. 572K storage capacity and the 
5 msec access time make the A143 a powerful back-up 
device for hard disk systems. 

One option you'll never see on a Micro-Sci drive is a 
princely price tag— we control your costs as carefully as 
we control our quality. So drive carefully to your nearest 
computer center for a demonstration of Micro-Sci crafts- 
manship and quality. Do it todayl 







DRIVE 
CAREFULLY. 



Apple II. Apple lie, Apple III and Disk III are registered 
trademarks of Apple Computers Inc. 



fJ-SCl 



MICRO-SCI 



CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research Inc. 
Pascal is a registered trademark of the Board of 
Regents, University of California. 

Circle 292 on inquiry card. 



Micro-Sci is a Division of Standun Controls, Inc. 
2158 SOUTH HATHAWAY STREET • SANTA ANA, CALIFORNIA 92705 • 714/662-2801 • TELEX: 910-346-6739 



-B?* 




IP WE 

Here they are-the 
^ erSOftheSe cond 
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r ne good news is 
^at all the games 
are outstanding The 
bad news is that 
almost all of them 
were written i n 
assembly-i anguage 
code, which means 
their n s tmg s are 
too long to Include 
in BYTE. Po r t u . 
nately, however 
most of the 
authors are mak- 
ing the g am es 
available on 
disk (see the 
text box for 
details). We've 
compiled a 
°rlef dossier 
on each win- 
ner. 



by Gregg Williams 



JeSecojKJBYTE Games 



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Photo 1: The Akihabara quarter in Tokyo. 



Update on Personal 
Computing in Japan 

Battery-powered systems, optional communications, and attractive 
packaging highlighted the Japan Microcomputer Show '83 



The Japan Microcomputer Show 
'83, held May 25-28 at Ryutsu Center 
in Tokyo, showed more low-end 
home computers, notebook-sized 
and hand-held computers than the 
more expensive desktop machines. 
All but a few of the machines at the 
show were on display and on sale in 
Akihabara— Tokyo's electronics quar- 
ter—before the show opened. Never- 
theless, the thousands of Japanese 
who packed Ryutsu Center each day 
were just as intensely interested as 
those who attended the larger Japan 
Data Show last October. 

New Personal Computers 

The most striking new machine, 
the Canon X-07 Handy Personal 
Computer, combines battery power, 
attractive packaging, and inter- 
machine communication through in- 
expensive optical couplers (see photo 
2). For a base price of $445 (104,800 
yen at 235 yen per dollar, but prices 
in the United States are generally 
higher than the exchange-rate 
equivalent), Canon provides a 
Z80-compatible NSC800 CMOS 
(complementary metal-oxide semi- 
conductor) microprocessor, 20K bytes 
of ROM (read-only memory) contain- 
ing an interpretive BASIC, and a 
4-line by 20-character display. A com- 
pact dot-matrix printer costs about 
$192. The X-07's RAM (ran- 
dom-access read/write memory) is 
expandable to 24K bytes and ROM to 
42K bytes. Further memory expan- 
sion comes in the form of "memory 



by Phil Lemmons 

cards," which resemble credit cards 
and fit into a slot in the bottom of the 
computer. These cards contain ROM, 
battery-backed CMOS RAM, or a 
combination of the two. A 4K-byte 
RAM card costs about $42, while a 
card containing 8K bytes of software 
in ROM and 4K bytes of RAM costs 
about $64. The keyboard is not quite 
large enough for adult touch-typists. 
Indeed, the X-07 measures only 
about 8 by 5 by 1 inch and weighs just 
over 1 pound. 

The X-721 optical coupler plugs into 
the machine at left rear and costs $42. 




Photo 3: The Casio-FP 200. 



Machines using the optical (infrared) 
couplers can communicate directly 
through the air, using BASIC state- 
ments to send data between 
machines. A printer attached to one 
machine prints data transmitted from 
another. One exhibit at the show 
depicted students in a classroom 
transmitting answers during an exam 
to a teacher's X-07. Indeed, the class- 
room seems to be one of the major 
targets of this machine. Shared soft- 
ware cards would reduce the cost per 
user to reasonable levels, perhaps 
making a room full of X-07s the least 
expensive intercomputer communi- 
cations system available. 

Usually, software availability is a 
problem for new computers, but a 
software house called dB-SOFT was 
promoting a series of five cassettes of 
business programs for the X-07 and 
another five of games. The business 
cassettes covered credit calculations, 
other financial calculations, sales 
management, inventory manage- 
ment, and marketing management. 
The business cassettes cost about $16 
each, while the game cassettes cost 
about $12. 

Two other attention grabbers are 
the Casio-FP 200 (see photo 3) and 
the National (Panasonic) JR-800. With 
a few changes, the FP-200 could chal- 
lenge the NEC PC-8201 among 
Japan's full-keyboard, battery- 
powered portables. The FP-200 key- 
board is large enough for touch-typ- 
ing but seems to have a rollover prob- 
lem. The 8-line by 20-character dis- 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 251 




Photo 4: The National JR-800. 

play is only half as large as the 
PC-8201's but much larger than the 
Epson HC-20's display. 

When introduced, the FP-200 had 
only two pieces of software, a BASIC 
in ROM and another programming 
language called CETL (Casio Easy 
Table Language). CETL seems more 
like Visicalc than a traditional pro- 
gramming language. 

Although an FP-200 with 8K bytes 
of RAM and 32K bytes of ROM costs 
only about $300 (as against the 
PC-8201's $590), without additional 
software, specifically a text editor, the 
FP-200 cannot offer serious competi- 
tion for the PC-8201 or the Radio 
Shack Model 100 as an electronic 
notebook. The omission of a text 
editor and the presence of a keyboard 
rollover problem are hard for some 
visitors to Japan to understand 
because they frustrate a major appli- 
cation of the machine (namely, text 
editing), but an American computer 
scientist living in Tokyo was not sur- 
prised. He pointed out that most 
Japanese have never used a type- 
writer. Most business corres- 
pondence in Japan is still handwrit- 
ten. The Japanese are moving direct- 
ly from handwriting to computing, 
and their language's large character 
set has prevented the emergence of 
a standard keyboard. A typewriter 
keyboard, for the present, may not 



sell any more machines in Japan than 
the smaller keyboards on hand-held 
machines. 

Another interesting battery- 
powered machine present both at the 
show and in Akihabara is the Na- 
tional JR-800 (see photo 4), called the 
Panasonic JR-800U in English promo- 
tional literature. At a list price of 
128,000 yen (roughly $550), the JR-800 
is an impressive concentration of 
computing power. The processor is a 
63A01V, an 8-bit CMOS microproces- 
sor compatible with the Motorola 
6801. The system has a full QWER- 
TY keyboard, a numeric pad, and 10 



programmable function keys. Each 
programmable key can hold two 
values; the second set is accessed 
with the shift key. Unfortunately, you 
must also use the shift key to move 
the cursor left or down because the 
keyboard has only two cursor control 
keys. The keyboard is a little too small 
for touch-typing and has only a tiny 
space bar, which is placed awkward- 
ly at the lower right where a second 
shift key might be expected. 

The JR-800's liquid-crystal display 
(LCD) can show 8 lines by 32 col- 
umns. While a little smaller than the 
PC-8201's display, the JR-800's is 
almost as easy to read and ranks 
among the largest hand-held-com- 
puter displays. The JR-800's other fea- 
tures include a built-in calen- 
dar/clock, 16K bytes of user RAM ex- 
pandable to 24K, 20K bytes of ROM 
containing BASIC, 1552 bytes of 
video RAM, and a five-octave music 
function with a dynamic speaker. 
The JR-800 will run for 25 hours on 
batteries, weighs only 1% pounds, 
and measures 10% by 5% by 1% 
inches. Options include a graphics 
printer, an I/O (input/output) inter- 
face unit, and expansion cartridges. 
The only software on view at the 
show or in Akihabara was the built- 
in BASIC language. The BASIC does 
calculations up to 20 digits with an 
exponent of ±153. The optional 
printer costs about $150 and weighs 
a little over 1 pound. 




Photo 5: The Logitec AT-1000. 



252 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 




Photo 6: The Seikomap. 

A Portable Network? 

A unique portable was introduced 
by a smaller Japanese firm named 
Logitec, which is related to Kanto 
Denshi, a trading company. Called 
the AT-1000 (see photo 5), the 
machine uses the 6301, a CMOS 6801 
microprocessor, and has 32K bytes of 
ROM and 32K bytes of CMOS RAM 
expandable to 576K bytes. The AT in 
AT-1000 stands for "active terminal," 
but the system really differs from 
both computers and terminals as we 
know them. Although it contains its 
own microprocessor, the AT-1000 can- 
not do any processing until you in- 
sert an AT-100, a hand-held terminal 
with 32K to 64K bytes of CMOS 
RAM. The AT-1000 can hold six of 
these. The AT-100 includes a 2-line by 
16-character LCD and from 32 to 64K 
bytes of CMOS RAM. AT-lOOs can be 
inserted into one of the two slots in 
the front of the AT-1000 or one of the 
four slots in back. Once the AT-lOOs 
are inserted, the host machine can 
function as a multitasking, multipro- 
cessing portable under the control of 
the AT-100 processor located in its first 
slot of the AT-1000. AT-lOOs can serve 
as microprocessors or simply pass 
data to the AT-1000 for transmission 
through its RS-232C serial port. An 
AT-1000 packed with AT-lOOs is like a 
local area network in a lunch pail. 
Logitec promotional literature uses 
the metaphor of the kangaroo and its 
young to explain the physical rela- 
tionships among the parts of the sys- 
tem. Because there is no such thing 



as an applied kangaroo, however, the 
metaphor does not enlighten us 
about the intended applications of 
the AT-1000. Kanto Denshi 
spokesmen mentioned insurance as 
a possibility. 

While the current AT-100 is based 
on the 6301 microprocessor (CMOS 
6801), future models may be based on 
CMOS versions of the Z80 or the 
6502. That opens the possibility of 
turning the AT-1000 into a CP/M or 
Apple-compatible machine. 

Unlike most of today's battery- 
powered portables, the AT-1000 uses 
a cathode-ray-tube display rather 
than an LCD. As a result, the AT-1000 
runs for just three hours on a single 
charge. The display measures only 
IV2 inches (diagonally) but tilts up 
and is legible through its viewing 
glass. Amazingly enough, the tiny 
screen will display 20 lines of 64 col- 
umns or 10 lines of 32 columns. The 
system has video output to drive a 
larger monitor when AC power is 
available. 

The ROM contains an interpretive 
BASIC that resembles Microsoft 
BASIC. 

Some of the AT-1000's features seem 
well designed for American use. The 



detached keyboard has a coiled con- 
nector that permits a wide range of 
motion, a full QWERTY set of keys, 
plus six programmable keys, four 
cursor keys, and Menu, Insert, 
Delete, and Break keys. The Logitec 
machine has interesting possibilities 
but needs a microprocessor capable 
of running existing American soft- 
ware if the machine is to sell in the 
United States. 

Home and School Computers 

Several new computers targeted for 
home or school use drew crowds at 
the show. Seiko showed its Seikomap 
(see photo 6), which would look 
equally at home in the classroom or 
the living room. The basis of the sys- 
tem is the MAP-1010, a Z80A com- 
puter with 24K bytes of ROM con- 
taining BASIC and 32K bytes of 
RAM. TV interface and color 
graphics are standard, as is a built- 
in cassette drive for mass storage. The 
keyboard has four programmable 
function keys, four cursor keys, and 
a numeric pad. The system unit has 
a switch to select between two 
monitors and a knob to set the 
volume of the speaker. Disk drives, 
a printer, a graphics tablet, and a joy- 




Photo 7: Toshiba's Pasopia 5 and Pasopia 7. 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 253 




Photo 8: The Fijitsu FM-7. 

stick are available. The Seiko- 
map-1030 I/O unit provides interfaces 
for all these devices. 

Six CAI (computer-aided instruc- 
tion) cassette packages for elemen- 
tary school children were prominent- 
ly displayed in the Seiko booth. The 
price of the system unit and key- 
board, about $417, seems appropriate 
for both home and school. The in- 
dustrial design, much like that of 
stereo components, would look good 
alongside the family television. 

NEC displayed its new PC-8000 
Mark II, its recently introduced port- 
able PC-8200, and the rest of its 



line-from the PC-2000 hand-held 
computer to the PC-9800 and N5200 
16-bit machines. In the United States, 
the N5200 is called the Advanced Per- 
sonal Computer. There has been 
speculation that NEC would either 
sell both the APC and the 9800 in the 
United States or replace the APC 
with the 9800. Shunzo Hamada, 
assistant general manager of NEC's 
EDP Small Systems Division, dis- 
missed those rumors in an interview 
at NEC headquarters in Morinaga 
Plaza, Tokyo. "We will not sell the 
PC-9800 in the West," he said. "The 
next 16-bit computer that we intro- 




Photo 9: The Fijitsu FM-11. 



duce in the United States will be an 
entirely new machine that responds 
to the challenge of the IBM PC 
recently introduced here in Japan." 
That version of the IBM PC, the 5550, 
has very high resolution graphics 
and greater mass storage than its 
American cousin. 

Toshiba showed its new Pasopia 5 
and Pasopia 7 (see photo 7), both 
Z80A-based machines that support 
color graphics. The main difference 
between the two systems is that the 
Pasopia 7 also generates music over 
a range of six octaves. The Pasopia 7 
has 64K bytes of user RAM, 56K 
bytes of video RAM, 16K bytes of 
operating system in ROM, and 
another 32K bytes of ROM contain- 
ing T-BASIC 7. The system can dis- 
play 25 lines by 80 columns or 20 
lines by 40 columns. The highest 
graphics resolution is 640 by 200 pix- 
els. With two disk drives and a 
monochrome monitor, the Pasopia 7 
costs about $1350 in Japan. A 14-inch 
color monitor adds about $300 to the 
cost. 

Fujitsu's major entrant in the low 
end of the market is the FM-7 (see 
photo 8). According to some sources 
in Japan, this machine is already the 
second-best-selling system in the 
domestic market. Fujitsu is fond of 
the 6809, the 8-bit processor with in- 
ternal operations done in 16 bits. Like 
most Fujitsu microcomputers, this 
one contains a 68B09, but it also has 
a Z80A processor. A 44K-byte ROM 
contains BASIC. The FM-7 has lots of 
RAM-117K bytes plus 64K for BASIC 
and 64K for video. The base price is 
about $540. A 640- by 200-pixel color 
monitor costs $430. A floppy-disk 
drive adds another $420. For about 
$1800, you come away with a power- 
ful two-drive system, color graphics, 
and ample memory. 

Fujitsu also displayed the impres- 
sive FM-11 (see photo 9), with a 
2-MHz 68B09E, an 8-MHz 8088, and 
a 4-MHz Z80A as microprocessors. 
The FM-11 also has 128K bytes of 
RAM expandable to 1 megabyte, 76K 
bytes of RAM set aside for BASIC, 
and 192K bytes of video RAM. When 
the 8088 is playing central processing 
unit, the 6809 manages the graphics. 
That and the abundance of memory 



254 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



make the color graphics run like 
lightning, even at a resolution of 640 
by 400 pixels. Fujitsu sells MS-DOS 
and CP/M-86 for the 8088, CP/M for 
the Z80, and three operating systems 
for the 6809: OS-9 (a multitasking 
system with window management) 
and the more familiar FLEX and 
UCSD Pascal. Prices are attractive, 
but Fujitsu probably will not sell the 
FM-11 in the United States. 

The japan Microcomputer Club 

With its Information Center on the 
top floor of the 10-story Omron per- 
sonal computer store in Tokyo's Gin- 
za, the Japan Microcomputer Club 
has 28 branches in Japan and a mem- 
bership of 8000. The Information 
Center has meeting rooms, seminar 
classrooms, and a library of software, 
books, manuals, and magazines. The 
club has 11 different microcomputers. 

Its avowed goals are promoting 
popularization of microcomputers 
and technical advancement among 
members. The method of achieving 
technical advancement is somewhat 




Photo 10: The Sharp PC-5000. 

more formal than American practice. 
The Japan Microcomputer Club gives 
a qualification test, issues licenses, 
and assigns members to one of four 
grades. Grade 1 is top level and re- 
quires more than five years of ex- 
perience. Grade 4 is the lowest, and 
it requires "efficient manipulation of 
a personal computer." Grade 3 re- 
quires "highly experienced operating 
and programming," and grade 2 re- 
quires "wider and higher experience 
in hardware and software." 



The club's sixth annual 
"Micro-Contest" had the theme "In- 
telligent Micro-Robot and Microcom- 
puter Art" and awarded 13 prizes. 
The technical prizes were for a color- 
and sound-sensing robot made by 
Naotaka Yokoyama and a shape- 
selecting robot made by Tadashi 
Hino. Yokoyama's robot, NAOTA 3, 
can recognize, interpret, and act 
upon traffic signals— red, yellow, and 
green. 

Market Trends 

In general, the emphasis continues 
to be on more functional battery- 
powered machines, greater integra- 
tion with video and home-entertain- 
ment equipment, attractive consumer 
packaging of systems and accesso- 
ries, and a surprising degree of in- 
terest in optical communications. 

The allocation of the crowded shelf- 
space in Akihabara's personal com- 
puter stores suggests that NEC is still 
leading the sales race. The most 
popular 16-bit personal computer, the 
PC-9801, seems to be the focal point 




Photo 11: The Sharp XI in a store display. 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 255 



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Photo 12: The Sanyo MBC-55. 

of domestic 16-bit software develop- 
ment. Photo 1 on page 250 shows a 
stack of boxed PC-9801s waiting for 
customers on a street in Akihabara. 
NEC's PC-8201 dominates the port- 
able market, attracting much more at- 
tention than the pioneering Epson 
HC-20. Tomihiro Matsumura, associ- 
ate senior vice-president of NEC, said 
the company will develop smaller 
and more powerful battery-powered 
portables and may market those 
models, rather than the 8200, in the 
United States. Asked whether these 
would have microfloppy-disk drives, 
Matsumura said that NEC's ad- 
vanced CMOS technology would 
render that unnecessary. But he 
added, "Compactness is very impor- 
tant in home computers." The 
PC-8000 Mark II and PC-8801 8-bit 
systems are seen everywhere. 
Sharp's position appears to have 



improved over the past six months. 
Its battery-powered portable, the 
PC-5000, with 8-line by 80-character 
LCD and bubble-memory cartridges 
appeared at the Microcomputer Show 
'83 (see photo 10) and enhanced 
Sharp's position in the office market. 
The Sharp XI, introduced last Oc- 
tober and seen in photo 11 in an 
Akihabara store display, enjoys great 
popularity among 8-bit customers. 
Expect to see further integration of 
video and home computing equip- 
ment with slick consumer packaging. 
Making a color television that turns 
into an RGB (red-green-blue) monitor 
at the flick of a switch gives Sharp a 
clever way to let its home computer 
marketing benefit from existing chan- 
nels for consumer electronics. The 
idea also saves consumers the ex- 
pense of buying a redundant color 
CRT. Sony's SMC-70, also an impres- 



sive machine, could challenge the 
Sharp X 1 by reducing its price and 
widening its marketing to include the 
home as well as the office. 

The Sanyo MBC-55, an 8088-based 
machine with attractive consumer- 
electronics styling (see photo 12) does 
not appear to have been widely dis- 
tributed since its introduction in Oc- 
tober. The Toshiba Pasopia 16, the 
Hitachi Basic Master 16000, and the 
National Mybrain 3000— three attrac- 
tive 16-bit systems introduced in 
October— appear in many stores in 
Akihabara but not in numbers to rival 
the NEC PC-9801. The Mitsubishi 
Multi-16 seems to be somewhat 
popular. 

Published survey results confirm 
the apparent trends in Akihabara. 
The Nihon Keizai Shimbun Market 
Share Survey for 1982 shows NEC's 
share of the personal computer mar- 
ket growing to 45%. Sharp ranks sec- 
ond with 17%, and Fujitsu finishes 
third with 12%, almost double its 
1981 percentage. (These figures are in 
terms of production from April 1981 
through March 1982). 

Nikkei Personal Computing (April/ 
May 1983) reports that as of Decem- 
ber 1982, NEC had 34.3% of the mar- 
ket for business microcomputers, fol- 
lowed by Fujitsu's 11.8%, Sord's 9.6%, 
and Sharp's 7.8%. (These percentages 
reflect installed systems rather than 
annual production). The NEC 
PC-8001 and PC-8801 were by far the 
most popular machines in December 
1982. 

The magazine also explains that the 
most commonly reported operational 
and organizational problems with 
microcomputers in Japan were the 
time-consuming nature of input 
(reported by 42.2% of those sur- 
veyed), difficulty in programming 
(also 42.2%), and insufficient corpo- 
rate understanding of microcom- 
puters (37%). While the problem of 
input may be worse in Japan because 
of the size and complexity of the 
character set, the latter two problems 
are probably just as common in the 
United States. ■ 

Phil lemmons, West Coast Bureau Chief of BYTE, 
can be reached at BYTE/McGraw-Hill, 4th Floor, 
425 Battery St., San Francisco, CA 94111. 



256 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



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The Unix Tutorial 

Part 2: Unix as an Applications-Programs Base 

A look at the availability of applications programs for the Unix 
operating system and customizing Unix for individual users 

by David Fiedler 



Last month, we examined the birth and growth of the 
Unix operating system from Bell Laboratories and looked 
at some Unix commands and how they fit together in 
simple and consistent ways. This article presents com- 
mercially available applications programs for Unix sys- 
tems and illustrates some ways to make Unix more use- 
ful to you from both a user-interface and an applications 
perspective. 

Almost as soon as Unix started becoming popular, 
people lined up on either side— for it or against it. Many 
self-proclaimed authorities felt that Unix would never 
make it in the commercial marketplace because it was 
unfriendly, too slow, lacked commercial features, and 
had no applications software. 

In many respects, they were right, although perhaps 
they had their own reasons for implying these condi- 
tions would always hold. The people who have been 
around Unix for years know that besides being an ideal 
program development environment for computer pro- 
fessionals, it is also a powerful and flexible operating sys- 
tem for using applications programs. 

Unix offers multiuser and multitasking capabilities, a 
hierarchical file system, I/O (input/output) redirection, 
and hundreds of utilities, such as electronic mail and 
typesetting. The appearance of Unix to the user and the 
structure of its commands can be customized to suit the 
sophistication of each user. The availability of Unix on 
microcomputers like the Apple Lisa, IBM Personal Com- 
puter, and TRS-80 Model 16 is directly related to its por- 
tability. This is due in large part to the C programming 
language used to write the Unix operating system. Most 



applications programs and utilities for Unix also tend 
to be written in C. 

The Change in Languages 

Some of us remember when advocating structured 
programming, writing readable documentation, and 
using a computer terminal instead of a card punch were 
considered revolutionary or at least seditious acts. Then 
a few years ago, almost every software engineer was fran- 
tically studying Pascal, which was then clearly the wave 
of the future, or so it seemed. Pascal would be the 
universal structured language, suitable for any project; 
school children would learn it instead of BASIC; Pascal 
programs would be the same everywhere; be able to 
write Pascal and you would always have a programming 
job. If I didn't know that the same had been claimed for 
PL/I, I might have been fooled. Today, of course, we 
know "better": we have Ada. But I digress. 

Pascal does have its virtues, but not enough of them. 
The C programming language, however, has just the 
right extra features needed to make it a viable candidate 
for widespread acceptance: the ability to manipulate 
pointers to information, the de facto standard system in- 
terface provided with Unix, and fast-running and com- 
pact code. The biggest plus for C is the instant portability 
of programs not only between separate Unix systems 
running on different processors, but also between other 
operating systems and Unix. Admittedly, the expecta- 
tion of a huge market for Unix applications is the big- 
gest push behind C. In contrast, the chief operating sys- 
tem associated with Pascal has been the UCSD p-Sys- 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 257 



Circle 404 on inquiry card. 



COMPETITIVE EDGE 

Featuring for September 

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SYSTEM W/SUPERSIX [2]B" 10 SLOT 2495 

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2 USER MPM86 [TM] SYSTEM 256K [2] 8" 3575 

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81 6C AST W/20 MEGABYTE HARD DISK 8995 

DISK1W/CPM $445. CPU 286 1164 

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QUME 102 TERMINAL $539. QUME103 825 

TELEVIDEO 925 $699. TV 950 899 

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SEATTLE GAZELLE 4695 

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tern, with no special attributes other than portability and 
a lackluster history in the commercial market. 

I don't claim that C will be the universal language. C 
is too cryptic for many people, too close to assembly lan- 
guage for others. It's not as terse as APL, but it's not the 
gothic novel that COBOL is, either. C is just a very good 
language for what it was designed for, namely, systems 
programming— writing operating systems, device 
drivers, compilers, high-speed utility programs, and the 
like. For writing quick and easy general-purpose pro- 
grams, BASIC is the popular choice. Engineers and 
scientists will continue to crunch numbers with FOR- 
TRAN, and Big Business will probably use COBOL un- 
til the end of the century. For those are the stated pur- 
poses of these languages; like an athlete, each excels in 
its own special area. 

Assembly language will continue to be necessary for 
those things that cannot be done in C, which raises the 
question, why doesn't someone just make a computer 
that uses C as its assembly language? In 1981, BBN Com- 
puter Company did just that. The BBN C Machine was 
billed as "the first computer optimized to execute the C 
language." It uses 17 addressing modes while imple- 
menting often-used C constructs in microcode. An im- 
plementation of a similar machine as a single silicon in- 
tegrated circuit is not far off; possibly the Bellmac-32 pro- 
cessor from Western Electric will be the closest to this. 
In fact, now that AT&T has announced that the central 
kernel of Unix will not be changed, Unix on a chip is 
not far off, either. 

With the Unix kernel on a chip, a reasonable imple- 
mentation of Unix could be built with about two dozen 
main integrated circuits, such as eighteen 256K-byte 
RAM chips giving a full half-megabyte of parity-pro- 
tected memory, a microprocessor, a mem- 
ory-management device (if not included on the micro- 
processor), the kernel chip, a Winchester disk controller, 
and serial port controller. Bearing in mind the dropping 
prices of Winchester disks, this could mean an end-user 
price of $2500 to $5000 for Unix-based computers— just 
about the range I've predicted for AT&T's systems. 

Where Are the Programs? 

Some industry watchers are still leery of Unix, waiting 
for the promised applications programs, friendlier and 
more capable than those available on current 8-bit com- 
puter systems. 

Patience, say I. We have to remember the classic se- 
quence of events that goes along with any major new 
phenomenon in the computer field. 

First, the hard-core computer people discover the product. 
From 1975 to 1979, Unix and C were known to com- 
paratively few students, computer scientists, and ad- 
vanced users. 

Next, a few entrepreneurs notice the product's potential. Be- 
tween 1979 and 1982, firms such as Whitesmiths Ltd., 
Interactive Systems, and Onyx Systems began selling 
Unix-related hardware and software. The computer press 
started to print articles discussing Unix and why pro- 



258 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. Circle 500 on inquiry card. 



grammers liked to use it. 

Then, marketing panic develops around the product as it 
gains mass appeal. The market begins to be saturated with 
similar products whose differences can hardly be dis- 
tinguished by the untrained observer. Beginning in 1982, 
dozens of companies, ranging in size from one-man 
firms to the IBM Corporation, have offered Unix, Unix- 
based computers, Unix look-alike software, and a smat- 
tering of applications. 

Finally, the shakeout occurs. By this time, the largest 
companies have split up the lion's share of the hardware 
market by dint of service, advertising, and cut-throat 
competition. The best software has emerged from rough 
beginnings or has been written recently in response to 
the cries of the end users. For Unix, this period is only 
now beginning and will most likely continue for a num- 
ber of years. 

As I've said, this series of actions is not new. It hap- 
pened in the S-100 industry a few years ago, it is hap- 
pening in the portable computer market now, and it hap- 
pened in the mainframe and minicomputer business a 
decade or so ago. Notice how stable the applications soft- 
ware market is in the minicomputer and mainframe in- 
dustry and how few different operating systems are 
widely used on the 8080/Z80 class of processors. These 
markets have now settled down, and the needs and 
wants of hobbyists have been superseded by those of 
the folks in three-piece suits. This is generally better for 
the average businessperson wanting to use computers. 



Unix, however, is still basically in the stage of market 
panic. Until software firms with a great deal of capital 
invest their people's time in creating the kind of software 
the market desires, the only software available will be 
that which programmers want to write. Because many 
C programmers— typically systems programmers by 
nature— often feel that applications code is beneath their 
dignity, they will not write it willingly; they have no per- 
sonal interest in it. And frankly, C is a lousy language 
m mm m — ^ mm mmmtm mm ^ mam m m mmm ^ m „ ^ m ttm ^ m tmtmm m ^ mm 

For Unix, the shakeout period is 

only now beginning and will most 

likely continue for a few years. 

for writing accounts-receivable programs. Therein lies 
the reason for the general lack of applications software 
in C, and therefore for Unix. But good old portability, 
along with AT&T, saves the day again. 

I mention AT&T because it has planted a small army 
of programmers (2500 or so) in and around Lisle, Illinois, 
for the express purpose of creating supportable, market- 
able programs for use on Unix machines. Expect a small 
mountain of code from that source! Generally, however, 
many of the classic applications programs now available 
on Unix systems are written in classic applications 
languages: COBOL and BASIC. Companies such as 
Ryan-McFarland, Silicon Valley Software, and Science 
Management Corporation have simply ported compilers 



If you respect it, 
protect it. 



If the power to your 
personal computer 
surges or suddenly 
goes off, The FinalWord 
saves your text. When 
the power comes 
back, so does your 
immortal prose. Even 
text you delete can 
be recalled. 

And there's more. 
Like split-screen edit- 
ing, that lets you work 
with several docu- 
ments at the same 
time. Like true propor- 
tional spacing on all 
printers. And foot- 
notes, indexes and 
table of contents — 



It e/ ^alWo** 



In 1983, countless hours of precious writing 

will be lost to word processing programs 

that cannot save text from a system crash. 

Only one word processor can. 

The FinalWord 

All there is to say about word processing. 



referenced and for- 
matted automatically! 
Features that expand 
your creativity while 
increasing your 
efficiency 

PC Magazine calls 
The FinalWord, "one 
of the most powerful 
and versatile word 
processing programs 
available." And you 
can get it for most 
computers, including 
the IBM and Apple 
CP/M. 

Call 617-576-2760 
or write for more 
information and a 
free brochure. 
Mark of the Unicorn, Inc. 
222 Third Street 
Cambridge, MA 02142 

Circle 276 on Inquiry card. 



Company 


Price 


Language 


Operating System; 
Processor 


Description 


American Business Systems Inc. 
3 Littleton Rd. 
Westford, MA 01886 
(617) 692-2600 


$1000 to 

$1500 

each 


RM/COBOL 


Xenix, Unix; Z80, 
Z8000, 68000, 

TI990 


Business Accounting Control System: accounts 
payable, accounts receivable, general ledger, payroll, 
order and inventory management, financial modeling 
program, report writer 


BIS Software Ltd. 

York House 

199 Westminster Bridge Rd. 

London, SE1 7JT 

England (01) 928-3551 


$20,000 


RM/COBOL, 
C 


Unix System III; 
Onyx, 68000, 
Plexus, 
Perkin-Elmer 


BONDAID: written for international bond market, gives 
information on history, parity, floaters, yields position 
and pricing in international bond market 


Computer Masters 
25 West 39 St. 
New York, NY 10018 
(212) 221-3016 


$8000 


RM/COBOL 


Unix, Oasis, 
CP/M, MP/M 


Marker: garment industry vertical market package: 
accounting and inventory programs 


Cyma Corp. 
2160 East Brown Rd. 
Mesa, AZ 85203 
(602) 835-8880 


$1095 to 
$2795 


C-BASIC 


Cromix, Unix 


general ledger, accounts payable, accounts 
receivable, payroll, inventory, Time Billing for 
Professionals, other vertical market packages 


IRIS Systems Inc. 
225 West 30th St. 
National City, CA 92050 
(619) 474-2010 


$500 to 

$650 

each 


COBOL 


Uniplus+, Unix V7; 
68000, PDP-11, VAX 


ACUITY: general ledger, payroll, accounts payble, 
accounts receivable, order entry, inventory manage- 
ment, customer order processing, fixed assets 


Lime Tree Computer Systems 
1 Penn Plaza 
New York, NY 10001 
(212) 594-6172 


$700 




RSTS, RSX-11, 
RT-11, Unix, 
PDP-11 


labor and job tracking for manufacturing support 


MBSI 

Dover Rd, 

Willow Hill Building 

Chichester, NH 03263 

(603) 798-5700 


$1000 
each 


RM/COBOL 


CP/M, MS/DOS, 
Unix; 68000, 8080, 
Z80, 8088 


accounts payable, accounts receivable, general 
ledger, payroll, sales analysis, order entry/inventory 


Open Systems Inc. 
430 Oak Grove 
Minneapolis, MN 55403 
(612) 870^3515 


$595 
each 


COBOL, 
BASIC 


Xenix for Lisa or 
Altos, CP/M, MP/M, 
MS-DOS, RMCOS, 
Oasis; 8080, 
8086, 68000 


accounts payable, accounts receivable, general 
ledger, sales order processing, payroll, inventory, 
job cost control, global report writer 


Quadratron Systems 
14542 Venture Blvd. 
Suite 205 

Sherman Oaks, CA 91430 
(213) 789-8588 


$295 to 
$495 


C 


Unix; 68000 


Vertical Market Packages for Ad Agencies: estimating, 
cost tracking, billing, bookkeeping. Electronic 
Calendar emulates Day-Timer scheduling reminder 


Scientia Computer Applications 
5001 Beach Rd. -06-25 
Golden Mile Complex 
Singapore 0719 


not 
available 


C 


Unix 


shareholder register, accounting, DBMS with report 
generator, mailing list/membership program 


Unisoft Inc. 
303 West 42nd St. 
New York, NY 10036 
(212) 327-6800 


$400 to 
$800 




Unix, Venix, Xenix; 
PDP-11, VAX, 
Z8000, 68000, 8086 


Viewcomp: spreadsheet designed specifically for 
Unix, has macros, bar graphs, choice of absolute, 
relative, or computed coordinates. 


Urban Software Corp. 
330 West 42 St. 
New York, NY 10036 
(212) 736-4030 


$385 


C 


Unix, Xenix; PDP-11, 
68000, Z8000, 
8086, VAX 


Leverage: mailing list/information manager, can print 
letters or labels, on-screen search capability 


Table 1: A sample of business 


applications 


programs available for the Unix operating system. 



for their languages (RM/COBOL, SVS Basic-Plus, and 
SMC BASIC) to Unix- based computers. Then, programs 
that have been available on various minicomputers for 
several years are moved to the new machine and recom- 

260 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



piled— and almost magically, you can buy applications 
on Unix. 
Tables 1, 2, and 3 show some of these programs and 

their sources. Keep in mind that, in the rush to be the 

Text continued on page 267 







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SuperCalc'"-Sorcim, dBase n'"-Ashton-Tate. '16 -bit microprocessor with 16-bit databus 



Introducing the People personal 
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be people-friendly. Engineered for 
office performance. 

In fact, chances are you can't buy a 
personal microcomputer that gives 
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the People has all the 
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For more reasons why you should buy 
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for office performance. 



Circle 334 on inquiry card. 



© 1983 Olympia USA Inc 
BYTE September 1983 261 



Company 



Price 



Operating System; 
Processor 



Description 



Touchstone Software Corp. 
909 Electric Ave, Suite 308 
Seal Beach, CA 90742 
(213) 594-9266 



$495 



Unix; 8086, VAX, 
PDP-11, Z8000, 68000 



MIMIX: lets you run CP/M operating system with special help for 
new users 



Virtual Microsystems Inc. 
2150 Shattuck Ave, Suite 720 
Berkeley, CA 94704 
(415) 841-9594 



$3500 Unix, RT-11, IAS, RSX-11, 
RSTS, VMS, AOS, 
RDOS 



The Bridge: lets you run CP/M binary code 



Table 2: Operating-system emulators for Unix. 







Operating System; 




Company 


Price 


Processor 


Description 


Applied Technology Ventures Inc. $500 


Unix; 


Uniword: spelling, global substitutions, customized form letters, 


610 National City— E 6th Bldg. 




68000, PDP-11 


Undo key, menu driven 


Cleveland, OH 44114 








(216) 589-0525 








Computer Methods Ltd. 


$2000 to 


Unix V7, System III or V, 


XED: has spelling checker, math, spreadsheet and mailing list 


POB 709 


$7500 


Berkeley 4.2, Xenix, 


capabilities, works over 1200 bps modem 


Chatsworth, CA 91311 




Uniplus + ; VAX, 


XPR: formatter processes output of XED for precision line printers 


(213) 998-7979 




PDP-11, 68000, Z8000, 
8086 




Handle Corp. 


$200 to 


Unix, Xenix; 


Handle Writer: with modules for word processing, mail merge, 


140 Mackinaw Rd. 


$500 


Hewlett-Packard, 68000 


spelling checker, graphics capability, document writer, 


POB 7018 


each 


(8086 underway) 


table of contents and indexing, calculations, document manage- 


Tahoe City, CA 95730 






ment, security function key driver 


(916) 583-7283 








HCR 


$750 


Unix V7 or System III; 


HCR/EDIT: upwards compatible with ed (the standard Unix 


10 St. Mary St. 




PDP-11 


editor), uses standard control keys, termcap library 


Toronto, ON M4Y 1P9 








Canada 








(416) 922-1937 








Horizon Software Systems 


$750 


Unix System III and 


Horizon Word Processor: editor, formatter, document manager, 


185 Barry St., Suite 4821 




look-alikes 


embedded format commands including: headers and footers, 


San Francisco, CA 94107 






pagination, super- and subscripts, typesetting, menus, window 


(415) 543-1199 






into file for text editing, report, document, cut and paste, English 
language commands. 


Information Nexus Ltd. 


$450 to 


Unix; PDP-11, 68000 


NEX: horizontal scroll, dynamic window size 


6272 West North Ave. 


$750 




changing, error recovery 


Chicago, IL 60639 








(312) 637-7995 








Info Sciences Dept. 


$200 


Unix V6, V7, and 32V; 


"e": enhancement of ned (new Unix editor), can edit multiple files 


The Rand Corp. 




PDP-11, VAX 


at once, recovery from system crashes, on-screen justify, fill. Can 


1700 Main St. 






manipulate files while in editor 


Santa Monica, CA 90406 








(213) 393-0411 








The Santa Cruz Operation 


$750 


Unix, Xenix; Z8000, 


Uniplex: menu driven, cut and paste, file looking, 


500 Chestnut St. 




Altos, PDP-11, Lisa 


user-configurable 


Santa Cruz, CA 95060 








(408) 425-7222 








Softest Inc. 


$500 to 


Uniplus+ , Xenix, 


LEX: menu-driven, proportional spacing, mass mailing document 


555 Goffle Rd. 


$750 


MS-DOS; 


merge, calculator, spelling dictionary 


Ridgewood, NJ 07450 




68000, 8086/8088 




(201) 447-3901 








Table 3: Word processors and 


full-screen 


text editors. 





262 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



MULTIUSER SYSTEMS MADE POWERFUL . . . 




MultiMicro Computer raises 
expectations for multiuser systems. 
In fact, our new system is so good 
we call it the MicroMainframe? 
And we can prove it. 
Each user gets their own processor. 
Each processor has 64 K of RAM. The 
MicroMainframe has over 1 megabyte 
of system memory and up to 450 
megabytes of hard disk memory. 
That's right, 450 megabytes. 
There's more. 

An 8" double sided, double density floppy drive, RS-232, 
RS-422 or Centronics™ parallel interfaces, 20 slot chassis, 
real time clock, true record locking and quiet operation are 
standard. Streaming tape backup and 6 MHz operation 
are available. 
It's also simple. 

Up to 16 users can be accommodated easily. The power 
supply and cooling system have been designed for straight- 
forward, plug-in expansion. 
...AND FAST... 
Best of all, TurboDOS'" takes full advantage of the 




MieroMainframe's direct memory 
access, memory management, and slave 
level memory architecture. That 
makes our system fast. 
Very fast. 

It can also run any CP/M*" 
program. 

The best MicroMainframe 
around? 

The only MicroMainframe around. 

...AND INEXPENSIVE. 

Our Base, 4 user system with 320 K of system memory, 
16 megabytes of hard disk storage and a 1.2 megabyte floppy 
disk drive retails for only $9950.00. 

That's a fully expandable, 20 slot system. Additional users 
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CALL. 

Call today. We'd like to help you solve your multiuser 
problems. 
^^^^^^^ m ^ m ^ Dealer inquiries invited. 
niutiMicmConvutBr MultiMicro Computer, 
/ i.j ii ^ 9631 Netherway, Huntington 
/-/▼mjTmi^ Beach, CA 92646, 714/963-8954 




CP/M'" Digital Research. • TurboDOS™ Software 2000 Inc. • Centronics'" Centronics, Inc. 
Circle 312 on inquiry card. 



BYTE September 1983 263 




Quark introduces 

A deceptively simple solution 
to your word processing dilemma. 



If you're serious about word processing on 
your Apple*lle, you may be bewildered by the 
sheer number of programs available. And a 
tad perplexed by their claims and promises. 
After all, a glamorous package that says "easy 
to use," may not even be easy to open. 

The dilemma is real. And Quark is happy to 
provide the solution. 

A proven program for serious 
word processing. 

Quark's new Word Juggler lie turns your 
computer into a dedicated word processor. 
You get the extraordinary ease of use, sophis- 
ticated capabilities and straightforward docu- 
mentation that make our original Word Juggler 
a best seller on the Apple III. 

For example, there's virtually nothing to 
memorize. Because principal editing functions 
are identified on a unique keyboard template 



— and nineteen, easy-to-install, replacement 
keycaps. 

Changing keys is quick and simple, too. Just 
slide our special keycap remover over the key 

— twist — and pull. Your new keycaps can be 
in place in less than two minutes. 

A flexible tool to increase your 
productivity. 

But don't be deceived by Word Juggler lie's 
disarming simplicity. The program packs the 
powerful features you need to quickly perform 
the most complex editing tasks. 

Characters, words, even entire paragraphs 
can be deleted with a single keystroke. There 
are search and replace keys. Block move and 
copy keys. And you always have instant con- 
trol over page length, margins and any other 
formatting parameters. 

Document display and print out are easy, 
also. One keystroke displays your document 
on the screen. Another prints it. And whether 




Word Juggler lie 



you need to print only specific pages, multiple 
copies, or even documents too large to fit in 
memory, Word Juggler lie can easily accom- 
modate you. 

A clever way to foil Mr. Murphy. 

Even the best of us occasionally forgets 
when "i" does not come before "e" — and 
even the most agile fingers can press the wrong 
key. So you should also give serious consider- 
ation to Quark's new Lexicheck™ lie — a spell- 
ing checker with a highly compressed, 50,000 
word dictionary. 

Accessed from within the word processor, 
this program lets you virtually eliminate typo- 
graphical errors and common misspellings. 
Lexicheck lie will scan your document at up to 
8,000 wpm — then highlight, in context, the 
first occurrence of any word it does not 
recognize. 

If the word is correct, as in the case of in- 
dustry jargon or abbreviations, you can simply 
add it to your personal dictionary. If the word is 
actually misspelled, you can swiftly correct it. 



'Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. 

Quark, Word Juggler and Lexicheck are trademarks of Quark, Incorporated. Denver. Colorado. 



A lot more. 

These are only some of the ways Word 
Juggler lie and Lexicheck lie can help solve 
your word processing dilemma. Your Quark 
dealer has even more details, as well as com- 
plete information on our line of office automa- 
tion tools for the Apple III. 

Ask for a demonstration today. 




Quark 

■■■■■■M INCORPORATED 

Office Automation Tools 

2525 West Evans Avenue 
Suite 220 
Denver, CO 80219 

Word Juggler lie $239. sug. U.S. retail price 
Lexicheck lie $129. sug. U.S. retail price 

Circle 376 on Inquiry card. 




VVN.N. 





k 



■tzisjut- 



******** 



*fteBgat*rrat*r*xGfc 




[Now Available Nationwide! 
iThrough Participating 



COMPUTERLAND Stores 



While new printers with impressive specifications are introduced on an almost daily basis, only 
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but also because of our outstanding track record for product reliability and customer support. 

We have continually improved on the performance of the DS180 by incorporating such 
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Before you select your next printer, why not take a look at a time-proven performer- 
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-the 



The DS180 printer is available nationwide through our network of sales/service distributors. 

u _ n n Circle 135 on inquiry card. 

Q3*3©@lLyilLrU computer corporation 

P.O. Box 240947 • Charlotte, NC 28224 • 704/523-8500 
Telex: 6843018 DASOU UW 







Operating System; 




Company 


Price 


Processor 


Description 


Computer Software Design Inc. 


$850 to 


Xenix; TRS-80 


Data Ace: relational database, English query commands, 


1911 Wright Circle 


$2500 


Model 16 


demonstration disk $20 


Anaheim, CA 92806 








(714) 634-9012 








International Software Enterprises 


$2200 to 


Unix, Xenix; PDP-11, 


MDBS: English-language queries, report writer can physically 


85 West Algonquin Rd., Suite 400 


$20,000 


8086, Z8000 


cluster related records, encryption capabilities, password access 


Arlington Heights, IL 60005 






code facilities, data validation, written in C 


(800) 323-3629 








Logical Software Inc. 


$5000 


Unix, Xenix, 


Logix: interactive programming, database management, report 


1218 Massachusetts Ave. 




UNOS 


and form generation, educational license available, database 


Cambridge, MA 02138 






for engineering 


(617) 864-0137 








Rod Manis 


$250 


Unix, Uniplus + ; 68000 


/rdb: uses Unix utilities; accounting and manufacturing 


1300A Space Park Way 






packages available, written with the database 


Mountain View, CA 94043 








(415) 967-7778 








Pacific Software Mfg. Co. 


$1395 to 


Unix System III, 


Sequitur: relational DBMS, integrated word processing, can 


2608 Eighth St. 


$12,000 


CP/M, CDOS, Isis, 


recover earlier versions of changed records, report generator, 


Berkeley, CA 92710 




North Star DOS 


built-in screen editor, written in C 


(415) 540-0616 








PHACT Associates Ltd. 


$250 to 


Unix and 


PHACT-dbrms: relational database manager, data dictionary, 


231 East 11th St. 


$950 


look-alikes, Idris, 


ISAM and relative record access, written in C 


New York, NY 10003 




MS-DOS; 68000, Z8000, 




(212) 420-1512 




8086, VAX, PDP-11, 
Perkin-Elmer 




Relational Database Systems Inc. 


$4000 


Unix and 


Informix: relational database, audit trail and recovery, report 


1208 Apollo Way, Suite 503 




look-alikes 


writer, other packages to go with it 


Sunnyvale, CA 94086 








(408) 746-0982 








RHODNIUS Inc. 


$5000 


Unix V6, V7, and 32V, 


Mistress: educational license, relational database, with report 


POB 1, Station D 




PWB, Zeus, Xenix; VAX, 


generator, user-friendly query language, Unix shell interface, 


Scarborough, Ontario 




Onyx, ZILOG System 


two C language interfaces, report writer, interactive interface, 


Canada M1R 4Y7 




8000, Perkin-Elmer 


small-to-medium database 


(416) 922-1743 








Science Management Corp. 


$595 


Unix; Onyx, IBD 


Idol: interactive, menu driven, can have passwords, audits, 


Proprietary Systems Div. 




Series/1, TI9900, 


documentation control, statistics report 


POB 6800 




Mercator 8086, Basic 4, 




Bridgewater, NJ 08807 




Rexon Pertec 




(201) 685-9000 / (800) 526-3968 








Unify Corporation 


$3000 


Unix; VAX, 


Unify: menu-driven, interactive, applications and development 


9570 Southwest Barbur Blvd. 




PDP-11, 68000, 8086 


tools include menu handler, automatic data entry, query by 


Portland, OR 97219 






forms, report generator, and SQL— a structured query language 


(503) 245-6585 






based on IBM's Sequel 2 relational language. 


A.I. Wasserman 


$200 


Unix; VAX, PDP-11 


Troll: relational DBMS with screen editor 


Room A16 


(educational 






University of California 


licensees of 






Medical Info Science 


Unix only) 






San Francisco, CA 94134 








(415) 666-2951 








Table 4: Database management systems for the Unix operating system 





first with Unix-based applications, some of the software 
brought from larger and faster computers may not have 
been redone so as to make the best use of Unix features, 
or it may tend to use system resources more heavily on 
a smaller system. As always, it pays to investigate soft- 
ware carefully before betting your business on it. 



The tables should not be viewed as all-encompassing 
but rather as a guide to general availability. 

Database Management Systems 

Except for ported applications, the first business pro- 
grams to appear on a new system such as Unix are 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 267 



AGS Computers Inc. 

111 Broadway 

New York, NY 10006 

(212) 962-4646 

American Institute for Professional Education 
Carnegie Bldg. 
100 Kings Rd. 
Madison, NJ 07940 
(201) 377-7400 

Computer Technology Group Inc. 

Telemedia Inc. 

310 S Michigan Ave. 

Chicago, IL 60604 

(312) 987-4000 / (800) 621-3155 

Institute for Advanced Professional Studies 
55 Wheeler St. 
Cambridge, MA 02138 
(617) 497-2075 

Integrated Computer Systems 

3304 Pico Blvd. 

POB 5339 

Santa Monica, CA 90405 

(213) 450-2060 / (800) 352-8251 

International Technical Seminars 
520 Waller St. 
San Francisco, CA 94117 
(415) 621-6415 

RLG Corp. 

1760 Reston Ave., Suite 508 

Reston, VA 22090 

(703) 471-6860 

Structured Methods Inc. 

7 West 18th St. 
New York, NY 10011 
(212) 741-7720 

Technical Education Research Centers 

8 Eliot St. 

Cambridge, MA 02138 
(617) 547-3890 

User Training Corp. 

POB 970 

Soquel, CA 95073 

(408) 354-6433 / (415) 321-0889 



Table 5: Companies that give training or courses on Unix, its 
utilities, and applications programs. 



generally database management systems (DBMSs). This 
is partly because they are more interesting to write than 
accounting packages and partly because they are used 
as building blocks for general applications. A DBMS is 
a system of programs that can be thought of as a high- 
speed interface between data stored on a computer 
system and applications code. With a DBMS, a skilled 
programmer can create, fairly quickly, a set of applica- 
tions programs in a fraction of the time it would take to 
write them otherwise. The programmer is freed from the 
necessity of maintaining the data files and just has to 
worry about the relationships among the data items 



themselves. The true DBMS is not a predefined program 
for managing data, therefore, but a base for creating 
applications. 

While a complete guide to selecting a DBMS would 
be out of place here, your first step should be to decide 
how much programming you wish to do and how flexi- 
ble your needs are. A simpler data management system, 
often implemented as a mailing list package, may be all 
you require. This type of application may be found in 
table 1, while table 4 summarizes information about 
some of the true DBMS systems available for Unix-based 
computers. 

Using Applications on the Unix System 

If you're the type of person who learns to use a new 
computer by plugging it in and trying it out, you pro- 
bably don't have to enroll in any sort of formal training 
course to use Unix. Many other people will be exposed 
to Unix in the next few years who have never used a 
computer before. This fact is responsible for the sudden 
appearance of quite a few organizations that will teach 
you or your staff how to use Unix more effectively (see 
table 5). Most of these firms do their instruction in 
seminars and will do in-house courses; a few, such as 
International Technical Seminars, the Institute for Ad- 
vanced Professional Studies, and Structured Methods 
Inc., specialize in actual hands-on work with a Unix- 
based computer. User Training Corporation's courses are 
self-taught using audiodigital technology, which com- 
bines an instructor's voice with an actual session shown 
on your display screen, while the Computer Technology 
Group features video-tape-based training. 

My experience in training people with a wide range 
of expertise how to administer Unix systems, however, 
leads me to point out the following: It is not always a 
good idea to teach everyone how to use the system all 
at once. 

Many businesses that will be buying Unix computers, 
especially small businesses, will have little or no ex- 
perience with multiuser systems. With single-user micro- 
computers such as Apple or CP/M systems, it is fairly 
easy to control system use. Just limit computer access 
to those who must perform the work. When you begin 
putting terminals around the office connected to a cen- 
tral Unix facility, more people will get a chance to use 
the new machine, passwords will be passed around, and 
some people will experiment more than others. At this 
point, those who have some knowledge of the system 
are the most dangerous in terms of system integrity and 
security (i.e. not having your sensitive files looked at, 
changed subtly, or even removed). Deliberate malicious 
acts are not the worry here— it's mistakes made while 
experimenting that can be dangerous (naturally, this 
doesn't apply to software development environments 
where the highest priority is that your programmers 
learn the system). We have found that in many organiza- 
tions this is also the critical time when backup pro- 
cedures are still not totally worked out. 

Is this a plea for a return to the days of keeping or- 



268 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Lowest Software Prices 




We hereby certify that your 

the lowest price sold anywhere 

within 30 days, send 



purchase from Discount Software represents 
If you find a lower price on what you purchased 
the ad and we'll refund the difference. 



Discount Price 



ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 

Medical (PAS-3) $849 

Dental (PAS-3) $849 

ASHTON-TATE 

S^OO dBASEII... 

*T f f call for price 

dBASE Users Guide $29 " 

Friday! $265 

Financial Planner $595 

Bottom Line Strategist. . $349 
ASYST DESIGN/FRONTIER 
Prof Time Accounting .... $549 

General Subroutine $269 

Application Utilities $439 

DIGITAL RESEARCH 
CP/M 2.2 

Intel MPS $13 5- 

$-| 4Q Northstar 

S-1CQ TRS-80 Model II 

U%7 rp&T) 

Micropolis $175 



DRS or QRS or RTL $319 

MDBS PKG $1999 

MICROPRO 

SpyQ WordStar 

$"17Q Mail Merge 

WordStar/Mailmerge $399 

WS/MM/SpellStar $549 



SORCIM 



'179 



SuperCalc I 



? 199 



SpellStar 



$ 98 



CBasic-2 



Display Manager $319 

Access Manager $239 



DataStar $249 

InfoStar $349 

ReportStar $254 

Wordmaster $119 

Supersortl $199 

CalcStar $129 

MICROSOFT 

$OACk Basic -8 

SQOQ Basic Compiler 
$O^Q Fortran-80 
$C^Q Cobol-80 

Multiplan $219 

M-Sort $175 



$ 449 



PL/1-80 



$ 159 



BT-80 $179 

MAC $85 

RMAC $179 

Sid $65 



$ 90 



Z-Sid 



DeSpool $49 

CB-80 $459 

Link-80 .' $90 

FOX & GELLER 

Quickscreen $135 

Quickcode $265 



5 65 



DUtil 



DGraph $265 

MICRO DATA BASE SYSTEMS 

Knowledge Man $429 

HDBS $595 

MDBS $1099 




MuSimp/MuMath $224 

MuLisp-80 $174 

ORGANIC SOFTWARE 

Textwriterlll $111 

Datebookll $269 

Milestone $269 

OSBORNE (McGraw/Hill) 
G/L. or AR & AP, or PAY . . . $59 

AM 3 $129 

All 3 + CBASIC-2 $199 

Enhanced Osborne $299 

PEACHTREE 
G/1.A/R,A/RPAY,INV(each)$399 

P8 Version Add $234 

Peachcalc $249 

Peach pak 

(G/L, A/R, A/P) $349 

STAR COMPUTER SYSTEMS 
G/L.A/R,A/P,Pay(each). . $349 

All 4 $1129 

Legal or Property Mgt. . . . $849 
STRUCTURED SYSTEMS 
Business Packages (call) 



SuperCalc II $265 

Act $157 

SUPERSOFT 

Ada $270 

Diagnostic II $89 

Disk Doctor $89 

Forth (8080 or z80) $149 

Fortran $319 

Ratfor $79 

C Compiler $225 

Scratch Pad $266 

StatsGraph $174 

Analiza II $45 

Disk Edit $89 

Term II $179 

Utilities I or II $54 

SOFTWARE DIMENSIONS/ 
ACCOUNTING PLUS 

1 Module $399 

4 Modules $1499 

All 8 $2799 

UNICORN 

Mince or Scribble (each). $149 

Both $249 

The Final Word $270 

WHITESMITHS 

"C" Compiler $600 

Pascal (inol "C") $850 | 

"PASCAL" 

Pascal/MT+ Pkg $429 

Compiler $315 

SPProg $175 

Pascal Z $349 

Pascal/UCSD 4.0 $349 

DATA BASE 

dBASEII Call 4?? 

Friday $265 

FMS-80 $799 

FMS-80-1 $399 

Condor I & III Call 

Selector $689 

Superfile $159 

"WORD PROCESSING" 

Perfect Writer $389 

WordSearch $114 

SpellGuard $139 

Peachtext $289 

Spell Binder $349 

Select $495 

The Word $65 



$ 145 



The Word Plus 



Palantier-1 (WP) $385 

"COMMUNICATIONS" 

Ascom $149 

BSTAMorBSTMS $14 9 

$-fOQ Crosstalk 
$QQ Move-it 

"OTHER GOODIES" 

Micro Plan $419 

Plan 80 $264 

Target PlannerCalc $79 

Target Financial Modeling. $299 

Target Task $299 

MicroStat $224 

Vedit $130 

MiniModel $449 

StatPak $449 

Micro B+ $229 

String/80 $84 

String/80 (source) $279 

ISIS CP/M Utility $199 

Lynx $199 

Supervyz $95 

ATI Power (tutorial) $75 

Mathe Magic $95 

CIS Cobol $765 

Forms II $179 

Basic $149 

Zip MBasic, CBasic 
(each) $129 



ASHTON-TATE 

(See CP/M Ashton-Tate) 
BRODERBUND 

G/L (with A/P) $444 

Payroll $355 

INFO UNLIMITED 

EasyWriter (Prof) $155 

EasyMailer (Prof) $129 

Datadex $134 

MICROSOFT 

Softcard (Z-80 CP/M). . . . $249 

Fortran $179 

Cobol $549 

Tasc $139 

Premium Package $549 

RAM Card $89 

MICROPRO 

(See CP/M MicroPro) 

Z-80 Card $299 

VISICORP 

Visicalc3.3 $189 

Desktop/Plan II $219 

Visiterm $90 

Visidex $219 

Visitrend/Visiplot $259 



Visifile $21! > 

Visischedule $25Sf 

PEACHTREE 

G/L, A/R, A/P, PAY, (each). $224(1 

PeachPack P40 $34! 

ACCOUNTING PLUS 

G/L, AR, AR INV, (each). . $38$] 

"OTHER GOODIES" 

Dow Jones $314] 

Incredible Jack $12! 

Super-text II $127 

Data Factory $26! I 

Mini Factory $135 

DB Master $184 

Versaform VS1 $3501 



IBM PC, 16 BIT 8; 
DISPLAYWRITER 



I 



"WORD PROCESSING" 

Wordstar $289] 

Spellstar $199 

Mailmerge * 17 !fl 

Easywriter $299] 

Easyspeller * 15 3 

Select/Superspell $533 

Write On $113 

Spellguard $189 

Spellbinder $349 

Final Word $264 

Wordex $159] 

Edix $15! 

"LANGUAGES & UTILITIES 

Crosstalk $13! 

Move-it $129| 

BSTAMorBSTMS $149 

Pascal MT+ /86, SPP. . . . $679 

CBasic 86 $294 

Act 86 $157^ 

Trans 86 $115' 

XLT86 $135 

MBasic (MSDOS) $329| 

MBasic Compiler (MSDOS). $329 

Cobol (MSDOS) $649 

Pascal (MSDOS) $42» 

Fortran (MSDOS) $429 

"C" (MSDOS) $429, 

"OTHER GOODIES" 

SuperCalc II $265| 

VisiCalc $21S 

Visiplot/trend $25S 

Visidex $219 

Easyfiler $359, 

Mathemagic $9E 

dBase II Call 4?'! 

Friday! $265 :■;. 

Statpak $449 

Optimizer $174 

Desktop Plan $259 



1 




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BM983 



«:; 



Company 


Price 


Operating System; 
Processor 


Description 


Logical Software Inc. 
55 Wheeler St. 
Cambridge, MA 02138 
(617) 864-0137 


$10,000 


Unix; Onyx, VAX 


Softshell: menu/full-screen or Shell-like operation. Source code only, 
for OEMs primarily 


Quadratron Systems Inc. 
14542 Ventura Blvd. 
Sherman Oaks, CA 91403 
(213) 789-8588 


$295 to 
$495 


Unix; 68000 


Configurable Menu System: screen development package; can act 
like Fortune menu system with window extensions 


Schmidt Associates 
7 Mt. Lasser Dr. 
San Rafael, CA 94903 
(415) 499-8001 


$400 


Unix; 68000 


/menus: configurable menu system, to make Unix easier for novice; 
good for administration and maintenance 


Softest Inc. 
555 Goffle Rod. 
Ridgewood, NJ 07450 
(201) 447-3901 

Table 6: Menu systems or 


$250 Unix; PDP-11, 

68000, Perkin-Elmer 

Unix Shell replacements that present a 


Menu Creation/Interpretation System (MCIS): error recovery, user 
profiles, inter-menu linking; easy to reconfigure 

simple view of Unix for the novice user. 



dinary people away from the all-powerful computer? 
Hardly; just a cautionary note to those who are just 
beginning to administer a system of their own. Skeptics 
would do well to note that there are various ways of total- 
ly incapacitating a Unix system by a single command line. 
The point is that people who only have to do word pro- 
cessing might be better served, especially at the begin- 
ning, by a system set up so they can only do word 
processing. 

This is fairly easy to do. On any standard Unix or look- 
alike system, it is possible to force a particular person's 
log-in account to execute a given program rather than 
the Unix Shell program itself, as is normal. Thus, 
secretaries could be restricted to a word processor and 
data-entry personnel to an appropriate portion of the 
database system. Or users could be given an account that 
lets them choose among several different applications 
programs by means of a Shell program that they cannot 
exit without logging off the system. Users of Unix System 
III and later versions can also be assigned a restricted 
Shell, known as rsh, which prevents them from using 
someone else's directory, redirecting output of com- 
mands, or using commands other than those permitted 
by the system administrator. 

As people learn more about the system, their access 
to other commands can be expanded as necessary. Prop- 
erly handled, this expanding access technique is useful 
in exposing people gradually to the power of Unix, 
without overwhelming them with the sheer number of 
commands and options or opening the system to many 
novice users all at once. Some Unix-based systems are 
using this technique already; for example, the Fortune 
32:16 computer implements the entire user interface as 
one large menu system that allows even a novice to 
follow logical steps in performing tasks previously 
reserved for "experts," such as adding new users, back- 

270 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



ing up the system, and installing new software. Mean- 
while, expert users can bypass the menu entirely. 

This type of menu facility can be created on any Unix 
machine by a competent programmer, but it may be 
easier to start from an established base. Table 6 lists a 
number of commercially available menu systems for a 
range of computers. While these are most useful to an 
OEM (original equipment manufacturer) or system 
house wishing to create a better working environment 
for clients, they might well come in handy for end-user 
organizations as well. 

Aside from adding menus, you can customize your 
Unix environment in many different ways. For instance, 
one of the biggest complaints some people make about 
Unix is the way the commands are named. The terseness 
that characterizes Unix is certainly most apparent in com- 
mand names like cp, mv, cat, and Ipr. If you don't like 
them, it's perfectly possible to change them. By becom- 
ing a super-user, you can just go into the /bin directory 
where most commands reside: 



$su 

Password: 
I cd /bin 

# mv cp copy 

§ mv mv rename 
i mv cat type 
mv: not found 

# rename cat type 

# rename Ipr print 



(you forgot that you renamed the mv command) 



This will work, but imagine the confusion that would 
result when someone else attempted to use the normal 
terse command names. A more reasonable solution is 
to create new links to the command names, which essen- 
tially allows the same file (a command is, after all, just 

an executable file) to be called by more than one name. 

Text continued on page 274 



Nine Thousand 
Nine Hundred & 
Ninety Dollars. 



3 users. 21 Mbytes 
Winchester. 320K RAM. 
And you can only get it 
from Gifford. 

Look at that price again. We 
were a little skeptical at first, too. 
But after checking out totals we 
knew we'd finally done it: devel- 
oped a multiuser, 8-16 bit high 
performance, obsolescence-proof 
computer. Complete with dBase II,™ 
SuperCalc-86,™ and MP/M-86™- 
for under $10,000. Expandability's 
a breakthrough, too. You can 
add four additional users for just 
$600 each, plus terminal. 

Is it 8 bit or 16 bit? Yes. 

Like you would expect of 
a Gifford computer system, it 
can run any combination of 8 and 
16 bit CP/M® programs simul- 
taneously. So, on top of all the 
thousands of 8 bit CP/M programs 
available, you'll also be able to 
take advantage 
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when we say it works, it works. 
After all, we were the folks who 
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Stop looking. And start 
cutting. 

Send us the coupon and we'll 
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There's lots more to tell, but 
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And by all means, wait for 
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make any investment. I 




Gifford Computer System 
321 Includes: 

320K Static RAM Memory 

Two 8" DS/DD Floppies 2.4Mb 
Formatted 

Gifford F5-21 Winchester Drive 
21 Mb Formatted (27 Mb 
Unformatted) 

CompuPro® Enclosure 2 With: 
IEEE 696/S-100 bus 
9 I/O Ports 
20 bus Slots 

dBASE II 

SuperCalc-86 

MP/M-86 



Terminals not included. Compatible 
with all standard RS-232 terminals 
and printers. 

Gifford Computer Systems is a Full 
Service CompuPro Systems Center. 



tTHl 



UTER SYSTE 



1922 Republic Avenue, San Leandro, CA 94577 
(415) 895-0798 A division of G&G Engineering 
I'D LIKE THE WHOLE STORY. 
Please send me your brochure. 

Name Title 

Organization M/S 

Address 

City 



_ State. 



-Zip- 



BY-N 



GIFFORD COMPUTER SYSTEMS □ SAN LEANDRO, CA (415 ) 895-0798 □ SAN FRANCISCO, CA (415) 391-4570 □ LOS ANGELES, CA (213) 477-3921 
□ MIAMI, FL (305) 665-9212 □ HOUSTON, TX (713) 877-1212 □ AMHERST, NY (716) 833-4758 □ 

Circle 193 on inquiry card. 



Make your 212A 




• ii 




272 BYTE September 1983 



for half the cost. 



Your Design Problems are Over 

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Circle 178 on inquiry card 



BYTE September 1983 273 



The difference between an extra link and a copy of a file 
is that creating a link creates a new directory entry that 
points to an existing file and doesn't take up extra space 
in the file system. This is especially handy when creating 
links to large files like multimegabyte databases. 

However, this prevents ordinary users from creating 
their own programs with these names. So the easiest 
way is to change the order in which the Shell searches 
directories for your commands. This affects no one else, 
requires no special permissions, and can be changed at 
any time, but you must set up a new directory: 



# mkdir /alias (create special directory for links to system files) 

H chmod +rwx /alias (allow users to create their own alias files) 

(chmod 777 for those with older systems) 
(create some new names for system utilities) 



§ In /bin/mv /alias/rename 

# In /bin/cp /alias/copy 

it In /bin/ed /alias/edit 

$ 

$ echo $PATH 

:/bin:/usr/bin 

$ ed .profile 

?.profile 

a 

PATH=:/alias:/bin;/usr/bin 

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q 

$ 



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(show current execution search path) 

(create file to be executed at log-in time) 



(search /alias directory before system default) 



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Why must you be a super-user to do this? The /bin 
directory is generally on a different logical file system 
than the users' personal directories. Due to the way the 
link command works, you can't link across different file 
systems, so it is impossible for a regular user to create 
a set of links under that user's home directory to system 
files. 

What about the $PATH we used? Like the other vari- 
ables beginning with a dollar sign ($), this is interpreted 
by the Shell. The $PATH may be shown (with the echo 
command) or changed at any time, much like an or- 
dinary variable in C or BASIC. And .profile is simply a 
file that the Shell executes if the file is found in your 
home directory when you log in; it's expected to hold 
a number of Shell commands and is typically used to 
set up your terminal characteristics and default execu- 
tion path. It can be changed easily and so is ideal for 
starting novice users off with certain programs. Another 
popular Shell variable to modify is the prompt, which 
you can change to whatever you want in the following 
manner: 

$ PS1="Yes, master: " 
Yes, master: 

The .profile is called .login on systems using code devel- 
oped at the University of California at Berkeley (UCB) 
or derivations from that code. UCB systems will also 
have a Shell command called alias that performs the 
same function as this $PATH modification. Otherwise, if 
you wish to accomplish aliasing (rename commands) on 
an individual basis without being the super-user, it is 
necessary instead to make each new command simply 
a one-line shell program: 



$ cd (go to your home directory) 

$ mkdir bin (create a personal command directory) 

$ cd bin (go to it!) 

$ echo 'mv $" > rename (put the system commands in your selected 

file names) 
$ echo 'cat $*' > type 
$ echo 'grep $" > search 

$ echo 'pr -w132 $' |lpr &' >lp (refer to last month's article) 

$ chmod +x ' (make these files executable, or chmod 744) 

$ cd .. (go back "up" one level to home directory) 

$ ed .profile (modify your .profile to include the new directory) 

27 
c 
PATH=:$HOME/bin:/alias:/bin:/usr/bin 

w 
38 

q 



Because this is something any user can do, variations 
of this technique are usually discovered eventually by 
anyone who wishes a customized environment. Natural- 
ly, these short shell programs can be made longer; per- 
haps setting up particular files or directories to be used, 



274 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



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BYTE September 1983 275 



Ishell: A Unix Information-Retrieval System 



Ishell is a simple data-retrieval system comprising a data file 
of logical records and the associated Unix Shell command files that 
process the data file and produce a formatted report. Implemented 
with selected system utilities found on Unix, Ishell may be used 
to keep track of almost any kind of data, from a project develop- 
ment team's ideas-and-documents file to a writer's drafts of dif- 
ferent articles and their reference documents. 

Each record in the data file consists of a series of physical records. 
The first physical record contains up to four fields: the logical record 
identification number, a capital N (standing for name or title), the 
record title, and an optional locator field. Subsequent physical 
records contain three fields: the logical record ID, a capital K (for 
keyword), and a freeform content line. Tor example: 

000199:N:Spectragraphics: work file cabinet 
000199:K:System 1250— a 16-color raster or graphics display 
000199:K:system that emulates the IBM 3250 graphics display 
000199:K:system. Local or remote configuration, supports 
000199:K:up to 4 workstations per controller or up to 64 
000199:K:workstations per channel controller. 

The logical record ID— 000199, in the example— is a sequen- 
tially assigned number that links together the physical records into 
one logical record. It has meaning only to the Shell programs and 
never appears in the output. The record title and locator field— 
Spectragraphics and work file cabinet in the example— are con- 
text dependent and may be used to describe the data entry and 
a particular physical (i.e., noncomputer) location where the source 
data may be found. The locator field, in particular, permits anyone 
who may access the data file to find further information on the data. 

Using Ishell 

The data file is called ishell.data, and it may be edited with any 
standard text editor available. You must assign a new logical record 
number for each product or project to be entered into the system. 
Following the format of the previous example, a short article may 
be entered, and keywords may be input on lines of their own. This 



will facilitate later retrieval by use of the dictionary file ishell.dict, 
which may be created by running the program create.dict. 

You search the data file by following three steps. First, find the 
appropriate terms to search for by looking in the dictionary file. 
Next, edit the file awk.search to contain the string to look for by 
using a proper Boolean equation. Then run the ishell program, 
which will automatically display the information thus found. The 
output file ishell.out contains this information and may be printed 
or edited further. 

Program Logic Flow 

The commands used in the Ishell information and retrieval 
system are shown in listing 1. The ishell file contains all the com- 
mands necessary to perform the search. The awk.long program 
creates one long physical record for each set of logical records with 
the same record ID in the data file. The output is directed both 
to the ishell. long file and to the search program awk.search. This 
program creates a sorted list of record ID numbers matching the 
search criteria called ishell. list, which is then joined to the 
ishell.long file and piped to sort to create the ishell.sort file. Finally, 
the awk.short and awk.out programs are used tofortnat the selected 
output file ishell.out and direct it to the terminal. 

Improvements 

Ishell is not a fast or particularly user-friendly system, but it 
does illustrate the concept of developing a useful tool with Unix 
utilities. Much faster searches, if quality of output is not impor- 
tant, may of course be done by searching the data file for a par- 
ticular keyword using grep, finding the matching record ID 
numbers, and using grep again for those ID numbers, thereby find- 
ing all associated entries. 

A Shell or C program could easily be constructed to accept and 
prompt for user input, automatically assigning record ID numbers 
and adding the N and K fields. Menus and prompts for keywords 
to search on could be added. But as it stands, Ishell will run on 
virtually any Unix or Unix-like system as is; just type in the pro- 
grams given in listing 1 and your data. 



or sending a series of control sequences to a terminal 
or printer. Once you learn how easy it is to set up things 
the way you want, you are likely to be more interested 
in creating your own small applications programs. 

Some Real Examples 

The classic example of a "home-built" application on 
Unix is that of the personal phone directory. I'll show 
you how this can be done and suggest some methods 
of improving it as we go along. Then we'll explore some 
more elaborate applications that can be constructed 
using standard Unix utilities. 

A phone directory can be as complex or as simple as 
you wish. I've seen some people go to the trouble of writ- 
ing a program that would format names, addresses, and 



phone numbers and provide menus for selection by 
category. Most people will just want something simple 
to understand and use. The simplest directory is mere- 
ly a file of names and phone numbers: 



Joe Blow (201) 666-1913 
Ella Fitz (415) 339-9001 
Ada Lovelace (800) 543-7895 
Rosanne Rosannadanna (212) 986-1717 
Anna Stasia (201)310-4697 
Tricia McMillan 44(01) 276-709 



After creating your file, which I'll assume is named 
phonelist or something similar, the simplest way to retrieve 
data from it is to use the string-and-pattern finding pro- 



276 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Listing 1: Command files for Ishell, a simple data retrieval system. 
Programs copyright © 1983 Access Technology Inc. 

XBhelli 

rm lohell.liet ishell. long iahell.out ishell. sort 

awk -f awk. long ishell. data 1 tee ishell. long I awk -f awk. search > ishell. list 
^oin -jl 1 -j2 1 -ti ishell. list ishell. long I sort -fti +2 -3 >iihell.«ort 
awk -f awk. short ishell. sort | awk -t awk. out [ tee ishell. out | cat 

create. diet i 

awk -f awk.dcreate ishell. data | sort -u >dict.tmp 
cat ishell. nam* diet. trap > ishell. diet 
rm diet. tap 

awk.dcreate i 

begin irs - "i") 
(if (32 -- "N") 

[print S3 > "ishell. name" 
next 

) 

{print 33 



awk . long i 

BEGIN {P3 - "i" ; 
(if (NR — 1) 

^ (printf ("*ai 
prev - 31 
next 



"%Si", 31, 32, 33, 34) 



J 
else {while (31 l- prev) 
(print* ("\n") 

printf ("%si" "%si" "%bi" "%si", 31, 32, 33, 34) 
prev - 31 
next 
I 



} 



[print I ( "%B: 
) 



awk. out i 

BEGIN { 

PS - "i" 
OPS « *i" 

print "ISHEU, Data File Selections" 
print f ( "\n" ) 
printf ("\n") 
prev - oooo ) 
[if (31 l- prev) 
(printf ("Sn") 
print 32 

prev - 31) 
else print 32) 

awk . short i 



BEGIN (PS - "i" j OPS - 
(i-3 

record - 31 
while (i <- HP) 

(printf ("\n"> 
printf ( "%si" 
4+i 



%a: ", record, 31 ) 



) 



) 






awk. search r 

BEGIN [PS - "i" i OPS - -i" 
(if (30 - /[Ggjraphic/) 

(printf ("»ai\n", 31)) 
I 



print "0000!") 



gram, grep: 



$ grep Joe phonelist 

Joe Blow (201) 666-1913 



$ echo 'grep $1 phonelist' > phone (create a Shell program) 

$ chmod +x phone (make it executable (or use chmod 744)) 

$ phone Anna (and try it out) 

Anna Stasia (201) 310-4697 



This is easier to type, and you don't have to remember 
the name of the phone file. But suppose you're in a dif- 
ferent directory when you want to look up someone's 
number? We have to build the fully qualified name of 
the file into the phone command, so that it should now 
read: 

grep $1 $HOME/phonelist 

Using the Shell variable $H0ME (which is equivalent 
to spelling out the entire name of your actual home direc- 
tory) not only saves typing but lets the system do the 
thinking, keeping the program as general as possible. 
You can substitute your home directory for the $H0ME 
used here, but that's not recommended because system 
administrators have been known to move things around 
over the weekend. Besides, this keeps even your Shell 
programs portable: you can use them as is on another 
system or allow your friends to copy them without hav- 
ing to do a lot of editing. Speaking of your friends, 
maybe you don't want anyone else to see your personal 
phone list: 



$ chmod go= phonelist 
$ Is -I phonelist 
-rw- — 1 dave 
$ 



(or chmod 600 phonelist) 



184 Apr 14 16:25 phonelist 



Now nobody but you (and the super-user) can read 
your phonelist. But the super-user can't read what he 
doesn't know about! Renaming your file to .phonelist will 
work on most systems so that listing your files won't 
reveal it exists (don't forget to change your phone program 
too) because files and directories whose names begin 
with a period are not shown by Is unless a special op- 
tion is used. 

It must be noted at this point that the grep program 
is sensitive to upper- and lowercase; in particular, you 
can't type phone anna and expect to get Ms. Stasia. Care 
must therefore be taken when entering the command 
line. If you don't want to continually press the shift key, 
you can convert the entire phonelist file to lowercase: 



You can find all the New Jersey listings just as easily: $ tr "[A-Z]" "[a-z]" < .phonelistxemp 



$ grep 201 phonelist 

Joe Blow (201) 666-1913 

Anna Stasia (201) 310-4697 

$ 



The first improvement to be made is to make a com- 
mand that knows the name of the phone number file: 



(translate all letters found, 
in order) 



$ mv temp .phonelist 

$ phone joe 

joe blow (201) 666-1913 

$ phone anna 

rosanne rosannadanna (212) 986-1717 

anna stasia (201) 310-4697 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 277 



The second example above shows that this conversion 
also means less precision in interpreting your requests. 
But sometimes "too much" output can be helpful. If you 
add the name of each person's company or job title to 
their entry in your "phone book," you can search by this 
information as well as name. Or adding the address 
(make sure you keep one entry to a line) allows you to 
search by city or state. This extra information comes in 
handy when you forget the exact name of the person you 
were looking for but know some other information about 
her or him: 



letter package called Leverage (see table 1) implements 
data entry and screen formatting with C programs and 
uses grep for searches, nroff for creating form letters, and 
awk programs for printing formatted lists and labels. 
Other firms have similar products, some of which use 
fewer system utilities and more proprietary programs; 
these tend to be more expensive but have better perfor- 
mance. If you don't mind a bit of typing, a simple yet 
complete data retrieval system can be built using stan- 
dard Unix utilities (see the text box "Ishell: A Unix In- 
formation Retrieval System"). 



joe blow (201) 666-1913 

ella lib (415) 339-9001 

ada lovelace (800) 543-7895 

rosanne rosannadanna (212) 986-1717 

anna stasia (201) 310-4697 

tricia mcmillan 44(01) 276-709 



kokomo travel agency 

audiotape testing 

structured programming group 

snl newsbreak 

salty czardine company 

mouse computer inc. 



If you wish to develop this idea further, look at the 
options available to you using some more Unix utilities, 
such as awk, sort, cut, and paste. These, along with the 
programming constructs available as part of the Shell, 
can provide you with all sorts of fancy formatting fun. 
Data entry may be controlled by another Shell program 
or a C program especially written for this purpose. 

Such usefulness has not gone totally unnoticed by the 
commercial community. For instance, a mailing list/form 



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A Few More Programs 

A word or two should be written about awk. This is 
a C-like string-handling language that is used for 
manipulation of data files; in particular, it is good for 
writing quick programs that scan for strings, rearrange 
data fields, and take action based on the contents of a 
file. Again, see the Ishell text box for some examples of 
awk programs. 

Mentioned earlier, the programs developed at Berkeley 
(usually referred to as UCB) have been a major addition 
to the world of Unix software. One of the most useful 
UCB programs is the screen editor vi, which has spread 
throughout the Unix community so quickly that AT&T 
is now distributing it with Unix System V. The UCB C- 
Shell was created as an alternative to the standard Unix 
Bourne Shell developed by Steve Bourne at Bell Labs. 
The C-Shell has several unique features, such as the 
ability to repeat or edit previous commands, the alias- 
ing mechanism described before, and expansion of 
various special characters to save typing. Other UCB pro- 
grams include more, which lets you read a file a screen- 
ful at a time; finger, which displays detailed information 
about each user on the system; and apropos, which helps 
you search the online programming manuals for infor- 
mation by keyword. Most UCB programs have been 
created specifically for the purpose of making people's 
work with Unix easier. 

We've examined some more Unix commands and fa- 
cilities and some of the diverse applications available on 
Unix-based machines, seen how to customize the en- 
vironment, and tasted the flavor of home-built applica- 
tions. Next month's article will examine some of the cur- 
rently available computers running Unix, the different 
software implementations of Unix, and what can be ex- 
pected in the next few years. ■ 



Thanks to Rosemary Simpson, director of educational systems at Access 
Technology Inc. for the ISHELL material, to Rob Cohen at Polymorphic Sys- 
tems Inc. for the use of its Pixel computer, and to my wife Susan for digging 
through back issues of Unique and compiling the tables. 



David Fiedler (Infopro Systems, POB 33, East Hanover, NJ 07936) is the 
editor of the monthly newsletter Unique: Your Independent UNIX and 
C Advisor and the magazine UNIX Review. He is also an analyst for The 
Perchwell Corporation, a consulting firm assisting management of companies 
using Unix. 



278 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. Circle 63 On inquiry card. 



Circle 111 on inquiry card. 



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So we developed SuperCalc* 
which was such a giant step in the 



right direction that it became a best- 
seller Over 250,000 copies in only 
18 months. 

Today, we've gone even farther. 
After talking with thousands of cus- 
tomers, we've found a lot of impor- 
tant new features you'd like to have. 
And we've built them into the world's 
most advanced spreadsheet. 

SuperCalc 2 . 



1981 



1979 



1534 



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STATEMENT 



SALES 


JAN 
1000 


FEB 
1100 




MAR 

121 


COST 


300 


330 


363 


GROSS 
R&D 


700 

160 


771-1 
176 


B47 
194 


MARKETING 
ADMIN. 


200 
140 


224 
151 


23 1 
163 


TOTAL 

INCOME 


500 
200 


551 
219 


608 
239 



143 



c 



pc. 



198 1? Pro cr idnno II A Sptft it fdhritii 

*Z 4 i" P lu /M e f iUt ' >l """ > pr'/iif* , tomb 
ptrfdlio ii quelle 9f 48 § 1 1 <p- 

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•<\%- ltd ftguiid,tomt in qutOodppdr,ptrj 

1$0 §—f i_- 

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9 



_INEQME_STATEMENT 



NET S ALES 



COST OF GOODS SOLD 



GROSS PROFIT 



RESEARCH ?< DEVELOPMENT 



MARKETING 
ADMINISTRATIVE 



TOTAL OPERATING EXPENSES 



INCOME BEFORE TAXES 



INCOME TAXES 



NET INCOME 



Itll take 
you 10 minutes to 



• Create 

I your first 

■ spreadsheet 

% model in 

■■ 10 minutes 

I flat. 



With SuperCalc 2 you 
get all kinds of fea- 
tures that have never 
been possible before. 
Like custom format- 
ting capabilities. Auto- 
matic consolidation. Sorting. And 
more. Take a look at the spreadsheet 
below, and you'll see just how much 
we're giving you. 

Best of all, we made it just as easy 
to use as the original SuperCalc. 
There's a self-paced starter guide 
that shows you exactly what to do, 



step by step. And an AnswerKey™ 
that gives you instant help right on 
the screen. Because of these fea- 
tures, you can actually create your 
first spreadsheet in 10 minutes flat. 
Even if you've never used a compu- 
ter before. 

SuperCalc 2 is available for the 
IBM PC and XT Where it can run in 
full color With full memory. Even on 
hard disk. It's also available for CP/M, 
CP/M-86, MS DOS and other opera- 
ting systems, so you can use it with 
most popular personal computers. 



But with all its advanced features, 
SuperCalc 2 is the same price as the 
original SuperCalc. Only $295, sug- 
gested retail. We're also offering 
SuperCalc for only $195. And an up- 
grade to SuperCalc 2 whenever 
you're ready. 

So. If you've always thought there 
had to be a better way to do your 
spreadsheets, stop by your closest 
computer store. And take a good 
look at SuperCalc 2 After just 10 min- 
utes, you won't want to do one more 
spreadsheet the old way. 



1983 



Combines 

any number of spreadsheets 

—automatically! 
/ 

COMPANY CONSOLIDATED MONTHLY PAYROLL 



Calendar/date 
capabilities. 



Percentages. 



Today's Date 
Payroll Start Date 



4/15/83- 
4/ 1/83 



Deduction Percentages 

Fica 6, 700'/. 

SDI ~~T 



Days this period 
Recalculate YTD Y/N 



Gross 



Total 



,87, 

User-set decimal places. 

Net YTD 



Emp# Employee name 



Adams 



Status 



Salary 



Deduct 



Pay 



$1,100. 00 < $82.50) $1,017.50 



Gross 



$6,200.00 



49 
84 
92 



Beckette 

Johnson 

Jones 



S 
S 
M 



/$750.00 ( $56.25) $693.75 $5,250.00 
$850.00 ( $63.75) $786.25 $5,950.00 
$900.00 ( $67.50) $832.50 $6,300.00 



12 
19 

45 



Samson 
Santos 
Smith 




$560.00 ( $42.00) $518.00 $3,920.00 
$650.00 ( $48.75) $601.25 $4,550.00 
$700.00 ( $52.50) $647.50 $4,900.00 



^ 



Total # employee 



7 Floating $ signs. 



Embedded commas. 



Total Gross Salaried (100's) 
Total Deductions (10f3's) 
Total Net Pay < 100's) 



$55 1 

$ _ 4 " 1 Negative numbers in ( ). 

$51.0 



Arrange reports 
numerically or 



Numbers in 100s or 1000s. 



alphabetically, 
like this 



SuperCalc 



® SORCIM' 



2310 Lundy Avenue 

San Jose, CA 95131 

(AOS\ 942-1 727 






CPtM is a registered trademark of Digital Research. CP/M-B6 is a trademark ol Digital Research MS DOS is a registered trademark ol Microsoft Corporation IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation c 1983 Sorcim Corporation 




YES 





Introducing . . . 

The IS PipeLine™ Random Access Printing Buffer. 

Insert pictures, graphics or spread-sheet data into reports, Duplicate 
form letters— automatically changing addresses on each. Now, all 
your programs can work together to produce printed output. 

For the first time ever, here is a buffer that not only frees your fast com- 
puter from your slow printer but also allows you to rearrange, compose 
and copy your data on its way to the printer. 

■ Random Access Printing— stores paragraphs or pictures for printing 
in any order— any number of times. 

■ FIFO Printing— conventional first-in first-out operation. 

■ Compression of data for efficient utilization of memory space. 

■ Ability to interrupt long-term buffer operations for straight-thru short- 
term printing. 

■ Simple Erase feature to clear buffer. 
" Automatic duplication capability. 

■ Easily expandable, by you, from 8K Bytes to 128K Bytes. 

The IS PipeLine is Universal— it works with any parallel (Centronics* — 
style) computer/printer combination. A special version is available for 
PKASO'" Printer Interfaces. 

The IS PipeLine is a self-contained unit with operating manual, cables 
and power supply included. 

For more information on the truly revolutionary IS PipeLine Random 
Access Printing Buffer, call us today. 

Interactive Structures Inc. 
146 Montgomery Avenue 

BUIU V^yllWyU, rn '/^"'■* •Centronics is o trademark ol Centronics Data Computer Corp 

Telephone: (215) 667-1713 

circle 229 on inquiry card. The IS Pipeline™ Random Access Printing Buffer is patent pending 



BYTE West Coast 



Just Rewards for Programmers 

In the microcomputer industry, it's not always obvious 
how to divide up the profits 



To paraphrase Gilbert and Sulli- 
van, the programmer's lot is not a 
simple one. Some have superstar 
status, and others crank out code for 
a weekly paycheck. Some work for 
equity, others earn royalties based on 
retail prices that range from a few 
dollars to hundreds of dollars. 
Dividing up the profits is done in 
many ways. But the issues that burn 
in programmers' and publishers' 
minds are the same: who gets the 
money, and who handles pricing, 
distribution, and marketing? 

The corollary, "Who ought to get 
the money?" depends on the origi- 
nality of the idea, who developed it 
and whether it changed, the difficul- 
ty of the coding and who did it, and 
the breadth of distribution and mar- 
keting and who manages and funds 
it. Arrangements vary enormously 
within the industry. Let's look at a 
few examples drawn from actual 
events. 

Eagles Nevelstorm shut 
down the computer and 
began locking up. Once 
ff-L again, he was the last 

one to leave the office. 
The company had sure changed since he 
and a few others put old Dynamodata on 
the market a couple of years before. Some 
things were good— for one, the company's 
newly hired product manager seemed to 
like the idea the design team had con- 
ceived. A fully integrated multiwindow, 
artificially -intelligent, mouse/touch- 
pad/voice-driven, omnitasking, full-color 
graphic videotext communications pro- 
gram was finished. That should satisfy 




by Barbara Robertson 

the marketing guys, thought Eagles. And 
it looked as if the team could actually pro- 
duce the product, what with all the 
money available for people and machines 
from Dynamodata's profits. Of course, 
the programming team wouldn't be see- 
ing any royalties on this one, but the pro- 
grammers' salaries and benefits were 
good, and the product's success might 
mean the company would go public. 
Eagles wondered if the new programmers 
had been offered stock options when they 
were hired. He'd heard they had to work 
a year first, but there didn't seem to be 
any hard-and-fast rules yet. 

In this case, the idea is a marketing 
department decision that has been 
refined by a design team and product 
manager and will be programmed, 
documented, marketed, and distrib- 
uted by other members of the com- 
pany. The product clearly belongs to 
the company. The programmer can 
negotiate for rewards within the 
range of traditional corporate bene- 
fits: salary and stock options. Here 
the programmers are not stars but 
part of a team. In this environment, 
programmers and designers are in 
the same position as most inventors 
working for large corporations. The 
corporation owns the copyrights. 

Inside an ivy-covered 
garage in East Suburbia, 
California, foe Machine- 
ffZi code debugs the last 

routine for Superpro- 
gram. Superprogram Manuals line the 
hallways of his house, proof sheets for the 
first ad are on the bulletin board, and a 
carton of blank disks sits in the comer 




ready for the orders to start rolling in. It's 
been a long, hard year. The house is mort- 
gaged to the hilt, but the program is done, 
and it's all his— every last dollar that rolls 
in. That is, if anyone sees the little ads 
he has placed in the back pages of several 
magazines. 

Joe Machinecode's case is easy. The 
program is his idea, and as long as 
he does all the work and invests only 
his own money, he determines the 
price and reaps 100 percent of the 
profits. While this may seem an ideal 
arrangement, it's becoming more dif- 
ficult for such "garage" software pro- 
ducers to compete, and Joe may find 
that he doesn't have the same talent 
for business, marketing, and cus- 
tomer service that he does for pro- 
gramming. Let's look at two ways Joe 
might get help and what will happen 
to his 100 percent in each case. 

First, let's assume that Joe decides 
the documentation needs to be im- 
proved, so he hires Chris, a writer. 
Chris makes suggestions about the 
user interface that Joe incorporates 
into the program and also introduces 
Joe to a product manager at the Gen- 
eral Enormous Software house. Gen- 
eral Enormous Software decides to 
buy exclusive rights to the products. 
Joe pays Chris a flat fee, takes the rest 
of the money, and moves to a tropical 
island. 

Meanwhile, General Enormous 
Software does market research 
studies, modifies the program to 
meet those studies and fit in its prod- 
uct line, mounts a massive advertis- 
ing campaign, puts the product and 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 283 



Circle 99 on inquiry card. 




Apple 

Assembly Language 

W. Douglas Maurer 

By far the most complete, most 
professional and best written of the 
many books available today on the 
assembly language of the APPLE 
computer. The LISA assembler for the 
APPLE II is completely described, and 
there is an extensive section on 
debugging methods. The book 
contains 300 exercises (with solutions 
to half of them), making it an excellent 
selection for a college or high school 
text, or for independent study. A 
knowledge of BASIC (or FORTRAN 
or PASCAL) is assumed, but no 
hardware knowledge is required. 
A diskette, which requires a LISA 
assembler, is available for use with the 
book. September, 1983. $17.95. 
0-914894-82-X. Diskette, $15.00. 
0-914894-85-4. 

Computational 
Aspects of VLSI 
Jeffrey D. Ullman 

This excellent, comprehensive new 
book on algorithms and the VLSI 
revolution introduces the NMOS 
circuit design and describes a number 
of design systems, including CHISEL 
(a preprocessor of C), LAVA (a sticks 
language); Igen (a logic language, 
and SLIM (a controller design 
language). Algorithms for compiling 
such languages into layouts are 
discussed, as well as algorithms for 
implementing design tools like circuit 
extractors, design rule checkers, 
simulators, and automatic routers. The 
book covers many other areas of 
VLSI. Order your copy today. 
September, 1983. $32.95. 0-914894- 
95-1. 



All prices subject to change withou 
notice. Residents of Maryland 
add 5°/{ sales tax. Postage 
and handling for the f 
book is $2.00, 75c for^ 
each additional 
book. 




its documentation in a box, and ships 
it to distributors who have no trou- 
ble putting it into shelf space already 
set aside for General Enormous in 
the retail stores. The product, which 
sells for twice the price Joe had in 
mind, is a great success. It's named 
Program of the Year in Computer Trade 
Weekly, and after two years its gross 
sales reach several million dollars. 
The software house makes a profit of 
40 percent. 

Would Joe have been better off on 
his own? How much more would he 
have made if he had negotiated for 
a share of royalties or kept some dis- 
tribution rights rather than agreeing 
to sell the exclusive rights to his pro- 
gram? And what about the writer 
who improved the user interface and 
introduced Joe to General Enormous? 
Did she deserve a share in the prof- 
its, too? Or did the contributions 
made by General Enormous far ex- 
ceed those of Joe and Chris? 

Let's forget about General 
Enormous for a moment and follow 
Joe on an alternate route as he 
decides to sell his program to a soft- 
ware publisher. After making a num- 
ber of phone calls, Joe learns that 
before publishers will consider buy- 
ing his product, they want a one- 
page proposal that describes the 
product, outlines the market for it, 
details what compensation Joe ex- 
pects to receive, and gives his back- 
ground and qualifications. The pub- 
lisher notes that only one out of every 
200 programs submitted is usually ac- 
cepted. Joe's proposal makes it 
through the first round at a publisher. 
He submits the documentation for 
the second round, and finally he gets 
to show his program. On acceptance, 
the publisher draws up a contract fdr 
exclusive rights that entitles Joe to a 
10 percent royalty based on 
wholesale revenue. 

Next, the publisher's documenta- 
tion department rewrites and pack- 
ages the manuals, the marketing de- 
partment makes design changes that 
Joe implements with the help of the 
in-house programming staff, and Joe 
adds several changes of his own with 
the consent of the marketing depart- 
ment. The publisher signs an OEM 
(original equipment manufacturer) 




agreement with a major hardware 
vendor, giving the vendor exclusive 
rights. The product's success seems 
guaranteed. The hardware vendor 
determines a retail price that is con- 
siderably higher than the publisher's 
wholesale cost. 

Did Joe get his fair share? What if 
his royalty had been based on the 
retail price? Could he have retained 
some rights? After all, the product 
was his original idea, and he did 
most of the programming. The soft- 
ware publisher, on the other hand, 
contributed to the design, and the 
company's marketing expertise re- 
sulted in the OEM contract that en- 
sured a large sales volume. 

Mary came up with the 
idea for Spelldata 
Dumptruck in the mid- 
jfO die of rush-hour traffic 

on the way to work one 
morning. Because she didn't know the 
first thing about programming, she talked 
the idea over with Rob, and he agreed to 
write the code in his spare time. As soon 
as Rob had a good working demo of the 
program, he and Mary realized they had 
some decisions to make. It looked as if it 
might take years to complete the program 
on a spare-time schedule. 

Starting a company didn't sound like 
much fun. Neither Rob nor Mary knew 
the first thing about marketing, distribu- 
tion, or attracting venture capital, but 
they knew that they wanted to continue 
working on the product. They decided 
that even a modest royalty on a lot of sales 
would be preferable to 100 percent of a few 
sales and a lot of headaches. So they took 
their demo to a publisher. The publisher, 
well-funded and full of sparkling 
show-business ideas, agreed to give them 
an advance against royalties to complete 
Spelldata Dumptruck and introduced 
them to a programmer who could help 
them get it finished quickly. The 
publisher agreed to give Rob and Mary 
full credit, use their names in the promo- 
tion, package the product, determine pric- 
ing and marketing strategies, and provide 
distribution. 

How are the profits divided in this 
case? The idea is Mary's, but without 
Rob's programming expertise, it 
would never have become a reality. 
And because the code is the product, 
Rob might argue that he deserves 



Write for a free catalog. 



PRINTERS 



C. ITOH 



Prowriter 




1 20 cps, 4 fonts (includes 
proportional), 8 sizes, 1 60 x 1 44 
dpi, friction & tractor feed. A 
worthy rival of Epson. 

Prowriter $399.88 

=rowri>er2 S719.88 

Starwriter 

The Starwriter has 40 cps, 
true Diablo emulation, on 1 36 
columns. Printmaster is the 55 
:ps version. Serial or parallel 
interface. 

Starwriter $1 21 9.88 

Printmaster 81 879.88 

DOMREX 

ComRiter 

Parallel $869.88 

3S-232C $1009.88 

DIABLO 

620 & 630 

320 $999.88 

330 $1929.88 

DTC 

380Z 




Parallel 

3S-232C 


$1119.88 

S1 139.88 


EPSON 



FX, RX&MX 




^X-SO $399.88 

VIX-80F/T $469.88 

vlX-100 $664.88 

r X-80 $964.88 

r X-100 SCALL 

INFORUNNER 

Riteman 

Parallel $349.88 

NEC 

SpinWriter 

3510 $1929.88 

3530 $1 729.88 

3550 $2019.88 

•-'10 $2399.88 

'730 $2399.88 



Okidata Microline92 

$524.88 UPS DELIVERED 

An exceptional printer(even Creative 
Computing thought so). The Microlino92 has 
80 columns, a 1 60 cps draft mode & a 40 cps 
correspondance mode, 1 0, 1 2 & 1 7 cpi, all with 
double widths, enhanced print (at 80 cps), 
subscripts, superscripts & backspacing. Full 
dot addressable graphic capability (72 X 72 
dpi) included. Pin & friction feed standard, 
adjustable tractor optional ($59.88). RS-232C 
version has a 2K buffer & costs $634.88. 

Microline 93 (Parallel) $884.88 

Microline 93 (RS-232C) $994.88 




OKIDATA 



Microline Series 




Microline 80 $339.88 

Microline 82A $41 9.88 

82A/92 Tractor $59.88 

82A/92 Roll Holder .... $49.88 
82AOkigraph ROM .... $49.88 
82ARS-232C Hi-speed 

Interface $129.88 

Microline 83A $679.88 

83A0kigraph ROM .... $49.88 
83ARS-232C Hi-speed 

Interface $129.88 

Microline 92 $524.88 

W/RS-232C $634.88 

Microline 93 $884.88 

W/RS-232C $994.88 

Microline 84 

Parallel $1024.88 

RS-232C $1124.88 

MANNESMANN TALLY 

MT-160L 




1 60 cps, 8 fonts (including a 
correspondance font), parallel & 
serial interfaces, friction/ tractor 
feed, plus a menu-driven instal- 
lation for easy set-up from the 
control panel. This year 1 ; 
sleeper. The MT-1 80 L is the 
136 column version 

MT-16)L $689.88 

MT-1 80 L SCALL 

SMITH CORONA 



TP-1 




TP-1 SCALL 



SILVER REED 



EXP-550 




EXP-550 (Parallel) .... $71 9.88 

W/(RS-232C) $759.88 

EXP-500 (Parallel) .... $459.88 

STARMICRONICS 

Gemini 10X/15 




MONITORS 



USI 



Pi Series 




Pi 2 (1 2" green) $159.88 

Pi 3 (12" amber) $189.88 

Pi 4 (9" amber) $159.88 

TAXAN 

Monitors 

RG B-l (Med-Res) $31 9.88 

RGB-Ill (Hi-Res) $519.88 

KG-1 2N (Green) $129.88 

KG-12NUY (Amber). . . $129.88 

AMDEK 

Monitors 

300A $159.88 

300G $149.88 

310G/A $199.88 

Colon $339.88 

Cobr2 $649.88 

Color 3 $379.88 



PRINCETON GRAPHICS 



HX-12 



690x240 resolution, 80 
columns x 24 lines, 1 6 colors & 
exceptional performance. Cable 
included. 
PGS HX-1 2 (RGB) .... $529.88 

QUADRAM 

QuadChrome 

Same spec's as the HX-12. 
Same price too. 
QuadChrome(RGB). . . $529.88 

MODEMS 



US ROBOTICS 

Password 




300/1 200 baud modem with 

auto-dial/answer full & half 

duplex, LSI technology. Cable 

included. 

Password $379.88 

US ROBOTICS 

Courier 

300/1 200 baud modem with 
auto dial/answer, full & half 
duplex, LSI technology, for the 
Osborne computers. Includes 
cable and Telepac software. 
Courier $479.88 

DC HAYES 

Smartmodem 

300 or 300/1 200 baud direct 
connect modems with auto dial 
& answer, full/half duplex. 
Comes complete with power 
supply& modular cable(RS- 
232C cable optional). 

(300 baud) $219.88 

(1200 baud) $539.88 

NOVATION 

SmartCat 

Lates LSI technology. 0-300 
or 1 200 baud, auto-dial & auto 
answer, full/half duplex. Cable & 
power supply included. RS- 
232C cable optional. 

(300 baud) $199.88 

(1 200 baud) $499.88 



AutoCat 

(300 baud) $220.88 

(1 200 baud) tetS-.M 

Apple Cat II 

(300 baud) $319.88 

(1200 baud) $669.76 

Cat 

D-Cat (300 baud) $ 1 59. 88 

J-Cat (300 baud) $1 ••■88 




We carry a variety of I BM PC 
peripherals, including Quad- 
ram's Quadboards, Quadlink 
& the single-function boards, 
ASTs MegaPlus, MegaPak, 
1/0+ and related communi- 
cations boards, Tandon TM- 
100-2 double-sided drives, 
OCS's Big Blue & Hard Disk 
subsystems, plus Maynard Disk 
Controllers in a variety of 
configurations. 

Call (800) 343-OT26 tor 
prices & orders. 

Apple Peripherals 

We also carry numerous Apple 
ll/ll+/ile peripherals, including 
Pkaso Printer Cards, Micro- 
soft's Z80 Cards, RamCards 
& Premium Packs, Videx's 
VideoTerm & Enhancer II, 
Rana Elite- 1 Disk Drives, 
Saturn Systems Accelerator II 
& Memory Boards, Quadrant's 
oRAM 80 Column Card, & 
Kensington's System Saver & 
Format II. We also carry the 
Ace 1 0OO from Franklin 
Computers. 

Call (800) 343-0720 for 
prices & orders. 

Accessories 

We also carry cables, diskettes, 
diskette boxes, switch boxes, 
surge protectors & printer paper. 



Information/Orders: 
(603)881-9855 
Orders Only: 
(800) 343-0726 



No Hidden Charges: 

We pay UPS ground shipping 
on all our orders, and we never 
charge extra for credit cards. We 
accept CODs up to $ 1 000 & add 
a $1 fee perorder. We have a 
$50 minimum order. Personal 
checks are cleared in 3 weeks. 

All our equipment is shipped 
with full manufacturer's war- 
ranty. We sell only what we are 
authorized to sell to insure full 
warranty support, & we're autho- 
rized for warranty work on a 
number of printers. We also offer 
extended warranty plans for 
many printers. 

Sorry, we cannot accept open 
POs or extend credit/terms at 
these prices. APO and foreign 
orders are not accepted. 

We prepared this ad in June, & 
prices do change, so call to 
verify them. 



HIGH TECHNOLOGY AT AFFORDABLE PRICES 

THE BOTTOM LINE 

MILFORD, NH 03055-0423 □ TELEPHONE (603) 881-98551 





Pirrlo Rfi nn inni liru rarH 



half or more of the royalty money. 
Some people argue, however, that 
unless the programming is especial- 
ly creative, Rob occupies essentially 
the same role as a ghostwriter and 
deserves pay but no royalties. And 
what about the programmer brought 
in by the publisher— should she get 
credit in the promotion? Who pays 
for her time? 

Rob and Mary have further compli- 
cated the question of how to appor- 
tion profits (and perhaps increased 
their potential profits at the same 
time) by taking the product to a soft- 
ware publisher interested in promot- 
ing the product beyond the tradi- 
tional marketing channels. Rob and 
Mary's names are used in the promo- 
tions, and if the product is a success 
they'll soon see Spelldata T-shirts and 
little stuffed Dumptrucks in the 
stores. How much of the profits do 
they deserve for each T-shirt and 
stuffed Dumptruck that's sold? And 
if Rob and Mary's names become 
household words as a result of the 
product promotion, how will super- 
stardom affect the royalties they can 




demand on their next product? 

Walt Wizard, masterful 
money handler, and Tom 
Brightman, well- 
ff^t known program de- 

signer, met at one of 
those cocktail parties that make big com- 
puter shows almost worth attending. It 
didn't take them long to realize that they 
had the same idea in mind for a new prod- 
uct and that they were a potentially great 
team. The Wizard knew what had to be 
on the screen and in the reports, and Tom 
could write the system design specs. The 
Wizard would attract the financiers, and 
together they could build a company that 
would skyrocket if they could move fast 
enough. They knew the product's success 
depended largely on getting it into the 
market very quickly, and the one person 
who could do the job was Sam Super- 
coder, a programming genius at im- 
plementing complex ideas in assembly 
language. Sam looked at Tom's design 
specs, suggested some improvements to 
which Tom and the Wizard agreed, and 
finished coding in three days, which gave 
them the edge they needed. The Wizard 
took the finished product to a group of 



venture capitalists who gave the three- 
some start-up money in return for 49 per- 
cent of the company. 

In this case, all three will share in 
the profits and help determine pric- 
ing by virtue of their equity owner- 
ship in the company they're building. 
But how should the 51 percent share 
be split among them? The original 
idea came from Tom and the Wizard. 
Tom wrote the design specs, but all 
of them contributed to the design. 
How much is the Supercoder's con- 
tribution worth? After all, he got the 
product to market within the time 
frame. 

Susan Smart had been 
working as a computer 
programmer and sys- 
ffD terns analyst for a 

management consulting 
firm during the day and spending all her 
spare time designing a microcomputer 
software system. When she had a reason- 
ably good plan down on paper, she ap- 
proached Clyde Dealmaker with her idea. 
Clyde convinced a management team to 
invest its time and enough money for 
Susan's salary and start-up costs on his 




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assurance that the venture capitalists 
would soon be eating out of their hands. 
The management team liked Susan's con- 
cept but soon came up with an entirely 
new user interface for the program that 
they felt had a better chance of success. 
Susan improved the design and began 
writing code. 

As it turned out, Clyde was wrong 
about the venture capitalists. The man- 
agement team, desperate to recoup its in- 
vestment of time and money, sold the pro- 
gram idea to a hardware vendor, who 
would use an in-house software team to 
develop it. 

In this case, the idea for the pro- 
gram was Susan's, but the program 
changed considerably after she 
brought it to Clyde. No coding was 
done beyond what was needed for a 
demo, and because Susan was paid 
a salary, she assumed little risk. 
Clyde invested time, but no money. 
The management team, which con- 
tributed to the design, invested its 
own money and time without com- 
pensation. Was the vendor's decision 
to buy the program based on the 
management team's interface design 
or Susan's original concept? Who 
should profit from the sale ? 

Alternate Arrangements 

There are probably as many stories 
as there are programs. Programmers 
are faced with several complex alter- 
natives from which to choose, and 
they don't have much help in choos- 
ing. Going to work for a major soft- 
ware house for a salary and stock op- 
tions is one. This option means a 
lower risk for the programmer and 
potentially lower gain. Working for a 
start-up company for a salary and 
equity usually translates to higher 
risk and potentially greater gain. Em- 
ployment agents may be able to of- 
fer some help in negotiations. 

If, however, a programmer decides 
to develop a product, the issues get 
muddy. How much is the idea worth? 
How much are the coding, documen- 
tation, marketing, and distribution 
worth? George Tate of AshtonTate, a 
software publisher that also develops 
in-house software, notes that adver- 
tising and marketing are now by far 
the biggest costs in bringing a prod- 
uct to market, exceeding the costs of 



research and development. This fac- 
tor is bound to have some effect on 
the price. 

Traditional software publishers 
such as AshtonTate, Digital Market- 
ing, Software Publishing, and Infor- 
mation Unlimited Software offer in- 
dependent software vendors a vari- 
ety of choices, among them buy-out 
agreements, licensing agreements, 
stock offerings, and royalty arrange- 
ments. The amount of money pub- 
lishers are willing to pay depends on 
the amount of work done by the 
author, anticipated market share, and 
pricing. However, there is no clear- 
cut formula. Some software pub- 
lishers may be willing to help develop 
a program if the idea has market 
potential, but most prefer to take on 
a product that's near completion. All 
will assume documentation, market- 
ing, distribution, and pricing respon- 
sibilities. 

New software producers like Elec- 
tronic Arts and International Micro- 
computer Software Inc. offer pro- 
grammers another choice. Some will 
promote the authors and give them 
status and possibly even some con- 
trol. Electronic Arts calls itself an 
"association of electronic artists" and 
puts the software authors' names on 
the cover of the software package. 
IMSI, for example, lets authors hire 
and fire their product managers. 

Software producers tend to pay 
higher royalties than software pub- 
lishers, but the amount of royalties 
and advances varies widely. It might 
seem that with a software producer 
the programmer can become a 
superstar. But what happens when a 
producer comes up with the idea or 
if he asks a famous mystery writer, 
sports car driver, or tax analyst to 
design a product? Will the program- 
mer share equally in the royalties and 
fame? 

Changing Rules 

Clearly, it's not always obvious how 
to divide up the dollars. In the com- 
plex, undefined microcomputer soft- 
ware industry, the rules change as 
fast as the technology. Both the 
amount of the royalty and the basis 
on which royalties are paid vary from 
one publisher to another. Royalties 



can be based on wholesale revenues, 
gross profits, or retail prices, and it 
takes an expert to assess the best ar- 
rangement. Unfortunately, however, 
a programmer whose expertise lies in 
software development cannot be- 
come an overnight expert in contract 
law, marketing research, and 
distribution. 

Peter Sinclair of Software Publish- 
ing, a company that develops in- 
house software and markets software 
from independent vendors, says that 
the independent software producers 
he sees are often naive not because 
they haven't done enough back- 
ground work but because no clear- 
inghouse for information exists. The 
book hasn't been written yet. And 
while many standards of excellence 
exist as guides for programmers- 
proposed graphics standards, com- 
munications standards, and even 
operating system standards— there 
are no established algorithms for the 
business and marketing sides that 
will guarantee programmers a fair 
share of the profits. Many program- 
mers learn the hard way that it's not 
unusual for someone else to make a 
fortune from their genius. 

The book publishing, recording, 
and movie industries have agents 
and standard contracts. Now agents 
are emerging for software authors, 
but standards for determining the 
value of ideas and programming re- 
main undefined. Programmers as a 
group need to exchange information, 
perhaps through electronic bulletin 
boards and networks as a means of 
establishing those standards. It might 
be worth some programmer's time to 
set up a database and begin collecting 
information. 

Until programmers themselves 
begin to address these issues, they 
can never be sure of getting just re- 
wards for their work. But program- 
mers would not be the only ones to 
benefit from standard business prac- 
tices. Software houses would have a 
more stable basis for determining 
prices, and greater price stability 
would benefit consumers. ■ 

Barbara Robertson is a technical editor in BYTE's 
West Coast Bureau (BYTE/McGraw-Hill, 4th Floor, 
425 Battery St., San Francisco, CA 94111). 



288 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



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A C Language Primer 

Part 2: Tool Building in C 



by James Joyce 



It is difficult to say whether C has become so popular 
because it is the major language Unix is written in or 
because it is in its own right a clean, small, highly 
expressive language. C allows programmers to write pro- 
grams that package assignment expressions inside a 
logical test, as in this example: 

/*--- copy.c Use preprocessor variable for EOF --*/ 
#define EOF -1 
main ( ) 
{ 



int byte; 

while ( (byte = getchar( ) ] 
putchar (byte); 



!= EOF) 



In this case the while statement makes the program one 
executable statement in length. It copies characters un- 
til EOF (end of file) is reached. Such economy does have 
its disadvantages in that obscure C code is fairly easy 
to write. A programming language purist can rightly ac- 
cuse C of inviting side effects in coding. But to the C 
language veteran, the side effects are desirable and 
should be treated with proper respect. 

The proper C program is organized into functions, one 
of which must be named main. When a C program ex- 
ecutes, control is given to main first. As we saw in Part 
1, it is common practice in C to organize particular 
aspects of processing into functions called by main. 

In this second and final part, we shift our emphasis 
from language fundamentals to the important concept 
of tool building in C. As we write programs we will be 
alert to code that could be packaged into a general- 
purpose function and employed in solving more than 
one problem. 

Arrays of Characters 

Because C contains no built-in function to read an 



entire line of input, it could be called a rather primitive 
language. Yet part of C's elegance and appeal is due to 
its encouragement of tool building. You can build a 
routine to read a line of input and package it as a func- 
tion named getline that you can then use whenever the 
need arises. The next two examples develop a slightly 
modified version of the getline function found on page 
26 of Kernighan and Ritchie's book The C Programming 
Language (Prentice-Hall, 1978). The first example focuses 
on character arrays, and the important work is done in 
main. 

/*--- getline.c To illustrate character arrays — */ 

#defineEOF -1 

define NL ' \n' 

#define EOS ' \0' /* A •/ 

^define LIMIT 1024 

main ( ) 

{ 

int byte, index; 

char line[LIMIT]; /* B */ 

for ( ;; ) { /* C */ 

for (index = 0; index < LIMIT - 1; index++) { 1*0*1 
if ((byte = getchar()) == EOF) break; /* E */ 

else if (byte == NL) break; 
else linepndex] = byte; 

} 

if (byte == EOF) break; 
else if (byte == NL) line[index++] = byte; 
linefjndex] = EOS; /* F */ 

printf("%s", line); 
} 



} 



This example begins by defining several preprocessor 
variables; the backslash-zero combination inside single 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 289 



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quotes in line A is C notation for a byte of all zeros, by 
convention the end-of-string maker in C. In C, any single 
byte of data inside single quotes tells the compiler to use 
the value of the byte as an integer. Character strings are 
enclosed in double quotes, as they are in the printf state- 
ments used in earlier examples. 

In line F the end-of-string marker is assigned follow- 
ing the last character in the array just before it is printed. 
The %s format code indicates that the line is a character 
string. To verify that the zero byte is needed, run this 
example without lines A and F. Be sure to enter more 
than one line in assessing the effect of not having the 
end-of-string marker. 

Line B shows how arrays are declared in C. The 
brackets distinguish arrays from functions. As mentioned 
in Part 1, a preprocessor variable is used to specify the 
array bounds; thus you can easily change the value 
throughout the program simply by changing the prepro- 
cessor command. 

Line C shows a for loop that, undisturbed, will run 
forever. You can exit the loop using the break command 
if the end-of-file character is reached. Note that break 
on end-of-file occurs twice here, once to exit the for loop 
in line D, and once to exit the for loop in line C. 

The for loop beginning with line D gets one character 
at a time and puts it into the array. The value of index 
starts at zero because arrays in C start at zero. The limit 
of the array must be adjusted down by one to com- 
pensate. The expression LIMIT-1 is calculated only once, 
at compile time. 

There are three conditions for exiting this inner loop: 
if the array is full, as tested for in line D; upon reaching 
end-of-file, as in line E; and upon reading a newline char- 
acter. If these conditions do not exist, the byte is added 
to the array. 

The next example illustrates the use of arrays as func- 
tion arguments. The code in the inner loop of the 
previous example is the heart of the next version of 
getline. Preprocessor variables are defined in getline 
because they are used there, although they could have 
been defined with the others at the beginning of the code 
for main. 

/*- getline2.c To package getline as a function -*/ 

#define ALLD0NE 
#define LIMIT 1024 

main( ) 

{ 

char string[LIMIT]; 



} 



while (getlinefstring, LIMIT) != ALLD0NE) 
printf("%s", string); 



getline(line, toobig) /*— To read a line into an array — */ 
#define NL '\n' 



290 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



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292 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 




#define EOS ' \0' 
#define EOF -1 

char line[ ]; 
int toobig; 



I* G*/ 



{ 



int byte, i; 

for (toobig — , i=0; 
i < toobig && 

(byte = getchar()) != EOF && 
(byte != NL); 
++i){ 
line[ i ] = byte; 



/* H */ 



it (byte == NL) line[ i++ 
line[ i ] = EOS; 
return( i ); 



byte; 



/* I */ 



The parameters of getline are defined in line G and the 
subsequent line. Note that these declarations are made 
before the brace that contains the body of the function. 
The declaration for line as a character array lacks a 
number in the brackets because the true array will be 
handed to getline, and its length will have been deter- 
mined in main. 

Parameters in C are passed not as addresses of loca- 
tions in the calling routine, as in many languages, but 
as their values. Consequently, values given to getline may 
be changed by code in getline without affecting their 
counterparts in main. If we pass simple arguments, such 
as the constant 1024 or a variable such as byte, a copy of 
the value is given to the function. If we pass an array, 
however, the address of the array is passed to the func- 
tion rather than the contents of the array. 

One consequence of this approach is that we can write 
getline as we did, but if we wrote a similar function- 
say, getbyte(byte)— we would hand the function the current 
value of byte as a parameter and, upon return, the value 
would be unchanged. To programmers this means that 
functions return only one value, and that is through the 
return statement. All values passed as parameters become 
copied into areas local to the function. If you pass an 
array as a parameter, you will actually be passing a 
pointer to the array (that is, its address). We'll return to 
this in the section introducing pointers in C. 

Now let's look at what the user would see as the pro- 
gram code is being compiled. 

$ cc -v -o getline getline2.c 
getline 2.c; 

Preprocessing 

Compiling 

Assembling 
Loading 
$ 



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Circle 196 on inquiry card. 



BYTE September 1983 293 



The first line asks that cc (the C Compiler) be run, with 
the option -v indicating that each stage of the compila- 
tion process is to be reported as it is entered. The -o op- 
tion tells cc that the executable version of the program 
is to be stored in a file named getline. When the process- 
ing is complete, the shell returns with its prompt: $. 
To execute the program you need only type its name 
and press the Return key. Then give it some data: 

$ getline 

This is some normal data. 

This is some normal data. 

$ 

Here a line of data was typed, followed by a Return and 
then the end-of-file signal Control-D. Two lines appear 
because the first line is the Unix shell's transcript of what 
you typed and the second line is getline's output. 

In the example that follows, a line is typed, but instead 
of pressing Return, Control-D is typed at the end of the 
line: 



of what you typed runs on the first >, getline's output 
continues on the same line until the second >, and the 
shell's prompt appears at the end of the line. On a video 
terminal, the cursor would be waiting at the end of the 
line for you to type another command line. 

The Switch and System Statements 

The last control structure we'll discuss is switch, which 
allows a multi-way decision via an elegant construct. We 
introduce switch with the system statement, which enables 
you to issue commands to the host operating system 
from your C program. Our example issues Unix com- 
mands, but that's because the system on which the pro- 
gram runs is Unix. Properly implemented, the system 
function simply hands the host operating system a 
pointer to a character string containing a command, then 
returns control to the user's program. The example that 
follows is a simple but suggestive help program for C 
programmers. 

/*- switch.c Demonstrate switch command and system call -*/ 



$ getline 

Here I type Control-D > Here I type Control-D >$ 

Everything seems run together, but that is because we 
typed Control-D instead of Return. The shell's transcript 



#define BLANK 


■ ■ 


#define EOF 


-1 


#define NL 


'\n 


#define TAB 


T 



main() 



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294 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 306 on inquiry card. 



incubation Complete 




A Third Generation is Born 






(Pictured above) 



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SDSystems 



greet( ) 



int byte = 0; 

greet( ); 

if ((byte = getresp( )) 



EOF) system ("exit"); 



} 



printf("\n"); 

switch (byte) { 

case ' c ': system ("man cc"); break; 

case ' b '; system ("man cb"); break; 

case ' I ': system ("man lint"); break; 

case ' m ':system ("man make"); break; 

default: system ("echo Uh — please rerun the program"); 

break 

} 



getresp ( ) /*-- Get nonwhite character from input ---*/ 

{ 

int byte; 

for (;;) { 

if ((byte = getchar()) == EOF) break; 
else if ((byte != BLANK) && 

(byte != TAB) && 

(byte I = NL)) break; 

} 

return (byte); 



printf("\n"); 

printff'Online help for C programmers: \n \n"); 

printf("Type For help about \n"); 

printf(" \n"); 

printf(" b the C beautifier program \n"); 
printfj" c the C compiler \n"); 
printfj" I the lint program to help portability \n"); 
printf(" m the make program to maintain code \n"); 
printfj" \n Your request? "); 



The function greet is just what its name implies and 
need not be discussed in further detail here. The pack- 
aging of getresp into a function may seem unnecessary, 
but it was done primarily to make a point about the 
human engineering of software. Some users of interac- 
tive programs type a space or even press Return before 
entering a response, just as someone about to give a talk 
in front of a group may blow into the microphone before 
speaking. Good human engineering of software allows 
for such responses. While we're on the subject of human 
engineering of software, note, too, the space after the 
question mark inviting a request. The space not only 
makes the message more readable but makes it more in- 
viting to answer than if the space were not there. 

Upon return from getresp the value of byte is tested and, 




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296 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



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Copyright © 1983. Tektronix. Inc All rights reserved. #TTA-407 




Thank 
pd it's Friday! 



TM 



Business at Bundt- 
weiller Brass Beds is booming! 
And now that Friday! 's here 
to help out, I've got everything 
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Friday!'s the revolu- 
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It came in Tuesday, and 
it took me almost no time at 
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lunch, but Friday! and I got it done in no time at 
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reports. It works with dBASE II® and 1-2-3 1 and 
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lists and labels is just fantastic. 

298 BYTE September 1983 




All for just $295 (suggested retail price). 
It's worth it for the mailing lists alone. 

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©Ashton-Tate 1983. 

Friday! runs under CP/M3-80, CP/M-86, PC-DOS'" and MS-DOS? 

Friday! is a trademark and dBASE II is a registered trademark of Ashton-Tate 

1-TM Lotus Corp. 2-TM Micropro. 3-Registered TM Digital Research. 

4-TM IBM Corp. 5-TM Microsoft. 



Circle 39 on inquiry card. 



if it is an end-of-file character, the function system ex- 
ecutes the Unix command, given as a character string, 
"exit". The exit system call to Unix is the usual way of ter- 
minating a process. The other system calls are to print 
pages from the Unix Programmer's Manual or to use echo 
to print a message to the user. Though printf could have 
been used instead of a system call to echo, the point was 
to illustrate system. Of particular note is that the shell 
scans the command it is given for metacharacters, ex- 
cept character-delete and line-kill, just as if the command 
had been keyed at your terminal. 

The switch statement evaluates the expression in 
parentheses— which must evaluate to an int— and trans- 
fers control to the case matching the value, resuming ex- 
ecution with the statement following the case keyword. 
For example, if byte contains a c, it will match the first 
case, and the system call will be to print the manual pages 
for cc, the C compiler. The break statement afterwards 
keeps execution from continuing with the next system call 
to print the pages for cb, the C beautifier program. 

You might think of switch as switching you to a match- 
ing case, where execution resumes. The case values mark 
places in the code, like labels, to which control is trans- 
ferred. By pairing a break with each case, you isolate each 
case's treatment. The default keyword in a switch catches 
all other instances beyond the ones matched earlier. If 
default is not in the switch, unmatched cases cause no ac- 
tion, as if the switch were not there. As Kernighan and 
Ritchie note in their discussion of switch, it is best always 
to put a break after the last case, so that if a new case is 
added later execution will not accidentally "fall through" 
to the newly added case. 

Pointers 

To some people, an aura of mystery surrounds 
pointers, as though there were some trick to them. 
Pointers are variables that have addresses as their values, 
just as an integer variable has integers as its legal values 
or a character variable has characters as its legal values. 
The following example is a version of hello.c that has been 
rewritten to introduce pointers. 

/*-- point.c To introduce pointer variables — */ 



the message to be printed. 

Line C gives us some insight into how printf works as 
a function. The control string we give to printf is stored 
away by the C compiler, and its address is given as the 
first argument to printf. As a result, printf sees just what 
any function in C sees— a list of values; here, the list con- 
tains a pointer to character string. We can take this point 
one step further: 

/*— point2.c More on pointer variables — */ 

#define NL ' \n' 



main 



char 'message; 

message = "Hello, world!%c"; 
printf(message, NL); 



/* D */ 
/* E */ 



In this example, we use the control string pointed to 
by message to print the newline character. The %c is re- 
placed by ' \n', just as if the character string had ap- 
peared in the call to printf. So you've already seen 
pointers in C several times so far without knowing it! 

Pointers are common in C programs that manipulate 
strings or arrays. Here is an adaptation of the function 
that copies a string, from Kernighan and Ritchie's book. 

/*-- strcopy.c Pointers used to copy a string -*/ 
tfdefine BIG 1024 
main( ) 



} 



char 'original, copy[BIG]; 

original = "This will repeat once. \n"; 
strcopy(copy, original); 
printf(original); 
printf(copy); 



/*A7 



main( ) 

{ 

char 'message; 



} 



message = "Hello, world! \n" 
printf(message); 



I* A*/ 

/* B */ 
/* C */ 



strcopy(tostr, fromstr) 

char *tostr, 'fromstr; 

{ 

while ( *tostr++ = *fromstr++ 



/* use: fromstr is copied to tostr */ 



The declaration in line A places an asterisk before 
message, indicating that message is a pointer to a character 
variable. In line B, what looks to be the assignment of 
a character string to message is the assignment of the ad- 
dress of the literal "Hello, world! \n" to message. There are 
no operations on entire arrays or strings in C. In line C 
the only argument is message, indicating the address of 



Line A draws attention to the close relationship be- 
tween arrays and pointers. Here original is a pointer to 
a character string and copy is a declared array. Yet in the 
call to strcopy the names appear side by side, and in the 
definition of strcopy both are declared as pointers to char- 
acters. Array references in C translate to pointers to the 
array plus the appropriate offset. 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 299 



The work in strcopy is done in the condition for the 
while— yet another instance of the terse code often found 
in C programs. We will read it from the inside outward. 
The character pointed to by fromstr (think of the asterisk 
as representing the phrase "pointed to by") is copied to 
a location pointed to by tostr. After this copy is done, the 
two pointers, tostr and fromstr, are incremented. The value 
assigned also becomes the value of the expression in 
parentheses. When the end-of-string marker is copied 
to tostr, its value, 0, becomes the value of the expression 
for the while. In C this means "false," and the while loop 
ends. The semicolon marking the body of the while is 
lined up under the w to tell a human reader that the 
body of the while is empty. 

You might want to alter this program to see what hap- 
pens when both copy and original are declared as pointers. 
The run-time errors are amusing enough to encourage 
several tries. If copy is declared as a pointer rather than 
as an array, the value it contains is undefined; where 
it will store the characters assigned in the function is 
anyone's guess. You might run this version through lint, 
which checks the style of programs, to see what it thinks 
of the code. 

Next, let's look at how a function can return a pointer 
to a character string. The function in the next example 
is a model for functions that, given an integer, might 
return the corresponding month or part-name or job 
title— the uses are many, and the present example is 
perhaps one of the simplest. As indicated in line A, the 



function's type must be declared in main if it returns non- 
integer values. 

/*--- weekday.c Introduce static variables and ? : construct -*/ 

main() 



char *weekday(); 

printff'l was born on a %s\n", weekday(4)); 



/* A */ 



char *weekday(number) /*--- return pointer to name of weekday --*/ 

int number; 

{ 

static char *day[] = { /* B */ 

"Oopsday", 
"Monday", 
"Tuesday", 
"Wednesday", 
"Thursday", 
"Friday", 
"Saturday", 
"Sunday", 

}; 

return( (number < 1 || number > 7) ? day[0] : day[number]); 



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The function weekday returns a pointer to character 
data, and it must be declared as such. Until now, our 
functions that returned anything returned integers, the 
default in C. The strategy behind weekday is that the in- 
teger will be the index into an array of pointers pointing 
to character strings containing the names of weekdays. 
That is, the value of day[4] is the address of the character 
string Thursday. 

The declaration of day as an array of pointers to 
character data has several aspects worth noting. First is 
the word static, which refers to the storage class for the 
array of pointers. Normally in C, local variables in func- 
tions are allocated each time the function is called and 
deallocated when the function is exited. These are 
automatic variables. If you want the variables in a func- 
tion to remain allocated after the function is exited, you 
must specify that the variables be static. 

We certainly want the names of the weekdays and their 
pointers to stay around. If they disappeared after the 
return from the first call, subsequent calls would not 
have them or would have to reinitialize the array. C cir- 
cumvents this by prohibiting aggregate initialization of 
automatic variables. If you omit the static declaration, the 
C compiler will complain, and compilation will not be 
successful. 

The number of elements in the array is not specified 
within the brackets. Because the array is initialized in 
its declaration, the compiler will count the number of 
elements and allocate that much space. Again, you 
should note that pointers to the names are the values be- 
ing stored in the array day rather than the names 
themselves. 

The return statement contains a rarity in programming 
languages, a ternary (three-item) operation. Parts one 
and two are separated by a question mark, and parts two 
and three by a colon. The expression in parentheses is 
evaluated, and if its value is true, part two is executed. 
If the expression is not true, part three is executed. This 
is similar to an if-else construct, but it is working at the 
level of an expression rather than as a full-fledged con- 
trol structure. The condition tests whether number is out- 
side the range of a valid weekday number (between 1 
and 7), and, if so, returns a pointer to the string Oops- 
day. Otherwise it returns a pointer to the name of the 
weekday. The ? : construct is both powerful and com- 
pact. You might rewrite weekday without it to see how 
much less readable the code becomes. 



Structures 

Structures did not enter the language until 1973, but 
they cap the major developments of C. A structure is 
like a record in Pascal or levels in COBOL Data Division 
entries. These next examples show a transcript of part 
of a Unix session using Mark Horton's script utility to 
record what appeared on the video display. Here a pro- 
gram using structures is listed using the cat command 
(think of cat as being short for "copy all text"), then com- 
piled, and finally run to produce the output of three 



/*A7 



m 



names and telephone numbers. 
/* struct.c Show an array of structures — */ 

main() 

{ 

static struct list { 
char *name; 
char * number; 
} phones[3] = { 

"Jim Joyce" , "415-621-6415", 
"Time" , "415-767-2676", 
"Story" , "415-626-6516" 

}; 

int i; 

for (i=0; i<3; i++) 

printf("%12s%12s\n", 

phones[ i ].name, phones[ i ]. number); 
} 



The program listing starts with the by-now-familiar 
comment line having as its first word the name of the 
file— the absolute minimum that good documentation 
practice requires. Line A begins the structure's defini- 
tion. The keyword struct announces that a structure is be- 
ing defined. It is a static variable, and the structure will 
be initialized at compile time. We recently saw a variable 
declared static; now we can state a generality about in- 
itializing arrays and structures: automatic structures and 
arrays cannot be initialized. If you try to compile this 
example without the keyword static, the C compiler will 
complain: 

"struct.c", line 9: no automatic aggregate initialization 

The name list at first looks like a variable but is really 
a structure tag. Using a structure tag, you can declare 
other variables as being a structure having the form 
described in the structure tagged list, without having to 
enumerate the members. The structure has two 
members, both pointers to characters: name and number. 
Line B names the structure as phones, and we note that 
phones is an array. What we have created is an array of 
structures. Others might simply call phones a table. 

The assignment operator here, as in the previous ex- 
ample, indicates that the variable phones is to be initial- 
ized. The three lines following are pairs of strings; the 
C compiler will store them somewhere safe and then put 
their addresses in the structure members, the first cor- 
responding to name and the second to number. The 
elements are separated by commas, with each "line" of 
the structure on its own line; this format helps read- 
ability. 

In the printf statement we see how to access the 
members of the structure. The name of the structure is 
given first, then a period to separate the two tokens, and 
then the member name. This example is admittedly con- 
trived to show a simple example of a structure and how 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 301 



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to access members. We could have written the printf as 

printf("%12s, %12s \n", phonesp]); 

with the same result. 

Quite apart from the topic of structures is the control 
string for the printf. The %12s specifies that the output 
string is to be 12 characters long. Surprisingly, the strings 
are justified at the right margin in the field, as we see 
in the resulting output: 



$ cc -o struct struct.c 

$ struct 

Jim Joyce 415-621-6415 
Time 415-767-2676 
Story 415-626-6516 



This format conversion is simply part of printf. To have 
the string output justified at the left margin, we would 
write °/o— 12s. Page 147 of Kernighan and Ritchie's book 
details the options. 

Going Further in C 

By now you have seen quite a bit of the programming 
language C, but not all of it by any means. As you may 
have noticed, the examples have gradually increased in 
complexity and sophistication. By now you should have 
enough experience with the language to write useful pro- 
grams and to learn more of the language from Kernighan 
and Ritchie. Among the topics you will want to read 
more about are preprocessor facilities, structures, and 
the Unix system interface. You might consider adopting 
the approach that has guided the examples you have 
seen here; that is, write programs for yourself that focus 
on the language feature you are learning. Then, once 
your example is working, modify it to introduce 
deliberate errors so you will recognize them later. 

Another valuable tool for learning C is Alan Feuer's 
The C Puzzle Book: Puzzles for the C Programming Language 
(Prentice-Hall, 1982). When you get a copy, be sure to 
add the missing right brace at the end of the program 
on page 53. Then key in each example and run it, tak- 
ing care to include spaces, tabs, and blank lines where 
Feuer puts them. 

The puzzles in Feuer's book are working programs that 
illustrate the major aspects of the language: operators, 
basic types, included files, control flow, programming 
style, storage classes, pointers and arrays, structures, and 
the preprocessor. The second half of the book offers a 
step-by-step discussion of just what the programs do, 
with helpful diagrams for the puzzles about pointers. 
Do let me know about other simple examples of C con- 
structs that should be shared, and there may be a follow- 
up article in the future. ■ 



James Joyce is president of International Technical Seminars Inc. (520 Waller 
St., San Francisco, CA 94117) and founder of the Unix Bookstore. 



302 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



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User's Column 



Eagles, Text Editors, New 
Compilers, and Much More 

Important items of information from our ingenious insider 

by Jerry Pournelle 



I surrender. Next week I'm going 
out to buy an IBM Personal Com- 
puter, rotten keyboard and all. (Of 
course I'll use Jim Baen's Magic Key- 
board on it; I haven't gone complete- 
ly mad.) 

Obviously there's a reason: soft- 
ware compatibility. Over in one cor- 
ner there's four cubic feet of 
unevaluated software, much of which 
won't run on anything but an IBM 
PC. 

Although a lot of machines claim 
to be 100 percent IBM PC compatible, 
I've yet to have one arrive at Chaos 
Manor. Now true: some of the ma- 
chines we have, such as the Eagle 
1600 with hard disk and the Eagle 
PC, have some awfully strong points 
compared to the genuine IBM. In 
fact, compared a feature at a time, I 
think I'd prefer the Eagle, which is 
faster and has a much nicer key- 
board. A lot of our PC-type software 
runs quite well with the Eagle. 

There's the Compupro 10-MHz 
8086; Tony Pietsch has just dreamed 
up a new method whereby we can 
boot PC-DOS (the disk operating sys- 
tem for the IBM PC) off 5V4-inch 
disks even though the primary disk 
system for the Compupro machines 
is 8-inch. A fair amount of PC soft- 
ware will run with that machine, as 



well as, naturally, our Compupro 
8085/8088 dual processor. 

We also have the Zenith Z-100, 
which has a number of features in 
common with the PC. Some PC-type 
software runs fine with the Z-100. 

Alas, a lot of stuff doesn't run with 
Eagle, Z-100, Compupro, or anything 
else we have around here. Some of 
that software looks pretty nifty. Then 
too, my contract for the Inferno game 
based on Inferno (Larry Niven and 
Jerry Pournelle, Pocket Books) calls 
for it to run on an IBM PC. Finally, 
I keep getting letters from readers 
concerning the genuine IBM PC: 
"Try it, you'll like it." 

So I'm going to try it. While I'm at 
it, I'll try to buy the absolute mini- 
mum from IBM itself and get my 
disks and memory and such like 
from less expensive sources; that 
should give me something to write 
about and justify the expense. 



The Eagle 1600 

We've had the Eagle 1600 for about 
a month and it runs fine. Eagle justi- 
fiably brags about how easy it is to 
get this machine out of the box and 
up and running. It took us about 5 
minutes. 

The 1600 has a 20-megabyte hard 



disk that contains all the operating 
system and applications programs: 
the machine boots off that disk. 
When it comes up, you have a choice 
of Eaglewriter, which is Lexisoft's 
Spellbinder text editor; Eaglecalc, 
which is a general-purpose spread- 
sheet; backing up the hard disk; exit- 
ing to the PC-DOS operating system; 
or shutting down the system. 

Incidentally, that last choice retracts 
the hard-disk head and protects the 
system. The Eagle documents insist 
that you use that method whenever 
you turn off the system, and they 
warn you that if you shut down 
without going through the regular 
shutdown command sequence, you 
can damage things. The documents 
don't say what will happen if you 
have a power failure and can't use 
Eagle's orderly procedure. In my case 
what happened was nothing; the 
system worked fine after two 
blackouts. 

Spellbinder is a more than ade- 
quate text editor with all the usual 
text-editing commands. I have 
friends who work for the U.S. Con- 
gress; they've been using Lexisoft's 
Spellbinder editor for a couple of 
years and are well pleased with it. A 
lot of special-function keys are on the 
Eagle's keyboard, and this version of 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 307 



Spellbinder has been tailored to use 
them, making Eagle with Eaglewriter 
at least as easy to use as most 
dedicated word processors. I still pre- 
fer Zeke II and WRITE, but I'm pret- 
ty set in my ways. 

I can recommend the Eagle 
1600— with reservations. 

On the positive side, the Eagle's 
keyboard is much nicer than the IBM 
PC keyboard. It has a better feel, and 
the key layout is standard Selectric. 
It's also capable of doing everything 
the PC keyboard can do. Alas, Logi- 
tech's IBM PC Mouse won't work 
with the Eagle; I understand that 
both Eagle and Logitech are working 
on that problem. 

Also very much to the Eagle's 
credit, it's fast, much faster than the 
IBM PC, and that makes up for a lot. 
Sorts and spreadsheet recalculations 
take about half as much time. If 
you're looking for a PC-like machine 
that runs much (but alas not, by a 
long shot, all) of the IBM PC soft- 
ware, check out the Eagles. They're 
well made, quiet, and likable ma- 
chines, and they sure are fast. 

There are a couple of drawbacks. 



First, the Eagle 1600 is big, I mean 
really massive; the machine itself, 
without keyboard, measures 19 by 19 
by 6 inches. The detached keyboard 
is also large, 19 by 9 inches, so that 
the Eagle plus keyboard barely sits on 
a desk 28 inches deep, and even then 
things are jammed together. You'll 
want to think about where to put the 
Eagle before you buy one; ideally, 
you'd want one of those workstation 
tables that has a separate (and lower) 
shelf for the keyboard. Given that, 
the Eagle's size won't matter. 

Second, the screen's scrolling is not 
very pretty. When you scroll text, it 
sort of ripples up and down on the 
screen. Once it has scrolled, it's rock 
steady, and the character set is attrac- 
tive enough. It all depends on what 
you're used to: some won't find this 
a problem at all. I do, but recall that 
my primary machine uses memory- 
mapped video for superfast scrolling 
and text movement. 

Now to my reservations. 

First: there's a fatal error in the 
Eaglewriter I have. The hard disk is 
disk A:, and a single floppy disk is 
designated C: . Disk B: does not exist. 



However, you can, from within 
Eaglewriter, try to access all kinds of 
nonexistent disks. With most, such as 
E: or M:, nothing happens. However, 
if you try to access B: for reading or 
writing, the machine hangs, and you 
must reset to get back in control. Any 
text you had in the text editor is lost. 
Text editors that lose text are not 
acceptable. 

Second, PC-DOS 1.0 and 1.1 have 
no provision for user numbers or any 
other kind of structured directory; 
neither does the Eagle 1600. This 
means that the hard disk soon fills 
with programs, directories take a 
long time to list out, and finding any- 
thing becomes impossible. 

Third, a lot of programs will run 
with the Eagle. You can boot Lotus 
1-2-3, for example: you hold down 
the F key while the 1600 is booting 
up, and it will boot from a floppy disk 
rather than from the hard disk. 

Once you have Lotus 1-2-3 run- 
ning, the program complains that the 
Numlock key is depressed and 
urges you to fix that condition. There 
is no Numlock key. However, Con- 
trol- Shift-N will have the same effect 



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308 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



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The Printer Store, 1983 



as the Numlock key on the IBM PC. 

Alas, those latter two features (how 
to boot from a floppy and how to 
numlock) are not documented; in- 
deed, while the documents for Eagle- 
writer and Eaglecalc are really very 
nice, the system documentation for 
the machine itself is plain lousy. 

Finally, I can't get Concurrent 
CP/M-86 to run on the Eagle 1600. 
That can be serious: see below. 

I've told the Eagle people all this, 
and they claim that by the time you 
read this all will be fixed, with the 
possible exception of running Con- 
current CP/M-86, and they'll work on 
that. 

Certainly the fatal text-losing error 
will be fixed now that they're aware 
of it. 

PC-DOS 2.0 has a structured direc- 
tory system, and one assumes that by 
the time you read this the Eagle 1600 
will have DOS 2.0 or later, making it 
a lot easier to find files. 

Finally, it can't be that hard to write 
adequate documents for the ma- 
chine, and they swear they're work- 



ing on them. 

Before you buy an Eagle 1600, 
check the above points. Otherwise, I 
can recommend this machine. 



Recommended Editors 

Ian Morton of St. Paul writes, "As 
respects CP/M, consider ED. No, 
don't consider it— wipe it out. Bury it 
in the Love Canal. 

"Surely ED is the most prepos- 
terous piece of software ever written." 

He's very nearly right. ED is the 
text editor you get free with CP/M. 
It's overpriced. No one could do any 
serious writing, whether creative text 
writing or programming, with ED. 

Mr. Morton asks what editors I 
recommend. 

I have a lot of text editors and have 
used most of them. The following are 
my personal preferences. 

For text creation, we continue to 
use WRITE, which is for 8080, 8085, 
and Z80 machines only. Its strong 
points are that it is transparent to the 
point of invisibility and it's very flex- 



ible. I can write a lot of words in a big 
hurry with WRITE. 

For programming, I continue to use 
Wordmaster, but that's in large part 
due to sloth; it's not really the best 
programming editor available. 

Two very good programming 
editors are Superwriter, by Sorcim, 
and Vedit, by Compuview. Vedit is by 
all odds the most flexible program- 
ming editor I've ever seen. It is also 
one of the most complex. The version 
I've got isn't easy to install, and the 
instructions for learning to use it 
aren't at all clear. Ted Green of Com- 
puview swears he's fixing all those 
problems as a result of my grouches. 
A lot of good programmers swear by 
Vedit; one of its best features is multi- 
ple buffers; that is, you can store 
chunks of programs in various places 
and pull them out into your main file 
when needed. 

Vedit also has excellent macro capa- 
bilities; that is, you can go through 
a long program and make compli- 
cated changes with conditions: such 
things as "If a GOTO statement is 



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310 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



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312 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



followed by 456 then change it to 
GOSUB, and at the end of the line 
add the following REMARK." 

Superwriter, though not as flexible, 
is much better documented and a lot 
easier to get running. It too has many 
positive features and a number of 
passionate supporters. 

I intend a full review of both Vedit 
and Superwriter as soon as I have 
stable installations: both are some- 
what dependent on what terminal 
you use, and around here that has 
changed several times in the past few 
weeks. By the time you read this, we 
will almost undoubtedly have con- 
verted to either Superwriter or Vedit 
as our programming editor. 

Either Vedit or Superwriter would 
be adequate for text creation, al- 
though I'd hate to have to write this 
article with either. 

Wordstar remains adequate. Used 
with a machine that's been tailored 
to it— as an example, the special-func- 
tion keys for the Otrona have been 
geared to Wordstar— the editor goes 
well beyond adequate. Used with a 
silicon disk, or something like Micro- 
cache, Wordstar really wails. If I 
didn't prefer WRITE, I'd be tempted 
by Wordstar because there's so much 
auxiliary software, such as Footnote, 
and Index, and the like. As it is, I 
sometimes translate WRITE files in- 
to Wordstar so that we can use the 
auxiliary programs. 

Magic Wand, which has become 
Peachwriter now that it's owned by 
Peachtree, and Palantir, which was 
written by the author of Magic Wand, 
are also more than adequate. Both 
have very good documentation, in- 
cluding tutorials. They have extensive 
"auto typer" features, so that you can 
use them to send "personalized" 
computer-generated letters to a large 
mailing list. Each also has "features" 
I find annoying. 

As mentioned above, Spellbinder is 
much above the average, and a lot of 
professionals swear by it. You want 
to get a version configured for the ter- 
minal you like, because a good part 
of Spellbinder's convenience comes 
from special-function keys; given 
that, it's quite a good editor, and very 
possibly what I'd adopt if I didn't 
have WRITE. 



Mark of the Unicorn's MINCE and 
Final Word editors are quite nice if 
you're used to MIT's EMACS; if 
you're not, you might not like them. 
The commands tend to be compli- 
cated, and I don't care for the 
"philosophy"; that is, Control-f 
means "forward a space" while 
Escape-f means "forward a word." 
This is a mnemonic for some, but a 
pain for me. MINCE has a million 
commands; Control-meta-CokeBottle 
probably means something. Every- 
thing else does. 

Lobo Users Group 

Carl Rankin of Chelsea, Michigan, 
informs me there's a Lobo users 
group, Maximul, for those interested 
in the Lobo Max-80 computer. Barry 
Workman tends to rely on Ralph, his 
Lobo Max-80, for a great deal of pro- 
duction work, and he's never had a 
glitch. As I write this, there's not 
much software included with the 
Lobo; otherwise, it would be a strong 
contender for the best deal in 
microcomputerland. As it is, it's a lot 
of machine for the money, 

A users group ought to make the 
Lobo even more valuable. An issue 
of Maximul's newsletter informs me 
that for $30 Lobo owners can upgrade 
their machines to run CP/M Plus. 
Maximul (POB 19525, Orlando, FL 
32814) sells disks of utilities con- 
sidered especially valuable for the 
Lobo. 

CP/M Source Code 

The darndest thing I ever did see 
is a program called M/PC. Distrib- 
uted by C. C. Software, M/PC will 
disassemble your CP/M 2.2x, add 
comments, and give you a com- 
mented source file. You no longer 
need MOVCPM to change your 
system, because you can reassemble 
the source code after making any 
changes (such as system size) that 
you like. 

Naturally this is mostly useful to 
the hackers among my readership. 
For those who can use it, however, it's 
really neat. 

The version I got was sold as an 
.INT file for CBASIC, along with a 
whole raft of data files that contain 

Circle 374 on Inquiry card. > 



Odnt»7040 



BOBBB3SB 



t 



"I hate the Qarrtex 
7040 multimode printer; 



Since the Qantex 7040 offers absolute 
compatibility with the Diablo 630 daisy 
wheel printer, it's not surprising the old 
gentleman is burned up. After all, now 
Diablo can be replaced on almost any 
of todays computers. What's more, all 
word processing systems having soft- 
ware that supports Diablo can be used 
with the 7040, protecting your 
investment. 

What makes him boil, too, is the 
fact that the 7040 can do a lot Diablo 
can't. Not only is it a letter quality 
printer, but it performs like an angel for 
word processing, data processing and 
graphics. 



Qantex 7040 combines both roller 
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When used for word processing, it 
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With all its sophisticated capabili- 
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the comments. M/PC disassembles 
the CCP (console command pro- 
cessor) and the BDOS (basic disk 
operating system) of your CP/M. It 
doesn't attempt to disassemble the 
CBIOS (customized basic input/out- 
put system). However, if you have 
your BIOS source— and you 
should— you now have everything 
you need to really customize heck out 
of your system. 

Clark Calkins of C. C. Software 
says this is a goofy way to distribute 
a disassembly of CP/M, but he has no 
choice; else he'd be violating Digital 
Research's copyright. 

You must run the program; it took 
about an hour with a 2.5-MHz Z80 
and regular disks. With a 5-MHz 8085 
and M-Drive pseudo disks (memory 
that your computer thinks is a disk 
drive; it's wonderful) the disassembly 
is a lot faster. I found this sufficient- 
ly interesting that I was willing to 
help Mr. Calkins and compiled his 
program with CB-80; it now runs in 
about 11 minutes on his system. I 
presume it would go in half that time 



on mine. I presume he now supplies 
the compiled .COM file as well as the 
.INT file. 

M/PC sells for $35, and if you're at 
all interested in what's going on in 
your system, it's worth it. 

Hacking Up Your Kaypro 

If you like customizing your key- 
board, it turns out to be simple with 
the Kaypro II. Daniel Wiener of Simi 
Valley, California, writes: 



The Kaypro allows you to redefine the 
cursor (arrow) keys and the 14-key numeric 
pad by assigning any hexadecimal codes 
you want to them. . . . 

I took advantage of this by simply set- 
ting the eighth bit: the keypad was 
changed from 30 to BO; Enter was changed 
from 0D to 8D; etc. Normal operation is 
not affected, since the eighth bit is usual- 
ly ignored. But now the Enter key is poten- 
tially distinguishable from the Return key. 

Next I bought a neat little program called 
Smartkey ($60 from Heritage Software 
Inc.). It intercepts keyboard calls to the 
CP/M BIOS, and allows you to redefine 
any key as a string of commands and/or 
characters. 



He uses this to redefine various 
keys for use with text editors. I'm try- 
ing to see if we can do that to redefine 
escape sequences sent by terminals 
like the Telewidget; that would really 
be useful. So far we haven't been able 
to do it. Even so, Smartkey is a good 
value for those who like customizing 
their systems. 



Appli-card for Apple 

The PCPI 6-MHz Appli-card is a 
one-card solution to running CP/M 
on the Apple. Being very fast, you 
notice the speed improvement over 
the Microsoft Softcard. The Appli- 
card has a one-disk copier program, 
letting you copy any CP/M Apple 
disk. My boys installed it, and they 
use it a lot. 

The Appli-card converts the Apple 
to 70-column video, with uppercase 
and lowercase. (These work only 
when the Apple is under CP/M.) 
Running it is simple: put in the CP/M 
master disk, and it boots as CP/M; 
put in any other disk, and it boots as 



Graphics Plus 





GRAPHICS- PLUS is a field installable enhancement board tor 
the popular Zenith 1 Z19 video terminal adding many power- 
ful features found only on terminals costing much more. 
GRAPHICS-PLUS provides Tektronix 2 4010 compatible vector 
drawing graphics, VT100 3 compatible 80 and 132 column 
display formats, off-screen scrolling memory, program- 
mable function keys, "Plain English" menu-driven Set-up 
mode, and a host of other enhancements. Installation can be 
accomplished within 15 minutes using only a screwdriver. 



GRAPHICS-PLUS 

an enhancement 

For Z19 Terminals 

from 

Northwest Digital Systems 

• Tektronix 2 4010 Compatible Graphics 
512 Horiz by 250 Vert Resolution 

- 80/132 Col and 24/49 Line Text Displays 
Seven Page Off-Screen Text Memory 
Menu-driven "Plain English" Set-up Mode 
16 Programmable Keys- 128 Chars Each 
Optional Hardcopy Port 

• Simple Field Installation 1 ™ Zeni,h . 



1 TM Zenith 

2 TM Tektronix 

3 TM DEC 



GP- 19 Upgrade for Z19 Terminal S 849 

Z19TerminalWithGP-19lnstalled S 1495 

Northwest Digital Systems 
P.O. Box 15288, Seattle, WA 98115 (206) 362-6937 



314 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 326 on Inquiry card. 



Amazing! This was Printed on an Epson 

by The tyamay 3w*i™ System from &of tQIraf t 



Letter Quality 

Say good-bye to correspondence quality and 
hello to 3>anoy 3Ws high-resolution, pro- 
portionally spaced, letter quality. #a»cy &<*rd 
provides fonts in sizes from 8 to 40 points; 
styles include Roman, Bold, Italic, Script, 
Old English, and more (see samples below). 
All this on low-cost Epson MX and FX 
printers. 



Easy-to-Use 



3^ruAf 9^ni is a software package for 
CP/M and IBM PC compatible systems; no 
special hardware or installation is required. 
With ^emcy $&*t you use your favorite editor 
or word processing package to create a file 
to be printed. Include as few or as many 
formatting directives as you desire. Then use 
^omcy 3><vrU to print your file. 



Create Your Own Characters 

You can use over 30 font sets in the ■#*»«# 
%nt package and furthermore, can create 
any new characters or logos you like, up to 
1 inch by 1 inch. A database of over 1500 
characters is included in the package. 

Font Style and Size Samples 

(actual size) 
8 point Roman 10 point Roman 12 point Roman 

18 point Bold 18 pt. Sans Serif 
18 pt Italic 20 pi. tforitd 

20 point mb tEngltstj 



Numerous Applications 

Jowvcy J'oW customers are constantly dis- 
covering new applications. For example: 

Business and personal letters 

Custom forms, invoices, labels, signs 

Foreign Languages 

Mathematical Notation, Greek 

Super- and Sub-scripts 

View Graphs 

Custom Letterheads 

Resumes 

Articles for publication 

Entire newsletters, brochures 

Complete manuals, cover-to-cover 

Advertisements, including this one 

Invitations, place cards 



SoftCraft, Inc. 8726 S. Sepulveda Bl Suite 1641 LA, CA 90045 (213) 821-8476 



Gray: 



J*ammt i 



ay. §md now available for CP/M and IBM PC systems! 



InfoWDrld 

Software Report Card 

Fancy Font 



Performance 
DfMTunifintanon 

liimi' of Use 
lirror Handling 



g 5 3 a 

□ □ □ 
a a a 

□ d a a 
a a a & 



J tub auAxAiUb o-C 

tAi OAMlyTV IxMn/r-. 

InfoWorld 5/2/83 



See us at 



Copyright 1983 bj PopuUr Computin 
Inc , x eubsidury of CW commumc&t 
Inc Reprinted from InfoWorld 
NOT PRINTED BY FANCY FONT 




Hynes Auditorium 

Boston 
Thursday-Saturday 
*" / ! i- September 29-0ctober 1 . 1983 

I: A3 1 



SoftCraft 8726 S Sepulveda Suite 1641 LA, CA 90045 
(Epson or IBM printer with Graftrax required) 

Fancy Font System $18000 

Fancy Font Demo Diskette $ 10 00* ^___ 

California Residents add 6.58 sales tax ___^_ 
OutBide US add $10 ($2 demo) postage 
Mail check or money order to SoftCraft _____ 
Diskette Format: 
□ 8" CP/M □ QX10 D Osborne D KayPro 



D 5 1/4" IBM MSDOS 



D Apple CP/M 



$7.60 applicable towards purchase of Fancy Font 

MSDOS requires 128K memory 

fullj _tran8p_arent_8_bit_ p_ _ei_inje_ a___e_ ne d_ 



THIS ENTIRE AD WAS PRINTED ON AN EPSON MX80 PRINTER AT THE ACTUAL SIZE SHOWN 

Circle 405 on inquiry card. 



an Apple. Because the Appli-card 
has its own onboard memory, you 
can have up to a 64K-byte CP/M 
system. 

In fact, this is in essence a one-card 
computer that turns your regular Ap- 
ple into a kind of terminal. You can 
think of it as a computer that hap- 
pens to use parts of the Apple. 

Incidentally, when running under 
Appli-card, Reset forces a CP/M cold 
boot, giving you a way out of some 
programs. Under regular Apple 
DOS, Reset may not do anything at 
all, and sometimes the only escape 
is to turn the machine off . . . 

Epyx's New World 

Reviewed by Richard Pournelle, age 
12, a user. 

"New World is about the conquest 
and colonization of the New World. 
There are three countries: Spain, 
France, and England. You may play 
a one- , two- , or three-person game. 

"The main flaw is that Spain is the 
weakest country, but when you play 
a one-player game you always get 
Spain. The computer gets France and 



starts with 16 colonists, while Spain 
has only 2. 

"The game is rather slow. 
Sometimes if you hit Return when 
you are not supposed to, it stops the 
game and you cannot restart it. Also, 
at one time, for no reason at all, it 
took away my chance to go on an 
expedition. 

"The graphics are very nice, also 
the way the letters are written is very 
nice. I don't like it much when you 
have to play against the computer, 
but if you play a three-person game 
it is fun. It is sort of a family-type 
game. On a rating of 1 to 10 I would 
give it a 5." 

Book Learning 

When I first got involved with 
microcomputers, there weren't a lot 
of choices about programming lan- 
guages; you used BASIC, which was 
cumbersome and slow, or you used 
assembly language, which was fast 
but hard to learn. 

Assembly language is one (fairly 
large) step up from what the com- 
puter itself knows. That is: in BASIC 





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if you want to add two variables, you 
say something like 

LET A = A + B 

while in assembly language you must 
find the address of A, move the 
number into the accumulator, find 
the address of B, add what's at that 
address into the accumulator, then 
take the result and store it where you 
found A. Of course that's what the 
BASIC statement did, but higher- 
level languages spare you the gory 
details. 

It's now possible for computer 
users to get along without ever learn- 
ing assembly language, which is just 
as well, because assembly-language 
programs are by definition not trans- 
portable. (In the example above we 
assume there is an accumulator, 
which isn't true of all systems; even 
where the instructions are similar, an 
assembly program written for one 
kind of machine is highly unlikely to 
run on another.) 

However: if you're after fast and ef- 
ficient programs that don't waste 
memory, there's nothing like assem- 
bly language. Fortunately, some fair- 
ly good books on the different assem- 
bly languages are available. I'm not 
competent to judge the merits of 
most of them. However, I have done 
some 8080 and Z80 assembly-lan- 
guage programming, and for those I 
found the best reference works to be 
the Osborne/McGraw-Hill books by 
Lance Leventhal. 

Leventhal's books have an intro- 
ductory section explaining what as- 
sembly languages are and why 
they're important. Even so, they 
wouldn't be my first choice as 
elementary texts— but I would be 
sure to get the proper Leventhal book 
at the same time I bought the 
elementary textbook, because his ex- 
amples are clear and his books are 
very complete. 

Leventhal has written a whole 
series of these works covering just 
about every microcomputer chip. As 
it happens, I've known Lance Leven- 
thal since I served as his unofficial 
high school adviser in Seattle in the 
early 60s. I therefore have some con- 
fidence that all his books will be as 
good as the ones I can read. 



316 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 426 on Inquiry card: 



Now your computer can say anything and say it well. 
Introducing the Votrax Personal Speech System. 



Quite articulate. 



Friendly to humans. 



The unlimited vocabulary Votrax 
Personal Speech System is the most 
sophisticated, low cost voice synthe- 
sizer available today. Its highly 
articulate text-to-speech translator lets 
your computer properly pronounce 
conversational words at least 95% 



44 



of the time. 

For all those 
unusual words and 
proper names, you 
can define an excep- 
tion word table and 
store your own translations. 
And remember, the entirely 
self-contained Votrax PS System 
gets your computer talking 
without using any valuable 
computer memory. 

Built-in versatility. 



Much more than just a voice output 
device, the Votrax PS System lets 
you mix either speech and sound ef- 
fects or speech and music. A pro- 
grammable master clock and 255 
programmable frequencies give you 
unmatched control of speech and 
sound effects. 

The Votrax PS System offers user 
expandable ROM for custom appli- 
cations, user downloadable software 
capability and sound effects 
subroutines for easy user program- 
ming. Its programmable speech rate 
provides more natural rhythm, while 
16 programmable amplitude levels 
give you greater control of word 
emphasis. 

Actual size: 12.2" x 4.5" x 2.6" 



Designed to look like a printer to 
your computer, the Votrax PS System 
is extremely easy to use. It can be used 
in tandem with your printer without an 
additional interface card. Both serial 
and parallel ports come standard, 
allowing you to connect the Votrax PS 
System to virtually any computer. 
Speech, music and sound effects are 

only a PRINT statement away. 




What to say after "Hello". 

Businesses will appreciate spoken 
data transmission, narration of graphic 
displays and unmanned, oral product 
demonstrations. Spoken verification of 
data input will make computers much 
easier for the blind to use. School chil- 
dren can receive comprehensive 





The Votrax Personal Speech System 

is covered by a limited warranty. 

Write Votrax for a free copy. 

500 Stephenson Highway, Troy, MI 48084 



computer instruction with voice text- 
books as well as spoken drills and 
testing. And then, late at night, you can 
make those adventure games explode. 

A quick list. 

Q Highly articulate Votrax text-to- 
speech translator. 

D 255 programmable frequencies for 
speech/ sound effects. 

D 16 amplitude levels. 

□ Simultaneous speech and sound effects 
or speech and music. 

3 8 octave, 3 note music synthesis. 

□ Serial and parallel interface standard. 
□ User programmable master clock. 

□ User defined exception 
word table. 

□ User programmable speech 
rate, amplitude and inflection. 
□ User expandable ROM 

for custom applications. 

□ User downloadable 
software capability. 

□ 3,500 character 
input buffer: sub- 
divisible for a printer 
buffer. 

□ Internal speaker and external 
speaker jack. 

□ Real time clock and 
8 user defined alarms. 

□ Oral power up and error prompting. 

□ X-on/X-off and RTS-CTS handshaking. 

□ Programmable Baud settings (75-9600). 

□ Interrupt driven Z-80 microprocessor. 

□ Parallel/Serial interconnect modes. 

□ Proper number string translation: the 
number "154" is pronounced "one 
hundred fifty four". 

To order, see your local computer 
retailer or call toll-free 

1-800-521-1350 

Michigan residents, please call 
(313)588-0341. MasterCard, VISA or 
personal check accepted. The price is 
$395 plus $4 for delivery. Educational 
discount available. Add sales tax in 
Michigan and California. 

© VOTRAX 1 982 



w 



p f«sov, ; 



"' sp £fc» 



: ,::: , . f 



Circle 476 on inquiry card. 




» 



* 








He has also produced a book of Z80 
assembly-language subroutines. 
These can be copied out of the book 
and used as part of larger programs. 
They all look useful. For some 
strange reason, the subroutines given 
in the book aren't listed until page 
163. The listing there is complete 
enough, once you find it. 

There's a good section on program- 
ming practices and another on com- 
mon errors. Both would be better for 
an analytical table of contents. The 
other books in the series have ex- 
cellent analytical contents tables; I 
can't think why this one doesn't. 

Don't let that stop you from getting 
the book, though; if you're writing in 
Z80 assembler, it's just about 
guaranteed to save time and frustra- 
tion. 

Floods of Programs 

We get a lot of programs. For some 
reason, a lot of them come packaged 
in a rather odd way. 

Typically, in these cases, the 
documents are printed on cheap 
paper offset from a Spinwriter. We 
read the documents two or three 
times, and sometimes we figure out 
what the program does. Sometimes, 
though, we're just out of luck. We're 
fairly sure it does something, but we 
can't quite puzzle out what. 

The documents are generally writ- 
ten by a programmer. Typically they 
say, "Here's this program. I use it a 
Jot, so it's easy to use. I like it, and 
you will too. It's set up to run on a 
TzQ-820 terminal running off the Z-79 
chip; it might not run on your 
system, but just use DDT to patch it 
in the usual way, and I'm sure you'll 
love it." 

Needless to say, every office has 
suitable receptacles for stuff like 
that . . . 

More Licensing Agreements 

Ralph McElroy of ZXY Controls 
sends his candidate for the Most Ab- 
surd Licensing Agreement of 1983. It 
looks to be a leading contender. 

It's from Avocet Systems Inc., ap- 
parently for an 8048 cross-assembler. 
Under this agreement, you promise 
to destroy all the software within five 
days if Avocet cancels your license. 



Avocet explicitly warrants absolute- 
ly nothing if you use its program with 
any non-Avocet software (such as 
CP/M). If the disk is no good and you 
respond quickly enough, Avocet 
might replace it, although it doesn't 
have to. 

The agreement also incorporates a 
"Statute of Limitations" as follows: 
"7.6 Statute of Limitations. No suit 
shall be brought on an alleged breach 
of this Avocet Warranty more than 
Twelve (12) months following 
delivery of the SOFTWARE to 
LICENSEE." 

Apparently, no one has told its 
lawyer that a statute is an act of a 
legislature, not a term in a contract. 
Ah, well. 

It also says that if you open the 
package and don't sign, you'll be 
deemed to have signed the warranty 
anyway. If you do sign, you're to 
send the company the make, model, 
and serial number of your computer; 
naturally you've agreed to use its 
product on one and only one ma- 
chine. The agreement doesn't say 
you can take the output of the cross- 
assembler and use it on another 
machine; one presumes Avocet will 
allow this because otherwise the 
product is useless. 

There's enough of this sort of thing 
that I'm contemplating an award each 
year in the April issue of BYTE for 

Most Absurd Licensing Agreement 
Silliest Documentation 
Most Obscure Document 

Readers are encouraged to send me 
candidates. The award is guaranteed 
to be valueless and in bad taste. It 
should be much coveted. 

Happy Endings 

Some time ago I got a copy of a let- 
ter to Bill Godbout from an informa- 
tion systems company in Quebec. It 
was written in much better English 
than my French. 

The problem was that the company 
had bought a Compupro system and 
it wouldn't boot. The Canadian com- 
pany it had bought the system 
through was either unwilling or 
unable to help. Godbout's people 
tried, but over the phone they 



couldn't figure out what was wrong 
(I don't know if Chris or Peggy 
speaks French; if not, they must 
have really had a time of it) . . . 

The company sent another letter to 
Godbout. "Because we found it so 
difficult to proceed only by phone 
and mail, we decided to find some- 
body who wanted to receive us. We 
contacted Micro-Computer Technol- 
ogy Corp. in Florida and they 
accepted." 

The consultants soon discovered 
that the ROM (read-only memory) 
chip sent with the Disk 1 controller 
was for software version E, while the 
CP/M system received was version F. 

The letter continues, "As our 
system was now working, we bought 
an M-20 hard disk from Pragmatic 
Design with a Disk 2 controller and 
an extra RAM16 board. ... it is im- 
portant to have centers that are 
responsible and friendly like Micro- 
Computer Technology. 

"We are now running our system 
with CP/M-86 and Pascal MT + 86 for 
nearly one month and we are very 
happy. The system is the fastest 
microcomputer we ever saw. I want 
to let you know how happy we are 
to arrive at the end of problems with 
our system." 

When ordering equipment across 
international boundaries it's espe- 
cially important to work with systems 
integration people who know what 
they're doing. Many of the problem 
stories I hear— and all of those con- 
cerning Compupro equipment- 
involve international transactions. If 
you intend to mix equipment, be 
especially careful you're dealing with 
people who know what they're 
doing. 

Not long ago I read in Infoworld the 
sad story of a lawyer who decided 
what equipment she wanted (it 
wasn't what I'd have recommended) 
and proceeded to purchase it by 
ordering parts from three different 
places, each of which had a special 
price. She saved a few hundred 
dollars that way, but the result was 
horrible. 

What did she expect? As someone 
later commented about her case, if 
you decided you wanted a Harvester 
engine, Fisher body, Bendix brake 



318 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



system, Saginaw steering, and 
shopped by mail for all these by price 
alone— would you expect to have a 
working car when you got done? 

S-100 bus systems have nearly 
become standardized; but it's just not 
true that randomly selected S-100 
systems are certain to work together, 
unless they're really and truly 
IEEE-696 standard (and not just "696 
compatible"). Even then you want to 
know what you're doing. 

Know what you're doing, or deal 
with those who do, and you can 
assure yourself of a happy ending, at 
ultimately lower costs. 

Zenith Z-100/IBM PC Compatible 

This is going to get a little technical. 
Sorry, it's important. 

Victor Wright of Louisville, Ken- 
tucky, has a Zenith Z-100 and has 
done considerable research on which 
IBM PC programs will run on it. 

In CP/M and Zenith ZDOS, the 
BIOS is a program on the so-called 
system tracks of your master disk. It 
is read into the machine when you 
first turn it on (or reset). The 8088 
chip allows a total of 256 different in- 
terrupts. ZDOS uses interrupt 21 to 
make BIOS calls: such things as 
"Read a character from the key- 
board," or "Close file," or "Rename 
file," or "Print a character to the con- 
sole," etc. This is all explained in 
some detail in the BIOS source code, 
which is furnished with ZDOS. 

Alas, IBM built the CBIOS for the 
IBM PC into ROMs. That has its good 
points, but it also causes some prob- 
lems because you can't make 
changes. 

Here's where the incompatibilities 
come in: although PC-DOS uses in- 
terrupt 21 just as ZDOS does, it also 
uses a number of other interrupts 
that call the BIOS directly— and those 
are not implemented in the Z-100. 
The result is that programs for the 
IBM PC that use interrupts below 20 
hexadecimal will blow the Z-100 sky- 
high. 

The upshot, according to Mr. 
Wright, is that if you're con- 
templating PC software for the Z-100, 
test it before you buy it or else be cer- 
tain that it doesn't use interrupts 
below 20 hexadecimal. I'm not en- 




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PROLOK. PROLOK Software Protection Systems. PROLOK 
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c 1983 Vault Corporation. 



Circle 501 on Inquiry card. 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 319 











I '■ ■ I ',,/■■ I , 
in i . . . My 




The Chaplin character licensee! by Bubbles, Inc., S.A. 



Congratulations. We published your program. 




The envelope, please. 
There's an acceptance letter inside. And a 
check that could have your name on it. (If we 
select your program, that is.) 
But remember. 
We pick our winners carefully. 

Because the software we publish for 
the IBM Personal Computer has to be 
good enough to complement 
IBM Personal Computer hardware. 
(See the box at right.) 

Like our hardware, this software 
should be simple to use. Friendly. 
Fast. And written to help satisfy the 
needs of the individual. 

Our Personal Editor is a perfect 
example. A versatile text file editor, 
it not only helps the user save time, 
but lets him easily self-tailor a task 
with definable function keys. And 
it sets a standard of excellence. 

Of course, every person will use the 
IBM Personal Computer differently. 
That's why we plan on publishing 
many different programs. 

Entertainment programs. 
And educational programs. And 
business programs. And 
personal productivity 




programs. And graphics. And games. 

And more. 

We'll also consider software written by 
programmers fur programmers. For example, 
the BASIC Program Development System, 
Professional Editor and Diskette Librarian 



T" 



IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER SPECIFICATIONS 

Display Screens 



User Memory 
64K-640K bytes 
Microprocessor 
kvbii.KiWH 
Auxiliary Memory 
2 optional internal 

diskette drives, 5) . 

l60KB/180KBor 

320KB/36OKB 

per diskette 
Keyboard 
83 keys. 6 6. cord 



10 (unction keys 
ID-key numericp 
Diagnostics 
Power-on sell tea 
Parity checking 



Color or monochrome 
High-resolution 
so characters x 2-s lines 
Upper and lowercase 

Operating Systems 
DOS. UCSD p-System, 

CP/M-86+ 
Languages 
BASIC; Pascal. FORTRAN. 

MACRO Assembler, 

COBOL 
Printer 
All-points-addressable 

graphics capability 
Bidirectional 
80 characters/second 
IH character styles 
9x 9 character matrix 



Permanent Memory 
[ROM) 40K bytes 

Color/Graphics 

,'r.vt M< ></f 

16 colon. 

256 diameters and 

symbols in ROM 
Gnipbiasi mode. 
•i-color resolution: 

320h \ 200v 
Black & white resolutioi 

640h \ 2"Ki\ 
Minuli.uu'i us graphics i 

lexi capability 

Communications 



RS-232-C 



■rl.ii 



SIXCAsvnehrouous, 

Bisynchronous proto 
Up to'9600 hits per sect 



_J 




arc high-quality, full-riinction tools that 
were submitted by authors like you and 
subsequently published by us. 

Now you might have the chance to win. 

Who knows? \bu could open the mailbox 
and find one of the envelopes shown here. 

For information on how to submit your 
program, if" completed and running, write: 
IBM Personal Computer External Submissions, 
Dept. 765 PC, Armonk, 
New York 10504. ==,= =- 



The IBM Personal Computer 
A tool for modern times 



Circle 507 on inquiry card. 



For more information on where co boy the IBM Personal Computer, tall 800-447-4700. In Alaska or Hawaii, 800-447-0890. 



Items Reviewed 








Appli-card 


$295 


Smartkey 


$60 


Persona] Computer Products Inc. 




Heritage Software Inc. 




16776 Bernardo Center Dr. 




2130 South Vermont Ave. 




San Diego, CA 92128 




Los Angeles, CA 90007 




(619) 485-8411 




(213) 737-7252 




CB-86 


$600 


Superwriter 


$295 


Digital Research 




Sorcim 




POB 579 




2310 Lundy Ave. 




Pacific Grove, CA 93950 




San Jose, CA 95131 




(408) 649-3896 




(408) 942-1727 




Compilable Business BASIC 


$600 


Vedit 


$150 


Microsoft Corporation 




Compuview Products Inc. 




10700 Northup Way 




Suite 200 




Bellevue, WA 98004 




1955 Pauline Blvd. 




(206) 828-8080 




Ann Arbor, MI 48103 
(313) 996-1299 




Critical Connection 


$175 






USS Enterprises 




WRITE 


$395 


6708 Landerwood Lane 




Workman and Associates 




San Jose, CA 95120 




112 Marion St. 




(408) 997-0264 




Pasadena, CA 91106 
(213) 796-4401 




Eagle 


1620 $4495 






Eagle Computers 


1630 $6995 


Zenith Z-100 Computer 


$2899 


983 University Ave. 


1640 $8995 


Zenith Data Systems 




Los Gatos, CA 95030 




1000 Milwaukee Ave. 




(408) 395-5005 




Glenview, IL 60025 
(312) 391-8865 




M/PC 


$35 






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tirely certain how you can make sure 
it doesn't use those, short of asking 
the program's author; few dealers 
would know. 

We've found that some PC pro- 
grams run on the Z-100 and some 
don't. Lotus 1-2-3 doesn't, although 
by the time you read this there may 
be a Z-100 version of it. IBM PC Pascal 
runs fine. CBASIC and CB-86 for the 
PC work. 

A sufficiently clever programmer 
could probably rewrite the ZDOS 
BIOS to make the machine entirely 
compatible. I've heard rumors of a 
ROM for the Z-100 that would do the 
same job, but I don't yet know where 
to get one. Incidentally Mr. Wright 
concludes, "I certainly won't trade 
my Z-100 for any other computer." 

While we're on the subject of the 
Z-100, one of my major complaints 
about it is that the big color monitor 
is both too big and has no controls 



whatever. At NCC I saw a new color 
monitor working with the Z-100. It's 
smaller, sharper in image, and has 
full controls. Anyone contemplating 
a Z-100 ought to insist on seeing the 
new screen. 

There's also a persistent rumor that 
next year Zenith will bring out a ver- 
sion of the Z-100 with a detachable 
keyboard. I sure hope so; the Z-100 
keyboard is much nicer than the IBM 
PC keyboard, but it's attached to that 
really big machine; it would be a lot 
easier to use if the keyboard were 
detachable. 

One Way to Tame a Telewidget 

I've made no secret of my diffi- 
culties with the Back Tab key on my 
Televideo 950; because it is placed 
outboard of the Shift key and just 
below Control, it's very easy to hit by 
mistake. 

Several readers took pity on me 



and sent little plastic gizmos called 
"keylocks." They look like little plastic 
horseshoes. It's not at all obvious 
how they go on— one must have faith 
that they will go on before you can 
put them on— but they sure do the 
job. It's now impossible to depress 
the Back Tab key on both our Tele- 
widgets. This greatly improves my 
temperament. 

Incidentally, we're probably going 
to abandon the Televideo for the 
Zenith Z-29 terminal. I'd probably 
have done that already except that 
NCC and other stuff interfered with 
getting my favorite text editor in- 
stalled on it properly. We like the Z-29 
a lot, and anyone contemplating pur- 
chase of a terminal really ought to 
look at one. 

Creeb File 

I like the new manual sizes used by 
IBM and Digital Research, really I 



322 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



SuperSof t BASIC Compiler 



M 



for CP/M-86, MS DOS, and PC DOS 



Compatible with Microsoft BASIC 

The SuperSoft BASIC compiler, available under 
CP/M-86 and MS DOS, is compatible with 
Microsoft* BASIC and follows the ANSII standard. 
If you want to compile BASIC programs under 
CP/M-86, PC DOS, and MS DOS, SuperSoft's 
BASIC compiler is the answer. 

Greater accuracy with BCD math routines 

If you have used other languages without BCD 
math, you know how disconcerting decimal round 
off errors can be. For example: 



With IBM PC* 


With SuperSoft 


BASIC 


BASIC with 




BCD math 


10 A=.99 


10 A=.99 


20 PRINT A 


20 PRINT A 


30 END 


30 END 


Output: .9899999 


Output: .99 



As you can see, SuperSoft BASIC with BCD 
provides greater assurance in applications where 
accuracy is critical. 

SuperSoft's BASIC is a true native code compiler, 
not an intermediate code interpreter. It is a 
superset of standard BASIC, supporting numerous 
extensions to the language. Important features 
include: 

• Four variable types: Integer, String, and Single 
and Double Precision Floating Point (13 digit) 

• Full PRINT USING for formatted output 

• Long variable names 

• Error trapping 

• Matrices with up to 32 dimensions 

• Boolean operators OR, AND, NOT, XOR, 
EQV, IMP 

• Supports random and sequential disk files with a 
complete set of file manipulation statements 

• IEEE floating point available soon as an option 

In addition, SuperSoft BASIC has no run time 
license fee. SuperSoft's line of fine language 
compilers includes FORTRAN, BASIC, C, and 
Ada. 




SuperSoft BASIC lets me run compiled BASIC 
programs under either CP/M-86 or MS DOS. 



*SuperSoft BASIC is compatible with Microsoft 
BASIC interpreter and IBM PC BASIC. Due to 
version differences and inherent differences in 
compilers and interpreters some minor variations 
may be found. Machine dependent commands 
may not be supported. The vast majority of pro- 
grams will run with no changes. 

Japanese Distributor: ASR Corporation 
International, 3-23-8, Nishi-Shimbashi, 
Minato-Ku, Tokyo 105, Japan. TEL. (03J-4375371. 
Telex: 0242-2723. 

European Agent: SuperSoft International Ltd., 
51 The Pantiles, Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England 
TN2 5TE. TEL. 0892-45433. Telex: 95441 Micro-G. 



SuperS ft 



® 



FIRST IN SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY PO Boxl628 Champaign. IL61320 (217)359-2112 Telex270365 



Requires: 
BASIC compiler: 



128K memory 
$300.00 



SUPERSOFT LANGUAGES: THE STANDARD OF EXCELLENCE. 

Circle 420 on inquiry card. 



Microsoft is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation. 

IBM PC is a trademark of International Business Machines Corporation. 

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research. 

BYTE September 1983 323 



do— but why couldn't they have 
given us some blank paper properly 
punched? I have discovered that sta- 
tionery stores have several not-quite 
8V2 by 11 sizes of notebook paper, and 
only one is the proper size for adding 
to the new manuals. Alas, whichever 
one I buy is not the right one. 

Meanwhile, I have got some review 
software that is bundled in a note- 
book that is yet another size, neither 
full 8V2 by 11 nor the smaller size 
favored by DR, nor even 9Vi by 6 
which I brought home by 
mistake . . . 

Please, fellows? 



Language War 

The war between Digital Research 
and Microsoft is heating up, now that 
Digital Research is heavily into lan- 
guages and Microsoft is marketing 
the MS-DOS operating system. It's 
hard to say who's winning, although 
it is clear that Digital Research made 
some terrible mistakes in the market- 
ing of its CP/M-86. 

The IBM PC can run the Microsoft 
MS-DOS (called PC-DOS) or Digital 
Research's CP/M-86. Neither actually 
comes with the machine, but nearly 
everyone buys PC-DOS. You could 
buy CP/M-86 at extra cost, but that 



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cost was high; consequently, fewer 
than 5 percent of PCs were sold with 
CP/M-86, and Digital Research found 
itself squeezed out of the fastest- 
growing microcomputer market. 

Like The Empire, DR has struck 
back: first, it's dropped the price of 
CP/M-86 for the PC to something less 
unreasonable. Second, it put out 
CB-86, its CBASIC Compiler, to run 
with MS-DOS. Third, it developed 
Concurrent CP/M-86, which is the 
most exciting new operating system 
I've yet seen. Note: I've recently 
learned that all DR languages will 
now run with PC-DOS. 

Concurrent CP/M-86 is a way of 
making your IBM PC get instant 
schizophrenia: you can make it run 
up to four jobs at once. As an exam- 
ple, you can write a text file and start 
it printing; then, leaving that run, 
you can bring back the editor and 
edit another file. Unlike "spooler" 
programs, this method works 
without distracting you. 

You can compile a long program 
while simultaneously editing 
another; look up data in one file 
while editing something else entire- 
ly; and in general be up to four 
separate users without having 
separate terminals or equipment. I 
expect Concurrent CP/M-86 to 
become very popular with PC users. 

That was Digital Research's move. 
Microsoft, meanwhile, has chal- 
lenged DR's popular CB-86 CBASIC 
Compiler: it's brought out Microsoft 
Business BASIC. 

Business BASIC is a recognizable 
outgrowth of regular Microsoft 
BASIC, but it has a number of 
features obviously derived from 
CBASIC. It even comes with a pro- 
gram suggestively named CTOMB 
that will convert CBASIC source files 
into MS Business BASIC. 

Business BASIC is both interpretive 
and compilable. Like CBASIC, it re- 
quires no line numbers; referenced 
lines must be identified, but that can 
be by a label rather than a number. 
However, that's for the compiled pro- 
gram only; if you want to run the 
program interpretively, you still must 
use numerical line numbers for every 
line. 

A number of features formerly in 



324 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 449 on inquiry card. 



SuperSof t FORTRAN 

For CP/M-86, MS DOS, IBM PC DOS; and CP/M-80® 



SuperSoft FORTRAN is the answer to the 
growing need for a high quality FORTRAN 
compiler running under CP/M-86 and IBM PC 
DOS. It has major advantages over other 
FORTRAN compilers for the 8086. For example, 
consider the benchmark program used to test 
the IBM FORTRAN in InfoWorld , p. 44, Oct. 25, 
1982. (While the differential listed will not be the 
same for all benchmark programs, we feel it is a 
good indication of the quality of our compiler.) 
Results are as follows: 



IBM FORTRAN: 
SuperSoft FORTRAN: 



38.0 Seconds 
2.8 Seconds 



In its first release SuperSoft FORTRAN 
offers the following outstanding features: 

1. Full ANSI 66 standard FORTRAN with 
important extensions 

2. Standard data types, double precision, 
varying string length, complex numbers 

3. Free format input and free format string 
output 

4. Compact object code and run time support 

5. Special functions include string functions, 
dynamic allocation, time/date, and video 
access 

6. Debug support: subscript checking, good 
runtime messages 

7. Full IEEE floating point 

8. Full 8087 support-available as option 
($50.00). 



Program developers: 



SuperSoft's family of FORTRAN compilers 
means you can write your programs once and 
they will run under CP/M-80, CP/M-86, and 
MS DOS. This lets you get your applications 
running fast no matter what the environment. 




At last, a FORTRAN compiler that works great on 
my 8086, 8087, and 8088 and Z-80 based systems!' 



SuperSoft FORTRAN: available 
NOW and working great! 

Requires: 128K with CP/M-86 or MS DOS, 

32K with CP/M-80 
Price: $425 (in each environment) 



In conjunction with SuperSoft, SuperSoft FORTRAN 
was developed by Small Systems Services, Urbana, IL, a 
leader in FORTRAN development. 

CP/M-80 and CP/M-86 are registered trademarks of 
Digital Research, IBM PC is a registered trademark of 
International Business Machines Corp. 

Japanese Distributor: ASR Corporation International, 
3-23-8, Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 105, Japan, 
Tel. (03 (-4375371. Telex: 0242-2723. 

European Agent: SuperSoft International Ltd., 51 The 
Pantiles, Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England TN2 5TE. 
Tel. 0892-45433. Telex: 95441. Micro-G. 

SuperS ft 

FIRST IN SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY PO Box 1628 Champaign. IL61820 (217)359-2112 Telex 270365 



The current compiler allows 64K code space 
and 64K data space with expansion anticipated 
in future releases. 

Circle 422 on inquiry card. 



BYTE September 1983 325 



CBASIC have been added to the 
Compilable version of Business 
BASIC. The language has been made 
modular, meaning that you can com- 
pile chunks of it and link them 
together at a later time; this is a great 
boon for developing large programs. 
Business BASIC allows multiple-line 
functions. Another new feature is ex- 
ternal subroutines called "sub- 
programs"; they're similar to Pascal 
procedures. Both functions and sub- 
programs can be called by name; you 
don't have to "GOSUB." 

Enough differences exist between 
MS Compilable Business BASIC and 
DR Compiled CBASIC to make im- 
possible any simple comparison. MS 
Business BASIC allows compact 
random-access files that take up con- 
siderably less disk space than 
CBASIC's; but you pay for that by 
having to learn the dreaded FIELD 
statement, and LSET, and other 
horrors. CBASIC's documentation is 
much better than Microsoft's for 
Business BASIC; Digital Research has 
made enormous improvements in its 
documentation. 

Neither language has a noticeable 
speed advantage. The Microsoft sys- 
tem has some advantages: you can 
test out various tricks in the inter- 
pretive mode, thus finding out quick- 
ly whether or not something will 
work. On the other hand, to do that 
you have to use line numbers, and 



some of the tests you want to perform 
won't work in the interpretive mode, 
which can be confusing. Both com- 
pilers allow separate compilation and 
modular program construction. 

I have a mild preference for Com- 
piled CBASIC's method of libraries 
from program modules, and CBASIC 
does have one very large advantage. 
The new Compilable Business BASIC 
lets you chain programs together and 
create overlay programs. If you're 
writing programs for sale, however, 
you must pay Microsoft a royalty for 
using its run-time library. There is a 
"free" library module for Compilable 
Business BASIC, but it does not sup- 
port chaining programs and putting 
variables in common. Thus, if you're 
thinking of creating large programs 
for sale, you should look into Micro- 
soft's royalty pricing before making a 
decision. 

Both compilers are priced far too 
high. We can hope that continued 
competition will remedy this situa- 
tion: in fact, next month I hope to 
report on a BASIC compiler that will 
sell for less than $100. 

The Atari Connection 

Vincent Cate continues to improve 
his Critical Connection. This gadget 
makes an Atari think a CP/M com- 
puter system is a set of disks. The 
only requirement is that your CP/M 
system have an RS-232C serial port 



operating at 19,200 bps. Given that, 
you needn't buy disks for an Atari; 
by using the Critical Connection, you 
can make the Atari believe you have 
four disks. The really nice part is that 
you can use 8-inch as well as 5% -inch 
disks. 

Cate's new software package has 
automatic installation for a number of 
CP/M systems, including Kaypro, 
North Star, Sanyo, CCS, Heath/ 
Zenith, and Morrow. He also ex- 
plains how to use DDT to install it for 
other systems; you'd need to know 
something of what you're doing to do 
that. Cate's documentation is im- 
proved, but it's not what I'd call good. 
Still, you can puzzle it out, and if you 
don't want to invest a lot in an Atari 
system but still want to use disks 
with it, Cate's Critical Connection is 
the way to go.B 



Jerry Pournelle welcomes readers' com- 
ments and opinions. Send a self-addressed 
stamped envelope to jerry Pournelle, do 
BYTE Publications, POB 372, Hancock, 
NH 03449. Please put your address on the 
letter as well as on the envelope. Due to 
the high volume of letters, Jerry cannot 
guarantee a personal reply. 



jerry Pournelle is a former aerospace engineer and 
current science-fiction writer who loves to play luith 
computers. 




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326 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 221 on Inquiry card. 



fc*< 



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Your computer can q, your first 

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BYTE September 1983 327 



There's a certain kind of person 
who buys a Morrow business computer. 



The kind of person who doesn't follow the erowd. In business. Or away 
from it. You've succeeded by making your own decisions. 

And when it comes to a decision on computers, you know that you don't 
have to pay a lot of money to get a lot of computer. Morrow knows that too. 
That's why we make a complete line of systems, including software, from $1590 to 
$2490. Plus letter-quality printers starting at $595. All, with performance so 
reliable you'll probably never need the nationwide service we offer from Xerox. 

But maybe you don't know about our latest introduction. The new MD3 
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the MD3 is your computer. For $2490, complete. .^r — ~ k 

Morrow has never built computers to 
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It's simple. Those who know buy Morrow. 

The computer for 
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Morrow, 600 McCormick Street. San Leandro, CA 1 >M77 
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Circle 309 on inquiry card. 




This Programming professional deserves a 
lot more from his personal computer. 



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demands of programming experts. 

But as the owner of a personal com- 
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Serformance. Less sophistication. And less 
exihility. 



...ing a 

any different? 



Why should programm 
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Prior to the announcement of micro/ 
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You couldn't take it seriously. 

But today, there's micro/SPF™ a solution 
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With micro/SPF™ you get the same 
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Programming experts can take 
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Now, for the first time, mainframe soft- 
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SPF screens are fully reproduced in logical 
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330 BYTE September 1983 



Circle 357 on inquiry card. 



The IBM PC and the 
Intel 8087 Coprocessor 

Part 2: Interfacing to IBM Pascal 

Using the 8087, you can speed up most Pascal programs 

by at least a factor of three 

by Tim Field 



Last month we looked at the Intel 
8087 Numeric Data Processor (NDP) 
and saw how to provide software 
support (M8087.MAC) for the assem- 
bly-language programmer using the 
IBM Macro Assembler. This month 
we build on the support provided by 
M8087 to develop a higher level of 
support for the Pascal programmer 
using the IBM Pascal Compiler. 

This software support package con- 
sists of two basic components: PAS87 
(listing 1) and P87_INT (listing 2). 
PAS87 is an assembly-language file 
that, through the extensive use of the 
macro-processing capability of the 
IBM Macro Assembler, builds a set of 
assembly-language subroutines that 
are Pascal-callable as standard pro- 
cedures and functions and provide 
complete access to the full 8087 NDP 
instruction set. 

P87_INT is a file of Pascal pro- 
cedure declarations that define all 
routines found in PAS87 in such a 
manner that the Pascal compiler can 
readily access those routines. The 



P87 INT file is to be included in any 

Pascal program that uses a PAS87 
operation. 

PAS87 Overview 

The best method of providing 
Pascal support for the 8087 would be 
to make that support invisible to the 
programmer. In this approach, if the 

The PAS87 software 

support lets you 

execute 129 individual 

8087 instructions. 

program executed a "y : = x + z" in- 
struction, the concern whether this 
was executed using software routines 
or the 8087 would be immaterial to 
the user— the compiler would auto- 
matically emit the code for the 8087 
use. Under this scheme, any stan- 
dard Pascal program would show 
some level of performance improve- 
ment by a simple recompilation of 



the program using a revised com- 
piler. The problem with this ap- 
proach is that it requires rewriting 
portions of the compiler. This non- 
trivial task is beyond the scope of this 
article. 

The PAS87 software support pre- 
sented here does not provide this "in- 
visible" support. Rather, it lets you 
execute 129 individual 8087 instruc- 
tions, each of which is callable as an 
external Pascal procedure. Because 
individual 8087 instructions are fair- 
ly powerful, you can get a lot of work 
done with only a few 8087 calls— the 
biggest drawback is that the user 
must be conscious of the inner work- 
ings and current state of the 8087. As 
a bonus, direct use of the 8087 lets the 
Pascal programmer "cheat" the Pascal 
type-checking mechanism by manip- 
ulating data types that the IBM Pascal 
Compiler does not allow. 

The Pascal Frame 

When a Pascal procedure or func- 
tion is compiled, the code produced 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 331 



is a typical machine-language sub- 
routine. A standard mechanism (de- 
fined in the IBM Pascal User's Manual) 
specifies how parameters are passed 
to the procedure or function and 
how, in the case of a function, a result 
is returned to the caller. Any time the 
compiler finds an invocation of a pro- 
cedure or function, it emits the 
machine-language code that causes 
the parameters to be set up proper- 
ly, calls the subroutine for the pro- 
cedure or function, and handles the 
result returned by a function. 

The IBM Pascal Compiler provides 
the means by which we can write our 
own procedures or functions in as- 
sembly language. As long as we meet 
the parameter-passing requirements 
established by the compiler, our 
routine can find and use the param- 
eters passed to it by Pascal; if neces- 
sary, it can also return results to 
Pascal. 

A knowledge of frames is needed 
to modify but not to use the PAS87 
file in Pascal programs. If you want 
to know more about frames, look at 
the "Internal Calling Conventions" 
section of the IBM Pascal User's 
Manual. 



PAS87-8087 Support for the 
Pascal Programmer 

The most important initial question 
in deciding how to support the Pascal 
compiler to access the 8087 is "How 
do we want to trade off performance 
versus code size?" The constant bat- 
tle in software development is decid- 
ing whether to sacrifice some perfor- 
mance to gain in the compactness of 
the resulting code or to instead 
sacrifice the code length for maxi- 
mum speed of execution. The final 
verdict almost always lies at some 
happy medium within the bound- 
aries of the two extremes. 

For PAS87 the two extremes were 
these: first, we could develop a single 
assembly-language subroutine that 
would receive as parameters the 8087 
operation to be performed and any 
parameters needed for that opera- 
tion; second, we could develop a 
separate subroutine for each and 
every 8087 operation. In the former 
case, we would have no repetition of 



Listing 1: The PAS87 assembly-language file, when compiled and linked to a Pascal program 
object file, lets the program use the 8087 Numeric Data Processor through procedure calls. 
To save space, the functions CHK87, EXAM87, GETST, and STATUS have been omitted. Their 
full definitions, starting with the word PUBLIC and ending with the word ENDP, should 
be copied into this file from listing 3 of last month's article. 

PAGE 64,132 

TITLE LISTING 1 - PAS87 Pascal support for 8087 

m(tHHH»()IHlH«IHHti(HmH»HHHHHmitfHlHHtlHmH 



PASQ7 - This is an asserbly language file that produces the 
full library of routines callable froi IBM Pascal to 
itpletent every 8867 NDP operation. This file, once 
it is asseibled, can be linked with any Pascal prograi 
which contains the conand C MNCLUDE P87JNT }. 

(mtltKMIHH.IKimtiHiHHtHIHtlH(tltttHliHflltm»muH 



MEMOP - Macro to eiiit code for «e»ory based operands in 8087 operations. 
The address to the operand is expected to be a pass-by-reference 
paraneter from Pascal. 



MEMOP MfiCRO PI, 


P2 


PUSH 


BP 


MC'J 


BP.SP 


(10V 


6P,IBP*41 


pi p; 


[BP] 


POP 


BP 


RET 


n 



EN DM 



PASSTACK - Macro that emits code to use pass-by-value paraieter 
as register (value t to 7) value for 8887 register operation 
(Uses self-nodifving code to work). 



PASSTACK MACRO 


Ri.R2.R3 


LOCAL 


FLAG 


PUSH 


BP 


MOV 


BP.SP 


MOV 


BX, OFFSET FLAG+ 


MOV 


ftL.CS: EBX] 


AND 


AL,t!F8h 


OR 


AL.CBP+6] 


MOV 


CSlIBXJ.AL 


JMP 


FLAG 


FLAB: 




Rl R2 


R3 


POP 


BP 


RET 


T 



ENDM 

PAGE ; lave to next page on listing 

PAS87 - Nacro to produce code for all of the 8087 operations. Each 
call to PAS87 sets up a separate subroutine which is callable 
froi Pascal. 



PAS87 MACRO P1,P2,P3 
IFB <P2> i IF P2 BLANK, MEANS NO PARAMETERS FOR PROC CALL 
PUBLIC FJP1 
F 4P1 PROC FAR 
PI 
RET 

F &PI ENDP 
ELSE 
IFIDN <P2>,<SH0RT> 
PUBLIC FSHORT.dPl 
FSHORTJPl PROC FAR 
MEMOP PI P2 
FSHORT dPl ENDP 



Listing I continued on page 334 



332 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 




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various sections of code, but the code 
would be complex and would require 
numerous tests to determine the 
operation being requested. In the lat- 
ter case, we would be able to maxi- 
mize the performance of each inter- 
face to the 8087, but the large number 
of definitions would add to the 
length of the PAS87 file. 

After realizing that the main reason 
for using an 8087 chip is to decrease 
program execution time, I found that 

I could follow the latter objective 
without prohibitively adding to the 
size of the program that uses PAS87. 
The PAS87 package we are about to 
look at in detail increases the size of 
a compiled Pascal program by some 
5000 bytes, which will increase the 
size of the "average" Pascal program 
by about 12 percent. At the same 
time, execution speed of a Pascal pro- 
gram making heavy use of the 8087 
via PAS87 can be cut by 67 percent or 
more. This is, in my opinion, an ac- 
ceptable trade-off. 

Dividing the Tasks 

At first glance, it appears that we 
will have to individually write every 
one of the 129 routines to be included 
in PAS87. This would be a repetitive 
and error-prone job, definitely not a 
task to look forward to. For example, 

II different 8087 operations use a 
short-real memory operand. Each re- 
quires identical manipulation of the 
operand and will differ only on the 
actual 8087 instruction escape (ESC) 
sequence. 

Because PAS87 is written entirely in 
assembly language, the power pro- 
vided by the IBM Macro Assembler 
as discussed last month indicates that 
repetitive functions can be handled 
easily and automatically through the 
use of macro definitions. This ap- 
proach works beautifully and great- 
ly simplifies the building of PAS87. 

Upon examination, the 8087 opera- 
tions fall into two basic categories: 
those that don't require parameters 
and those that do. For example, the 
classical stack operation FADD 
doesn't require parameters. It always 
operates on two values already in the 
8087 system stack. On the other 
hand, the 8087 operation FADD 

334 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Listing 1 continued: 



ELSE 
IFIDN <P2>,<L0N6> 
PUBLIC FL0N6_IP1 
FLONG.lrPl PROC FAR 
(OOP PI P2 
FL0N6 i?l ENDP 
ELSE 
IFIDN <P2>,(TE«P> 
PUBLIC FTENP.IP1 
FTENP_IP1 PROC FAR 
HENOP PI P2 
FTENP IP1 ENDP 
ELSE 
IFIDN <P2>,<«DRD> 
PUBLIC FHORDJPl 
FNORD.iPl PROC FAR 
HEHOP PI P2 
FKORD.IPI ENDP 
ELSE 
IFIDN <P2>,<ST> 
PUBLIC FSTJP1 
FST_itPl PROC FAR 
PASSTACK PI P2 P3 
FSTJP1 ENDP 
ELSE 
IFIDN <M>, (SPECIAL) 
PUBLIC FSPEC_4P1 
FSPEC_4P1 PROC FAR 
HEHOP PI 
FSPEC_iPl ENDP 
ELSE 
PUBLIC FSTI.4P1 
FSTIJP1 PROC FAR 
PASSTACK PI P2 P3 
FSTI_4Pi ENDP 
ENDIF 
END IF 
ENDIF 
ENDIF 
ENDIF 
ENDIF 
ENDIF 
ENDM 



! Nod, lets pull in the 8887 sottDare support lacros 

ENDIF 

ASSUME CSICODE, DSiCODE 

CODE SEGMENT 

.SALL 

DEFINE PASCAL-8087 INTERFACE ROUTINES 



PAS87 
PASS7 
PAS87 
PAS87 
PAS87 
PAS87 
PAS87 
PAS87 
PAS87 
PAS87 
PAS97 
PAS87 
PAS87 
PAS67 
PAS87 
PAS87 
PAS87 



FABS 

FADD 

FADD 

FADD 

FADD 

FADD 

FADDP 

FADDP 

FBLD 

FBSTP 

FCHS 

FCLEK 

FCOM 

FCDN 

FCOM 

FCOM 

FCOMP 



ST.STIi) 
ST(il,ST 
SHORT 
LONG 

STIil.ST 

SPECIAL 

SPECIAL 



STIi) 
SHORT 
LONG 



Listing 1 continued on page 336 




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SHORT R_ VALUE requires a 

parameter (R VALUE in this case) 

that specifies the real number to be 
added from memory to the top ele- 
ment on the 8087 stack. 

Of the 129 operation types that 
PAS87 supports, 44 don't require 
parameters. We can make these oper- 
ations accessible from Pascal through 
a procedure call that passes no 
parameters. We can divide the 85 re- 
maining PAS87 operations, all requir- 
ing parameters, into four subgroups: 
24 operations requiring a real-mem- 
ory operand, 24 requiring an integer- 
memory operand, 24 needing reg- 
ister numbers (specifying the "i" in 
ST(i')), and the remaining 13 that can 
be grouped as needing a 
special-memory operand type 
(operations that use operands of 2, 
14, and 94 bytes, as well as packed- 
decimal). 

The real-memory, integer-memory, 
and special-memory operands are 
passed to and from the 8087 as part 
of the operation. Because they come 
in different sizes (including 16- , 32- , 
and 64-bit integers; 32- , 64- , and 
80-bit real numbers; and from 16- to 
80-bit special values), it at first ap- 
pears that PAS87 will have to handle 
each case in a separate manner. 
However, if we treat all memory 
operands as pass-by-reference 
parameters (where operands, 
regardless of length, are specified by 
their 16-bit addresses), the routines 
in PAS87 do not have to differentiate 
between the various operand sizes. 

The remaining type of parameter to 
be considered is the register- 
operation type. We would like to let 
the user specify some register opera- 
tion (such as the 8087 FADD ST,ST(/) 
instruction) in the Pascal program 
and pass as a parameter the register 
number i to be used. The PAS87 
operations supporting this type of 
call would need to look at the register 
specified and invoke the appropriate 
8087 operation. 

Because all 8087 register operations 
are one-way (that is, they leave their 
results on the 8087 stack and do not 
return a result), we need not specify 
the parameter passed to the PAS87 
routines as pass-by-reference. Fur- 
thermore, because all register opera- 



Listing 1 continued: 



PAS87 


FCONP 


STli) 


PAS87 


FCONP 


SHORT 


PAS87 


FCONP 


L0N6 


PAS87 


FCOnPP 




PAS87 


FDECSTP 




PA387 


FDISI 




PAS87 


FDIV 




PAS87 


FDIV 


ST(i),ST 


PAS87 


FDIV 


SHORT 


PAS87 


FDIV 


L0N6 


PA587 


FDIVP 


STli), ST 


PAS87 


FDIVR 




PAS87 


FDIVR 


ST, STli) 


PAS87 


FDIVR 


STli), ST 


PAS87 


FDIVR 


SHORT 


PAS87 


FDIVR 


LONG 


PAS87 


FDIVRP 


STli), ST 


PAS87 


FEN I 




PAS87 


FFREE 


STIil 


PAS87 


FIADD 


WORD 


PAS87 


FIADD 


SHORT 


PAS87 


FICOH 


WORD 


PAS87 


FICON 


SHORT 


PAS87 


FICONP 


WORD 


PAS87 


FICONP 


SHORT 


PA3B7 


FIDIV 


WORD 


PAS87 


FIDIV 


SHORT 


PAS87 


FIDIVR 


WORD 


PAS87 


FIDIVR 


SHORT 


PAS87 


FILD 


WORD 


PAS87 


FILD 


SHORT 


PAS87 


FILD 


LONG 


PAS87 


finul 


WORD 


PAS87 


FINUL 


SHORT 


PAS87 


F1NCSTP 




PAS87 


F1NIT 




PAS87 


FIST 


WORD 


PAS87 


FIST 


SHORT 


PASS? 


FISTP 


WORD 


PAS87 


FISTP 


SHORT 


PAS87 


FISTP 


LONG 


PAS87 


FISUB 


WORD 


PAS87 


FISUB 


SHORT 


PA587 


FISUBR 


WORD 


PAS87 


FISUBR 


SHORT 


PAS87 


FLD 


STfi! 


PAS87 


FLD 


SHORT 


PAS87 


FLD 


L0N6 


PAS87 


FLO 


TEHP 


PAS87 


FLDCW 


SPECIAL 


PAS87 


FLDENV 


SPECIAL 


PAS87 


FLDL62 




PAS87 


FLDLN2 




PAS87 


FLDL2E 




PAS87 


FLDL2T 




PAS87 


FLDPI 




PAS87 


FLDZ 




PA587 


FLD1 




PAS87 


FHUL 




PAS87 


FNUL 


STli), ST 


PAS87 


FNUL 


ST, STli) 


PAS87 


FNUL 


SHORT 


PAS87 


FNUL 


LONG 


PA387 


FNULP 


STli), ST 


PAS87 


FNCLEI 




PAS87 


FNDISI 




PASS? 


FNENI 




PAS87 


FNINIT 




PAS87 


FNOP 




PAS87 


FNSAVE 


SPECIAL 


PA387 


FNSTCK 


SPECIAL 


PAS87 


FNSTENV SPECIAL 


PAS87 


FNSTSH 


SPECIAL 


PAS87 


FPATAN 




PAS87 


FPREN 




PAS87 


FPTAN 





336 September 1983 G BYTE Publications Inc. 



Listing 1 continued: 



PAS87 


FRNOINT 




PAS87 


FRSTOR 


SPECIAL 


PAS87 


FSAVE 


SPECIAL 


PAS87 


FSCALE 




PAS87 


FSQRT 




PAS87 


FST 


ST(i) 


PAS87 


FST 


SHORT 


PASB7 


F5T 


LONG 


PAS87 


FSTCH 


SPECIAL 


PAS87 


FSTENV 


SPECIAL 


PAS87 


FSTP 


ST(i) 


PAS87 


FSTP 


SHORT 


PAS87 


FSTP 


LONG 


PAS87 


FSTP 


TEMP 


PAS87 


FSTSW 


SPECIAL 


PAS87 


FSUB 




PAS87 


FSUB 


ST,ST(i) 


PAS87 


FSUB 


ST(i),ST 


PAS87 


FSUB 


SHORT 


PAS87 


FSUB 


L0N6 


PAS87 


FSUBP 


ST(i),ST 


PAS87 


FSUBR 




PAS87 


FSUBR 


BT.STIi) 


PAS87 


FSUBR 


ST(i),ST 


PAS87 


FSUBR 


SHORT 


PAS87 


FSUBR 


L0N6 


PAS87 


FSUBRP 


ST(i),ST 


PAS87 


FTST 




PAS87 


FNAIT 




PAS87 


FXflH 




PAS87 


FXCH 




PAS87 


FXCH 


STIi) 


PAS87 


EXTRACT 




PAS87 


FYL2X 




PAS87 


FYL2XP1 




PAS87 


F2XHI 





HK)H*Ht*l*(Ht**H»H*t*K»H>*»«*tH*fltmtHtH(*»tf»ttftttftfHt 

Define soie special purpose routines here. All lust be 
callable by Pascal. 

♦ • »*(*tt immiKHii mttmtt tt in»mnmnnmttiHiHHtnnn 



PAGE 
Procedure CJBMJfl87(VAR X : REAL); 

This routine converts a real nuiiber froi IBM fonat to 8087 foriiat 
PUBLIC C IBH 8887 



0688 


C.IBM.8087 


PROC FAR 




0688 55 


PUSH 


BP 




068? 86 EC 


NOV 


BP,SP 




0686 86 6E 06 


NOV 


BP.CBP+63 




068E 8B 46 02 


KOV 


AX,IBP*2] 




0691 3D 0000 


CHP 


AX,0 


No difference between IBM I 8087 "zero 


0694 75 06 


JNE 


CONTIBH 


Skip if not zero 


0696 83 7E 00 00 


CUP 


HDRD PTR IBP1,0 


Check second word 


069A 74 >D 


JE 


EXITIBH 


If zero, exit 


069C 


contibk: 






069C FE CC 


DEC 


AH 




069E FE CC 


DEC 


AH 




06A0 D0 D0 


RCL 


AL,1 




06A2 D0 DC 


RCR 


AH,1 




06A4 D0 D8 


RCR 


AL,1 




06A6 89 46 02 


NOV 


[BP+21.AX 




06A9 


EXITIBfl: 






06A9 5D 


POP 


BP 




06AA CA 0002 


RET 


2 




06AD 


C.IBHJ087 


ENDP 





i PROCEDURE C_8087_IBn(VAR X I REAL!; 



Listing 1 continued on page 340 



tions restrict the register to a value 
between and 7, we know in advance 
that the pass-by-value parameter of 
any register operation can be con- 
tained within a single word (the 
smallest parameter passed by Pascal). 
To summarize, we have divided the 
PAS87 operations into three main 
types: those without parameters, 
those with memory operands, and 
those with register specifications. We 
can thus handle all PAS87 operations 
in one of three ways. This provides 
a uniform approach that we will take 
advantage of in developing the 
macros used to generate the PAS87 
code. 

PAS87 Macro Generator 

Take a moment to look at listing 1— 
the assembly-language code that pro- 
duces the PAS87 operations. It con- 
sists of three macros (PASSTACK, 
MEMOP, and PAS87) followed by 129 
macro calls to PAS87 (with various 
parameters, of course). Following 
these are some assorted utility 
routines (to be discussed later). 

Now look at listing 2, the P87_INT 
file. This is a file that any Pascal pro- 
gram wishing to access PAS87 opera- 
tions will use $INCLUDE to incor- 
porate it into the program (see the 
IBM Pascal User's Manual for instruc- 
tions on $INCLUDE). This listing 
defines all EXTERN procedures that 
access PAS87 routines and thus use 
the 8087 from Pascal. P87_INT 
establishes the interface to each 
PAS87 routine for the Pascal compiler. 

A side-by-side comparison of the 
PAS87 macro calls in listing 1 and the 
procedure declarations in listing 2 
may help in your initial understand- 
ing of how the PAS87 macro will 
work. There is a one-to-one corre- 
spondence between the two listings. 
The macro expansion of the calls in 
listing 1 builds subroutines that meet 
the Pascal internal calling conven- 
tions. Let's now look at the PAS87 
macro and see what happens at 
assembly time. 

The PAS87 macro builds complete 
subroutines. Each of the 129 PAS87 
macro calls in listing 1 results in a full 
subroutine specification. Notice that 
each macro call has from one to three 
parameters. The first parameter is 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 337 



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can produce a reliable 96 TPI product. 



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PRECISION™ FLEXIBLE DISKS 



BYTE September 1983 339 



always the basic 8087 operation that 
the subroutine is to invoke. These are 
the same 77 basic operations defined 
last month in the M8087.MAC assem- 
bler software support. In fact, each 
PAS87 macro expansion will in turn 
invoke the M8087 macro specified by 
the first parameter. This means that 
the PAS87 file in listing 1 requires the 
M8087.MAC program from last 
month. 

An assembly-language subroutine 
has three parts: the initial declaration 
of the routine (consisting of two 
parts, a PUBLIC ROUTINE_ NAME 
command that specifies the routine 
to be made public to external 
modules and a line of the format 
ROUTINE_NAME PROC FAR to 
signify a subroutine of type FAR with 
the name ROUTINE_NAME), the 
code that makes up the subroutine, 
and the closing or delimiting portion 
of the routine (which has the syntax 
ROUTINE_NAME ENDP). 

PAS87 Naming Conventions 

If PAS87 is to produce 129 separate 
subroutines, we have to come up 
with 129 unique routine names. The 
syntax that I use in PAS87 is the fol- 
lowing: all PAS87 routine names 
begin with an F, followed by the type 
of operation to be performed, an 

underscore , and end with the 8087 

mnemonic operation name. 

The possible types of operations in- 
clude SHORT, LONG, WORD, 
TEMP, SPECIAL, ST, STI, and "no 
op." The first four types refer to the 
memory operand type used in the 
operation (for example, the 
FSHORT_ FADD operation in PAS87 
uses a short-real memory operand to 
execute the 8087 FADD operation). 
The SPECIAL operation type 
handles such special operands as the 
94-byte control-word operand used in 
the FLDCW operation. 

The ST and STI operation types 
refer to the register operations. Any 
register operation of the type f-op ST, 
ST(i') is considered to be of the ST 
type. The f-op ST(;'),ST and f-op ST(f) 
8087 operations fall under the STI 
classification. Thus, an FST_ FSUB 
procedure executes an 8087 FSUB 
ST,ST(0 instruction. An FSTL_FSUB 
procedure does the FSUB ST(z'),ST 



Listing 1 continued: 







; Conver 


t real froi 8087 to 


IBN fonat 






J 

PUBLIC C.88B7. 


.IBN 




86ao 




C B887.IBH 


PROC FAR 




tm 


55 


PUSH 


BP i 




06AE 


88 EC 


NOV 


BP,SP i 




im 


8B 6E U 


NOV 


BP.IBP+6] i 




mi 


8B 46 12 


NOV 


M,CBPt21 i 




mb 


3D Hit 


CHP 


AX, 8 ; 


No difference between 


8689 


75 86 


JNE 


CONT8087 i 


Skip if not zero 


B68B 


83 7E it it 


CNP 


KORD PTR IBP],8 i 


Check second nord 


86BF 


74 8D 


JE 


EXIT8887 i 


If zero, exit 


86C1 




CONT3087: 






06CI 


08 08 


RCL 


AL,1 i 




86C3 


D0 D4 


RCL 


AH,! i 




S6C5 


D0 08 


RCR 


AL,1 i 




06C7 


FE C4 


INC 


AH ; 




06C9 


FE C4 


INC 


AH i 




86C6 


89 46 82 


NOV 


[BP+2],AX i 




86CE 




EUT8887: 






Utt 


50 


POP 


BP i 




86CF 


CA 8882 


RET 


2 i 




06D2 




C 8887 IBN 


ENDP 





IBN I 8887 "zero* 



0734 



FUNCTION CHK87 : INTEGER; 
FUNCTION EXAN87 I INTEGER; 
FUNCTION SETST I INTE6ER; 
FUNCTION STATUS \ INTEGER; 

These functions are not listed here but should 
be included in the PAS87 file. Copy their 
definitions, starting Hi th "PUBLIC..." and 
ending Kith "...ENDP", fro« listing 3 Df 
last Bontlrs article. 



CODE ENDS 
END 



Listing 2: The P87 INT file. Any Pascal program wishing to use the 8087 should include 

the statement { $INCLUDE P87 INT } and should also be linked to the object code version 

of PAS87 in listing 1. 



*LIST- 



This file inter-faces any IBM-Pascal program to the 8087 

software support library (PAS87) of routines. All 129 
B087 routines in PAS87 are declared here as external 
procedures. By "*INCLUDE"i ng this -file with a Pascal 
program, the user may access the B087 -from Pascal. 
Following the PASS7 procedure declarations below are 
six utility declarations -for utilities also defined in 
PASB7. (See PAS87 listing for full explanation of these 
uti 1 i ties) . 



procedure 


F_FABS; 


EXTERN; 


procedure 


F_FADD; 


EXTERN; 


procedure 


FST_FADD(reg : integer); 


EXTERN; 


procedure 


FSTI_FADD<reg : integer); 


EXTERN; 


procedure 


FSHORT_FADD(var r : real); 


EXTERN; 


procedure 


FLONG_FADD<var r : real); 


EXTERN; 


procedure 


F_FADDP; 


EXTERN; 


procedure 


FSTI_FADDP<reg : integer); 


EXTERN; 


procedure 


FSPEC_FBLD(var special : real); 


extern; 


procedure 


FSPEC_FBSTP(var special : real); 


EXTERN; 


procedure 


F FCHS; 


EXTERN; 


procedure 


F_FCLEX; 


EXTERN; 


procedure 


F_FCOM; 


EXTERN; 


procedure 


FSTl_FCOM(reg : integer); 


EXTERN; 


procedure 


FSHORT_FCQM (var r : real); 


EXTERN; 


procedure 


FLDNG_FCOM(var r : real); 


EXTERN; 


procedure 


F_FCOMP; 


EXTERN; 


procedure 


FSTI_FCOMP(reg : integer); 


EXTERN; 


procedure 


FSHORT_FCDMP(var r : real); 


EXTERN; 


procedure 


FLQNG FCOMPfvar r : real); 


EXTERN; 



Listing 2 continued on page 342 



340 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



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BYTE September 1983 341 



operation. (Note the distinction be- 
tween FST_JFSB and FSTI_FSUB. 
The results of these two procedures 
are different. See last month's discus- 
sion for clarification.) 

The "no op" type of operation 
refers to all 8087 instructions that 
don't have operands. These instruc- 
tions are characterized by a name of 

the syntax F followed by the 8087 

mnemonic command. For example, 

the F FLDPI procedure executes the 

8087 FLDPI operation to load PI on- 
to the 8087 stack. 

Given this naming scheme for the 
PAS87 operations, we can use the 
MACRO ability to manipulate macro 
parameter strings to build the name 
of each procedure from the param- 
eters passed in the PAS87 macro call. 
In each PAS87 macro call, the first pa- 
rameter, PI, specifies the 8087 in- 
struction to be executed and the sec- 
ond parameter (if there is one), P2, 
specifies the "type" of that operation. 

The MEMOP Macro 

Examining the PAS87 macro now, 
we see that the macro expansion im- 
mediately tests the second parameter 
of the macro call. If there is no sec- 
ond parameter, then the 8087 needs 
no operands and we simply establish 
the procedure entry and exit and 
issue a call to the M8087.MAC rou- 
tine. 

If P2 equals SHORT, LONG, 
TEMP, WORD, or SPECIAL, then 
PAS87 invokes the MEMOP macro. 
MEMOP inserts the assem- 
bly-language code needed to proper- 
ly pass the address of the operand to 
the procedure. Listing 3 shows an ex- 
ample of this, the code generated by 
the expansion of the macro call PAS87 
FADD SHORT (here, P1=FADD and 
P2 = SHORT). 

The PASSTACK Submacro 

The three types of 8087 register 
operations (f-op ST(z'), f-op ST,ST(z), 
and f-op ST(z'),ST) cause PAS87 to in- 
voke the PASSTACK macro. For these 
register operations, we expect to 
receive a call-by-value parameter that 
specifies the register number (0 to 7) 
to be used for the operation. As a 
result of this parameter, the proper 
8087 ESC sequence must be executed 



i nteger ) ; 
integer) ; 

i nteger ) ; 
: i nteger ) ; 



i nteger ) ; 

i nteger ) ; 

i nteger ) ; 
: i nteger ) ; 

i nteger ) ; 

i nteger ) ; 
: integer ) ; 
: i nteger ) ; 

: integer ) ; 



Listing 2 continued: 

procedure F_FCOMPP; 

procedure F_FDECSTP; 

procedure F_FDISI; 

procedure F_FDIV; 

procedure FSTI_FDI V (reg : integer); 

procedure FSHORT_FDI V ( var r : real); 

procedure FLONG_FDI V ( var r : real); 

procedure FBTI _FDI VP (reg : integer); 

procedure FFDIVR; 

procedure FST_FDIVR (reg : integer); 

procedure FSTI _FDIVR (reg : integer); 

procedure FSHORT_FDI VR ( var r : real); 

procedure FLONG_FDI VR < var r : real); 

procedure FSTI_FDI VRP (reg : integer); 

procedure F_FENI; 

procedure FSTI _FFREE (reg : integer); 

procedure FWDRD_FI ADD ( var i : integer); 

procedure FSHORT_FI ADD ( var i : integer); 

procedure FWORD_F I COM (var i : integer); 

procedure FSHORT_FICOM (var i : integer); 

procedure FWORD_F ICOMP ( var i : integer); 

procedure FSHORT_F ICOMP (var i : integer) 

procedure FWORD_F IDI V ( var i : integer); 

procedure FSHDRT_FIDIV (var i : integer); 

procedure FWORD_FI DI VR < var i : integer); 

procedure FSHORT_FIDI VR ( var i : integer) 

procedure FWORD_F ILD ( var i : integer); 

procedure FSHORT_FILD ( var i 

procedure FLONG_FILD ( var i 

procedure FWORD_F I MUL < var 1 

procedure FSHORT_FIMUL ( var 

procedure F_FIIMCSTP; 

procedure F_FINIT; 

procedure FWORD_F 1ST ( var i 

procedure FSHDRT_FIST (var i 

procedure FWORD_FISTP < var i 

procedure FSHORT_FISTP ( var 

procedure FLONG_FISTP (var i 

procedure FWORD_FISUB (var i 

procedure FSHORT_FISUB ( var 

procedure FWORD_FISUBR < var 

procedure FSHORT_F I SUBR (var 

procedure FSTIFLDtreg : integer); 

procedure FSHORT_FLD (var r : real); 

procedure FLONG_FLD ( var r : real); 

procedure FTEtiF^FLD (var r : real); 

procedure FSPEC_FLDCW < var special : 

procedure FSPECFLDENV (var special : 

procedure F_FLDLG2; 

F_FLDLN2; 

F_FLDL2E; 

F_FLDL2T; 

F_FLDPI; 

F_FLDZ; 

F_FLD1; 

f_fmul; 

procedure FSTI _FMUL (reg : integer); 

procedure FST__FMUL (reg : integer); 

procedure FSHORT^FMUL ( var r : real); 

procedure FLONG_FMUL ( var r : real); 

procedure FST I _FMULP (reg : integer); 

procedure F_FNCLEX; 

procedure F_FNDISI; 

procedure F_FNENI; 

procedure F_FNINIT; 

procedure F_FNOP; 

procedure FSPEC_FNSAVE ( var special : 

procedure FSPEC_FNSTCW (var special : 

procedure FSPEC_FNSTENV ( var special 

procedure FSPEC_FNSTSW (var special : 

procedure F_FF'ATAN; 

procedure F_FPREM; 

procedure F_FPTAN; 

procedure F_FRNDINT; 

procedure FSPEC_FRSTOR ( var special : 

procedure FSPEC_FSAVE ( var special : 

procedure F_FSCALE; 

procedure F_FSQRT; 

procedure FSTI_FST(reg : integer); 

procedure FSHORTFST (var r : real); 

procedure FLONG_FST (var r : real); 

procedure FSPEC_FSTCW (var special : 

procedure FSPEC_FSTENV ( var special : 

procedure F3TI_FSTP (reg : integer); 

procedure FSHORT_FSTP ( var r : real); 

procedure FLOMG_FSTP ( var r : real); 

procedure FTEMP FSTPIvar r : real); 



real 
rea 



); 
1); 



procedure 
procedure 
procedure 
procedure 
procedure 
procedure 
procedure 



rea 
rea 



1) i 

l); 

al)i 
1); 



rea 
real 



i); 
>; 



real 
rea 



); 
l); 



EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 
EXTERN 



Listing 2 continued on page 347 



342 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 327 on inquiry card. 



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I 



I 




I 




«vv 




... i"- , .- . 








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to accomplish the register operation. 
Therefore, we can have any one of 
eight variations to the register opera- 
tion executed. 

The obvious method of approach- 
ing this would be to compare the 
register parameter i with each possi- 
ble value from to 7 and execute the 
appropriate 8087 command when a 
match is found (i.e., "IF REG = 
THEN XXXX ELSE IF REG = 1 THEN 
YYYY . . ."). But this requires up to 
seven run-time comparisons for each 
call. Because these comparisons slow 
down the actual execution of register- 
based PAS87 procedures, I looked for 
another way around the problem. 

Looking at the structure of the 8087 
register operations, I made two ob- 
servations: 

1. All register-operation op codes re- 
quire exactly 2 bytes. 

2. The register selection for each of 
these op codes is encoded in the 
same manner for all such opera- 
tions. The low 3 bits of the second 
byte store the register number 
(thus allowing for the eight reg- 
isters that the 8087 contains). 

Because all 8087 register operations 
use the same 3 bits to specify the reg- 
ister in the ESC command, we can do 
a naughty thing and set up some self- 
modifying code. Self-modifying code 
is tricky and somewhat risky because 
it relies on changing the machine- 
language code during run time for 
correct operation. This is dangerous 
for numerous reasons, not the least 
of which is that this code must never 
be put into read-only memory 
because it could not modify itself and 
thus would not work correctly. 

Let's look at PAS STACK as found in 
listing 1 and see how it works. The 
first six instructions make the actual 
code modification. The line im- 
mediately following the FLAG: label 
(containing Rl R2 R3) is the line of 
code to be modified. Upon macro ex- 
pansion of PASSTACK, Rl through 
R3 will be replaced by the parameters 
passed, which will in turn cause 
some M8087 macro to be invoked, 
resulting in a 2-byte ESC 8087 
instruction. 

As an example, look at the macro 



Listing 2 continued: 



procedure FSPEC_FSTSW (var special : real): 

procedure F_FSUB; 

procedure FST_FSUB (reg : integer); 

procedure FST I _FSUB (reg : integer); 

procedure FSHORTFSUB isiar r : real); 

procedure FLONG_FSUB (var r : real); 

procedure FST I_FSUBP (reg 

procedure F_FSUBR; 

procedure FST_F5UBR (reg 

procedure FSTI_FSUBR (reg : 

procedure FSHORTFSUBR (var 

procedure FLQNG_FSUBR ( var 

procedure FSTI_FSUBRP (reg 

procedure F_FTST; 

procedure FFWAIT; 

procedure F_FXAM: 

procedure F_FXCH; 

procedure FSTIFXCH (reg 

procedure F_FXTRACT; 

procedure F_FYL2X; 

procedure FFYL2XP1 ; 

procedure F_F2XM1; 



; integer ) ; 

i nteger ) ; 
: integer ) ; 
- : real ) ; 
: real ) ; 
i nteger ) ; 



i nteger ) ! 



procedure F_FSTP; 
procedure C_ IBM_B0B7 ( var 
C_8087 IBM (var 



procedure 
■function 
f unct i on 
■f uncti on 
f unct l on 

( SLIST+ 



real ) ; 
real ) ; 



CHK87 
EXAMS7 
GETST 
STATUS 



i nteger ; 
l nteger ; 
i nteger ; 
l nteger ; 



EXTERN; 
EXTERN; 
EXTERN; 
EXTERN; 
EXTERN; 
EXTERN; 
EXTERN; 
EXTERN; 

extern; 

EXTERN; 
EXTERN; 
EXTERN; 
EXTERN; 
EXTERN; 
EXTERN; 
EXTERN; 

extern; 

EXTERN; 
EXTERN; 
EXTERN; 
EXTERN; 
EXTERN; 

EXTERN; 
EXTERN; 
EXTERN; 
EXTERN; 
EXTERN; 
EXTERN: 
EXTERN; 



Listing 3: The expanded assembly-language code resulting from the expansion of the macro 
call PAS87 FADD SHORT. 



PUBLIC FSHURT_FADD 

FSHORT_FADD PROC FAR 

PUSH BP 

MOV BP.SP 

MOV BP , CBF+6 ] 

FADD SHORT CBPJ 

POP BP 

RET 2 

FSHORT FADD ENDP 



Begin subroutine FSHORT_FADD 

Save caller's frame pointer 
Set up own frame pointer 
Move addr to parameter into BP 
Add short-real memory op to 8087 
Restore callers frame pointer 
Return, discard VAR parameter 
End subroutine FSHORT FADD 



Listing 4: The expanded assembly-language code resulting from the expansion of the macro 
call PAS87 FADD ST,ST(i). 

Begin subroutine 

Save caller's frame 
Access own frame 

Get address to second byte of op 
Cet byte to be changed 
Clear out lowest three bits 
Access parameter, set register 
Save new operation, modify code 
Clear 8088 internal fetch queue 

Execute 8087 operation 
Restore caller's frame 
Return, discard parameter 
End subroutine 



PUBLIC FST_FADL> ; 


FST_ 


FADD PROC FAR 


PUSH 


BP ; 


MOV 


BP , SP ; 


MOV 


BX, OFFSET FLAG+2 ; 


MOV 


AL , CS : C BX 1 ; 


AND 


AL , 0F8h ; 


OR 


AL , C BP+6 J ; 


MOV 


CS : CBX1 , AL ; 


JMP 


FLAG ; 


FADD 


ST, ST( i ) , 


POP 


BP ; 


RET 


2 


FST_ 


FADD ENDP ; 



expansion of the PAS87 FADD 
ST,ST(f) macro call. PAS87 receives 
PI = FADD, P2 = ST, and P3 = 
ST(z'). Checking P2, it matches ST and 
invokes PASSTACK, passing to it PI, 
P2, and P3. PASSTACK then has 
R1 = P1 = FADD, R2 = P2 = ST, and 
R3 = P3 = ST(/). The result of this 
expansion is given in listing 4. Notice 



that the line after FLAG: is now 
FADD ST,ST(/). This invokes the 
M8087 FADD macro and results in 
the 8087 ESC 00H,AX command 
(equivalent to FADD ST,ST(0)) being 
assembled. This is then assembled 
into the machine-language instruc- 
tion D8 CO (hexadecimal). The lowest 
3 bits of the CO byte specify the 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 347 



register to be used. Thus, by chang- 
ing the lower 3 bits of the second byte 
before executing any register opera- 
tion, we will change the register 
used. 

The code preceding the FLAG label 
accesses the second byte of the 8087 
operation, adds in the register value 
passed as the parameter from Pascal 
(using a logical OR operation), and 
stores the byte back in memory 
before executing it. This results in the 
proper register value being used. 

If the use of the JMP FLAG instruc- 
tion in listing 4 puzzles you (the JMP 
simply moves to the next instruction 
because FLAG is immediately after 
the JMP), look at it as the penalty for 
using self-modifying code. I spent 
several long and frustrating days try- 
ing to figure out why the PAS87 reg- 
ister operations were not working 
quite right before I determined the 
cause of my problem and its solution. 

The problem, to make a long story 
short, is that the 8088 CPU is too ef- 
ficient. The Intel 8088 and 8086 CPUs 
have internal instruction prefetch 
queues that are used to fetch instruc- 
tions for the CPU before they are ac- 
tually needed. This greatly improves 
the speed with which the CPU can 
execute instructions. 

The 8088's internal queue is 4 bytes 
long— that is, the CPU loads the 4 
bytes into the prefetch queue im- 
mediately following the one being ex- 
ecuted. Look at the code expanded in 
our example and mentally remove 
the JMP operation momentarily. The 
MOV CS:[BX],AL instruction modi- 
fies the 8087 register operation (in the 
example of listing 4, the instruction 
FADD ST,ST(z')) and immediately ex- 
ecutes that operation. However, this 
MOV instruction modifies the FADD 
instruction in program memory— an 
unmodified copy of this instruction is 
already in the prefetch queue, and it 
is this copy that is about to be ex- 
ecuted. Result: things don't work as 
expected (a true understatement). 

The solution to the problem is the 
JMP instruction. The CPU will always 
discard its internal queue and reload 
it starting with the destination of the 
jump instruction. Even though the 
JMP in PASSTACK does not really 
change the flow of the program, it 

348 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



fools the CPU into flushing its inter- 
nal queue. The CPU then fetches the 
next instruction after the JMP, which 
happens to be the correctly modified 
8087 register operation. 

This problem was almost enough 
to convince me to change PAS87 to 
the more straightforward approach of 
comparing the parameter received 
from the Pascal caller with the values 
to 7 and executing the appropriate 
8087 instruction. But this would in- 
crease the execution time of the reg- 
ister-based procedures, so I stuck 
with the self-modifying approach. If 
you would rather not use self- 
modifying code, simply rewrite the 
PASSTACK macro and reassemble 
PAS87. 

PAS87 Design Conclusions 

We have now looked at the 
methods I used to construct the 



PAS87 file shown in listing 1. When 
assembled using the IBM Macro As- 
sembler, this produces a library of 
Pascal-callable procedures that access 
the 8087 NDP. Listing 2 (P87_INT) 
lists the corresponding Pascal pro- 
cedure declarations for each PAS87 
routine. 

PAS87 is assembled one time by the 
user, and the resulting object file is 
linked with any compiled Pascal ob- 
ject files that need these routines. To 
access any PAS87 routine, the Pascal 
program need simply include the 
statement { $INCLUDE P87_ INT }. 

At this point, we have finished the 
discussion of how PAS87 works. 
When listing 1 is assembled, all 129 
operations for the 8087 are set up as 
callable procedures from Pascal. To 
assemble PAS87, you need to have the 
M8087.MAC file examined last month 
on the disk. Due to the heavy use of 



Listing 5: An IBM Pascal program to repeatedly perform a complicated arithmetic calcula- 
tion described in the listing. The text describes the results of comparing this program with 
a similar one that does not use the 8087 for its calculations. 



J6 IC 



Line* 



10 



10 

10 

10 

10 
10 
10 



10 

11 

12 
12 



4 

152 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 



18 
1? 



24 

25 
26 
27 
2B 
29 
30 
3! 



Source Line IBM Personal Coaputer Pascal Conpiler VI. 00 

( tTITLE: "Figure 3 : Sanple application of PftS87' } 
( $PA6ESIZE:64 $LINESIZE:132 fSYMTAB- SDEBU6- } 

PROGRAM F1GURE3UNPUT, OUTPUT)! 

{ INCLUDE : 'A:P87_INT' } 

{ JLIST+ } 

{ NOTE : The above coi«and causes the Pascal compiler to look out to the ! 

{ A: disk drive for a file named PB7INT. This file contains ; 

( all of the PAS97 procedure declarations ) 



const 



>:,y : array [1, .arrsize] of real; 
loop, size '. integer; 
result : real; 

{ OBJECT OF THIS PROGRAM : to find the sum Df < (pi * t" 
over all of the arrays x and y } 



begin 
repeat 



2) + (e A "x)) AA 0.5); 



HriteCEnter array size : '); 
readln!size); 

( Initialize the t and y arrays with anything. These values have no 
{ special leaning to the». Sinply test values. !• 

for loop := 1 to size do begin 

Listing 5 continued on page 350 



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BYTE September 1983 349 



nested macros in PAS87, its assembly 
takes more than 25 minutes. But this 
is a one-time cost. After the initial 
assembly, you simply keep the 
resulting object file around to be 
linked with any Pascal program that 
needs it. 
The compilation time of a Pascal 

program using PAS87 via the P87 

INT declaration file is not visibly af- 
fected. Listing 5 contains an imagi- 
nary Pascal application program that 
uses the PAS87 package. This pro- 
gram takes two large arrays of real 
numbers (x and y) and calculates 



E Tr(x[i} 2 + e" 



K0.5 



Pascal Type 
Extensions via PAS87 

I need to comment briefly on using 
PAS87 and the 8087 capabilities to 
support numeric data types not sup- 
ported by IBM Pascal. PAS87 pro- 
vides a way for Pascal programs to 
bypass the type-checking protection 
features of the Pascal compiler and 
perform numeric calculations with a 
higher degree of accuracy. For exam- 
ple, Pascal does not handle double- 
precision real numbers (64 bits long). 
If you want to use numbers of this 
precision, you can do so as long as 
you are very careful. 

Perhaps you have an application 
that requires greater accuracy than 
that offered by the IBM Pascal's 
single-precision real numbers. You 
would thus like to do all your 
numeric calculations in double-pre- 
cision arithmetic. Of course, the 8087 
stack mechanism lets intermediate 
results be left on the stack as 80-bit 
temporary values. But if you have 
hundreds or thousands of inter- 
mediate double-precision results, you 
might want to keep them in a stan- 
dard Pascal array or some other data 
structure. You can sneak around the 
Pascal single-precision limitation as 
long as all input and output opera- 
tions (using READ and WRITE) oc- 
cur using standard single-precision 
Pascal numbers. 

For example, suppose you want to 
set up an array of 100 double-pre- 
cision real numbers in your Pascal 
program. You cannot declare in 



Listing 


5 contii 


13 


V) 


13 


33 


12 


34 




35 


12 


36 




37 




38 


12 


39 


13 


40 


13 


41 


12 


42 




43 


12 


44 




45 




46 




47 


12 


48 


12 


49 


12 


58 


13 


51 


13 


52 




53 




54 




55 




56 




57 


13 


58 




59 




60 




61 




62 




63 


13 


64 




65 




66 




67 




68 




69 


13 


n 


13 


71 


13 


72 




73 


13 


74 


13 


75 




76 




77 




78 




79 




80 




81 




82 


13 


83 


13 


84 



X [ 1 oop ] 
ylloop] 



:= float (loop); 

'.= l/float(loop); 



end; 



87 



Hri teln i ' Done with initialization')! 

( No*, convert whole array from IBM to 8887 format i 
for loop := 1 to size do begin 
C_IBf1_8aB7(x[loop3); 

C.IBH.8087(y[loop])i 
end; 

writelni'Done hi th numeric conversion' ); 

{ Using the 8087, find son froi 1 to 1000i(pi * x AA 2 * e AA y) "'0.5); ! 

F.FINIT! C Initialize the 8037 ! 

F.FLDZi ( Initialize running su« of calculation } 

for loop != 1 to size do begin 

F.FLDPI; ( Hove pi onto top of 8087 stack 1 

FSHQRT.FLDIxCloop]); ( Move next value of x onto stack } 

( No*, we would like to sguare the current value of x (which 
is on the stack), He can do this via an 8087 
"FrlUL ST,ST;0!' operation (tells 8087 to multiply 
the top of stack by itself and leave result on TOS) } 

FST.FNULIJ); 

! At this point, the top of 8887 stack contains x A '2 and 
second slot contains pi. He want to multiply the t*o so 
execute a simple "classical stack" iultiply which multiplies 
the top two elements and leaves only result on stack top 1 

f.fhul; 

(Now, lets find ln(y). Since the 8087 has no operation to 
calculate this directly, we lust use the formula 
"In (y) = log\y)/log(e)" with log in base 2. } 

FJLDL2E; ( Load log e (base 2) onto TOS !■ 
F.FLDli ( Let's calculate l/(log e) } 
F_FDIV; { ST(1) -- TOS/STd) followed by POP } 

FSHORT.FLDiytloop]); ( Set y on TOS } 

F.FYLI'X; ( Find T0S=ST(1) * LO6(ST(0)) ) 

£ At this point, the 8087 stack contains three values. The 
TOS contains the result of lnlyl while the second 
element contains pi * x AA 2. Let's add these together 
and find square root. Then add result to current 
running sum which is the third element on the stack > 

F_FADD; ( Classical stack add ) 

f'fSQRT; ( Take square root of result )■ 

F_FADD; { Update running sum using classical stack add } 

end; ( repeat loop } 





39 




' Now, convert result to IBM number format 


12 


90 




FSHQRT_FSTP(result); 


12 


91 




C_8087_IBh*(result>i 


12 


92 




writelnCFinal value is '.result); 


11 


93 


unti 


1 false; 


00 


94 


end. 





Errors Harns In Pass One 



350 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



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Pascal DBL : array[l. .100] of 

double reals;. You can, however, 

declare DBL : array [1. .200] of real;. 
This tells Pascal to set aside room for 
200 32-bit single-precision real num- 
bers. You can then turn around and 
use this structure to store 100 64-bit 
numbers on a temporary basis. 

You begin to trick Pascal when you 
call a PAS87 procedure such as 
FLONG_FST(DBL[0]). This opera- 
tion will move a long-real value from 
the top of the 8087 stack into the ad- 
dress that points to the zeroth slot in 
DBL. The 8087 takes over, moves 64 
bits of data from the stack to that ad- 
dress, and returns; note that it moves 
64 bits of data, not the 32 bits that 
Pascal itself associates with DBL(0). 
Pascal has no idea that anything out 
of the ordinary has happened. Of 
course, what did happen is that slots 
and 1 of DBL have been filled to 
store the 64-bit value. 

As long as you, the programmer, 
are aware of what has occurred, 
everything is okay. You simply have 
to remember that the first long-real 
will be found at DBL[0], the second 
at DBL[2], the third at DBL[6], and 
so on. This technique can be ex- 
panded and refined as long as you 
are very careful. Remember, you are 
defeating the type-checking mecha- 
nisms that make Pascal so nice to use, 
so beware. 

PAS87 Utility Routines 

We will now look at the supporting 
procedures and functions in listing 1 

starting with procedure C IBM 

8087. They should look familiar 
because we used them last month. 
(Actually, the last four, functions 
CHK87, EXAM87, GETST, and 
STATUS, are listed only as comment 
lines. Their full definitions, starting 
with the word PUBLIC and ending 
with the word ENDP, should be 
copied into this file from listing 3 of 
last month's article.) PAS87 users 
need these routines to use the 8087 
from Pascal. 

Recall from last month the different 
storage formats used to define IBM- 
format real numbers versus 
8087-format real numbers. In IBM 
Pascal, any real number that is de- 
fined as a constant or is input (using 



a READ) or output (using a WRITE) 
must be in the IBM real-number for- 
mat. On the other hand, all real num- 
bers sent to and received from the 
8087 must be in 8087 format. The 
C_IBM_8087 and C_8087_IBM 
procedures convert short-real 
numbers from IBM format to 8087 
format and vice versa. These routines 
convert the short-real number found 
at the memory location specified— 
that is, they convert the value "in 
place," destroying the number in its 
original format. 

It is up to the user to ensure that 
the values being used in a program 
are always in the appropriate format. 
If you move an IBM-format real num- 

It is up to the user to 
ensure that the values 

being used in a 

program are always in 

the appropriate format. 

ber into the 8087 or print an 
8087-format real number, you will be 
working with or printing incorrect 
numbers; to make things worse, you 
may not get any indications that you 
are in error. As a general approach to 
handling the format problem, you 
can try to convert all IBM-format 
values into 8087 format as early as 
possible and leave them in the 8087 
format until it is absolutely necessary 
to convert them back to IBM format. 

In several programs I have written 
using PAS87, I was able to make a 
single conversion from IBM format 
for all my variables at the beginning 
of the program and use a special 
CONV_WRITELN procedure that 
would automatically convert 8087 
numbers into IBM format, print them 
to the screen, and convert them right 
back to 8087 format for additional 
computation. The conversion rou- 
tines are very efficient, but it is best 
to avoid too many unnecessary con- 
versions. 

(Note that this number-format 
problem does not affect the use of in- 
teger values. The 8087 word-integer 
format is the same as the IBM integer 
format.) 

The last four functions perform 



needed tests on the internal state of 
the 8087. These are CHK87 (which 
returns the results of an 8087 com- 
pare or test operation), EXAM87 
(which determines the validity of the 
number currently on top of the 8087 
stack), GETST (which returns the 
current stack-top pointer value), and 
STATUS (which returns the value of 
the 8087 status word). These were ex- 
plained in greater detail in last 
month's article. 

Performance of PAS87 

The big question is "How much 
does my application benefit by using 
PAS87?" In other words, will exten- 
sive use of the 8087 from Pascal really 
be worth the trouble? If you are in- 
terested in high performance and you 
have a number-crunching applica- 
tion, the answer is yes. 

As a very simple test, I imple- 
mented the program of listing 5, 
adding some additional commands 
that let me accurately measure the 
time needed to execute the program 
for various sizes of arrays. I then 
rewrote the program to accomplish 
the same thing from standard Pascal. 
Testing the running time (excluding 
the time to initialize the arrays) for ar- 
rays from 500 to 5000 real numbers in 
size gave an average execution time 
for the PAS87 implementation that 
was 65 times faster than the straight 
Pascal execution time. For example, 
with 5000 elements the PAS87 im- 
plementation took less than 4 sec- 
onds to run; the standard Pascal ver- 
sion, however, required more than 
265 seconds. 

Now this is an impressive improve- 
ment. But it is misleading, too, 
because it emphasizes the very 
operations that show the 8087 to its 
best advantage. To be fair, I also 
tested a long and fairly complex gen- 
eral linear-equation solver library in 
IBM Pascal, a program with an in- 
struction mix much closer to an 
average Pascal program you might 
write. 

It is beyond the scope of this arti- 
cle to go into much detail about this 
program except to say that it uses 
Gaussian elimination with partial 
pivoting to factor and solve a set of 
linear equations. The linear equations 



352 September 1983 © BYTE Publications In 



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are entered in matrix form, factored 
into their lower- and upper-triangular 
matrix (LU) components, and then 
solved. 

The 8087-Pascal and Pascal-only im- 
plementations of the program were 
designed to record the times required 
to factor and solve matrices from 5 by 
5 up to 120 by 120 (an upper limit dic- 
tated by the 64K-byte data area allot- 
ted by IBM Pascal). The 8087 version 
of the program was written directly 
from the straight Pascal version so 
that they are as close to identical in 
structure as possible. 

After timing the programs and 
analyzing the results, I came to the 
following conclusions: the use of the 
8087 consistently sped up the fac- 
torization of the different-sized 
matrices by a factor of three, and the 
8087-based program solved the fac- 
tored matrix twice as fast as the 
Pascal-only program. (It took the IBM 
PC 461.9 seconds to factor a 120 by 
120 matrix and another 10.5 seconds 
to solve the LU matrix. The 8087 cut 
this time to 154.5 seconds to factor 
and 5.2 seconds to solve the same 
matrix.) 

This program shows the 8087 con- 
tributing a less spectacular but still 
significant improvement to the execu- 
tion speed of Pascal programs. The 
8087 caused a smaller improvement 
in this case for two reasons: first, the 
general-purpose overhead in this 
program (similar to the overhead in 
most Pascal programs) does not in- 
volve the kinds of functions the 8087 
contributes; second, the standard 
IBM Pascal is already able to do some 
of the arithmetic in this program (ad- 
dition and subtraction, for example) 
quite competitively. As a general rule, 
computation-intensive programs can 



Software on Disk 

Disks containing PAS87/P87_INT (this 
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expect an improvement of 3 to 10 
times through the use of the 8087. 

Conclusions 

The Pascal support package for the 
8087 (PAS87) discussed in this article 
provides access for the user to the full 
8087 instruction set. The negative 
side of PAS87 is that it does require 
you to fully know the inner workings 
of the 8087. Because you must under- 
stand and manipulate the current 
state of the 8087, you will be working 
at a programming level that is about 
the same level as assembly-language 



programming. The unarguable 
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is that it provides a remarkable im- 
provement in execution speed to the 
Pascal programmer. Thus, PAS87 
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the experimenter and the program- 
mer who needs extra performance in 
Pascal programs. ■ 



Tim Field has a master's degree in computer 
science from Purdue University. He is currently 
involved in some freelance technical writing and 
software development projects for the IBM PC. 




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September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 355 



Echonet 



Part 1: A Flexible Programming System 

This interactive system combines natural language and machine- 
native code to revolutionize the way we solve problems with 

computers. 

by C. Bradford Barber 



Echonet is an interactive system that lets you manage 
and create programs in much the same way that we 
manage and expand our natural language. To do this, 
Echonet has a dictionary of entries (useful functions) that 
perform specific tasks. Instead of one programming in- 
struction for a thousand different uses, Echonet has a 
thousand entries, one for each different use. Echonet 
entries are defined by other entries and compiled, from 
those entries, into complete, executable programs. 
(Note: Last year's version of Echonet used 8080 instruc- 
tions to define some of the entries. The next version will 
define all entries in terms of entries. I'll explain the pro- 
cess in part 2.) 

Perhaps the most important concept employed by 



Next month 's article and glossary will define in detail the follow- 
ing terms as they apply to Echonet: 



compile data 

entry entry definition 

indented program indicate 

object object name 



Echonet dictionary 
entry name 
instruction 
relocatable code 



Echonet, though, is the separation of an entry's mean- 
ing from its definition: the meaning of an entry is what 
we understand it to do and what the computer does 
when it executes the entry; an entry's definition is how 



Blackboard 


go to blackboard entry 


Commands 


go to commands entry 


Compile 


compile relocatable code for the entry 


Do 


compile and execute the current instruction 


Entries 


go to ... entries entry 


Get 


get the contents of stored text 


Go To 


go to the entry indicated by the current instruction 


Help 


go to ... help entry 


Next 


go to the next entry (usually the working entry) 


Previous 


go to the previous entry 


Steno 


insert the matching word 


Stop 


stop execution 


Test 


go to test text for the entry 


Text 


store an entry definition into stored text 


Work 


define the current entry as the working entry 


Table 1: The function keys available on the author's Echonet 


system and used in this article. 



356 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



the entry is described in terms of other entries. 

To introduce the system, let us follow Carl, a 
hypothetical Echonet user, as he develops a program 
for controlling a robot vacuum cleaner. Then I'll show 
how Carl creates an instruction (part of an entry) by add- 
ing an entry to the Echonet dictionary. Through these 
examples, you will see that writing entries takes the 
place of writing and maintaining programs. (Next 
month I'll describe entry compiling and define how 
Echonet works.) 

The examples are based on an Echonet system that 
runs on a Z80 microcomputer with 8-inch floppy disks. 
The computer's terminal is a Heath WH19 with labeled 
function keys (see table 1). All keys, except for Com- 
pile, complete their operation almost immediately. 

A Scenario 

Carl returns to his computer lab after a week's vacation in 
the mountains. He turns on his computer and it starts hum- 
ming. Text appears on the screen. "Oh yes, " Carl remembers, 
"1 was finishing my robot vacuum-cleaner program. Let's see 
how far I've gotten. " Carl presses Compile, but the compiler 
reports an unknown instruction in his program. Carl presses 
Entries to find the correct wording for the unknown instruc- 
tion, edits his program, and again presses Compile. 

Let's go over Carl's actions in detail. Here is what he 
saw after he turned on his computer: 

Vacuum one room 

repeat for 15 minutes 
adjust floor brushes for Vacuum 
check Vacuum nozzle 
while Vacuum.. isStopped do 

rotate Vacuum by 90 degrees 
move Vacuum forward for 3 seconds 



This block of information displays an entry in an 
Echonet dictionary. It shows an entry name ("Vacuum 
one room") and an entry definition: ("repeat for 15 
minutes," etc.). The entry name lets you indicate the 
entry with an instruction. For example, if an instruction 
(one line of text) was "Vacuum one room," Carl could 
position the cursor to that instruction and press the Go 
To key. The display would then show the entry Vacuum 
one room. 

The entry definition contains six instructions, one in- 
struction per line. The second, third, fourth, and sixth 
instructions form a sequence by starting at the same col- 
umn. They also form a subprogram, or indented program, 
of the first instruction. The indented program repeats 
for 15 minutes. First, it directs the robot vacuum cleaner 
to adjust the floor brushes for carpets or hard floor. Sec- 
ond, it checks the vacuum to see if the nozzle is blocked. 
Third, it rotates the vacuum if the vacuum is stopped 
by an obstruction. Fourth, it moves the vacuum forward 
for three seconds. 

When Carl pressed the Compile key, he could hear 
whirring and clicking from the disk drive as Echonet 



add TowerRing to HanoiTower 

allocate Reference to Integer bytes of MemoryArray 

clear the Console screen 

clear Number bytes of Buffer 

declare type ObjectName of Integer bytes 

declare ObjectName a local TypeName 

display Entry 

for each Entry on EchoDisk do IndentedProgram 

if ConditionalClause then IndentedProgram 

load frequently used code 

optimize CodeElementArray 

wait for Number milliseconds 

print EchoDisk 

select RamBank 

verify EchoDisk and check all TextEntry's 

wait until User reads the Console 



Table 2: A few of the more than 800 entries from the Echonet 
dictionary circa October 1982, listed in alphabetical order. 



read entries from a floppy disk. In about 20 seconds, 
a message appeared on the screen: "unknown instruc- 
tion: rotate Vacuum by Number degrees." Carl remem- 
bered an entry for rotating the vacuum cleaner, so he 
positioned the cursor to the word 'Vacuum" and pressed 
the Entries key. Almost immediately, the entry 
Vacuum one room moved to the bottom of the screen 
and the following entry appeared at the top: 

Vacuum entries 

adjust floor brushes for Vacuum 

check Vacuum nozzle 

display room with Vacuum 

display Vacuum statistics 

lower floor brushes for Vacuum 

move Vacuum backward for Number seconds 

move Vacuum forward for Number seconds 

raise floor brushes for Vacuum 

rotate Vacuum clockwise by Number degrees 

turn off Vacuum 

turn on Vacuum 

turn Vacuum left 

Vacuum one room 

Echonet took the word "Vacuum" and appended 
"entries" to get "Vacuum entries." Then it found the 
entry with a matching name in its dictionary. This en- 
try lists other entries that use the Vacuum object. In 
Echonet, objects serve the same role that variables, ar- 
rays, data types, and data structures serve in a program- 
ming language. Object names always start with a capital 
letter. 

Entry Names 

An entry definition contains instructions that indicate 
entries with entry names. An entry name describes what 
an entry does. This is important. It means you can read 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 357 



and understand an instruction without reading the cor- 
responding entry definition. Table 2 shows a list of en- 
try names as examples. 

If you cannot figure out an entry from its name, you 
have several options. First of all, many words and ob- 
jects have Help entries that you can find by moving the 
cursor to the word or object and pressing the Help key. 
Here is the Help entry for HanoiTower (which will be 
discussed further next month): 

HanoiTower help 

A HanoiTower is one of three towers for displaying the solution 
of a Hanoi tower puzzle. 

The rings on a HanoiTower are called TowerRings. 

The first HanoiTower is number 0. 

With many keywords and objects you can press the 
Entries key and see a list of related entries. Carl did this 
when he wanted to look at the Vacuum entries. You can 
also read the entry's definition by pressing Go To, or 
write an instruction and press Do to see what it does. 

Let's get back to Carl. His screen showed a list of en- 
try names that use the Vacuum object. Carl scanned 
down the list to find an entry that would rotate a 
Vacuum. He found: 

rotate Vacuum clockwise by Number degrees 

He realized that in his robot program he had forgotten 
the word "clockwise," so he pressed the key labeled 
Previous and the entry Vacuum one room (the previous 
entry) reappeared on his display. 

With Echonet, you always work with a screen editor 
on the current entry, so Carl could quickly change 
"rotate Vacuum by 90 degrees" to "rotate Vacuum 
clockwise by 90 degrees." Carl pressed Compile and the 
compiler successfully generated relocatable code. 

The Scenario Continued 

Carl presses Test and finds the tests he developed a month 
ago while working on an earlier version of the vacuum-cleaner 
program. Now he presses Do. A top-view diagram of a room 
appears on his screen with boxes showing furniture and a cir- 
cle showing his robot vacuum cleaner. As the circle moves, 
it leaves behind a crosshatched pattern. Carl observes that the 
robot keeps following the same path. He thinks, "Must be 
something wrong. It keeps turning at right angles. Let me 
check my program. " Carl presses Stop and then Previous. His 
program reappears. "Oh yes, it shouldn't turn 90 degrees each 
time. Let me try a prime number. " Carl picks 73 degrees; he 
then presses Compile, Test, and Do. The display fills up with 
cross-hatching. 

When Carl pressed Test, the entry Vacuum one room 
moved to the bottom of the screen and new text ap- 
peared at the top. Carl then saw the following: 

test Vacuum one room 

show Vacuum on Console during 



display room with Vacuum 
Vacuum one room 

display Vacuum statistics 

The test screen is another page of text associated with 
an entry. In this case, it consists of instructions for test- 
ing Vacuum one room. The first three instructions 
model the vacuum cleaner using graphics. The last in- 
struction, "display Vacuum statistics," displays 
statistics collected while running the model. 

Carl positioned the cursor to the instruction "show 
Vacuum on Console during" and pressed Do. Echonet 
compiled, loaded, and executed relocatable code for this 
instruction. A diagram then appeared at the bottom of 
the screen, showing the position of the robot vacuum 
cleaner (marked by a circle) in relation to existing pieces 
of furniture (shown by boxes). 

As Carl watched the display, the circle started mov- 
ing, leaving a trail of cross-hatching behind it. Carl 
pressed Stop. The cursor returned to the test text at the 
top of the screen. After pressing Previous, Carl saw: 

Vacuum one room (compiled) 

repeat for 15 minutes 
adjust floor brushes for Vacuum 
check Vacuum nozzle 
while Vacuum.. isStopped do 

rotate Vacuum clockwise by 90 degrees 
move Vacuum forward for 3 seconds 

Carl reduced the amount of rotation to 73 degrees and 
retested the entry. 

Commands 

7fs last test completed successfully, Carl's robot vacuum 
cleaner appears to work. Carl presses Previous and then Com- 
mands, finds the instruction "store code for Previous 

Entry into PROM," loads a PROM into the PROM slot, and 
presses Do. Carl moves the new PROM to his robot and starts 
the robot vacuuming. Finally, he has a clean room. 

Carl pressed Previous to return to Vacuum one room; 
then he pressed Commands, and a new entry appeared 
at the top of the screen: 

commands 

edit backup text for Previous Entry 

edit archive text for Previous Entry 

list code for Previous Entry 

print text for Previous Entry 

store code for Previous Entry into PROM 

load code optimizer 

The entry commands is a list of useful instructions that 
act on the previous entry. The third instruction lists 
relocatable code for the previous entry; a listing helps 
you fine-tune short entries. The last instruction loads 
a code optimizer for generating more efficient code. 

The entry commands is similar to a menu: You can 
position the cursor to any instruction and press the Do 
key. But unlike most menus, you can edit commands 



358 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



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DATASOUTH'DIABLOCENTRONICS • NEC 'PRENTICE 



KF1 

INTERTEC SUPERBRAIN II 

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"(Includes M/Solt BASIC) 

DYNABYTE 8/16 BIT Call 

CALLAN 16/32 BIT Call 

U;ii.'m:H 

NEC 

7710 Ser. $1899 

7715 $1949 

7730 Par $1899 

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351 $1673 

BarCode $ 98 

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BEEHIVE (SMART DISPLAY) 

DM5 Call 

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DM83 (Burroughs) Call 

DM3270 (3270 Emulator) . . Call 

Protocol Converter Call 

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CIT 201 (Graphics for 
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707 KSR $ 549 

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SpellStar $ 144 

Plan 80 $ 249 

dBase II $ 489 

CalcStar $ 119 

SuperSort $ 144 

SuperCalc $ 

InfoStar $ 

InfoStar (8") Special $ 249 

CIS Cobol $ 689 

Forms II $ 159 

MACRO 80 $ 183 

"C" Compiler $ 239 

WordStar Professional 
(WS, SS, MM, S1) 

ReportStar $ 

Starlndex $ 

PlanStar Call 

StarBurst Call 

InfoStar Plus Call 

ran 



144 
279 



399 
199 
129 



256K RAM Bd $ 256 

256K RAM Bd Full Parity . $ 305 

BabyBlue $ 600 

BabyTex $ 600 

BabyTalk 3270 BISYNC $ 895 
8" Disk Controller $ 395 



We also make EIA RS 232 or RS 449 cables to your order, can supply you with 
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any way you want to. If you find that you seldom need 
to list relocatable code, you can move the instruction 
"list code for Previous_Entry" to a different entry. 
Similarly, if there is an instruction that you frequently 
execute, you can add it to commands. Smalltalk pro- 
vides a similar facility (see the August 1981 BYTE for 
information about the Smalltalk language). 

Carl wanted the fifth instruction, "store code for Pre- 
vious Entry into PROM." He positioned the cursor to 

that instruction and pressed Do. Echonet displayed the 
following message: 

place PROM in PROM slot and press any key 

Carl did this; he put the new PROM into his robot and 
started the robot vacuuming. Everything worked fine. 

Creating an Entry 

Working the Echonet involves writing and modifying 
entries. To demonstrate this, I'll describe how Carl 
would write an entry for "while ... do" instructions. 
This entry repeats an indented program as long as a con- 
ditional clause remains true. 

The "while" entry already occurs in the Echonet dic- 
tionary, but let us suppose that Carl wants to create it. 
To do so, Carl first presses the Blackboard key, moves 
the cursor to the bottom of the blackboard entry, and 
types "while." He then sees the following on the display: 

blackboard 

today is 10,18,82 
Echonet message0310 

benchmark 

display solution for 5 TowerRings 

while 

This entry acts as a scratch pad for new and current 
work. For example, the second instruction "Echonet 
message0310" indicates an entry containing messages 
displayed by Echonet. 

Carl next presses the New key and the Go To key. 
A new, empty entry appears at the top of his screen: 

while 

Carl presses Work to make this his working entry. Carl 
decides that while will use an indented program, so he 
types "IndentedProgram" and presses Entries. The 
entry while then moves to the bottom of his screen and 
another entry appears on top: 

IndentedProgram entries 

do IndentedProgram 

if ConditionalClause then IndentedProgram 

if ConditionalClause then IndentedProgramA else IndentedProgramB 

for Integer from IntegerA to IntegerB do IndentedProgram 

program IndentedProgram 

repeat IndentedProgram 

repeat Integer times IndentedProgram 



360 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 444 on inquiry card. 




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Apple II. Apple lie and Apple are all registered trademarks pi Apple Computer. 



Circle 565 on Inquiry card. 



The MIC-40 thermal/dot matrix printer offers 
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IBM Is a registered trademark o 1 IBM Corporate 

BYTE September 1983 361 



VoiceDrive 




® SuperSolt, Inc., 



USING A COMPUTER HAS NEVER BEEN THIS EASY. 



The Future of Microcomputing 



First there were punch cards 

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IBM PC is a trademark of International Business Machines. 
Tecmar is a trademark of Tecmar, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio. 



Circle 423 on inquiry card. 



Scratchpad with VoiceDrive. 
The spreadsheet you can talk to. 

Scratchpad with VoiceDrive is the electronic 
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Telex 270365. 

SuperS ft 



Because the "while" instruction is similar to "repeat," 
Carl moves the cursor to "repeat IndentedProgram" 
and presses Text. This key stores the entry definition 
of repeat IndentedProgram into an entry named stored 
text. Carl presses Next to return to while, deletes a line, 
and presses Get to recover the contents of stored text. 
He then sees: 

while 

label Loop 

do IndentedProgram 

go to Loop 

The while entry now has the same definition as repeat 
IndentedProgram. Carl returns to IndentedProgram en- 
tries by pressing Previous. He positions the cursor to 
"if ConditionalClause then IndentedProgram" and 
presses Text and then Next. He deletes the line reading 
"do IndentedProgram" and presses Get. Now he sees: 



When Carl pressed Get he inserted the entry defini- 
tion for if ConditionalClause then IndentedProgram be- 
tween the first and last line. Carl reverses the instruc- 
tions "label Exit" and "go to Loop." He positions the 
cursor one space after the while and types "C." Then 
he presses the Steno key. This key searches for a word 
in the entry with the same prefix (in this case, "C") and 
inserts the rest of that word. Carl types "do I" and again 
presses the Steno key. Now he sees: 

while ConditionalClause do IndentedProgram 

label Loop 

if not ConditionalClause goto Exit 
do IndentedProgram 
goto Loop 

label Exit 

He presses Compile. Echonet renames the while entry 
to while ConditionalClause do IndentedProgram and 

compiles the entry. The display now shows: 



while 

label loop 

if not ConditionalClause goto Exit 
do IndentedProgram 
label Exit 

go to Loop 



while ConditionalClause do IndentedProgram 

label loop 

if not ConditionalClause goto Exit 
do IndentedProgram 
goto Loop 

label Exit 



(compiled) 



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364 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



To order, please 
Prices reflect 2% 



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% by UPS Air 



or company checks require 2-3 weeks to clear, 
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IJ'l.»HI,l»),l«.I.B.IIia.lMH<J.HJrTrWJ]lTI»:'WTCTnnilRTFl^m¥n 

Circle 164 on Inquiry card 




He's facing an uphill battle unless you help. 



This year, the U.S. Ski Team has given 
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100M, Park City, Utah 84060. Thanks. 




do. 



BYTE September 1983 365 



Circle 170 on inquiry card. 




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Now get high resolution 
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Total 






Execution 




Run-Time 


Compile and 




Time 


Size 


Size 


Load Time 


Language 


(seconds) 


(bytes) 


(bytes) 


(seconds) 


Echonet 


13.0 


243 


763 


22.0 (3.7) 


Echonet 


11.4 


216 


544 


29.0 (4.1) 


(optimized) 










Digital Research 


14.0 


242 


5977* 


112 


PL/l-80 










BD Software C 


15.2 


240 


3664* 


20.7 


(version 1 .46) 










TSW RATFOR 


16.5 


203 


2370* 


103 


Digital Research 


22.7 


344 


3816 


50.8 


Pascal/MT+ (v 5.5) 










Coral 


13.8 


n/a 


n/a* 


n/a 


Interactive 


18.5 


292 


897* 


n/a 


Systems ZC 










UCSD Pascal 


239.0 


282 


8282 


14 


Table 3: Comparison of the Gilbreaths' 


prime-number benchmark 


as performed under Echonet 


versm 


other languages. The 


languages selected had the best times or sizes running on 4-MHz 


Z80 systems. The Echonet com 


vile and load times in 


parentheses 


are for entries that have been recently compiled and so are still 


in memory, rather than on disk 


. The run-time sizes 


marked with 


an asterisk (*) indicate that CP/M must be present, 


which adds 


3580 bytes to the 


'Tin-time size. 







Carl tests the new entry by pressing Test and typing a 
small test program: 

test while ConditionalClause do IndentedProgram 

program 
clear Count 
while Count < 10 do 

display Count 

increment Count 

Carl now positions the cursor to "program" and 
presses Do. Echonet displays a line of numbers, one 
number for each repetition of the "while" instruction: 
012345678 9. Carl replaces the 10 with 1 and 
presses Do, and Echonet displays a single number: 0. 
Carl replaces the 1 with 0, presses Do, and Echonet dis- 
plays nothing. The "while" instruction works well. Carl 
is finished. 

Benchmark of Echonet 

Echonet outperforms programming systems current- 
ly in use: its programs execute faster, its code requires 
less space, and its entries compile faster. I compared 
Echonet to other programming systems with the bench- 
mark program published by Jim and Gary Gilbreath in 
"Eratosthenes Revisited: Once More through the Sieve" 
(January 1983 BYTE, page 283). 



366 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 104 on inquiry card. 



Text continued on page 372 



You can't reach the top by being a pencil pusher. 




It doesn't take much to block the door 
to success. 

A flash of an idea that slips your mind. 
A note that never gets written. 

Now you can erase those 
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Use each one for a different subject. 
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done first. 



Plus, you can activate the Messenger 
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The choice is simple. Be a pencil 
pusher. Or get the Messenger. And 
move ahead at the speed of sound. 



□ I'd like more information on the Messenger. 



Company_ 




Business Address- 



Cily_ 



_Slate_ 



Zip- 



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Mail to Lanier Business Products, Inc. 

1 700 Chantilly Drive N.E., Atlanta, GA 30324 

Ask your office manager about Thought Processors. 

Or call (800) 241-1706. In Georgia, (404) 321 -1244 collect. 



Aug. '83 Byte 1 76 G H3 



MOVE AHEAD ATTHE SPEED OFSOUND 



rANIER THOUGHT PROCESSING 



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Listing 1: The prime-number sieve entry used for benchmark comparisons. Listing la is the 
Echonet entry itself, while listing lb shows the disassembled relocatable code produced by 
Echonet. 

(la) 
benchmark 

uses {{False True}} 

Console line <- "10 iterations.", ConsoleBell 

repeat 10 times 
clear Count 
PrimeSieveFlags size bytes of PrimeSieveFlags <- True 

for PrimeSieveFlags size Index's starting at do 

if PrimeSieveFlags [Index], true then 
Prime <- Index + Index + 3 
Sievelndex <- Prime + Index 

while Sievelndex < PrimeSieveFlags size do 

PrimeSieveFlags [Sievelndex] <- False 
bump Sievelndex by Prime 

bump Count 

;;Console line <- Prime " is a prime." 

Console line <- Count " primes.", ConsoleBell 



(lb) 

;; Listing for benchmark 



0000 11 lxi d,"001 

0003 CD call id- 0696 

0006 11 lxi d,"000D 

0009 CD call id- 0696 



uses {{False True}} 

Console line <- "10 iterations. ".ConsoleBell 



oooc 


21 


lxi 


h,000A 


;;repeat 10 times 




'000F: 






000F 


7C 


mov 


a,h 




0010 


B5 


ora 


1 




0011 


CA 


jz 


'0097 




0014 


E5 


pushh 




0015 


21 


lxi 


h,0000 


;, '/clear Count 


0018 


22 


shld 


*0000 




001B 


3E 


mvi 


a,FF 


; ;/PrimeSieveFlac 


001D 


01 


lxi 


b.lFFF 




0020 


11 


lxi 


d,*0002 




0023 


12 


stax d 




0024 


62 


mov 


h,d 




0025 


6B 


mov 


1,6 




0026 


13 


inx 


d 




0027 


0B 


dcx 


b 




0028 


ED 


z80 


ldir 




0029 


B0 






;;/ 

;;/for PrimeSieve 


002A 


21 


lxi 


h.OOOO 


002D 


22 


shld 


*2001 




0030 


21 


lxi 


h,lFFF 






'0033: 






0033 


7C 


mov 


a,h 




0034 


B5 


ora 


1 




0035 


CA 


jz 


'0092 




0038 


E5 


pushh 





368 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Listing lb continued on page 370 



BASF Q(JALIMETRIC™FLEXYDISKS® 

BUILT FOR ETERNITY-WARRANTED FOR A LIFETIME. 



BASF Qualimetric FlexyDisks® offer 
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secure for tomorrow when you enter 
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We can offer this warranty with 
complete confidence because the 
Qualimetric standard reflects a con- 
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materials selection and inspection, 
and continues through coating, pol- 
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100% error-free certification. Built 
into our FlexyDisk jacket is a unique 
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traps damaging debris away from 
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When your information must 
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supplier. 

Circle 47 on inquiry card. 




s 




Enter tomorrow on basf today 



'Contact BASF for warranty details. © 1982. BASF Systems Corporation. Bedford. MA 



Listing lb continued: 



0039 

003C 

003F 

0040 

0041 

0042 

0045 

0048 

0049 

004C 

004D 

0050 

0051 

0054 

0055 

0058 

0059 



005C 
005F 
0062 
0065 
0068 
006B 
006E 
006F 
0071 
0074 
0075 
0078 
0079 
007C 



007F 
0082 
0083 

0086 
0089 
008A 
008D 
008E 
008F 

0092 
0093 
0094 

0097 
009A 
009D 
00A0 
00A3 
00A6 



2 A lhld *2001 

11 lxi d,*0002 

19 dad d 

7E mov a,m 

B7 ora a 

CA jz '0086 

2A lhld *2001 

EB xchg 

2A lhld *2001 

19 dad d 

11 lxi d,0003 

19 dad d 

22 shld *2004 

EB xchg 

2A lhld *2001 

19 dad d 

22 shld *200A 



;//if PrimeSieveFlags [Index], true then 



;///Prime <- Index + Index + 3 



; ,7//SieveIndex <- Prime + Index 



'005C: 

11 lxi 

2A lhld 

CD call 

D2 jnc 

2A lhld 

11 lxi 

19 dad 

36 mvi 

2A lhld 

EB xchg 

2A lhld 

19 dad 

22 shld 
C3 jmp 
'007F: 

2A lhld 

23 inx 
22 shld 
'0086: 
2A lhld 



;;///while Sievelndex < PrimeSieveFlags size do 



d.lFFF 

*200A 

id- 0DB3 

'007F 

*200A 

d,*0002 

d 

m,00 

*2004 

*200A 
d 

*200A 
'005C 



;////PrimeSieveFlags [Sievelndex] <- False 



;////bump Sievelndex by Prime 



inx 
shld 



23 

22 

El pop 

2B dcx 

C3 jmp 
'0092: 

El pop 

2B dcx 

C3 jmp 
'0097: 

2A lhld 

CD call 

11 lxi 

CD call 

11 lxi 

CD call 



'0000 

h 

*0000 

*2001 

h 

*2001 

h 

h 

'0033 

h 
h 
'000F 

*0000 
id- 0E87 
d, "0003 
id- 0696 
d,"0000 
id- 0696 



;/// 

;///bump Count 



;///;;Console line <- Prime " is a prime.' 



;Console line <- Count " primes.",ConsoleBell 



literals for code 

0000 0D 0A 96 20 70 72 69 6D 65 73 2E 07 96 0D 0A 96 - primes. - 

0010 31 30 20 69 74 65 72 61 74 69 6F 6E 73 2E 07 96 10 iterations. 

370 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



To find out where we're showing off 
the P1350 printer, call one of these 
Toshiba distributors: 

DIGITAL ENTRY SYSTEMS 
27 Spruce Street 
Waltham, MA 02154 
(617)899-6111 

GENERAL BUSINESS 
COMPUTERS, INC. 
2 North Olney Avenue 
Cherry Hill, NJ 08003 
(609)424-6500 

INTECH GROUP 
Royal Commerce Center 
2025 Royal Lane 
Dallas, TX 75229 
(214)241-1717 

KALTRONICS DISTRIBUTORS, INC. 
702 Landwehr Rd. 
Northbrook, IL60062 
(312)291-1220 

MICROAMERICA DISTRIBUTING CO. 
1377 Main Street 
Waltham, MA 02154 
(617)647-9340 

MICRO DISTRIBUTORS 
11794 Parklawn Drive 
Rockville, MD 20852 
(301) 468-6450 or 
(800) 638-6621 

MICROWARE DISTRIBUTORS, INC. 
20415 S.W. Blanton Avenue 
Aloha, OR 97007 
(503) 642-7679 

MONROE DISTRIBUTING CO. 
2999 Payne Avenue 
Cleveland, OH 44114 
(216)781-4600 

PARAGON SALES, INC 
780 Charcot Avenue 
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(408) 263-7955 

PREMIER SOURCE DISTRIBUTING 
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7777 S. Central Expressway 

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Richardson, TX 75080 

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(907)561-1776 

In Touch with Tomorrow 

TOSHIBA 




Nothing shows off 



your IBM PC 
likefoshiba's P1350 




Now there's one three-way printer 
that fully equals the word processing, 
data and graphics capacity of your 
IBM PC : Toshiba's P1350. 

But the P1350 is more than com- 
patible with PC hardware. It will 
print programs like Lotus 1-2-3 data 
processing and graphics output with 
remarkable character definition* 

For even more flexibility, the 
Toshiba P1350 with Qume SPRINT 5 
emulation handles all popular word 
processing programs. Under software 
command, the P1350 will print high- 
speed drafts or switch to letter-quality 
text and graphics. 

The innovation behind this three- 
in-one flexibility is Toshiba's print 
head. Pin diameter has been reduced 
to just eight mils. And the number of 



pins in the print head 
has been increased to 24. 

The result is a superior 360 by 180 
dot -per -inch density pattern in the 
text mode. Instead of spinning your 
wheels at 40 cps, the P1350 produces 
letter- quality printing at 100 cps. In 
its draft mode, Toshiba's P1350 can 
accelerate up to 192 cps. 

When it comes to graphics, the 
P1350 really shows its stuff. Whatever 
your computer displays, Toshiba's 
P1350 prints.With astonishingly 
clear definition. And extra-fine repro- 
duction that can only come from a 
print head capable of 200 million 
impressions and exclusive 180 by 180 
dot-per-inch graphics density pattern. 

In Touch with "Tomorrow 

TOSHIBA 

For further information, contact: Information Systems Division, TOSHIBA AMERICA, INC., 2441 Michelle Drive.Tustin, CA 92680. Telex 183-812. 



Then, if that's not 
enough to pique your 
interest, the P1350 also 
features three different fonts. Variable 
pitch. Subscripts, superscripts and 
underlining without the need of a 
secondpass. A super-reliable optional 
sheet feeder. And more. 

So show off your IBM. Or any other 
personal computer. With the superior 
quality and flexibility of Toshiba's 
spectacular P1350 printer. 

Distributors on the adjacent list 
make it easy to find the P1350. Or 
get more information by calling toll- 
free, 1-800-457-7777. 

*IBM PC to P1350 graphics utilizes PaperScreen and color/ 
graphics adapter. IBM PC is a Trademark oflnternational 
Business Machines. Lotus and 1-2-3 are Trademarks of Lotus 
Development Corporation. ©1983 Toshiba America, Inc. 



Circle 453 on inquiry card. 



BYTE September 1983 371 



Text continued from page 366: 

Table 3 compares Echonet with the best language for 
each measurement. Optimized Echonet uses a code op- 
timizer that removes superfluous load and store instruc- 
tions. Listing la shows the benchmark entry, while list- 
ing lb shows the disassembled 8080/Z80 code pro- 
duced by the Echonet lister. 

As of October 1982, the Echonet dictionary contained 
870 compiled entries, 324 text-only entries, and 347 ob- 
jects. Its capacity is 2000 entries and objects. Its com- 
piled entries include programs that can do the following: 

• display solution for Towers of Hanoi puzzle 
•generate prime numbers using Eratosthenes sieve 
•optimize register usage for compiled code 
•print the Echonet dictionary 

•sort entry names using a bank of memory 

• verify the Echonet dictionary for internal consistency 

The benchmark and implemented programs confirm 
that Echonet is a practical system. The scenarios for 
Vacuum one room and while ConditionalClause do In- 
dentedProgram show Echonet's flexibility, ease of use, 
and quick interaction with the user. 

Natural System 

Underlying Echonet is a natural system, i.e., a system 
that evolves. For example, the English language forms a 
natural system, as does the common law— neither was 
created as a complete unit. English uses many words 
evolved from a variety of sources, while the common 
law uses many "judicial decisions based on custom and 
precedent" (Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, 8th edi- 
tion. Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam Co., 1981). 

Let's look at English as represented by Webster's New 
Collegiate Dictionary. The 8th edition was published in 
1981. It replaced the 7th edition that appeared in 1963. 
The 8th edition has already sold over 12 million copies. 
It contains 150,000 words and 191,000 definitions. Of 
these, 22,000 words and definitions are new; that's over 
10 percent more than the 7th edition. 

In English, words are made up by users and then 
come into common use. If a word becomes widely used, 



the editors of Webster's dictionary will probably notice 
the word and include it in their next edition. The new 
words are not made up by Webster's editors; English- 
speakers make up and use new words. Then the editors 
decide if the words meet their criterion of usefulness. 
In Echonet, entries are like words in a dictionary. 
Echonet evolves as users write and modify entries; it 
can evolve in any direction. 

Separating Definition from Meaning 

Echonet does not use a created language such as 
BASIC or Pascal. Instead it builds entries out of entries. 
This is possible because Echonet separates the defini- 
tions of entries from their meanings. 

English dictionaries also separate definition from mean- 
ing. Let's look at one definition of "entry" in Webster's 
New Collegiate Dictionary: "a headword with its defini- 
tion or identification." 

If definition and meaning were the same for English, 
then substituting definitions for words should not 
destroy the meaning of a sentence. This is not the case; 
substitution produces gibberish. To illustrate that point, 
here are two definitions of the word "entry." The second 
definition is made from the first by substituting a defini- 
tion (from Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, 8th edition) 
for each word of the first: 

entry: a headword with its definition or identification. 

entry: used as a function word before singular nouns 
when the referent is unspecified a word or term 
placed at the beginning [as of an entry in an en- 
cyclopedia] used as a function word to indicate com- 
bination, accompaniment, presence, or addition of or 
relating to it or itself a statement of the meaning of 
a word or word group or a sign or symbol a function 
word to indicate an alternative evidence of identity. 

In natural language, the meaning of a word deter- 
mines its definition. Behind every definition in a dic- 
tionary there is a set of sentences collected from books, 
magazines, and newspapers. These sentences illustrate 
the actual uses of words, and hence their meanings. 




GRAPHIC Sr 

A self -teaching guide of 61 BASIC programs that will 
show you how to write your own 2D and 3D 
graphics software: create 2D and 3D shapes, 
translate, rotate, scale, stretch, clip, remove hidden 
lines, shade, perspective views, surface intersec- 
tions, animation, applications to science, business, 
engineering. Named 'The best book available for 
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IBMpc version also covers separating text from gar- 
phics, hardware requirements and more. 

□ Book 'Gnphlc Software lor Mlcroi'-$21.95 D 'IBMpc Graphics'- $24 

□ Apple Disk $19.95 QIBMpc Disk $21.95 



DATA PLOTTING SI 

1 8 programs to process and display business and 
scientific data: Pie, bar, stock market charts, 
histograms, 3D views of surfaces, log plots, semi-log 
plots, curve fitting, regression, statistical analysis. 
Data management programs create disk data files, 
recall, update, list, refile. Special features- text over 
graphics, auto-scaling, auto-replot when data 
changes. All programs in BASIC, modular, menu 
driven, fully explained. Use as-is or modify and com- 
bine for custom applications. 
□ Book 'Dota Plotting Soltwiro lor Mlcroi'-$28.50 
L"J Apple Disk $1 9.95 L . 'IBMpc Disk $1 9.95 



SOFTKITS m : Our publications are called SOFTKITS. They contain ready-to-run programs written In BASIC listed alongside theory, 
equations and sample problems. This format allows you to learn how such programs are written, modify and combine them lor custom 
applications, or use them as-ls. Disks (Apple and IBMpc) contain the same programs In Applesoft BASIC or IBMpc BASICA.. 



372 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 250 on Inquiry card. 



In Echonet, the reverse is true: the definition of an 
Echonet entry determines the entry's meaning. Its mean- 
ing is relocatable code that the computer can execute 
along with data that the computer can access. This 
relocatable code was compiled from text that defines the 
entry. 

FORTH and Macroinstructions 

On first sight, Echonet looks like either FORTH or a 
macroprocessor. Both define names in terms of other 
names, but the system underlying each is different from 
Echonet. In particular, FORTH and macroprocessors 
equate meaning with definition. 

The August 1980 BYTE covered the FORTH language. 
A FORTH program consists of words in a dictionary. 
Each word is defined by other words or by some com- 
bination of about one hundred primitive words. The 
computer executes a FORTH word by executing its com- 
ponent words. The meaning of a word— the code that is 
executed— is the group of words that define a word. 

Macroprocessors are available with most assemblers 
and as preprocessors to many compilers. A macroin- 
struction's definition consists of a name and text. When 
an assembler or compiler sees a macroinstruction's 
name, it replaces the name with the macroinstruction's 
text. Instead of writing the same text over and over 
again, the programmer just writes the name of a 
macroinstruction. The meaning of a macroinstruc- 
tion— the code that is assembled or compiled— is the text 
that defines the macroinstruction. 

The separation of definition and meaning in Echonet 
may appear to be insignificant, but its consequences are 
far-reaching. The separation allows every entry to be de- 
fined with entries and objects. This makes Echonet a 
visible system; i.e., every part of Echonet is defined in 
the Echonet system. 

By separating definition from meaning, the Echonet 
dictionary can contain many entries without affecting 
performance. This is not true of FORTH and macropro- 
cessors; as the number of FORTH words or macro- 
definitions increases, performance slows down. In 
Echonet, another entry only takes disk storage, so in- 



creasing the number of entries does not decrease the 
performance of Echonet, even if Echonet contains hun- 
dreds of thousands of entries. This allows many peo- 
ple to add entries to Echonet over many years. 

Summary 

I've demonstrated Echonet's operation with scenarios 
and a benchmark. The key ideas I've tried to convey are 
(1) that Echonet is an interactive system for managing 
and creating programs with a dictionary of entries and 
objects, (2) that every entry in Echonet is defined by en- 
tries and objects in Echonet, (3) that the name of an en- 
try is a phrase that describes the entry, and (4) that Echo- 
net is a natural system that separates entry definition 
from entry meaning. 

In your mind, an entry's name should become a sym- 
bol for the entry's meaning. Programming becomes a 
process of design in a symbolic language instead of en- 
coding into a programming language. By separating 
definition from meaning, Echonet lets you work with 
symbolic text while the computer works with numeric 
data. 

Echonet is a programming system that responds to 
the creativity and ingenuity of its users and user groups. 
Like a natural language, Echonet can grow in elegance 
and usefulness as the needs of its users develop and 
change. ■ 



Brad Barber runs Echo Systems Company (POB 5192, Westport, CT 06881), 
a one-person research firm. He recently joined ITT Programming as part of 
a research group that works on coordination systems. 



Echonet is a research project of Echo Systems Company. To receive the 
next EchoNet Newsletter, please send a stamped, self-addressed envelope 
to Newsletter, Echo Systems Company, POB 5192. Westport, CT 06881. 



Acknowledgments 

Careful reviews by Terry Baker, Charles Barber, Robin Barber, Earl Gilmore, 
Chris LeTocq, and Gregg Williams greatly enhanced this article. My thanks 
to them and to the editors of BYTE for their help and encouragement. 



MAIL LIST SOFTWARr 

a series of ready-to-use mail list programs arranged 
in a tutorial sequence that show how to write mail list 
software: Create random access data files, store on 
disk, recall, update, sort by zip code, sort in 
alphabetical order, list, print mail labels. Programs 
progress step-by-step from elementary file handling 
concepts and build to ready-to-use mail list software. 
Perfect for small businesses who want to customize 
their own software. Programs listed in the book in 
IBMpc BASICA; disks available for Apple and IBMpc. 

Book 'Mill Utt Software for Mlcroa'-S32.50 
DApple Disk $1 9.95 UIBMpc Disk $1 9.95 



STRUCTURAL SOFTWARE- 

1 1 programs combining structural analysis with 
graphics: Create a 3D mesh interactively, rotate in 3 
dimensions, store on disk. Then recall, do linear and 
non-linear 3D truss analysis, linear 3D frame analysis 
using the 'direct stiffness' method. Also do combined 
stress analysis, calculate geometric properties of 
beam cross-sections. Truss programs graphically 
display deformed shape of structure. All programs in 
BASIC fully documented with theory, equations, sam- 
ple problems. 

DBook 'Structural Anilytlt Software lor Mlcroa'-$42.50 
DApple Disk $42.50 DIBMpc Disk $42.50 



TO ORDER: Send check on US bank, money order In US funds, VISA/MASTERCARD no with exp date to KERN PUBLICA TIONS, PO 
Box 1 029-BJ, Duxbury, MA 02332. Ad $2 per book 4th cl mail in US and Canada; $4 1 st cl or UPS in US; $4.50 1 st cl Canada; $1 2 air Europe 
and Central America; $18 elsewhere. For faster delivery call (617)934-0445. 



KERN 

PUBLICATIONS 



Circle 251 on Inquiry card. 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 373 



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• CEHTRALPOINT.CopyllPC.BackupandUMty NEW! $ 40 

* COMX. Fastrak" , RAM/Disk emulator and printer spooler program. Works 

onanyPCDCSveraonorRAMCard.MenuDriYen. NEWI $ 100 

HAYES, Smartcom II $ 119 

MICROCOM.Microleminal $ 100 

MICROSTUF, Crosstalk $ 195 

NAGVSYSTEMS.CooyPCBackupandUlilife $ 35 

NORELL DATA, System Backup $ SO 

NOinON.NKtoniJ6lnles.14powrhjl|KigraiTO,3disl<s $ 80 



HOME & EDUCATIONAL 



EPYXiAirtorraledSlmuimms.TompleofApstiai $ 40 

OilBaroro NEW! $ 100 

* ARMONK. Executive Surle $ 40 
BLUE CHIP, Millionaire $ 60 
BPISYSTEMS.PeraonalAccouming $ 195 

* BRODERBUND, Apple Panic $ 30 
CONTINENTAL, the Homo Accountant Plus $150 
DATAMOST, Pig Pen or Space Strike, each $ 30 
DAVIDSON. The Speed Reader II $ 75 
INFOCOM. Deadline S 50 

ZorklorZorkllorZorklll.each $ 40 

* INSOFT.WordTnxorOuolrixorMystrix.each NEWI $ 35 
MICROSOFT, FlightSlmulator(bySub-Logic) NEW! $ 50 
PBLCORP.,Personallnvestor $ 145 
SIR-TECH, Wizardry, Scenario #1 $ 60 
SPINNAKER. Snooper Troops. I lor #2. each $ 45 

S1ayMariineorFa»MakefaFthymes4RkJdles,ea. $ 35 

STRATEGIC, me Warp Factor $ 40 



$215 
$135 
$189 
$259 
$149 
$299 
$329 
$169 
$12 
$329 
$469 
$269 
$129 
$129 
$429 
$109 
$269 
$199 
$189 
$276 
$350 
$75 
$115 
$185 
$225 
$450 
$260 
$375 
$295 
$259 
$559 
$259 
$59 



$69 
$69 
$99 

$365 
$219 
$129 
$259 
$219 
$ 96 
$85 
$199 
$299 
$129 
$195 
$99 
$169 
$179 
$199 
S219 
5239 



$59 
$89 
$65 
$129 
$25 
$39 
$65 



$29 
$75 
$27 
$39 
$139 
$22 
$112 
$22 
$56 
$39 
$29 
$29 
$35 
$99 
40 
$35 
$25 
$30 



IBM is a trademark of IBM Corporation 

IBM-PC 

System Includes 
Two 320K Disk Drives by CDC 

90 Day Warranty By Us 

Call For Details And 
Configurations 




lor the 
IBM-PC or XT 



HARDWARE 



LIST 
PRICE 



OUR 
PRICE 



lirilADU /"-Uin l/ITC Add-on to yout memory cards or XT mother 
MENlVH ' vnlr M I O board. 100% tested. With 90daywairanly 



• 64KKil,200NS,9chips,4164 $ 150 

16KKit.200NS,9cNps,4116(lorPC-1motherboard] $ 30 



ComboPlus,64Kw/asyncpara&ck)Ck/cal $ 395 

Above Combo Plus. 256K.S/P/C $ 695 



^|^p*jpSucerVision,mcoochrome132Cdx44lnevio^board $850 

WWW Zi'Plus64,fastZ80B.64K|expandto192K),pararjor1 $ 875 

*rVWTlY 2r^RAMCardwBhFa5lrak"f«Mdiskemulator 

\^\Jtii/\ andprinterspoo!ersoflware.2YearWarranty $750 

/->i |n T i«PCPe**il'"<orDisplayonPC $ 80 

LUH I ld.9rbotCaplelorlBMI<eyboard|exlends3'lo9') $ 50 

KeyTrOniC,KB5150.SlandatdTypewrtokiayrjoard NEW! S 269 

- 64K RAM Card w/Parity $ 350 

256KRAMCardw/Parily $ 875 

64K System Card, 4 Function $ 395 

256K System Card, 4 Function $ 625 



JI^Q/'XC/'Nr'T 64K RAM Card w/Parity 



MBI MonteCarto64KFiveFunction|lot000K) 

QUADRAM ( oi,po»«.n 

* QuadllnkJBMtoApplellLink 

Quadboard 64K,expandablelo 256K, 4 function board 

•* Quadboard 256K. lour lunclion board 
Quad512+.64Kplus serial port 
Quad 512 1 , 256K plus serial port 
Quad512+.512K plus serial port 
Ouadcolorl 

Quadcolorll.use with Quadcotor I, set 640x200 
Mlcrolazer, w/Copy, Par/Par, 6K, #MP8 w/Power Supply 
Microlazer, w/Copy, Par/Par, 64K, #MP64 w/Power Supply 
Microfazer,w/Copy.Par/Par,128K,#MP128w/PowerSuprjly 
Mcrofazer, Snapon, 8K, PariPar. Epson, #ME8,wrPower Supply 
MtaJlazer.Snajwrl, 64K, ParfPar, Epson. #ME64, wIPwr. Supply 
All Mkxofazers are expandable (w/oopy to 51 2K) (Snap-on to 64K) 



$680 
S 395 
$595 
$ 325 
$550 
$695 
$295 
$ 275 
$ 189 
$319 
$ 465 
S 179 
$319 



TG PRODUCTS, joystick 



$ 279 
$ 525 



$680 
$695 



$ 65 
S 35 

$ 199 

$250 
$625 
$ 295 
$ 465 



$580 
S 285 
$425 
$275 
$440 
$675 
$ 235 
$ 209 
$ 139 
$235 
$ 345 
$ 145 
$235 



$ 49 



DRIVES 



Control Data OR landon 

* DISK DRIVES.Double Sided 360K320K Same asnow supplied 
with IBM-PC & XT. Tested, bumed-in. With installation instructions. 

SOdaywarrantybyus. leach $529 $249 

2otmore $ 529 $ 239 

Hall Heiftttt 360K or 32CK Drives, same asabovB $ 395 $ 199 

INTERNAL Hard Disk. 5-6MB $1995 $1195 

(ForPC-l.completel 15-19MB $2795 $1895 

MAYNARD,FloppyDriveControlBoard.foruplo4dnves $195 $165 

samewithSenalPort $ 325 $ 235 

same with Parallel Port $275 $205 



DAVONG 



VISTA. IBM-PCXT Hard Osk Backup, 6MB, 



..VlJOOOskPak $1549 $1049 



PRINTERS AND ACCESSORIES 

EPSON MX or FX PRINTERS CALL CALL 

LEADING EDGE. Gorilla Banana NEW! $250 $ 209 

OKIDATA,Microline82A,80col..120cps,S'P,lriclronsprockel S 549 $419 

83A. 132 cot.. 1 20cp5. SP. tnction Sprocket S 648 $498 

PRACTICAL PERIPHERALS. Microliter ln-Line64K. Parallel $ 349 $259 

Microbuffer In- Line 64K Serial 5 349 $ 259 

* STAR MICRONICS, 9x9 Dot Matrix, 120cps,2 3K. Gemini 10' X $499 $325 

9x9DolMalrix.100cps2.3K,Gemini15" 5 649 $469 

IBM-PCtoEpsonorSlarMicronicsCable S 60 S 35 

Apple Interlace and Cable for Epson or Gemini $ 95 $ 59 

Grappler + by Orange Micro, specify pnnter $165 $119 

AppleGraphicsDumpProgrambyEpson S 15 S 9 

LETTER QUALITY-DAISY WHEEL PRINTERS: 

COMREX,ComrilerCR-l , IF. 200 wpm 

ComriterTrador Feed lorCR-1 



Limited Special SI199 S 645 
$118 S 99 
SUPPLIES: Tractor Feed Paper, Ribbons, Heads, Qume Daisy Wheels and Ribbons. 



8" CP/M-80 SOFTWARE 



ASHTON-TATE.dBasell 

MICROCRAFT, Verdict (Legallor Billkeeper (Prolessional). each 
MICROPRO, WordStar' plus Iree WordStar Training Manual 
MailMerge * (Call on2 Pak. 3 Pak and others) 
WordSlarProlessionnl,4Pak.3above ' Slarlndex 



MUCH MORE 
IN STOCK 



LIST OUR 
PRICE PRICE 



MICROSOFT " pa " 



MORE IN STOCK 



Fortran B0 Compiler 
BASICCompller 
COBOL-80 Compiler 
muLisp muStar-60 
Macro-80 



S 700 
S 995 
S 495 
S 250 
S 895 
S 275 
S 500 
S 395 
S 750 
S 200 
S 200 



S 399 
S469 
$ 269 
S 129 
S 429 
$ 199 
S 325 
S295 
S 545 
S 145 
$ 145 



MONITORS 



AND 
ACCESSORIES 



AMDEK12 Green. #300G S 200 $159 

r 12 " Amber. #300A S 210 S 159 

r 13"Colorl.Composile S 379 $ 299 

r 13"Color II. RGB. Hi Res lAp II. Ill S IBM-PC] S 529 $459 

: 13"Color III. RGB. Commercial (Ap II. Ill) S 479 $399 

DVM. Color II or II I to Apple il Interlace S 199 S 175 

NEC.I2'Green.ModelJBI201M S 2-19 $159 

l2*Color,Composile.Mo(telJC1212M S -150 S 349 

PRINCETON, RGB Hi Res S 795 $539 

QUADRAM. Quadchromc 12 RGB Color S 795 $565 

Quadrscreen17',968x512.2pages.wcabic.carddisk S1995 $1595 

SANYO.9Green.ModelDM5l09 S 200 S 139 

12"Green,ModelDM81l2CX s 260 s 199 

13"Color.Composite,ModelDM60l3 S 470 S 349 

ZENITH. 1 2" Green. Model ZVM 1 2 1 S 150 S 99 



MODEMS 



AND 
ACCESSORIES 



HAYES. Micromodem II (loi the Apple II) 

Apple Terminal Program (or Micromodem II 

IBM-PC Smartcom II Soltware 

Stock Chronograph (RS-232] 

Smartmodem300(RS-232l 

Smartmodeml200(RS-232l 

IBM-PC Smar!modemt200Bplus Smartcom II 

Micromodem lOOlS-tOObus) 
IBM-PC to Modem Cable 
NOVATION, Applecal II Modcm.300 BAUD 

212Apple Cat. 1200 BAUD 
SIGNALMAN. Modem MKI (RS-232) 
SSM, Transcend 1 for Apple II Data Comm 
ModemCard for the Apple II 
Transmodemt20O(tlO30O12OO) 



S 100 
S 119 



S 65 
S 99 



S 225 
S 535 



S 599 S 439 
S 399 S 275 



S 369 S 269 
S 725 S 599 



^>x^* Xnt l IF MO 6MegHardDisk,wolnterface 

VA^IXVVJO If Meg Hard Disk, wo Interface 

20MegHardDisk.wolnterface 

IBM-PC Interlace (IBM DOS), Manual S Cable Kil 

Mirror built to for easy backup 

Apple Interlace, Manual 6 Cable Kil 

Other Interlaces Omm-Net Constellation. Mirror. All m Stock 



S2395 
S3195 
$4195 
S 300 
S 790 
S 300 



SI 895 
S2695 
$3495 
S 239 
$ 595 
S 239 



Esa 



+ HP75C Portable Computer ISKJoad lot 68K S 995 $695 

HP4ICCalculalor S 195 S 149 

HP41CVCa!culalorwilh2 2KMemory S 275 $219 

Full line ol H P 75C and HP41 accessories & software Call 



DISKETTES 



$ 20 
$ 295 
$ 35 



CONTROL DATA CORPORATION Certified Top ol the Line Diskettes. 

CDC.100each.5-! 4, with ring, SS. DD.4BT (Apple. IBM. elc.l S 550 

IOeach.5-14.wilhiing.SS.DD.48T(Apple.lBM.elcl S 55 

100 each, 5-1 4 with ring. DS. DD. 48T. (IBM. H P. etc ) S 750 

IOeach.5-14.wilhnng.DS.DD.48T|IBM.HPelc) S 75 

DYSAN.I0each.5-14SS,SD.(Apple,e!c) S 69 

tOeach. 5-1 4, DS. DD. 4BT (IBM. H P, etc ) S 89 

MAXELL. 10each.5-l4,MD-l.SS.SDorSS.DD S 55 

GENERIIT DISKETTES 

100eachSS.SD.35Track(Apple.Alan.elc.| S 415 

* 1000eachSS.SD.35Track(App!e.Alan.elc) $3200 

100eachDS,DD.40Track(IBM.HP.elc) S 626 

• 100OeachDS.DD.40Track(IBM.HP.elc) S4550 

Wilh jackets, no labels, produced by a top ol the line manufacturer 90 day warranty by us 



S 130 
S 995 
S 160 

$1200 



PLOTTERS 



ENTER COMPUTER. Sweel-P Personal Plotter, with Apple Interface 

and Software S 795 $ f 



• Means a BEST buy 



AD #978 



CASH & CARRY OUTLETS: 

Over-the-counter sales onfy Open Monday through Salurday 10:00 uniil 5:00. 
PORTLAND, OREGON, 11507-D S.W. Pacific Hwy. Terrace Shopping Center. Ttgard 
On 99W belween 217and 1-5. Call 245-1020, 
SEATTLE, WASH,, Grand Opening Soon, Call lor location (BOO) 547-1 289. 



nnnt:niiir incrrvnii atiah Akin Trnno All Mail: P.O. Box 23068, Portland, OR 97223, Include telephone number, AD #978 
UHUtnlNvj INhUnMAI IUN AND I fcnmolA items usually in stock We immediately honor Cashiers Checks. Money Orders. Fortune lOOOChecks and 
Government Checks. Personal or Company Checks allow 20 days to clear. No, C.O.D. Add 3% lor VISA or MC. For U.S. Mainland. add3%forshipping. insurance and handlmg(SI&H) by 
UPS wilh$5 minimum for SI&H. UPS ground is standard so add 3% more for UPS Blue withSIOmimmum lor SI&H. Add 12% total for SI&H for US Poslal.APO or FPOwilhStS minimum 
lor SI&H, For Hawaii, Alaska and Canada, UPS is in some areas only, all olhers are Postal so call, write, or specify Postal. Foreign orders excepl Canada lor S.I&H add 18% or S25 
minimum lor SI&H except lor monitors add 30% or $50 minimum lor SI&H. Prices subject to change and typo errors, so call lo verily. All goods are new. include warranly and are guaran- 
leed to work. Due to our low prices, ALL SALES ARE FINAL. Call before returning goods for repair or replacemenl. Orders received with insufficient S.I&H charges will be refunded. 
ORDER DESK HOURS 6 AM to 6 P.M. PST. Monday through Friday and 10 to 4 Saturday. 6 A.M. here is 9 A.M. in New York, 

OUR REFERENCES: We have been in computers and electronics since 1958, a computer dealer since 1979 and in mail order since 1980. Banks: 1st Interstate Bank. 
(503) 643-4578. We belong lo the Chamber of Commerce (503) 644-01 23, Better Business Bureau (503) 227-0648 and Direct Marketing Association, or call Dunn and Bradslreel il you 
are a subscriber. Faslrak"" and Genenk" are trademarks of ComX Corporation. WordStar, MailMerge, Slarlndex, InfoStar, are Irademarks ol MicroPro. 



374 BYTE September 1983 



^v |S !\ "^ 



?*?* « 



LOW PRICES TO PROFESSIONALS WHO KNOW WHAT THEY WANT AND KNOW HOW TO USE IT 

apple nviie supply center 



r DEALERS^ 
WE BUY 
EXCESS 

, INVENTORIES j 




HARDWARE 

for Apple II 



APPLEIIe64K.40COl.UMN $1,175 

APPLE lie 1 28K , 80 COLUMN SI ,395 

APPLE He, STARTER SYSTEM BY APPLE (System A) 

64K and 80 column 
Disk II with conlroiler 
Apple Monitor III 

Monitor Stand $1,895 

APPLE tie STARTER SYSTEM BY CONROY-LA POIMTE 
[SYSTEM Bj 

12BK and 80 column 

1 Micra-Sa Dnve with controller 

filer. Utility and DOS 3.3 Diskette 

Sanyo 9' Green Monitor 

RF Modulator [lor color TV) 

Game Paddies 

Game with color graphics and sound $1,875 

WARRANTY: Limited warranty is 100% Parts & Labor tor 90 days by us. 
To substitute or delete dnve on System B. subtract S245 and 
add drive price. (System D) 

To add one Merc-Set A2 Drive to above, add $245. (System DD) 

To substiluteof delete monitor on System a, subtract $130 and add other : ■ 
monitor price (System M). 



DISK DRIVES for 
APPLE 11+ /lie 

A2,5-1/4",1«KDiskMve $479 

Controller Card lor A2 Drive $ 100 
filer. Ctsk. Utility and 

DOS33Sotlware $ 20 



S 249 

$ 79 



S 15 



Rana Elel.163K.40Track5 $ 379 S 269 

El!te2.326K.80Trac*S $ 649 $ 429 

EI«e3,652K, 160 Tracks $849 $549 

EWeControllei w Manual S Disk $ 145 $ 99 

TC«/ ,, " 3lM '»' ttl1 * * 379 * m 

I tZHKs Controller Card $ 89 $ 69 
♦Electronics by ComX 

l/iryTA Sob.5"143K&skDmeSd Haglrl $ 300 $ 249 

VIO IM Duets ■.Double Sided, 320K 

$420 



$329 



$715 
$ 89 



$575 
I 76 



Hall Height 
Quartet, ;r,?Duels Side by Side 

or Standard Cabinet 
Controller Card 
DiskPakV1200.6MB Backup 
System 
♦V1000 Dual S'.Sld. Format 

w-Conlroto. Complete lor Apple $2195 $1295 
*■ CENTRAL POIHT. Filet, Ulilily and DOS3.3 $ 20 - 



$1549 $1949 



$ 15 



RAM EXPANSION 



LIST 

PRICE 

• ComX lor lie 80 col 64K Adder Card S 295 

16K S '79 

I6K S 100 

I6K S 130 

32K S 249 

64K 5 425 

H28K S 599 



*ComX RAMCard2Yr Wly I 

• ALS AODRamlll i 

• Microsoft RAMCardlll I 

• Saturn Systems RAMCaroill 

RAMCardlll 
RAMCardlll' 

• Axlon RAM Disk System! or OI320K SI395 



VIDEO CARDS 



*ALS Smariftimlli orei S 179 

ComX Boot WKAdderlllei S 295 

Vtdex VideoiermBOcoi i orei S 345 

• UHraTermi orei S 379 

SottVdeoSwitchill ■ i S 35 

Enharcerlllll- 1 S 149 

Funcl13nSlr1p.il - I S 79 

FuHVidexLine Can Up to 35*o ott 

Vista Vision 80 S 289 



MISCELLANEOUS 



ALS TheCPMCatdV3 0i ■ Orel 

Z-Cardi ' ore) 

Colorlli ■ orei 
ASTAR RF Modulator lOuseTV 

• CCS Serrar Interface 7710A 
DanPaymar Lower Case Chiplll- 1 
DontAsk DAO003SA Mouth 

• Easlside Wild Card, copier 
Kensington System Saver 
Key Tronic. KB200 keyboard 

84keysill- I 

Kraft JcystirHAp II tl ■ I 

Paddle [Ap II It- 1 

M&R SupRtanr ore] 

• Microsoft Z00 Sotlcard I ■ Orel 

Z80SoftcardPlust ■ ore) 
Soltcard Premium Pack (II ■ l 
Soicard Premium Pack lllel 
Micro Tek Dumpling 64 Butler 

• Orange Micro GrappierPlus 
Practical Peripherals 
MBPIIe64KPar lEpson Internal) I • el 
MBSIle32KSer lEpsonlntemalll • e) 

Microbulter II - I6K I ■ Orel 
Par Ser (specify) 
Mi0obuHetil ■ 64K i - ore! 
Par Ser (specify! 
PCPI AppliCard 1 4 features 6Mhz 
RH Electronics Super Fan II 

• Saturn Systems Accelerator II 
SSM Atoll Serial Paialnledace 
TG Products Game Paddles I II - ) 

Joystick (II i) 
Selecl-A-Pod(ll-) 
Trak Ball III t ) 

VidexPSIO. Para Set Interface 

WICO Trackball lAp II II. | 
Analog Joystick 



S 399 
S 169 
S 179 
S 35 
S 150 
S 50 
S 125 
S 130 
S 90 

S298 
S 65 
S 50 
S 50 
S 345 
S 645 
S 695 
S 495 
S 349 
S 165 

S 279 
S 219 



I 349 
S 375 
S 75 
S 599 
S 225 
S 40 
5 60 
S 60 
S 65 
S 229 
S 90 
S 70 



OUR 
PRICE 
$145 
S 39 
S 69 
S 79 
St 69 
S319 
$459 
S795 



S139 
SI 45 
$229 
S279 
S 25 
S 99 
S 59 



S299 
S129 
S139 
S 25 
S 99 
S 39 
S 85 
S 99 
S 69 

$219 
S 49 
S 39 
S 39 
S235 
$459 
$495 
5395 
$269 
S1 19 

S209 
S169 



$259 
$275 
5 59 
$449 
$169 
S 29 
$45 
$45 
S 44 
$169 
$ 61 
S 47 



SOFTWARE 



on disk for Apple II II 



BUSINESS 



LIST 

PRICE 

Apple Computer. Inc. 50% off list, on Apple Inc software 

AppliedSoftTech.,VersaForm S 389 

AMsci. MagicWrndowll NEW! S 150 

Ashton-Tate.dBasell(ReqZ80l S 700 

Financial Planner (Req Z80) S 700 

Friday S 295 

Users Guide by Software Banc S 30 

BPI Systems. GL. AR. AP PR or INV. each S 395 

Broderbund Bank Street Writer 5 70 

Continenlal.GL.AR.APorPRea S 250 

Home Accountant S 75 

FCM S 100 

Dow Jones. Market Analyzer S 300 

Hayden PieWnleilSpecityfJOcot board) S 150 

Howard Soft, Real Estate Analyzer II S 195 

Tax Preparer S 225 

Info. Unlim.. Easywnler (PRO) $ 175 

LJK Letter Perfect w Mail Merge S 150 

* MicroCraft.(requiresZ80CPM-Card) 

Professional Billkeeper S 995 

Verdict. ILega! Billing) S 995 

Micro Lab. Tax Manager $ 180 

MicroPro, (all require Z80-CP M Card] 

WordStar' • Training Manual SPECIAL S 495 

MailMerge" SPECIAL S 250 

SpellSlar" SPECIAL S 250 

* WordStar Professional.4Pak. 

3 above • Star Index SPECIAL S 895 

* WordSlarwApplicardSCPM(special) S 495 
Microsoft.Multi-Plan(CPMorAppleDOS) $ 275 

Financial, Mullfool(CPM or DOSI S 100 

Budget. MultilooKCPM or DOS) S 150 

Sierra'On-Line. Screenwriter II S 130 

The Dictionary NEW 1 S 100 

General Manager II NEW' S 230 

OsbomelC.P. Soft. (Disk and Book) 

Some Common Basic Programs (75each) 

Statistics and Malh Programs S 100 

Practical Basic Programs (40 each) S 100 

Peachtree. Requires CP M & MBasrc, 40 columns 

Senes40GLSARSAP,a»3 S 595 

Series 40 Inv. or Payroll, each S 400 

Series 9 Texl& Spells Mail all 3 S 595 

Perfect. Perfect Writer S 495 

Perfect Speller S 295 

Perfect Writer Speller 2 Pak S 695 

Perfect Filer S 595 

Quark. Word Juggler (lie) S 239 



OUR 
PRICE 
Call 
S265 
S 99 
S399 
$399 
$199 
S 20 
$295 
$ 47 
S169 
$49 
S 68 
$239 
S 99 
$129 
$149 
$119 
$ 99 

$469 
$469 
$119 

$269 
$129 

$129 

$429 
$345 
$199 
$ 75 
$115 
$ B9 
S 69 
SI55 



S 49 

S49 

$395 
$275 
$395 
$219 
$129 
$299 
$259 
$179 



LIST OUR 

PRICE PRICE 

Sensible Sens Speller. spec.ly80Col.Brd S 125 $85 

* Silcon Valley Word Handler S 250 $139 

Sot. Sys. Executive Secretary S 250 $169 

ExeculiveSpeller S 75 $ 55 

Software Publishing, PFS File S 125 $85 

[specify - ore) PFS Report S 125 $85 

PFS Graph S 125 S 85 

Stoneware, DB Master S 229 $129 

DB Utility I or II S 99 $69 

Videx.Applewnlerllprebooldisk $ 20 $ 15 

Visicalc80col prebootdisk S 50 S 39 

VisicalcBOcol to 1 76K disk S 90 $ 69 

VKJcoteimUWiliesDisk S 37 $28 

VisiCorp/Personal Software. 

Visicalc33 S 250 $169 

Visical: Enhanced lllel NEW' S 250 S169 

VisiFileorVisiDex each 5 250 S169 



UTILITY & DEVELOPMENT 



Beagle. Utility City 
DOS Boss 
Apple Mechanic 
Central Point, Filer. DOS 3 3 and Utility 
■k Copy II Plus fbrt copier) 

Computer ApptL. Nibbles Away II 
Epson. Graphics Dump 
Insott.GiaFORTHbyPaul Lulus 
Microsoft. AIDS 

BASIC Compiler 
Cobol80 
Fortran 80 
TASC Compiler 
* Omega Locksmith (bit copier) 

Penguin Comp Grphcs Sys NEW! 

Graphics Magician NEW' 

Phoenix ZoomGralix 
Quality. Bag o! Tricks NEW' 

Saturn Systems VC-Expand 

VC-Expand80 
Sensible Back:! Up Ibil copier] 



30 
24 
30 
20 
40 
70 
15 
S 75 
S 125 
S 395 
S 750 
S 195 
S 175 



S 100 
S 125 
S 60 



$ 22 
S 18 
$ 22 

S 15 
S 35 
S 59 
S 9 

S 59 
S 75 
S299 
$559 
$149 
$159 
S 75 
$ 53 
S 41 
$ 34 
S 29 
S 49 
S 69 
S 49 



HOME & EDUCATION 



Broderbund Choplifler S 35 

BudgeCo.PmballConstr Set . S 40 

Continental. Home Accountant S 75 

Datamost Aztec crZaxxon each S 40 

Edu-Ware. (Large Invenloiy) Call 

Hayden, Sargen II IChess) S 
lnfocom.Zorkl.il orlll.orStarcross.each S 

Deadline $ 

Lightning, Mastertype S 

MicroLab Mmer2049er S 

Muse Castle Wollenstem S 

Sierra'On-Line, Ultima tl S 

Sotlporn IX Rated) S 

Sir-Tech, Wizardry S 

Sub Logic. Flight Simul S 



OTHER BRANDS AND PROGRAMS IN STOCK. CALL. 



$ 26 
$27 
$ 49 
S 27 
Call 
S 29 
$ 27 
S 34 
$ 27 
$ 27 
$ 23 
S 40 
S 22 
$ 39 
$ 25 



THE WORLD'S LARGEST COMPUTER MAIL ORDER FIRM JM 

CONROY-LA POINTE 

Formerly Computer Exchange 

ALL MAIL: P.O. Box 23068, Portland, OR 97223 

SHOWROOM AT 1 1507D SW PACIFIC HWY , PORTLAND. OR. OPEN M-SAT 10-5 



WHILE THEY LAST 




• OVERSTOCK SPECIALS 


• 


FOR APPLE llll.. 'lie 






•ALS, Synergizer * Supertax; f CondorforfJI + ) 


$ 749 


$399 


Anadex. DP8000, Dol Matrix Prinler 


$995 


$395 


A-CCS, Serial Interface 771 OA 


$ 150 


$99 


*ComX, 16K RAM Card. 2 yr. Warranty, lor II * 


$ 179 


$ 39 


MicroCom Micro Courier 


$ 250 


$99 


Micro Telegram 


$250 


$99 


Microsoft. 16KRAMCard for 11+ 


$ 100 


$79 


Saturn Systems.32K RAM Card lor 11 1 


$249 


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BYTE September 1983 375 



Data File Management 

Methods 

Organize your files to eliminate confusion 

by Robert B. Johnson 



Recently, after spending days 
straightening out the disk files for my 
personal computing system, I 
realized the results of improper data 
file management. At first, managing 
files for two operating systems, two 
versions of Visicalc, two versions of 
a word-processing program, three 
language packages, and a few appli- 
cations packages didn't seem dif- 
ficult. But with the passage of a year, 
I no longer knew what data files went 
with what programs, what versions 
of programs were the most current, 
or what modifications were installed 
on what disks. I desperately needed 
a simple system of data file manage- 
ment that would provide program 
and data security, continuity of work 
flow, maximum standardization and 
software compatibility, and minimal 
maintenance. To meet these objec- 
tives, I designed the following sys- 
tem, which can also successfully han- 
dle the needs of a small business. 
The system described can expand 
and grow to meet the changing needs 
of the organization. 

Objectives 

There are two aspects to the first 
objective. Providing for program and 
data security means that a workable 
system must have backup copies of 
critical programs and data files so 
that a minimum amount of time is 
lost when the inevitable data loss oc- 
curs. Security also refers to the need 
to restrict the dissemination of sen- 
sitive or confidential information to 
only those users who require access 
to this information to perform their 
jobs. 

The second objective, continuity of 



work flow, is the ability of the system 
to allow easy assimilation of one 
employee's duties by another. Illness, 
vacations, promotions, and termina- 
tions all require that employees be 
trained to perform new duties. When 
all employees are familiar with and 
use a common system, this continui- 
ty of work flow is more easily 
realized. 

The third objective, standardization 
and software compatibility, is re- 
quired because of the enormous costs 
associated with software develop- 
ment. To achieve the greatest degree 
of compatibility, the data file manage- 
ment system must provide a means 
of assuring that all programs devel- 
oped by one user are compatible with 
the rest of the system. Also, the sys- 
tem must provide a means to 
evaluate the total impact of con- 
templated changes before they are 
made. 

To meet the fourth objective the 
ideal system will provide an efficient 
way to make changes. All changes, 
record keeping, and educational or 
other activities associated with a pro- 
gram or data file that is accessed by 
more than one user should be per- 
formed by a single person (or group 
of persons) who has been given that 
responsibility. 

System Overview 

The system is based on the concept 
of control services residing at discrete 
control levels. Each level has its own 
standards of control that specify such 
parameters as software and data 
change restrictions, required pass- 
word protection, file backup require- 
ments, testing required to verify 



changes, etc. Whenever there are two 
or more users of a given program, 
data file, or related service, a control 
entity is established at the next higher 
level of control to provide and coor- 
dinate the required services. When- 
ever there is a single user of a pro- 
gram or data file, control services for 
that program or data file are the re- 
sponsibility of that user. 

Figure 1 shows a block diagram of 
a generalized system with five levels 
of control. The highest level is the 
computer network, essentially a com- 
munication system linking a number 
of computer systems. The next level 
down is the computer system, which 
is defined as a particular hardware 
configuration. For data file manage- 
ment in an organization, all com- 
puters of the same make and model 
are considered part of the same com- 
puter system. The next level contains 
the operating system. For our pur- 
poses, an operating system is defined 
as any control program that has more 
than one application program depen- 
dent on it for proper operation of the 
computer system. The next lower 
level is for application programs. A 
typical small business would have 
application programs to perform 
functions such as payroll, accounts 
receivable, accounts payable, word 
processing, etc. The lowest level is 
the user level. When there is more 
than one user on any level, control 
resides at the next higher level. Pro- 
grams and data files that have only 
one user have the least number of 
controls placed against them in terms 
of change restrictions. There are pro- 
cedures that require backup protec- 
tion for files at the user level. 



376 September 1983- © BYTE Publications Inc. 



COMPUTER 
JCTWORK 
LEVEL 5 



TT 



■II- 



COMPUTER 
SYSTEM 
LEVEL 4 



OPERATING 
SYSTEM 
LEVEL 3 



APPLICATION 
PROGRAM 
LEVEL 2 



COMPUTER 
SYSTEM 1 



OPERATING 
SYSTEM 1 



APPLICATION 
PROGRAM 1 



COMPUTER 
SYSTEM 2 



-//- 



OPERATING 
SYSTEM 2 



APPLICATION 
PROGRAM 2 



COMPUTER 
SYSTEM N 



OPERATING 
SYSTEM N 



APPLICATION 

PROGRAM N 



USER 
LEVEL 1 



USER 1 




-//- 



USER 



TT 



CURRENT I 

WORKING I 

FILE I 

(CWF) I 



USER N 



-> 



vl/ 


1 


B 


1 


B 




1 6 


USER 


1 






FILE 


1 






LIBRARY 


1 
1 







APPLICATION PROGRAM 
WORKING COPIES 



SHORT-TERM STORAGE 



LONG-TERM STORAGE 



USER 

PROCEDURES 

DOCUMENT 



Ji 



USER 

RECORDS 

DOCUMENT 



WRITTEN PROCEDURES THAT 
GOVERN SYSTEM USAGE 



WRITTEN DESCRIPTION OF USER'S FILE USAGE 



CONTROLLED ACCESS 

CENTRAL ARCHIVAL 

STORAGE 




PERMANENT 
STORAGE 



Figure 1: Data file management system block diagram. The system is divided into five levels, each with its own procedures for control. 
You must design your own specific and detailed procedures for maintaining the security of your data files and application programs. 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 377 




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It is important to mention that the 
upper levels were not selected on the 
basis of stringency of control but to 
provide convenient control points 
based on areas of expertise. By con- 
venient control points I mean that it 
is convenient to provide control at the 
point where two or more persons are 
using the same application program. 
The levels are chosen on the basis of 
expertise because in a small business 
it is possible, and more efficient, to 
have the control services provided by 
those persons who know the most 
about a particular area. For example, 
in a small business the author of an 
application program should assume 
the control responsibilities for that 
program because he or she is best 
equipped to provide these services in 
an efficient manner. If programs are 
purchased from outside sources, it is 
best to train one person to become 
familiar enough with the program 
and its internal usage to provide the 
control services. 

The value of standardization can be 
easily seen by referring to figure 1. 
Much control effort can be avoided 
when only one computer and one 
operating system are used. Also note 
from figure 1 that details on file usage 
are given for the user level only. This 
is because the file management activ- 
ities of the other levels are performed 
by persons who are also users. There- 
fore, good generalized file manage- 
ment procedures for the user level 
will automatically take care of the 
other levels as well. 

The User Level 

The system presented here relies 
heavily on the individual users for 
success. This is consistent with the 
small-business environment where 
individual employees are aware of 
the overall goals of the organization 
and are familiar with the reasons 
behind, and importance of, estab- 
lished procedures. Referring to figure 
1, a typical user of a computer system 
would have a filing system that con- 
sists of four major parts: a file with 
one or more working copies of an ap- 
plication program, a current working 
file, a user file library, and controlled 
access to a permanent filing system 
that is shared among all users. 



378 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



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380 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. Circle 280 On inquiry Card. 



1.0 SCOPE 

2.0 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 
3.0 DEFINITION OF TERMS 
4.0 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION 

5.0 CONTROL MATRIX 

5.1 Control Matrix Code Definitions 

6.0 RESPONSIBILITIES 

6.1 Control Coordinator Job Description 

7.0 USER RECORDS DOCUMENT 

7.1 Format 

7.2 Update Procedures 

8.0 CENTRAL ARCHIVAL STORAGE 

Table 1: An outline of the user procedures. 
This outlines specific topics and should 
describe your computer, the various levels 
of control, who is responsible for each level, 
how to access user records documents, and 
how and where material is stored in the 
central archival storage. 



The working copies of an applica- 
tion program are files that contain 
day-to-day copies of programs used 
in the performance of the user's job. 
A typical user might have working 
copies of Visicalc, Pascal, and a 
word-processing program, for exam- 
ple. There is no need for the user to 
maintain backup copies of these files 
because they are available from the 
person designated control coordina- 
tor for each application program. 

The current working file is a small 
file that can contain any program or 
data file that the user is currently us- 
ing or developing. It is periodically 
backed up (approximately once a 
day) by the user to assure against 
data loss. About once a week, the 
current working files are transferred 
to a user file library for more perma- 
nent storage. 

The user file library is a collection 
of files maintained by the user and 
intended for long-term data storage. 
The files in this library are arranged 
in a logical sequence determined by 
the user and designed to facilitate 
retrieval of programs and data. The 
file-naming conventions and volume 
names used are to be documented in 
a user records document. Backup 
copies of the contents of the user file 
library are maintained by the user. 

The controlled access central ar- 
chival storage is a permanent storage 
area where critical files, backup 
copies, and related documentation 
are permanently stored. Files are 
stored and removed from central 
storage in accordance with estab- 



lished procedures defined in a user 
procedures document. 

The user procedures document is 
used to communicate to all users the 
procedures that govern usage of the 
computer system. The document 
contains standard operating pro- 
cedures and methods, definitions re- 
quired to promote common under- 
standing of the procedures, listings of 
those persons responsible for the 
various control activities, and all 
other information required to 
enhance the orderly functioning of 
the system. The user procedure 
document is maintained at a central 
location within the organization and 
is used to communicate information 
of a general nature to all system 
users. 

The user records document is 
maintained by the user and commu- 
nicates, in standard format, critical 
information regarding the user's files. 
This document contains file names 
and descriptions, program names 
and usage, storage volume direc- 
tories, naming conventions, storage 
locations, and other pertinent data 
related to the user's employment of 
the system. The user records docu- 
ment is maintained by the user as a 
general index to his or her filing 
system; it is also used by persons 
who may need to access this informa- 
tion in the absence of the user. 

The User Procedures Document 

The user procedures document 
communicates procedures required 
to meet management's goals regard- 
ing the use of the computing facili- 
ties. It is a working document that 
should be updated frequently and 
used as a helpful source of informa- 
tion. The contents of this document 
depend to a large extent on the 
nature of the organization, but they 
can be generalized. 

Table 1 is an outline of the contents 
of a generalized user procedures 
document. Many of the topics out- 
lined are self-explanatory, while 
others require additional explanation. 
Paragraph 4.0, system configuration, 
should be a block diagram, similar to 
figure 1, that shows the details of the 
specific computing facility. It should 
clearly show the specific control 



1.0 


USER IDENTIFICATION 


2.0 


USER RESPONSIBILITY 


2.1 


Listing of Level 5 Files Under User Control 


2.2 


Listing of Level 4 Files Under User Control 


2.3 


Listing of Level 3 Files Under User Control 


2.4 


Listing of Level 2 Files Under User Control 


3.0 


USER VOLUME AND FILE-NAMING CONVENTIONS 


3.1 


Volume-Naming Conventions 


3.2 


File-Naming Conventions 


3.3 


File Extension-Naming Conventions 


4.0 WORKING COPY VOLUME INDEX 


4.1 


Volume Names and Descriptions 


4.2 


Important File Names and Descriptions 


4.3 


Backup Copy Volume Names 


4.4 


Storage Locations 


5.0 


CURRENT WORKING FILE INDEX 


5.1 


Volume Names and Descriptions 


5.2 


Important File Names and Descriptions 


5.3 


Backup Copy Volume Names 


5.4 


Storage Locations 


6.0 


USER LIBRARY FILE INDEX 


6.1 


Volume Names and Descriptions 


6.2 


Important File Names and Descriptions 


6.3 


Backup Copy Volume Names 


6.4 


Storage Locations 


7.0 


PERMANENT STORAGE FILE INDEX 


7.1 


Volume Names and Descriptions 


7.2 


Important File Names and Descriptions 


7.3 


Backup Copy Volume Names 


7.4 


Storage Locations 


Table 2: This outline of the user records document lists the records an employee or another 


■person needs to maintain an orderly set of programs and files for current use. 



levels that will be used in the 
organization as well as all computer 
systems, operating systems, applica- 
tion programs, and other pertinent 
features that require control. Include 
on the diagram the names of the peo- 
ple who will act as control coor- 
dinators for each control point. The 
user procedures document is the 
place to define responsibilities crucial 
to the success of the system. 

Paragraph 5, control matrix, defines 
specific procedures that govern con- 
trol at each level. For example, your 
procedures may require that each 
user's current working file be backed 
up once a week if it contains level 1 
files and once a day if it contains level 
2, or higher, files. Procedures should 
be included here to govern such 
things as: file backup frequency; file 
backup methods; change restrictions, 
including approval levels; password 
protection for files; and verification 
tests that must be performed after 
changes or revisions. Procedures for 
each of these and other relevant con- 
trol areas must be specified for each 
controlled area and control level. A 
matrix of control procedures should 
result. If the control procedures ap- 
pear in coded form on a diagram, the 



codes should be defined in this para- 
graph. 

Paragraph 6 is a listing of those per- 
sons responsible for each control 
point with a description of the duties 
to be performed by them. 

Paragraph 7 contains the format, 
update requirements, and other pro- 
cedures that govern the user records 
document to assure that all em- 
ployees are familiar with the docu- 
ment and can use it effectively when 
needed. 

Paragraph 8 contains the proce- 
dures that are associated with the 
storage and retrieval of files from cen- 
tral archival storage. 

The User Records Document 

The user records document has a 
general format specified in the user 
procedures document; it is main- 
tained by the computer system user. 
This document serves as an index to 
the user's files and is helpful to both 
the user and to other persons who 
may need to access the files. Table 2 
is an outline of the essential contents 
of a user records document. Again, 
the specifics of the document are 
dependent on the particular 
organization. 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 381 




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Paragraph 2, user responsibility, 
contains specific information on files 
the user is control coordinator for. 
This section should contain volume 
names, file names, backup volume 
and file names, storage locations, and 
the names and locations of historical 
documents associated with the files 
under his control. 

Paragraph 3 contains the user's 
volume and file-naming conventions. 
This section is particularly useful in 
assisting those unfamiliar with the 
user's files in locating a particular file 
or determining file usage. This sec- 
tion should, at minimum, contain: 
volume-naming conventions, file- 
naming conventions, and file exten- 
sion-naming conventions. 

Paragraphs 4 through 7 contain the 
indexes to the user's working copy 
files, current working files, user 
library files, and permanent storage 
files. These indexes contain volume 
names, important file names, and 
storage location information. 

Conclusion 

This outline for the data file man- 
agement system is adaptable to 
almost any small business environ- 
ment. However, the only way to en- 
sure that this system works is to care- 
fully record the procedures that your 
company's computer users must 
follow. By clearly recording and pre- 
senting these procedures to your 
employees, you will eliminate many 
potential problems that could plague 
your computer. You and your em- 
ployees will be happier with a com- 
puter system that clearly defines the 
lines of information access. ■ 



Robert Johnson holds a BS in electrical engineer- 
ing from the University of Vermont and is presi- 
dent of a computer consulting firm. He can be 
reached at the Engineers Collaborative, Mears Rd., 
Milton, VT 05468. 



Readers who wish to obtain outline 
copies of the user procedures document and 
the user records document should send a 
check pr $15 and a self-addressed, stamped 
envelope to: 

The Engineers Collaborative 

Mears Rd. 

Milton, VT 05468 



382 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



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©1982 Memorex Corporation Memorex is a registered trademark of Memorex Corporation 




MEMOREX 



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BYTE September 1983 383 



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384 BYTE September 1983 



An Introduction to Layered 

Protocols 

Understanding layered protocols can help you evaluate network 
architectures of data-communications products 



Product announcements for 
computers and peripherals increas- 
ingly include claims of some sort of 
networking capability. To understand 
the network architectures of these 
products, it is essential to understand 
the concept of layered protocols. In 
this article, I'll discuss a reference ar- 
chitecture based on the International 
Standards Organization's (ISO) 
model for open-systems interconnec- 
tion. This architecture provides a 
framework within which protocol 
layering can be explained. I will also 
briefly investigate protocol design 
issues within the different layers. 

The Reference Architecture 

Several years ago, the ISO, which 
is made up of national standards 
organizations from various countries, 
recognized the need for a basic 
framework in which computer net- 
working standards could evolve. A 
subcommittee (SC16) was appointed 
to develop a model for "open systems 
interconnection." The resulting 
model is called the "ISO OSI model." 

The ISO model is intended to be a 
vehicle for the development of 
specific standard protocols, but I use 
it here for its value as an architectural 



by Michael Witt 

reference model. A reference archi- 
tecture sets forth a general framework 
and principles by which a system is 
designed to operate. The model is 
presented here in a very simplified 
form, and I have taken some liberties 
with it to increase its value in this 
particular discussion. References 1 
and 2 provide a precise, detailed 
description of the ISO model. 



The physical link 

resides at the lowest 

protocol layer. 

Layering, Protocols and 
Interfaces 

Figure 1 shows a layered network 
in two computers (hosts) connected 
by a physical communications 
channel. 

At a given layer (layer n), a program 
communicates with the correspond- 
ing layer in another host. This is peer 
communication. Because communi- 
cation in a computer network is 
based on formalized communication 
protocols, peer protocol is used to 
describe the interaction of the corre- 
sponding layers in a communications 



network. Logically, these two layers 
communicate directly with one an- 
other (the dotted line), but in reality 
all communication must take place at 
the lowest layer because the only ac- 
tual physical link is there (the solid 
line). 

Communication between hosts 
takes place when layer n on the 
transmitting host formats a message 
and passes it down to its layer n-1. 
(Communication between two layers 
in one host is called an interface. )«The 
message continues to be transmitted 
down until it reaches the bottom 
layer. It is then sent over the physical 
link to the receiving host. After be- 
ing accepted by the lowest layer, the 
message works its way up to layer n 
in the receiving host. 

An analogy can be made here to 
the type of communication that goes 
on in an office environment. For ex- 
ample, suppose the president of ABC 
Company decides that his softball 
team should play a series of games 
against the team sponsored by XYZ 
Corporation. He calls the captain of 
the softball team into his office and 
asks her to find out how XYZ Cor- 
poration feels about this plan. The 
softball team captain asks her 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 385 



i visit your (!• 
I rlrici i xsiufvi i i 
Idle hx-12 slat by > with the IBM 
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/M*]S#$ ,v 



HOST A 



HOST B 



LAYER (n + 1) 


LAYER n 

PEER PROTOCOL 


LAYER (/?+l) 


( LAYER n S 




( LAYER /J 




( ENTITY J 

LAYER /? 


LAYER (/J-l) 
PEER PROTOCOL 


7 ENTITY / 

LAYER n 




(LAYER (n -1) ) 
(ENTITY V 

LAYER (/J-l) 


^LAYER (/7 - 


J ) J 


\ENTITY S 

LAYER (fl-1) 


PHYSICAL CHANNEL 










LAYER 3 


LAYER 3 


LAYER 2 


LAYER 2 


LAYER 1 


LAYER 1 













Figure 1: A layered networking implementation of two interconnected host computers. Al- 
though a given layer (layer n) in one computer should communicate with the corresponding 
layer in the other computer, all communication actually takes place through the physical channel, 
which employs layer-1 protocol. 



secretary to deliver the message to 
the captain of the softball team at 
XYZ Corporation to find out where 
XYZ Corporation would prefer to 
play if a series of games is scheduled. 

The ABC secretary calls XYZ Cor- 
poration, relays the message and 
adds some information regarding the 
team's schedule. 

When XYZ's softball team captain 
arrives at the office, his secretary in- 
forms him of the challenge from ABC 
Company, and he checks with the 
president of XYZ to find out if he 
may schedule the games. After re- 
ceiving permission he asks his secre- 
tary to tell ABC Company that the 
challenge is accepted and that the 
games should take place in the park. 
The two secretaries talk again, and 
then ABC's softball captain reports to 
her president that the offer has been 
accepted and all arrangements have 
been made. 

In this example, the only physical 
communication took place when the 
secretaries talked on the phone. 
However, there was a logical, or vir- 



tual, communication between the 
two company presidents (advancing 
and accepting the challenge) and be- 
tween the two softball team captains 
(arranging the details of the game). 

All of the network 
architectures currently 
being proposed as stan- 
dards are based on the 
layered-design 
approach 

The communication between the 
layer ns in figure 1 is the same as the 
communication between the com- 
pany presidents in the example. 

Peer protocols must follow the 
specifications of the network archi- 
tecture precisely if information ex- 
change is to be successful, but the in- 
terface between layers may be imple- 
mented in any way because it does 
not affect communication between 
the two hosts. 



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and specify your computer model, 
disk size and memory. 

Random House and the House design are registered 
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tered trademark of Digital Research, Inc. IBM and IBM 
Personal Computer are registered trademarks of 
International Business Machines, Inc. MS-DOS is a 
registered trademark of Microsoft, Inc. 

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 387 



APPLICATION 
LAYER 












APPLICATION 
LAYER 




PRESENTATION 
LAYER 


PRESENTATION 
LAYER 




SESSION 
LAYER 


SESSION 
LAYER 




TRANSPORT 
LAYER 


TRANSPORT 
LAYER 












NETWORK 
LAYER 





NETWORK 
LAYER 





NETWORK 
LAYER 





NETWORK 
LAYER 


DATA -LINK 
LAYER 


DATA-LINK 
LAYER 


DATA-LINK 
LAYER 


DATA-LINK 
LAYER 


PHYSICAL 
LAYER 


PHYSICAL 
LAYER 


PHYSICAL 
LAYER 


PHYSICAL 
LAYER 









HOST COMPUTER 



INTERMEDIATE NODE 



INTERMEDIATE NODE 



HOST COMPUTER 



Figure 2: The seven layers of the ISO reference architecture. 



Using a layered approach to design 
computer networks is advantageous 
because the layers are relatively in- 
dependent of one another and can be 
replaced without affecting the entire 
design. For example, if you have a 
layered network based on an under- 
lying communication facility consist- 
ing of numerous point-to-point data 
links and if a new local networking 
technology is developed to allow the 
network to be intraconnected via one 
high-speed, coaxial cable bus, you 
only have to redesign the lower, 
transmission-oriented layers, which 
deal directly with the specific trans- 
mission media and topology. All of 
the network architectures currently 
being proposed by various standards 
organizations and designed by com- 
mercial vendors are based on the 
layered-design approach. 

The Layers 

The ISO reference architecture (see 
figure 2) contains seven layers: the 
physical, data-link, network, trans- 
port, session, presentation, and ap- 
plications layer. 

The lower three layers form the sub- 
net. These layers route data through 
the network from one host to an- 
other. The higher layers are con- 
cerned only with the dialogue be- 
tween the communicating hosts 
(end-to-end communication). 



The distinction between the subnet 
protocols and the higher-level pro- 
tocols is particularly important when 
public data networks are involved 
because it is this subnet that is sup- 
plied to the customer by the public 
data network. 

The layered approach is 

advantageous because 

the layers are relatively 

independent and can 

be replaced without 

changing the entire 

design. 

The physical layer resides at the 
level of the transmission medium 
(referred to also as the link or chan- 
nel) over which information is sent 
between two or more nodes in a 
network. 

The basic unit of information sent 
and received at this level is the "bit" 
(one binary digit). Bits can be en- 
coded in a variety of ways depending 
on the transmission medium em- 
ployed. Transmission mediums in- 
clude: a particular voltage signal on 
a wire for a given time period (base- 
band signaling), a carrier signal 
modulated at a certain frequency (fre- 
quency-shift keying or FSK), phase 
changes in a modulated carrier 
(phase-shift keying or PSK), and 



coded pulsations of light transmitted 
over an optical fiber. 

One example of an established 
physical-layer protocol is CCITT's 
X.21 standard for the connection of 
a customer's data-terminal equip- 
ment (DTE) to the public data net- 
work's data circuit-terminating equip- 
ment (DCE). 

The physical channel is imperfect; 
not all information will be trans- 
mitted and received without error. 
Therefore, the higher layers must 
have error-detection and recovery 
measures. 

The data-link layer transfers 
groups of bits, called frames, between 
adjacent nodes (machines) in a net- 
work. To complete this transfer, the 
data-link layer has two checks to 
perform. 

First, because the data-link layer 
may receive invalid data from the im- 
perfect physical layer, a checksum (a 
single calculated value based on a 
numerical operation involving each 
information unit in the frame) is 
usually affixed to each frame as it is 
sent by the data-link layer in the 
transmitting node. When the frame 
arrives at the receiving node, the ap- 
pended checksum is compared with 
a checksum generated locally, and if 
the two don't match, the receiving 
data-link layer knows that a trans- 
mission error has occurred. 

Second, because not all nodes in 
the network can send and receive 
data at the same rate, the data-link 
layer must take charge of flow con- 
trol. Many different data-link-level 
protocols allow reliable transmission 
and balanced flow control. 

Two popular flow-control link pro- 
tocols are "stop-and-wait" and "slid- 
ing window" protocols. The stop- 
and-wait protocol uses the positive 
acknowledgment method to control 
data flow, in which an acknowledg- 
ment (Ack) signal sent back from the 
receiving node to the transmitting 
node indicates that the transmission 
was successfully received and that 
the receiver is ready for more data. 
Sliding-window protocols assign 
each frame a sequence number, and 
both the sender and receiver main- 
tain a "window" of valid sequence 
numbers. This method is dependent 



388 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Can you tell the IBM 
from the Transtar 130? 



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BYTE September 1983 389 



on the receiver's ability to process 
received data while receiving still 
more data; thus, the transmitter may 
send several frames (determined by 
the window size and other factors) 
without stopping to wait for an ac- 
knowledgment. Transmission of data 
is held up only when the receiver is 
incapable of further processing. This 
method is suitable for full-duplex 
situations (in contrast to the stop- 
and-wait method, which is suitable 
for half duplex). 

In other schemes separate credit 
frames are sent to the transmitter 
when the receiver is ready to process 
more data. 

The network layer (the last layer of 
the subnet) handles routing; it deter- 
mines what path a message, or packet, 
will take through the network to get 
from the transmitting host to the 
receiving host. 

In a network environment, two 
host computers generally are sepa- 
rated by an arbitrary number of other 
nodes not directly involved in that 
particular communication. Any given 



node in the network layer must have 
some way of determining which way 
to forward data so that it reaches its 
intended destination. 

There are four states of routing pro- 
tocols: centralized versus distributed 
and static versus adaptive. 

The network becomes 
congested when the 
hosts pump data into 
the network faster 
than it can be ab- 
sorbed and delivered. 

A centralized routing protocol 
stores information regarding network 
topology at one site. Information on 
how to route packets resides in each 
node. This routing protocol has the 
advantage of centralized control and 
ease of implementation, but it has 
two disadvantages: the central site 
becomes vulnerable because the net- 
work cannot function if the routing 
capability is lost, and the higher level 




of communications activity around 
the routing center can present a 
throughput problem. 

In distributed routing, much 
depends on the sophistication of the 
network nodes. Simple nodes can 
only be supplied with a routing table 
or an algorithm such as flooding. If the 
nodes are more sophisticated, an 
adaptive technique can be used. 

With a static routing protocol the 
routing tables are calculated in ad- 
vance and no changes can be made 
in network topology without bring- 
ing the network down; in adaptive 
routing there is some provision for 
recognizing topology changes and in- 
corporating this information into 
future routine decisions. Reference 8 
provides more information on rout- 
ing protocols. 

The network layer must also deal 
with congestion. The network be- 
comes congested when the hosts 
pump data into the network faster 
than it can be absorbed and de- 
livered. Congestion is similar in some 
respects to the problem of flow con- 
trol in the data-link layer, and some 
methods of dealing with it are the 
same (the issuing of credits, for ex- 
ample). For a discussion of network 
congestion and techniques for deal- 
ing with it, see reference 4 (pages 
215-225). 

Because few network architectures 
have implemented the higher-level 
protocols, explanations tend to get 
more abstract once you leave the 
subnet. 

The transport layer ensures an 
error-free end-to-end connection be- 
tween two or more communicating 
hosts. This layer, and all of the higher 
layers, need to exist only on network 
hosts (machines that take part in end- 
to-end communications over the 
network). 

Although the data-link layer en- 
sures reliable communication over 
the separate data links, it does not 
guarantee reliable exchange of data 
between hosts. Consider the network 
depicted in figure 3. Hosts A and B 
are engaged in an exchange of infor- 
mation over the shortest available 
path (in this case, the solid line 
through nodes 1 and 2). In the mid- 
dle of the dialogue, node 2 becomes 



390 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Accept 
no substitutes. 



If you're looking to buy a 
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dBASE II is the relational 
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You'll wonder how you 
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Because it's so powerful yet 
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dBASE II starts where file handling systems 
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And dBASE II even simplifies conversion from 
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It's the most advanced information manage- 
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The best selling DBMS known to man. 

dBASE II struck a responsive chord in the busi- 
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^SHTON ■ TAIE 



©Ashton-Tate 1983 

dBASE II is a registered trademark and Friday! is a trademark of Ashton-Tate. 

BYTE September 1983 391 






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. . .. . 









The Corona PC's, desktop and portable, give 
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resolution graphics are over 60% better than the 






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More expandability. 

You may never add a thing to your Corona PC 
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The Corona PC includes the MS-DOS operating 
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Circle 117 on inquiry card. 



ORIGINAL PATH 
ALTERNATE PATH 




Figure 3: A network that could employ adap- 
tive routing to ensure continuing host-to-host 
communication in the event of a node failure. 



inoperable because of hardware dif- 
ficulties. There are two ways to en- 
sure the connection: the network 
layer can incorporate some form of 
adaptive routing and the connection 
can be rerouted, or the conversation 
can be restarted. 

In either case, the hosts have a 
problem. If the entire exchange is 
started over, what does host B do 
with the packets already received 
from host A? According to the link- 
level protocol the packets are valid, 
but if they are accepted by host B, 
there will be duplication when the 
same data arrives again over the new 



path, resulting in an incorrect 
message. 

The situation is as bad if an alter- 
nate path (the dotted line through 
nodes 5, 4, and 3) is established. How 
does host A know which packet to 
begin sending over the new path? 
Host A knows only that the last 
packet sent reached node 1 without 
error. There is no way for host A to 
determine if the packet was received 
by node 2 before it crashed, much 
less if it was successfully forwarded 
to host B. 

The transport layer also must con- 
cern itself with end-to-end flow con- 
trol. Many of the flow-control 
measures in this layer are similar to 
those in the data-link layer. 

In some networks, the subnet pro- 
vides a virtual-circuit service. This 
means that when host A wishes to 
communicate with host B, host A re- 
quests that a connection be set up to 
host B. This connection is called a vir- 
tual circuit because once set up, it can 
be used in much the same manner as 
a circuit on a circuit-switched net- 
work. 

In other networks, the subnet pro- 
vides only a datagram service. Each 
packet is considered a separate data- 
gram, and each packet must contain 
the entire destination address (in- 
stead of just a virtual-circuit number). 
When using the datagram service the 
subnet does not guarantee the order 



in which datagrams will be delivered. 
The transport layer must sequence 
the data flow. 

The session layer sets up, main- 
tains, and closes down sessions 
(specific periods of communication) 
between specific layers on different 
host computers. 

The most important responsibility 
of this level is that of remote log-on, 
in which a user on one host logs on 
to a second; that way, it appears to 
the second host as if the user is local. 

Another session-layer activity is 
bracketing, which prevents execution 
of a critical database update until all 
information needed for that update 
is received, eliminating the chance of 
a partial update when transmission 
is interrrupted. An opening bracket 
indicates to the session-layer protocol 
that a critical transaction is starting. 
When the closing bracket appears, it 
is safe to allow the transaction to be 
recorded. If the network should crash 
before the closing bracket is received, 
no update takes place. 

Current networking architectures 
do not provide a good example of a 
distinct session layer. In most of the 
networks that implement the func- 
tions described here, those session- 
layer functions are subsumed in the 
transport and/or presentation layers. 

The presentation layer formats the 
information being delivered. Some 
presentation activities are data com- 



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394 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



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pression and compaction, data en- 
cryption, file translation, and virtual- 
terminal protocols. 

Data compression eliminates re- 
peated characters, such as blanks at 
the end of a line. This is usually done 
by specifying what character is to be 
compressed and inserting a count to 
indicate how many repetitions occur 
at a particular place in the text. Com- 



paction removes data redundancy by 
encoding the data in an alternate 
form. 

Data encryption is important be- 
cause information traveling through 
the public data networks (as a result 
of satellite broadcasting, microwave 
links, etc.) is so accessible (see text 
box below). 

Two types of encryption (which 



Encryption and Decryption Procedures 



In traditional cryptography, plain text 
(symbolized by the letter P) is passed 
through an encryption process (E) to pro- 
duce cypher text (C). To recover the 
original plain text, it is necessary to pass 
the cypher text through a decryption pro- 
cess (D). This procedure is illustrated in 
figure 4. 

Encryption and decryption procedures 
are generally parameterized with a key (K). 
Two correspondents wishing to engage in 
a secret communication agree on a key. 
Their dialogue will be secure (even when 
encryption and decryption procedures are 
public knowledge) because no one else 
knows the key. 

The functional notation generally used 
to describe the encryption process is 
C-E k (P), which means that the cypher 
text C is produced by applying the encryp- 
tion procedure E, parameterized by the key 
K, to the plain text P. The decryption 
process is notated as P=D k (C). For two 
correspondents to be able to read each 
other's messages, it must be true that 
P=D k (E k (P)). 

An encryption method is considered 
symmetric if P=E k (E k (P)), meaning that 
the encryption process and the decryption 
process are equivalent. One example of 
such a process is the exclusive OR of the 
key value with that of the plain text. 



There have been schemes proposed that 
differ from traditional cryptography; the 
most prominent of these is public-key en- 
cryption. Public-key encryption constructs 
the encryption and decryption procedures 
so that it is possible to choose a pair of keys 
Kl and KZ for which P=D kl (E kl (P)) holds 
true, but P=D kl (E kl (P)) does not. In other 
words, text encrypted with Kl must be 
decrypted with Kl. Kl can then become the 
public key, accessible to anyone who wishes 
to send a private message to the owner of 
K2. 

Public-key encryption yields a promising 
method of obtaining digital signatures. 
Digital signatures will become important 
as more and more business is transacted 
via company networks. They can be im- 
plemented as follows: Kl and Kl are again 
used, however; this time K2 is in a public 
file while Kl is a user's private key. If the 
user wants to send a digital signature to 
his bank, for instance, he encrypts his 
name (or some other predetermined text) 
using his private key Kl. In other words, 
he performs C=E kl (signature). Upon 
receiving the message, the bank performs 
the decryption signature=D k2 (C). If the 
decrypted signature matches the expected 
one, the message must have been sent by 
the authorized user. 



PLAIN TEXT- 



ENCRYPTION 
PROCESS 



•CIPHER TEXT 



CIPHER TEXT- 



DECRYPTION 
PROCESS 



-PLAIN TEXT 



Figure 4: An illustration of the encryption and decryption process. 



Circle 144 on inquiry card. 



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might be placed in a layer other than 
the presentation layer) may be nec- 
essary in a computer network. One 
is link encryption, in which data is en- 
crypted by the link (or physical) layer 
as it flows between two network 
nodes. The other is end-to-end encryp- 
tion, in which the encryption and 
decryption take place between the 
hosts involved and are performed at 
the transport layer or above. 

Link encryption is valuable as a 
means of thwarting traffic-flow 
analysis, where an eavesdropper on 
the network attempts to gain infor- 
mation by reading the source and 
destination addresses in the packets 
to find out who is talking to whom, 
even though he may not be able to 
determine exactly what they are say- 
ing. If the link layer is to encrypt the 
packet headers to prevent traffic-flow 
analysis, each node in the network 
must know the key to decrypt the 
headers to determine the route of the 
packet. 

It is unlikely that many users 
would trust their keys to every net- 
work node. Therefore, all networks 
will probably support some form of 
end-to-end encryption, and networks 
in which traffic-flow analysis is an 
issue will also use link encryption. 

For an introduction to cryptology as 
it applies to information systems, see 
reference 9; also, see reference 10 for 
an up-to-date look at security mea- 
sures in a layered-network environ- 
ment. 

The presentation layer must also be 
able to translate files from the format 
of one machine to another so that 
network users may take advantage of 
files that exist on the various hosts. 
Possible kinds of translations range 
from easy to beyond what is now 
state of the art. 

Translation of a print format is re- 
latively straightforward. However, 
translations of a syntactic nature (for 
example, moving floating-point num- 
bers or more complicated data struc- 
tures from one machine to another) 
are a little more difficult. 

The most difficult translations, in 
which the actual semantics of the 
data are involved, have only been ad- 
dressed in limited research settings. 
One example of this kind of transla- 



396 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 141 on inquiry card. 



tion would be to send an actual ap- 
plications program from one com- 
puter host to another. 

The presentation layer is also re- 
sponsible for virtual terminal pro- 
tocols. These protocols eliminate the 
problem that occurs when some ter- 
minals in a computer center are un- 
able to accept a program because they 
use a different sequence of control 
characters than the others do to posi- 
tion the cursor. 

The virtual-terminal protocols de- 
fine a hypothetical terminal (the net- 
work virtual terminal). Mappings are 
then established between the virtual 
terminal's defined functions and the 
real terminal's functions. If the pro- 
grammer follows the rules estab- 
lished by the virtual-terminal pro- 
tocols, his program will run on all of 
the supported network terminals. 

See reference 11 for a summary of 
virtual-terminal protocols currently in 
use. 

The applications layer is responsi- 
ble for network-wide program appli- 
cations. No currently existing net- 
work has a truly integrated applica- 
tions layer, but the most important 
research topics with regard to the ap- 
plications layer are distributed data- 
bases, distributed computational 
models, and distributed operating 
systems. Designers of network-wide 
applications must determine how to 
distribute functions that traditional- 
ly existed within a single computer 
to two or more network hosts (dis- 
tributed control). 

There are several motivations for 
having distributed databases. If dif- 
ferent subsets of the database are ac- 
cessed more frequently in different 
geographic areas, a distributed data- 
base will help keep telecommunica- 
tions costs down. Also, local control 
of data may sometimes be appropri- 
ate for political or business reasons. 

There are two basic models for dis- 
tributed databases: the replicated 
database, in which all information is 
duplicated at each site, and a parti- 
tioned database, in which the infor- 
mation is divided up among the 
various sites. Figure 5 shows how a 
relational database might be distrib- 
uted among three different sites 
using these two methods. A parti- 



(5a) 



SITE A 




RELATION 


1 


RELATION 


2 


RELATION 


3 


RELATION 


4 


RELATION 


5 



SITE B 




RELATION 


1 


RELATION 


2 


RELATION 


3 


RELATION 


4 


RELATION 


5 



SITE C 


RELATION 1 


RELATION 2 


RELATION 3 


RELATION 4 


RELATION 5 



REPLICATED DATA BASE 
(5b) 

SITE A 



SITE B 



SITE C 



RELATION 1 



RELATION 2 



RELATION 3 



I 
I 
I 
I I 

PARTITIONED DATA BASE 



RELATION 5 




Figure 5: Two methods of distributing a database among three sites. In a replicated database, 
all information is duplicated at each site; in a partitioned database, the information is divided 
among the three sites. 



(6a) DISTRIBUTED NETWORK 




P= PROCESSOR 



(6b) LARGE COMPUTER 















TASK A 




TASK C 












^^askbB 















Figure 6: A distributed computational model (a) acting as a mainframe as it shares more than 
one processor per task. Compare this to a single mainframe handling multiple tasks (b). 



September 1983 ©.BYTE Publications Inc. 397 



tioned database is useful when you 
know that a certain part of the data- 
base (specific relations, for example) 
will be updated only at a certain loca- 
tion. A replicated database is more 
appropriate when each individual 
site will be doing a lot of queries, but 
updates are infrequent. 

Usually, however, the choice is not 
this simple, and a combination of 
these models will be used. Many 
technical problems must be overcome 
before general-purpose distributed 
database systems become commer- 
cially viable. Some problems will be 
solved through services provided by 
the applications layer (see reference 
4, chapter 10.1) and some through im- 
proved database architecture (see 
reference 12). 

Research on distributed computa- 
tional models is aimed at developing 
a way to schedule more than one pro- 
cessor per task in the distributed net- 
work, just as more than one task per 
processor can be scheduled in the 
central mainframe (see figure 6). This 
will make it possible to attain a high 
degree of generality in task/processor 
binding and will mean that network 
designers will have the greatest 
possible latitude in deciding how to 
distribute applications. 

The next step in generalizing the 
networking environment will be to 
distribute the operating system 



among the computers in the net- 
work. It is difficult to determine 
where distributed computational 
facilities end and a distributed oper- 
ating system begins, but the operat- 
ing system would be more visible to 
the person who is using the network. 
See references 13 and 14 for descrip- 
tions of two research implementa- 
tions in these two areas. 

Conclusions 

Today most network systems imple- 
ment only a few of the seven layers 
of communications protocols de- 
scribed here. The ISO OSI model was 
designed to incorporate a lack of 
standardization at lower levels, as 
long as the differences remain hid- 
den from the higher levels of pro- 
tocol. Consequently, most implemen- 
tation occurs at the subnet levels 
where this variation is allowed. And, 
until more work is done to establish 
compatible higher-level protocols, the 
use of networks will remain 
limited. ■ 



Michael Witt is a senior systems analyst at Micro 
Five Corporation (17791 Sky Park Circle, Irvine, CA 
92714.) 



References 

1. ISO/TC97/SC16. "Reference Model of Open 
Systems Interconnection." Doc. N227, June 
1979. 



2. Zimmerman, Hubert. "OSI Reference 
Model— The ISO Model of Architecture for 
Open Systems Interconnection." IEEE Tran- 
sactions on Communications, Vol. COM-28, 
No. 4, April 1980. 

3. Pouzin, Louis and Hubert Zimmermann. "A 
Tutorial on Protocols." Proceedings of the 
IEEE, Vol. 66, No. LL, November 1978. 

4. Tanenbaum, Andrew S. Computer Networks. 
Prentice-Hall, 1981. 

5. Cypser, R.J. Communications Architecture for 
Distributed Systems. Addison-Wesley, 1978. 

6. "Systems Network Architecture— Concepts 
and Products." IBM Manual GC30-3072-0. 

7. "Systems Network Architecture— Format and 
Protocol Reference Manual." IBM Manual 
SC30-3112-2. 

8. Schwartz, Mischa and Thomas E. Stern. 
"Routing Techniques Used in Computer 
Communications Networks." IEEE Transac- 
tions of Communications, Vol. COMM-28, No. 
4, April 1980. 

9. ACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 11, No. 4, 
December 1979. Special Issue on Cryptology. 

10. Voydock, Victor L. and Stephen T Kent. 
"Security in Higher Level Protocols: Ap- 
proaches, Alternatives and Recommenda- 
tions." NBS Report No. ICST/HLNP-81-19. 
Prepared by Bolt, Beranek and Newman Inc., 
1981. 

11. Day, John D. 'Terminal Protocols." IEEE Tran- 
sactions of Communication, Vol. COMM-28, 
No. 4, April 1980. 

12. Jacov Ben-Zvi. 'The Time Relational Model." 
PhD dissertation, UCLA, 1982. 

13. Shock, John F. and Jon A. Hupp. 'The Worm 
Programs— Early Experience with a 
Distributed Computation." Communications 
of the ACM, Vol. 25, No. 3, March 1982. 

14. Millstein, R.E. 'The National Software Works: 
A Distributed Processing System." Pro- 
ceedings of the ACM Annual Conference pp. 
44-52, 1977. 



a message to our subscribers 

From time to time we make the BYTE subscriber list available to other companies who wish to send our sub- 
scribers material about their products. We take great care to screen these companies, choosing only those 
who are reputable, and whose products, services, or information we feel would be of interest to you. Direct 
mail is an efficient medium for presenting the latest personal computer goods and services to our subscribers. 

Many BYTE subscribers appreciate this controlled use of our mailing list, and look forward to finding informa- 
tion of interest to them in the mail. Used are our subscribers' names and addresses only (no other informa- 
tion we may have is ever given). 

While we believe the distribution of this information is of benefit to our subscribers, we firmly respect the 
wishes of any subscriber who does not want to receive such promotional literature. Should you wish to 
restrict the use of your name, simply send your request to the following address. 

BYTE Publications Inc 

Attn: Circulation Department 

70 Main St 

Peterborough NH 

03458 



398 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



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BYTE September 1983 399 





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CP/M K and Concurrent CP/W'are trademarks ol Digital Research Corporation SuperCalc 2 M isa trademark of Sorcim* Corporalion. Wordstar* is a registered trademark of MicroPro International MS* is a trademark of Microsolt* 



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Programming Quickies 



Cipher via Computer 

The One-Time Pad 

by Theodore Hines, Lois Winkel, Rosann W. 
Collins, and Francis A. Harvey 

Much has been written about codes and ciphers and 
their many computer applications. Obviously computers 
can be used to decode messages and to create code books. 
They can also encipher and decipher messages by means 
of a previously agreed upon algorithm. In a sense, algo- 
rithms are what computing is all about. 

A code is a system of symbols or words with meanings 
previously determined by those exchanging messages. 
For instance, a set of five-letter groups such as "ASDMN 
HCTWL DZCHW" might mean "sell our current gold 
holdings today," with each group standing for a word or 
phrase in the appropriate code book. A cipher, on the 
other hand, consists of transforming the original text in 
accordance with an algorithm previously agreed upon by 
the message exchangers. 

Perhaps one of the most secure enciphering methods of 
all is the one-time pad system. In this system, sender and 
receiver have identical note pads, each page of which lists 
a series of random numbers. The person sending the mes- 
sage sequentially transforms the characters in accordance 
with the random numbers on the pad's top sheet. The 
person receiving the message uses the duplicate of that 
sheet for deciphering the message. The sheets are then 
destroyed. Because the same random-number sequence is 
never used twice, and because each character is encoded 
randomly (making character-frequency analysis impossi- 
ble), the system is quite secure. 

The enciphering/deciphering program given in listing 1 
uses a similar system. The message is encoded via a set of 
random numbers derived by the programming language's 
(here, Microsoft's MBASIC) random-number generator. 
In this case, the random numbers are generated in a man- 
ner that uses the ASCII (American National Standard 
Code for Information Interchange) character set above 
decimal 32 as cipher characters. 

Use of the random-number set for encoding prevents 
decipherment by frequency analysis. But what about the 
possibility of repeating the same number set used to en- 
code a series of messages? The program presented here 
uses a keyword or phrase to determine a number to be 
used for "seeding" the random-number generator. In this 

< Circle 169 on inquiry card. 




4. 



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Circle 177 on inquiry card. 



Programming Quickies. 



Listing 1: Enciphering/deciphering program for Microsoft BASIC. The program uses a 
keyword or phrase as the seed for generating a random-number series; the series is then 
used as the basis for encoding (or decoding) a message. 



' 

20 

30 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

90 

100 

110 

120 

130 

140 

150 

160 

165 

170 

130 

190 

200 

210 

220 

230 

240 

250 

260 

270 

280 

290 

300 

310 

320 

330 

340 

350 

360 

370 

330 

390 

400 

410 

420 

430 

440 

450 

460 

470 

430 

490 

500 

510 

520 

530 

540 

550 

560 

570 

530 

590 

600 

6 1 

620 

630 

640 

650 

660 

670 

690 



CIPHER PROGRAM 
Copyright (c) 1931 by Theodore C. Hines 



This pros 

fairly c 1 o 

It can be 

randomizin 

However* 

' are know n 

' randomize 

' d e u i s e t h 



ram uses an enciphering algorithm which 

sely approximates the one-time pad tachniiue. 

made more secure by using a personal 

9 function. 

e u e n if the keyword and the randomizer 

p the algorithm for determining the 

r number must be figured out. Users may 

eir own algorithm for this purpose. 



INPUT "DO YOU WANT TO ENCODE OR DECODE? (E OR D)»A* 
IF LEFT*(A*,1)="D" THEN 410 
IF LEFT* (A* r 1)<>"E" THEN 150 
INPUT "FILE TO READ FROM? ",A* 

I". If A$ 

"FILE TO WRITE TO? ",A* 

0"r2f A$ 



OPEN ' 
INPUT 
OPEN ' 



COSUB 620 

RANDOMIZE C 
IF EOFQ) T 
LINE INPUT* 
PRINT A* 
IF A* = "" TH 
FOR 1=1 TO 
C=INT(RND( . 
B=ASC(MIB* ( 
B=B-32 
D = B+C 

IF D>95 THE 
D=D+32 
B*=B*+CHR*( 
NEXT I 
PRINT #2,B* 
PRINT B* 
13* = "" 
GOTO 230 
CLOSE:- PR IN 
'DECYPHER 
INPUT "FILE 
OPEN "I'M 
INPUT "FILE 
IF A*<>"" T 
GO SUB 620 
RANDOMIZE C 
IF E0F(1) T 
LINE INPUT* 
FOR 1=1 TO 
C =INT(RND( 
A=ASC (MID* ( 
D = A-C 

IF D<32 THE 
D*=D*+CHR*( 
NEXT I 
PRINT D* 
IF S=l THEN 
D* = "" 
GOTO 430 
CLOSE: PRIN 
'KEYWORD SU 
LINE INPUT 
FOR 1=1 TO 
A=ASC(MID*( 
C = C+A 
NEXT I 
RETURN 



HEN 400 
1 f A* 

EN GOTO 360 
LEN(A*) 
5)*95)+l. 
A*tl r 1) ) 



N D=D-95 
D) 



T "CLOSED!": END 

TO READ FROM? "»A* 
A* 

TO WRITE TO? "tA* 
HEN OPEN "0".2rA*: S=l 



HEN 610 
1» A* 
LEN(A*> 
.5)*95)-i-l 
A*. It 1) ) 

N D=D+95 
D) 



PRINT#2> 13* 



T "CLOSED! 1 
BROUTINE 
"KEYWORD? 
LEN(A*) 
A* i Ii 1) > 



END 



■ A* 



The ABM-83 

delivers a lot more 

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$300°° 




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The ABM-83 is truly your best choice for 

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Why pay more to get the code compatibility of a 
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Not only does the ABM-83 offer far more features 
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with the ABM-83 are 24 user-programmable func- 
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(Third party service by RCA.) 




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Distributor and Dealer Inquiries Invited. 



Circle 253 on inquiry card. 



Circle 17 on Inquiry card. 




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Programming Quickies mm—^-^^^— 

program, the seed is very simply derived by adding 
together the ASCII values of the characters in the key- 
word. Much more complex algorithms could be used. 
The keyword could be varied with each message, or a 
number from some predetermined sequence (such as pi) 
could be added to the keyword figure to form the seed. 
Other bewildering elements might be included, such as 
starting with an agreed upon nth number in the random 
series, omitting every nth number, or skipping n random 
numbers in the table. You could insert a personal ran- 
domizing algorithm rather than use the one built into 
BASIC. Most users could easily adapt the BASIC code 
given here to their particular machines and applications. 
Note that TRS-80 Level II BASIC'S randomizer can be 
given a known seed by poking the seed in the bytes 
located at 16554 through 16556 (decimal). 

Some versions of BASIC (Applesoft and TRS-80 Level 
II, for example) do not have a LINE INPUT function. 
This means that either you may not be able to key in 
commas or colons in the data to be coded or that you'll 
need to write a new input loop using the INKEY$ or GET 
functions for inclusion of these punctuation marks in 
your input string. Similarly, input from a file in these ver- 
sions of BASIC may ignore information in a sequential- 
file record that follows a colon or comma. In this case, 
you'd need to convert these characters to the ASCII value 
of some character not in the data or use some other 
method. The encoding routine must not generate a 
comma or a colon. (If this puzzles you, drop us a query.) 

In a way, the program given here is just a sample of 
what could be done. Those who have to send their code 
on paper (instead of in machine-readable form) to the 
receiver might want to restrict the cipher alphabet to 
capital letters and to print out the cipher text in five-letter 
(or so) groups. The computer could simply produce a 
pair of one-time pads, or the cipher as sent might consist 
only of numbers — random plus ASCII — rather than be- 
ing translated into ASCII as is done here. 

The enormous effort of trying to crack such a cipher 
would hardly be repaid by finding out from the local 
CBBS (computer bulletin board system) or electronic 
mail that George wants Matilda to meet him at Leon's 
Lounge at 12:30 or that Al won't go any higher than $250 
for the S-100 board in question. On the other hand, the 
program is easy to implement, reasonably secure, fun to 
play with, and will cost you considerably less than com- 
mercial cipher programs. 

As noted earlier, codes, ciphers, and computers seem 
to go together. If you like this program, you may want to 
get a copy of David Kahn's The Codebreakers (Mac- 
millan, 1967), an enormously entertaining and infor- 
mative history. It will also give you lots of ideas for 
programs. ■ 



The authors can be reached c/o Lois Winkel, 1113 Hill St., 
Greensboro, NC 27408. 



406 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 561 on inquiry card. 



Is your personal computer TOO personal? 




Lets face it! 

It's difficult to envision a business environment where only one 

person needs access to the daily statistics of the business. 

The Salesman wants to know if his customer's product shipped. 

The Accountant wants to know if the bills are paid. 

The Secretary has to get that letter out. 

You can't afford to keep 

them waiting. 



^••W"**^^^^' 



f\va l 




The unique architecture of the IMS Multi- 
processor System allows all functions to 
be performed simultaneously! 

Choose from the IMS family of expandable computers 
to fit your business.* 

•4 user 5000IS System shown. Other IMS systems expandable to 8 and 16 users. 



Call or write today for the location of 
your nearby IMS dealer. 

Toll Free: 1-800-648-7979 

In Nevada call: (702)883-7611 




INTERNATIONAL 

2800 Lockheed Way, Carson City, Nevada 89701 • Telex 910-395-6051 

We Build Computers As If Your Business Depended On Them 



IMS INTERNATIONAL DISTRIBUTORS 



Circle 220 on inquiry card. 



Argentina British Virgin Islands China Greece Israel Malaysia New Zealand Saudia Arabia Spain Turkey U.SA 

Australia Canada Ecuador Hong Kong Italy Mexico Philippines Republic of South Africa Sweden United Arab Emirates West Germany 

Austria Chile France India Korea Netherlands Puerto Rico Singapore Switzerland United Kingdom West Indies 

BYTE September 1983 407 



RacKExt 5000" 



In a word, a star is bora 



PeachText 5000™ has arrived. 
A complete personal productivity 
system for word processing, financial 
modeling, mailing lists and simple 
data-base management. All at one 
price -$395.00. And all from 
Peachtree Software Incorporated. 

The quality is unmistakably 
Peachtree: proven, powerful appli- 
cations with menu-driven features, 
easy-to-use documentation and quick 
access to "Help" prompts. And they're 
fully interactive. 

PeachText 5000 is available for the 
IBM Personal Computer,™ the 
COMPAQ Portable Computer,™ 
the Texas Instruments Professional 
Computer™ and the Zenith Z-100. 

The PeachText 5000 Personal 
Productivity System includes: 



1 



Word processing 



PeachText™ word processor. 
PeachText has long been recognized 
as one of the best in the industry, 
with sophisticated print capabilities 
second to none and complete editing 
capabilities for creating and manipu- 
lating a variety of documents. We've 
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We've even installed the Random 
House Electronic Thesaurus™ in 
PeachText. 

Spelling Proofreader. This high- 
performance package can check a 
10,000-word document for spelling 
and typographical errors in less than 
two minutes.* 



2 



Financial planning 



Turn your computer's memory 
into a worksheet for financial and 
other mathematical analysis. 
PeachCalc™ will address up to 256K 
of RAM, so you don't have to worry 
about your memory space outstripping 
PeachCalc's capacity. Combine 
spreadsheets with PeachCalc's merge 
functions or insert PeachCalc reports 



into PeachText documents. You can 
even use the "Execute" command to 
set up material from PeachText or 
other files to be fed into PeachCalc. 



3 



Data management 



List Manager. This module uses 
Peachtree's state-of-the-art screen 
manager and index file manager to 
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Output can be used with the 
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documents. 

Limited Time Introductory Offer 

Now PeachText 5000 is available for 
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5000 applications. And you get file 
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Free 30-day support from Peachtrei 
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PeachText 5000 is here. The com- 
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And it's unmistakably Peachtree. 

Circle 351 on inquiry card. 

*In actual trials using an IBM Personal Computer 
and 320K diskettes, Spelling Proofreader checked a 
10,024-word document in one minute and 15 seconds, 
using the standard 20,000-word dictionary supplied 
with the package. Checking times may vary depending 
on your hardware. 




WordStar is a trademark of MicroPro International 
Corporation. 

Easy Writer is a trademark of Information Unlimited 
Software. 

VisiCalc is a trademark of VisiCorp. 

Random House Electronic Thesaurus is a trademark 
of Random House Inc. 



Unmistakably Peachtree 




Peachtree^ 
Software™ 



Who are the dealers in my area? 

Name: 

Company: 

Address: 

City: 



^Telephone:. 



_State_ 



_Zip:_ 



© 1983 Peachtree Software Incorporated an MSA company 

3445 Peachtree Road. N.E./8th Floor/ Atlanta, Georgia 30326/1-800-554-8900 BYT983 




CUBE! FROM 






CUBIT. The only 
game of its kind for 
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For 48K Apple Computers with 3.3 DOS. 
Enjoyable in black and white, but 
a whole lot more fun on color monitor. 

Look for our next game, to be released 
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Dealer/ Distributors — Please contact 
us for details on Cubit and our Apple 
and IBM PC line of products. 



Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computers, inc. 



Micromax Systems, Inc. 

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San Diego, California 92121 
(619) 457-3131 



See us at forthcoming Applefest and 
Comdex shows. 



— r — — : 



INNOVATORS IN MICRO-COMPUTER SOFTWARE 

Dealer Inquiries circle 518, all others circle 519 



Does Your Printer Work 
with Wordstar? 

Overcome compatibility problems between 
Wordstar and your printer 



You might think it's reasonable to 
assume that getting a popular word- 
processing program, an equally 
popular personal computer, and a 
printer to work together would be a 
breeze— just plug everything in and 

Nothing is ever that simple. 

Even with such widely used prod- 
ucts as IBM's Personal Computer 
and Micropro International's Word- 
star program, compatibility can be a 
problem. In this article, I will point 
out some of the troubles you may 
face when trying to combine these 
two with a printer, and I will describe 
ways to get around these problems. 

Printer Pointers 

First, you must make sure your 
printer will work with Wordstar. Un- 
fortunately, there is little standard- 
ization in the printer industry, which 
means that not all printers will work 
with all word-processing programs. 

When you have determined that 
your printer is compatible with 
Wordstar, your next step is to con- 
nect the printer to the computer. This 
task will be easier if you break it into 
three parts: get your computer sys- 



by Charles Stevenson 

tern to work, get it to work right, and 
get it to work at its best. 

To get your system to work, first 
make sure the printer itself works. 
Many new printers have a self-test 
mode. Use this to find out if the 
printer has survived its trip from the 
factory to your computer. Be sure 
that the ribbon and print wheel are 
properly installed and that other ad- 
justments required prior to first use 
have been made. 



Even slight variations 

from printer standards 

can wreak havoc with 

software. 



Next, check that the cable between 
the printer and computer will work. 
The IBM Personal Computer usual- 
ly accepts printers with parallel inter- 
faces. If the printer has a Centronics- 
type 36-pin male connector, it should 
mate with the parallel printer cable 
sold by IBM, but there are excep- 
tions. There is at least one printer on 
the market with a Centronics connec- 



tor that requires a special cable 
because the electrical signals are not 
on the same pins. A connector with 
the wrong gender (the Centronics 
connector on the end of the IBM-sup- 
plied parallel printer cable is female) 
will require a gender-changer cable. 

Serially interfaced printers may 
cause different problems. The asyn- 
chronous port on the IBM Personal 
Computer is defined as a modem 
port, rather than a printer port. A 
modem port puts the remote com- 
puter in charge while the IBM Per- 
sonal Computer acts as a terminal, 
but a printer port assumes that the 
Personal Computer is running the 
show. To put your Personal Com- 
puter back "in charge," a number of 
wires must be interchanged through 
a special cable, not usually supplied 
by either the printer manufacturer or 
IBM. To wire your own cable, inter- 
change pins as shown in figure 1. 

If the cable still doesn't work dur- 
ing the testing (described in a mo- 
ment), consult the appropriate 
manuals to determine what signals 
are required at each end of the cable. 
You may need to experiment a bit 
before you get it right, but your 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 411 



TRANSMITTED 
DATA 




Figure 1: A cable must be specially wired to 
connect the IBM Personal Computer to a 
printer through an RS-232C serial link. Be- 
cause both the computer and the printer are 
set up as data-terminal equipment (DTE), 
connections must be crossed so that each com- 
municates with data circuit-terminating 
equipment (DCE). 



dealer or the printer manufacturer 
should be able to help you if you 
can't figure it out. (See reference 3.) 
When the cable is wired and in- 
stalled, check to make sure the 
printer will work with it. You also 
must make sure that all options that 
can be selected with switches on the 
printer are set according to the 
documentation. Make note of the 
settings as you may need this infor- 
mation later. 

Trying It Out 

The first test you should try with 
your computer and printer is to print 
a directory. Obviously, if what 
shows up on the paper doesn't 
match what shows up on the screen, 
something is wrong, and you should 
not proceed until you can print a 
directory listing. If your printer is 
connected through the parallel port, 
typing a Control-P or Control-PrtSc 
will establish a logical link to the 
printer so that anything going to the 
screen will also be printed. A serial- 
ly connected printer must be ac- 
tivated by two MODE commands 
from PC-DOS. The first is 

MODE COMl:12,8,N,l,P 



This means that the printer is set up 
to run at 1200 bps (bits per second), 
with 8 data bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, 
and the printer option. The second: 

MODE LPTl: = COMl 

switches the output from the parallel 
port to the serial port. See the PC- 
DOS manual for further details. 

If the printed directory is unrecog- 
nizable or if nothing prints, then the 
data rate is probably incorrect. If you 
get gaps, misalignment of columns, 
or other printing that is almost right, 
there is probably a problem with 
handshaking on the serial port, caus- 
ing characters to be lost because of 
buffer overflow. If this has happened, 
check your cabling. If the cabling 
seems all right, contact the printer 
manufacturer or your dealer for help. 

Note: printers that are connected 
through the parallel port can also fail 
to handshake properly if they ar e not 
set to respond to the STROBE line 
correctly. (This is a control line that 
signals when data is valid.) The IBM 
Personal Computer expects the 
printer to accept data when 
STROBE is low. In some cases, the 
printer's strobe input may accept 
data when high. There may be a 
switch somewhere inside the printer 
to invert this signal. If you suspect 
this to be the problem, change the 
switch position and try again. 

At this point, your system is work- 
ing and may be working correctly. 
Next test: find (or create) a text file 
that will fill at least two pages. After 
turning the printer on with Control- 
P (or Control-PrtSc), use the TYPE 
command from PC-DOS to print the 
text file. Examine the printout care- 
fully. If you find no errors, such as 
missing characters or lines, you can 
be sure the connection is correct. 

Run one more test to make sure 
your system is working right. Using 
the Install program that comes with 
Wordstar, select the nonspecific 
(fixed-escapement) serial printer op- 
tion for your first attempt at Word- 
star (this will appear as the "Tele- 
type-like printer" or "standard 
printer" option; specify the back- 
spacing capability that is appropriate 
for your printer.) Run Wordstar and 



print the test file on the Wordstar 
distribution disk (EXAMPLE.TXT or 
PRINT. TST, depending on the ver- 
sion of Wordstar you have). If this 
output looks acceptable (don't worry 
about vertical positioning of 
subscripts and superscripts or about 
the lines in the test output that men- 
tion character width and line height), 
run Install once again. This time, 
select the option appropriate for your 
printer by name. Then, reenter 
Wordstar and print the same text file. 
If your printer can handle all the 
Wordstar output commands, you 
will see a remarkable transformation 
in the printout. Subscripts and 
superscripts will be in the right 
places (a little below or above the 
printing line rather than a whole line 
space apart). Boldface type will look 
bold. The lines in the test files that 
show the effects of changing 
character width and line height will 
do so. 

If this happens, and if nothing was 
misprinted or lost, your system is 
working at its best. If the printout 
doesn't look right, you may still have 
a handshaking problem that can only 
be resolved by the printer manu- 
facturer or computer dealer. 

Teletype versus 
Microspaced Printing 

You may wonder why Wordstar 
prints the file correctly when the 
printer operates as a Teletype-like 
device but loses characters when the 
printer is formatting output for a 
microspaced specialty printer like a 
Diablo, Qume, or NEC Spinwriter. 

This happens because specialty 
printers are sent a large number of 
extra characters to tell it to set the 
width of individual characters to 
justify the text. The extra characters 
cause the buffer in the printer to fill 
much more quickly with formatted 
output (occasionally causing the loss 
of some characters) than it does 
when the printer output is in the 
nonspecific (Teletype) mode. 

The problem of lost characters may 
not be discovered when there are 
only a few pages of text because 
there may not be enough text to fill 
the buffer. The larger the buffer, the 
longer it takes to find out that some 



412 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 




YOU DAMAGE YOUR COMPUTER, 
PLUG IT IN RIGHT. 



INTRODUCING THE WIRE TREE 
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Power surges and voltage 
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BYTE September 1983 413 



Join 
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characters are being lost. (Incorrect 
cabling is often the cause of this 
problem.) On the other hand, the 
raster the data transmission, the 
sooner the problem will show up. 
The quickest way to find buffering 
problems is to reduce the buffer size 
to the minimum and increase the 
data rate to the maximum. 

Some printers do not have the fea- 
tures the specialty printers have to 
produce elegant Wordstar printing. 
(See the sidebar "Necessary Printer 
Functions for Wordstar.") The prob- 
lem stems from the two mutually 
exclusive printer-driver routines in 
Wordstar. The PDAIS routine re- 
quires that the printer understand a 
small but necessary set of com- 
mands, and if the printer does not 
understand even one of them, 
PDAIS cannot be used. The PTTY 
routine can be activated instead of 
PDAIS, but it has limited expanda- 
bility. The Wordstar overlay struc- 
ture prohibits PTTY and PDAIS from 
being stored in memory at the same 
time. 

Patching Wordstar 

Dot-matrix printing technology has 
produced a great variety of relatively 
low-cost printers suitable for IBM's 
Personal Computer. Each of these 
printers has a number of enhanced 
printing modes that people would 
like to use, but there has been little 
consistency in the implementation of 
these features. Also, very few of 
these printers can do all the things 
required by PDAIS. 

Some users have sent program 
patches (modifications) to Micropro 
that open up many of these printing 
modes for Wordstar use, and some 
patching packages are being mar- 
keted by firms other than Micropro. 
These patching techniques take one 
of the user-print functions, such as 
Control-PQ, and extend it to a three- 
letter control sequence. Doing this 
requires that every character be in- 
tercepted as it is being sent to the 
printer driver to see if it is, in this 
case, Control-P. If so, the patch must 
divert the next character to a new 
piece of code that checks it for ex- 
tended capability. These operations 
make use of a memory area called 



414 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 213 on inquiry card. 







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MORPAT, and code placed in that 
area is not supported by Micropro. 
Furthermore, Micropro cannot com- 
mit itself to leaving MORPAT in the 
same place in future versions of 
Wordstar, so new versions of Word- 
star may require new versions of the 
printer patch code. A worse problem 
could be created if the user buys 
another program that connects to 
Wordstar through MORPAT, result- 
ing in a conflict that might mean that 
neither enhancement would work. 
Wordstar was designed for special- 
ty printers. Low-cost matrix printers 
can provide an inexpensive way of 
obtaining output from Wordstar, but 
will never be of the same quality as 
the engraved-print daisy-wheel and 
thimble printers. (Be aware, how- 
ever, that not all daisy-wheel printers 
can be used as specialty printers 
under Wordstar. If in doubt, ask 
your dealer.) 

Future Compatibility 

Many printer manufacturers are 
now conferring with software man- 
ufacturers before their printers hit 
the market. Software designers can 
often detect and report hardware 
problems, incompatibilities, and 
design errors in printers in time to 
get them fixed before distribution. 
Printer manufacturers who disregard 
these offers of cooperative assistance 
run the risk of producing products 
that never perform satisfactorily in 
their intended roles. 

Cooperative assistance between 
printer and software manufacturers 
should help alleviate future compat- 
ibility problems among programs, 
printers, and computers. ■ 



References 

1 . Ciarcia, Steve. "Build an RS-232C Breakout 
Box." BYTE, April 1983, page 28. 

2. Leioson, Steve. "The Input/Output Primer, 
Part 4: The BCD and Serial Interfaces." 
BYTE, May 1982, page 202. 

3. Witten, Ian H. "Welcome to the Standards 
Jungle." BYTE, February 1983, page 146. 



Charles Stevenson is chief programmer at 
Micropro International Corporation (33 San Pablo 
Ave., San Rafael, CA 94903). 



Necessary Printer Functions 
for Wordstar 

In order to use all the features of Word- 
star, your printer must accept all the com- 
mands Wordstar uses to position the 
platen. If any one of them is missing, your 
printer will operate correctly in Teletype 
mode only, a nonspecific mode that does 
not include advanced features, such as pro- 
portional spacing and subscripts. The 
user's manual for your printer should tell 
if the following commands are available: 

Set Horizontal Motion Index (HMI) 
Set Vertical Motion Index (VMI) 

These commands set the character width 
and line height without causing direct mo- 
tion. HMI is given in HOths of an inch, 
VMI is given in 48ths of an inch. An in- 
crement of 1/60 inch is also allowed, but 
results are not as satisfactory. The printer 
must also have minimum and maximum 
values for these commands. The command 
must take effect immediately with no 
restrictions on setting or resetting within 
a line. Tor example: 

Print left to right (LTR) 
Print right to left (RTL) 

There should be explicit commands for 
each direction. Bidirectional printers 
without these options may work, but you 
should check with Micropro. Explicit com- 
mands include: 

Space 
Backspace 
Carriage Return 

These must operate in conjunction with 
printing direction and the setting of HMI. 
If RTL printing is in effect, a carriage 
return should set the printing mode to 
LTR. Some printing directions are: 

Linefeed 
Reverse linefeed 
Reset printer 

If a software Reset is not available, a 
command that returns the printer to the 
power-on state must be supplied. Such a 
command string must not exceed 16 bytes. 

Your printer may recognize other com- 
mands, such as for shifting between rib- 
bon colors or changing fonts, but these 
must not conflict with the required 
commands. 



416 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



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BYTE September 1983 417 



NOVATION CATS 
VS. HAYES 

Take a close look at both and 
you'll discover the Novation Smart- 
Cat™ modems give you everything 
you get with the Hayes Smartmodem 
— plus some critical extras. 
OFF-T1 IE-SI IELF SOFTWARE 

It's a draw. There's a lot of software 
tor both. 

For the Smart-Cats, there's ASCII 
Express "The Pro," IM Crosstalk 16,™ 
Transend'" and more that let you do 
virtually anything you'd like. No 
compromises. 

ONLY ON THE CATS 
Instant status report 

Place a call and your Smart-Cat 
knows what's going on every micro- 
second. Fail to get a dial tone? Your 
Smart-Cat tells you right now. With 
Hayes, you can wait through an en- 
tire call-answer cycle — then wonder 
what went wrong. 



With special longdistance tele- 
phone services, you must wait for 
dial tone part way through a lona 



■' ■: ■ 



dialing sequence. The Hayes modem 
relies on a pause — which works if 
things go just ri^Ht. Smart-Cat waits, 
detects the tone, then completes dial- 
ing. It always works. 
True, automatic "redialing" 

The Hayes modem gives you a 
simple Repeat of the last command. 
Enter another command since you 
last dialed and you've lost the 
number. 

Smart-Cats give you both Redial 
and Retry Redial calls the last number 
dialed no matter what has happened 
in between. 

Retry keeps retrying on a busy 
signal. A handy time-saver. 
Easy on-line commands 

With Hayes, you need escape and 
re-entry codes when on-line. With 
the Cats, just enter a single command 
— or even string a bunch together. 
Smart-Cats follow them, then go 
back on-line. No lost contacts. No 
lost data. 
Test everything 

The Hayes modem has only inter- 
nal self-testing. But the Cats do 



more. They also test the rest of the 
communications loop. At 1200 baud, 
the Cats can automatically run data 
over the line, through the other 
modem and back. You know it your 
modem is right. You know it the rest 
of the loop is right, too. 
NOVATION LSI VS. HAYES 
DISCRETE COMPONENTS 

Large Scale Integrated (LSI) cir- 
cuits — more and more logic on a 
smaller and smaller chip — is today's 
technology. It's the breakthrough 
that has made personal computers 
possible. It eliminates all kinds of 
parts and adds all kinds of logic. 

Our LSI does something else ex- 
tremely logical. It cuts costs. 
$595' (NOVATION) 
VS. $695' HAYES) 

The Smart-Cat 1200 is $100 less 
than the Hayes Smartmodem 1200. 
Now that's a lot smarter. 

Lower price, LSI technology, lots 
of software — and no waiting. You 
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store and let your computer out 
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How to make a smarter buy on 
smart modem 




SMARTER-CAT MODEMS 



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ASCII Express "The Pro" is a trademark ol Southwestern Data Systems' Crosstalk 16 is a trademark of Microstul Inc. • Transend is a trademark ol 

SSM Microcomputer Products, Inc. • Smart-Cat is a trademark ot Novation • Hayes is a tradename ol Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc. ' Suggested retail prices 

Circle 328 on inquiry card. 



In-Circuit Emulation 
for the Apple II Computer 

You can convert your Apple into a host for 
testing a target system's hardware and software 

by John D. Ferguson 



Without doubt, the easiest method 
of debugging any microprocessor- 
based computer system is to access 
that system through its processor 
socket. Using in-circuit-emulation 
(ICE) techniques, the most powerful 
diagnostic aids currently available, 
the processor of the unit under test 
(the target) is removed, and a second 
microcomputer system (the host) is 
linked to the target through the 
target's processor socket. 

Emulators are usually associated 
with expensive microprocessor devel- 
opment systems or equally expensive 
troubleshooting tools such as the 
Fluke 9010A (manufactured by the 
John Fluke Company of Everett, 
Washington). However, with one 
simple circuit you can turn your 
Apple II into a host computer for 
emulation purposes. This allows it to 
test hardware and evaluate software 
in a target system based on a 6502 
microprocessor (or one compatible 
with the 6502). 

The Apple II in-circuit emulator is 
carried on one Apple card. A 40-con- 
ductor ribbon cable, terminated in a 
dual-inline plug, connects the ICE to 
the target microcomputer (see figure 
1). The ICE card gives the Apple 
limited emulation capability, allowing 
it to relocate any 2K-byte block of ad- 
dress space in the target system into 



the normally free memory area at 
locations C800 through CFFF hexa- 
decimal in the Apple (see figure 2). 
The memory region observed in the 
target system is software selected by 
writing to an address-select latch. 
Because this selection is under pro- 
gram control, you can write routines 
in the host system to test the target 
system's entire memory map. 



With one simple circuit 
you can turn the Apple 
II into a host computer 
for emulation purposes. 



Test software can be written in 
either a high-level language, such as 
BASIC, or in machine code, and it 
can be directed at the main functional 
blocks within the target system: 
system buses, RAM (random-access 
read/write memory), ROM (read- 
only memory), and I/O (input/out- 
put) devices. 

Routines written in BASIC tend to 
be inconveniently slow for even the 
simplest tests. The more effective ap- 
proach is to write standard test 
modules in machine code and use a 
BASIC program to form an overall 
test strategy that sequences the tests 



and guides the user with recommen- 
dations if a fault is detected. 

In this article I'll describe test 
modules for exercising the system 
buses and testing RAM and ROM. Ill 
conclude with a case study that il- 
lustrates how the Apple ICE can be 
used to test Rockwell International's 
AIM-65 single-board computer. 

ICE Hardware 

Figure 3 on page 422 shows a cir- 
cuit diagram of the ICE card. Address 
lines A0_to A10 tog ether with control 
lines R/W, <j> , and RES pass direct- 
ly from the Apple to the target system 
via octal driver chips IC4 and IC5. 
However, address lines All to A15 in 
the target system are not obtained 
from their Apple equivalents but are 
instead generated by the block-select 
latch IC3. For selection of the five 
most significant lines in the target 
system, a control word is first writ- 
ten to this latch, which is clocked by 
the Apple I/O SELECT line. Hence, 
if the ICE was in slot 5, the following 
short program would set All to A15 
in the target system to zero: 

LDA #$00 \ sets All to A15 to zero 

STA C500 \ activates the I/O SELECT 

line in slot 5. 

After the block-select latch is con- 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 419 



1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1 I 1, 11.11. IF 



l.l.l.l.l.l.l.l.FTTT 



I I I I I IT ' Ft 



3Z 



i f<~ 



J-L 



TTT IT 



B 



TARGET SYSTEM 




ICE CARD 





1 1 1 1 II II 1 II 1 1 Mil II 




1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 




- 




II 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 


-i-r 




1 1 1 1 II 1 1 ' ' 




III III II II 





APPLE COMPUTER (HOST) 



Figure 1: The -processor is removed from the target system, which is then connected to the 
host via a 40-conductor ribbon cable. 



figured, any read or write operations 
to memory locations between C800 
and CFFF hexadecimal in the Apple 
activate the address decoder chip IC1 
and enable the output of latch IC3, 
establishing corresponding addresses 
between 0000 and 07FF hexadecimal 
in the target system. 

The address decoder (IC1) also en- 
ables the octal transceiver (IC2), 
allowing data to be either written to 
or received from the target system. 
The decoder IC 1 might seem u nnec- 
essary because I/O STROBE is ac- 
tive low for addresses between C800 
and CFFF hexadecimal. However, 
close examination of I/O STROBE's 
timing shows that its low state ap- 
pears too late in the timing cycle to 
enable slow memory or I/O devices 
in the target system (see figure 4 on 
page 427). 



TARGET SYSTEM 



APPLE n 
(HOST) 



0000 
1000 
2000 
3000 
4000 
5000 
6000 
7000 
8000 
9000 
A000 
B0O0 
C000 
D000 
E000 
F000 




Figure 2: Any 2K-byte block of memory space in the target system can be mapped into the 
normally empty memory slot from location C800 to CFFF hexadecimal in the Apple. 

420 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Test Software 

The software required for testing 
falls into two categories: (1) routines 
that exercise and test the various 
functional areas of the target micro- 
computer—its system buses, RAM, 
ROM, and I/O devices— and (2) the 
overall test program, which guides 
you through the test sequence, call- 
ing the functional tests and perform- 
ing the tasks normally performed by 
a fault-finding tree (i.e., pinpointing 
the source of the fault and suggesting 
a remedy— for instance, "replace 
IC28'— or initiating a new test to 
gather more information). 

The following section describes the 
functional tests, providing three 
routines written in 6502 assembly 
language. Each program operates on 
the memory window at locations 
C800 to CFFF hexadecimal between 
the Apple and the target system. 

Address and Data-Bus Toggle Test 

Before launching into complex tests 
of the system's ICs, test the integrity 
of the system buses. With a toggle 
test you can exercise the address and 
data-bus lines by alternately driving 
them high and low. Listing 1 on page 
427 shows such a test program, 
which starts by selecting addresses in 
the binary pattern 10101 ... in the 
target system. A dummy read is then 
made to address AAAA hexadeci- 
Text continued on page 427 



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* after $1 00. rebate fro 

810 Disk. 



EASTERN HOUSE 

Monkey Wrench 2 $52.75 

PARKER BROTHERS 

Tutankham R $33.75 

Super Cobra R $33.75 

Astro Chase R $33.75 

Frogger R $33.75 

QBert R $33.75 

Popeye R $33.75 

Risk R $42.75 

Chess R $42.75 



MODEMS 



after f 1 00. rebate from ATARI cash price $2tt 



..$199.00* 

TAR I cash price $2tt. 

..$399.00 



ANCHOR MARK I 
ANCHOR MARK I 
HAYES SMART .. 
HAYES MICRO II 
Micro Bit 

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NOVATION 

CAT 

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APPLE CAT II .... 
212 APPLE CAT . 



w 



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FIODERBUND 

Bank Street Writer D $44.75 

AE D $24.75 

Apple Panic D $23.75 

Choplifter ROM $32.75 



RANA 
DISK DRIVE 

1000 $call 

ALIEN GROUP 

Voice Box 2 . $99.75 

DON'T ASK 
Sam $41.75 

Abuse $15.95 

Teleatri $27.95 

Poker Sam ..$24.95 



1010 Recorder $75.00 

41 Recorder $75.00 

810 Disk Drive $399.00 

1050 Disk Drive ....$335.00 
850 I nterface $CALL$ 




Lyco Computer Marketing & Consultants 



TO ORDER 

CALL US 



TOLL free 800-233-8760 



In PA 1-717- 



BLANK DISK 

I ELEPHANTSS/SD.... $18.25 
ELEPHANT SS/DD .... $21 .75 

| KANGAROO SS/DD with 

storage case $24.75 

I MAXELL MD I $29.75 

MAXELL MD II $39.75 

I DISK CASE (holds 10| S4 95 
DISK CASE (ho | ds 50) S19.75 

[ROM CASE (holds 10) $19 75 



MONITORS 

Amdek Color I $275.00 

Amdek 300 Green $1 49. CO 

Amdek 300 Amber $1 49.00 

Gorilla Green $99.00 



PEFOCM 



SINGLE DRIVE AT88 S1 ...$359.00 

|DUAL DRIVE AT88 S2 $559.00 

DRIVE with printer port ...$449.00 

VT88 Expansion Board $139.00 

[DUAL HEAD44S1 $575.00 

ISINGLE DRIVE 40S1 $529.00 

\DD ON DRIVES $CALL 

HARD DISK DRIVES $call$ 



SANYO 

I MBC 1000 $1549.00 

J (with micropro software package) 

MBC 1250 $2195.00 

MBC4050 $2749.00 

EFD 160 Disk $499.00 

5500 Letter Q. Printer. . .$649.00 



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Elite 1 $295.00 

Elite 2 $449.00 

Elite 3 $559.00 

SSI 

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Germany 1 985 $36.75 

CONTINENTAL 

Home Accountant $51 .75 

Book of Apple Software . $16.75 




jcippkz 



APPLE DUMPLING GX S99.75 

APPLE DUMPUNG 64. ..(16 Buffer)S179 75 

INFOCOM 

Zork I, II, or III $26.75 

Deadline $33.75 



CARDCO 



HES64 

Turtle Graphics R $49.75 

Heswriter R $38.75 

Attack of Mut Cam R...$34.75 

Turtle Tutor R $29.75 

Turtle Trainer R $29.75 

Paint Brush R $23.75 

Benji Space Rescue D.$29.75 
Home Manager C/D . . $39.75 



Cardprlnter / LQ1 $499.00 

Cardprint DM1 $109.00 

5 Slot Expansion 64 $54.00 

64 Write NOW $39.00 

64 Mail NOW $29.00 

20 Write NOW $29.00 

64 Keypad $29.00 

Universal Cass. Int $29.75 

Printer Utility $19.75 

6 Slot Expansion $79.95 

3 Slot Expansion $24.95 

Vic 20/64 Printer int $59.95 

SPINNAKER 64 

Kindercomp $21 .75 

Story Machine $23.75 

Face Maker $23.75 

Snooper Trooper $29.75 

Delta Drawing $34.75 



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HES VIC- 20 

TorgC $14.75 

HES Games I C $14.75 

HES Games IIC $14.75 

VIC Fortit Rom $42.75 

HES MON Rom $28.75 

Turtle Graphics Rom — $28.75 

HES Writer Rom $28.75 

Shamus Rom $28.75 

Protector Rom $31.75 

Robot Panic Rom $28.75 

BR0DERBUND64 

Serpentine R $26.75 

Choplifter R $32.75 

Seafox R $26.75 

PARKER 20 

Frogger (ROM) $33.75 

QBert (ROM) $33.75 

Tutankham (rom) $33.75 



01 



#* 



<0 



*p 



& 



jy 



*? 



sr 



PROWRITER 2P $699.00 

GEMINI 15 $449.00 

PRINTMASTER ....$1589.00 
SMITH CORONA TP1 . . .$549.00 

CITOH8600B $1025 00 

STARWRITER $1099 00 

OKI DATA 82 save 

OKIDATA83 lowest 

OKI DATA 84P.... ™« BLE 

OKIDATA93 save 

TRACTOR $49.75 

OKIDATA92 $SAVE 



SAVE = PRINTERS 

GORI LLA GX-1 00 $1 99.00 

EPSON $CALL 

GEMINI 10 $299.00 

PROWRITER $365.00 

$399.00 



NEC 8023 



■ 






TO ORDER 



call toll free 

800-233-8760 

In PA 1 717-327-1824 



or send order to 
Lyco Computer 
P.O. Box 5088 
Jersey Shore. PA 1 7740 



POLICY 

In-stock items shipped within 24 hours of order. Personal 
checks require four weeks clearance before shipping. No 
deposit on CO. D. orders. Free shipping on prepaid cash orders 
within the continental U.S. PA residents add sales tax. All 
products subject to availability and price change. Advertised 
prices show 4% discount offered for cash, add 4% for Master 
Card or Visa. DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED 



Circle 268 on inquiry card. 



BYTE September 1983 421 



^|-[:;:1|;:;|!Sil'!:i|'Jli^l^!l»: 
1CJ 



?W-"111?TOW9"1"1Wff 




Q 




Z 
CD 


^ o o o o o 


> 

+ 


CO o o o o o 

5= CM CM CM CM CM 


0) 
Q. 


co rr 3! 3! 3! 

^ __ CO CM CM CM 
CO 3 CO CO CO CO 

JOJJJJ 
■<3- CO ^ Tj- -^ -sf 

r-.cor-r--S.N- 


m 
n 

E 

Z 




1- CM CO M- CO CD 

OOOOOO 



cm "7 n \\cn 






> 



« 



W IA P* A 



??iW"1iiP 




Figure 3: A circuit diagram of the Apple ICE card. 



ill September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 5 on inquiry card. 



-^ B rn union 



Telegram 



ft L L IBM PC USERS 

TOt A YUEN, VP NfflXETWs, ^ ^ 

^ SEARCH, IHC. 

COMBOPLUS VOTED NUMBER ONE 1ft Pc 
SI)PER DRIVE VOTED NUMBER Q H E ^ p L T B °^ ^ 
REftDE RS OF PJLMQRLD. SEET HE "^ EmUT ° R 
^TER DEALER. ^UlYOUR 



YOU DID IT! 
YOU VOTED US 



:LUi t jM=1:M? 



You have voted ComboPlus and SuperDrive the champion of the World Class 
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gives you 64 K- 256 K expansion memory, a clock a calendar, a serial port, 
and a parallel port all on a single board. SuperDrive, included in our 
SuperPak™ system utility software package*, lets you simulate up to four 
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products. 

See ComboPlus and SuperDrive in PC World's display at the IBM PC Faire 

in San Francisco, and at PC '83 in Boston. See all the AST Number One 

IBM PC Add-Ons at your Computerland, Entre, * — \s~ 

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wide. If your dealer doesn't have them, call us. / J, 

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Research Inc., Irvine, California. (714) 540-1333. . 

TWX: 295370ASTRUR. RcScHRCH INC. 

*SuperPak includes SuperDrive, SuperSpool and Clock Utility programs. 
IBM is the registered trademark of International Business Machines. 



^[ J NUMBER ONE ADD-ON PRODUCTS FOR IBM® PC 



The IBM Instruments Computer System: 




Unique com bin; if ion of features 
Unusual flexibility 
Attractive price 

A new dimension in small computers. 



In its price range, the IBM Instruments 
Computer System offers higher 
levels of function and performance 
than other computers. 

For scientific, engineering and general 
computing applications, including instrument 
control and data acquisition, data analysis and 
communications, no other computer is like it. 

The IBM Instruments Computer System 
is based on the highest performance general 
purpose processor available. Modular design 
permits you to select a configuration to meet your 
present needs exactly. Provision for continuing 
enhancement and upgrading is built in. 



The inside story 



Basic working memory 
is exceptionally large. When 
expanded fully, the IBM 
Instruments Computer System 
has up to 5 megabytes of 
working memoiy. 

You'll find more standard 
communications ports and more 
connection modes than on other computers at or 
near the price. The optional integrated Analog I/O 
card further enhances connectability. 

You'll also find a priority interrupt driven 
system with 32 levels of interrupt and 4 direct 
memory access channels. 



The outside story 



This is a computer that people find simple 
to understand and easy to use. Up to three 
interface modes (two programmable keypads and 
a keyboard) provide a wide range of choices for 
interacting with the system. Operation is from 

Circle 214 on inquiry card. 



menu or by simple direct command. 

The system provides integrated high 
resolution graphics on a CRT. Hard copy is 
supplied by an optional high resolution 4-color 
printer/plotter using plain paper. These high 
levels of resolution are standard from IBM 
Instalments, extra on others. 

Optional diskette and disk drives provide 
up to 44 megabytes of on-line storage. 

A real-time, multitasking operating system 
and a wide range of programming support 
enhance the usability of the system. 

The value story 

The IBM Instruments Computer System 
can grow easily; you can add options yourself. 
Your initial investment is protected. 

Starting at $5,695, this system gives you 
outstanding power, capacity and performance for 
the money. 



SPECIFICATIONS 


IBM INSTRUMENTS COMPUTER SYSTEM 


Processor 


Communications 


• 768 x 480 dots 


• 68CKK) 8-MHz 


• RS232C— 3 poite 


• Memory mapped 




• ]EEE-488bus 


Keyboard and 


• Up to 128K bytes of 


• Parallel I/O 


Keypads 


ROM 


• System bus 


• Kill alphanumeric 


• I28K bytes of RAM 


based on 


keyboard plus 10 


VERSAbus* 


programmable keys 


increments up to 5 


• Analog I/O card 


• Up to 57 


megabytes 


Printer/Plotter 


programmable soft 




• 4-colors 


keys on processor 
• 10 programmable soft 
keys on CRT 


• Up In 4 Diskettes, 
5V4"-322K bytes or 
8"-I megabyte eaeli 

• Uptofour5Vi" 
Winchester type 
disks. 5 or 10 


• Up to 200 eps 


• 2CX) x 336 dots/inch 


• Full dot pattern 


Programming 


control for graphics 


• BASIC/FORTRAN/ 


plotting 


PASCAL/ Assemblers 


Display Screen 


• Utilities/Diagnostics 


megabytes each 


• 12" adjustable 


• Chromatography, 




• 80 characters x 30 


FTIR and other 




lines 


application programs 


•Trademark of Motorola, Im 







We'd like to tell you more about it. 
Simply call 800-243-7054. In Connecticut, 
call 800-952-1073. IBM Instruments, Inc., 
Orchard Park, Box 332, Danbury, CT 06810. 

Instruments 
Inc. 



SAGF" TECHNICAL BRIEFING 



an't Outrun Memories 




No computer can go faster than its 
memory. 

Even the lightning-fast 68000 proces- 
sor can be slowed to a snail's pace by a 
sluggish main memory design. 

For that reason, we designed the 
memory for 16-bit SAGE computers to 
keep pace with the 68000. It's a close- 
coupled, straightforward design that 
lets the processor run full bore at 2 
million instructions a second. 

Anything less simply wouldn't be 
state of the art. 

Simple Isn't Always 
Easy. 

To make a mem- 
ory simple is simple. 

But to make a 
simple memory fast 
is difficult. 

And to incorporate it into a 
computer that doesn't cost a fortune is 
next to impossible. That is, unless some 
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And that's precisely how the totally 
unique SAGE memory was born. 

One MBYTE Of 64KBYTE Devices. 

In keeping with the no-compromise 
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naturally use only 64K, dynamic 150- 
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puters can be equipped with a 
megabyte of this type of memory. 

And you can specify as few as one 
or as many as four built-in Winchesters, 
plus floppy drive. 

What's more, thanks to its exclusive 
memory design, your SAGE computer 
can take data as fast as its floppy disk 




no need for skewing or inter- 
leaving, the SAGE Computer actu- 
ally lets its floppy run as fast as 
Winchesters do on some machines. 

So when you select a computer for 
serious development or serious busi- 
ness, remember the importance of 
memory. 

For more information and the name 
of your nearest SAGE dealer, call us 
today. 



&& 



Sage Computer Technology, Corpo- 
rate Office. 4905 Energy Way, Reno, 
Nevada 89502. Phone (702) 322-6868. 
TWX: 910-395-6073/SAGE RNO 

Eastern United States 

Sage Computer Technology 
15 New England Executive Park 
Suite 120, Burlington, MA 01803 
1617)229-6868 

In UK 

TDI LTD, 29 Alma Vale Road, 
Clifton, Bristol BS8-2HL 
Tel: (0272) 742796 
Tx: 444 653 Advice G 

In Germany 
MM Computer, 
mbH, HallwangerStr. 
9,8210 Prien 
fel: 08051/3074 
Tx:525 400mmco-d 

p-System standard, supporting Pascal, 
FORTRAN 77, BASIC and 68000 Micro Assembler. 
CPIM-bBK Hyper-Forth, Modula 2 optional. 
SAGE and SAGE IV are trademarks of 
SAGE Computer Technology. 
© 1983 SAGE Computer Technology all rights 
reserved. 

Circle 389 on Inquiry card. 










<T\ 



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wmw 



*a 



<^\ 



is 



Text continued from page 420 
mal, placing the high, low, high, low 
pattern on the target-system bus. The 
select latch is again accessed and ad- 
dresses in the binary pattern 
01010 ... are selected, followed by a 
dummy read to location 5555 hexa- 
decimal, thus complementing the 
previous address-bus pattern. This 
procedure is repeated 256 times 
before a similar test pattern is started 
on the target system's data bus. 

Exercising the system buses with 
this pattern allows the operator to 
determine, using an oscilloscope or 
logic probe, whether each line in the 
target system is drivable (i.e., no lines 
are stuck high or low) and whether 
each line is continuous from its 
source (the processor socket) to its 
destination on each chip. 

A more complex test could also 



check for shorts between lines by in- 
jecting a characteristic frequency or 
pattern onto each line. You could 
then use a frequency meter or oscil- 
loscope to check for corruption be- 
tween lines. 

Toggling the system buses 256 
times does not allow enough time for 
checking even one circuit node. The 
short routine below illustrates how 
the bus test (BTEST) is used in the 
test sequencing program: 



180 



190 

200 
210 



PRINT "BUS TESTING- 
PROBE TARGET SYSTEM 
BUSES" 

PRINT "(PRESS SPACE FOR 
NEXT TEST)" 
CALL BTEST 
IF PEEK (- 16384) <= 127 
THEN 200 



By placing the test within a loop that 
also checks the keyboard, the test 
repeats until you press the space bar, 
signaling that further testing isn't 
needed. 



*o clock ~~ \ / \ / \ 

ADDRESS )[ ]( 



I/O STROBE 



CS FROM IC1 
(74LS138) 



\_r 



i 



Figur e 4: Relative timing of the Apple slot 
signal I/O STROBE and the CS signal from 
IC1. Note that the I/O STROBE signal occurs 
too late for use in selecting the target ad- 
dress bus. 



Listing 1: Toggling all address and data-bus lines. 



SOURCE FILE: APPTOG 










0000: 


1 


ft*********************************** 


***************** 


***************************** 


0000: 


2 


ADDRESS AND DATA BUS TEST 






0000: 


3 


TOGGLE ADDRESS BUS AAAA-5555 






0000: 


4 


256 TIMES 






0000: 


5 


TOGGLE DATA BUS AA-55 






0000: 


6 


256 TIMES 






0000: 


7 


»**».**»**«********••**•»«•«••****«* 


***************** 


***************************** 


0000: 


8 








C500: 


9 


SELECT EQU 


$C500 


2K SELECT LATCH 


NEXT OBJECT FILE NAME 


IS APPTOG.OBJ0 






2100: 


10 


ORG 


$2100 




2100.A2 00 


11 


LDX 


#00 


SET COUNTER TO ZERO 


2102: 


12 


EXERCISE ADDRESS BUS 






2102A9 AA 


13 


A.BUS LDA 


#$AA 


SELECT ADDRESSES 10101XXX 


2104:8D 00 C5 


14 


STA 


SELECT 




2 107: AD AA CA 


15 


LDA 


$CAAA 


IE AAAA ON TARGET BUS 


210A:A9 55 


16 


LDA 


#$55 


SELECT ADDRESSES 01010XXX 


210C:8D 00 C5 


17 


STA 


SELECT 




210F:AD 55 CD 


18 


LDA 


$CD55 


IE 5555 ON TARGET BUS 


2112:CA 


19 


DEX 






2113:D0 ED 


20 


BNE 


ABUS 


REPEAT 256 TIMES 


2115: 


21 


EXERCISE DATA BUS 






2115:A9 00 


22 


DBUS LDA 


#$00 


SELECT ADDRESSES 00000XXX 


2117:8D00 C5 


23 


STA 


SELECT 




211A:A9 55 


24 


LDA 


#$55 


01010101 ON DATA BUS 


211C:8D 00 C9 


25 


STA 


$C900 


0100 IN TARGET SYSTEM 


211F:A9 AA 


26 


LDA 


#$AA 


10101010 ON DATA BUS 


2121:8D 00 C9 


27 


STA 


$C900 


0100 IN TARGET SYSTEM 


2124:CA 


28 


DEX 






2125:D0 EE 


29 


BNE 


DBUS 


REPEAT 256 TIMES 


2127:60 


30 


RTS 




TOGGLING COMPLETE 



*" SUCCESSFUL ASSEMBLY: NO ERRORS 



2102 ABUS 
2115 DBUS 



2115 DBUS 
C500 SELECT 



C500 SELECT 



2102 ABUS 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 427 



RAM Checkerboard Test 

The basic strategy for testing RAM 
requires writing a test pattern into 
memory, reading it back, and check- 
ing that both the write and read 
operations were successful. Many 
different test patterns can be used; 
each is sensitive to particular failure 
modes of the memory. One popular 
pattern that provides in a reasonable 
amount of time a test of the read/ 
write capability of every bit in the 
RAM is the checkboard test pattern 
(see figure 5). 

Listing 2 shows this RAM test pro- 
gram. In it, a RAM location is 
selected and 55 hexadecimal (01010101 
binary) is stored in the location and 
then read back and compared. If the 
comparison fails, the test terminates 
with the Apple displaying a RAM 
failure message. If the comparison 
passes, the location is then tested 
with the complementary pattern AA 
hexadecimal (10101010 binary). The 
test then moves on to the next loca- 
tion and continues until all locations 
within the window (C800 to CFFF 





00 


01 


10 


11 


00 





1 





1 


01 


1 





1 





10 


X 


X 


X 


X 


11 


X 


X 


X 


X 



Figure 5: Checkerboard-testing RAM. Alter- 
nate bits are set to 1 and and checked. The 
pattern is then reversed and checked before 
moving off to the next row of cells. 

hexadecimal) have been exercised 
and tested. 

Before the RAM test in the main 
test program is called, the memory- 
select latch should be written to, 
moving the RAM to be exercised in- 
to the ICE test window. For example, 
the following program would test 



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Requires APPLE I1 + , IBM-PC, TRS80-11I, OSBORNE, KAYPRO, or CP/M 8" 



RAM from 0800 to 0FFF hexadecimal 
in the target system: 

250 PRINT "RAM TESTING 

0800-OFFF" 
260 POKE SELECT, 08:CALL 

RAMTEST 



ROM Signatures 

The usual method for testing 
ROMs involves forming a checksum 
byte based on a sum of all the data 
within the ROM. However, faults 
could be concealed by several errors 
that cancel each other out. A tech- 
nique that is more sensitive and less 
likely to mask errors involves per- 
forming a cyclic redundancy check 
(CRC) on the ROM contents. It origi- 
nated in data communications, but 
more recently it's been used in 
signature analysis, a relatively new 
troubleshooting tool pioneered by 
Hewlett-Packard. Like most jobs in 
computing, the cyclic redundancy 
check can be evaluated by either 
hardware or software. The hardware 
model proves the simplest to 
illustrate. 

Figure 6 on page 435 shows a typi- 
cal CRC evaluation circuit using a 
16-bit linear shift register with feed- 
back. Each bit of data is fed serially 
into the register. When the data 
stream ends, the final binary pattern 
remaining in the register forms the 
4-digit cyclic redundancy check. The 
feedback paths effectively form a sum 
to the base 2 between the data fed 
back and the new data entering and 
ensure that every bit entering the 
register contributes toward the final 
CRC or signature. 

An equivalent software routine is 
presented in listing 3. In this scheme, 
each byte from the ROM under test 
is fed serially (bit to bit 7) to the 
subroutine FEEDBACK, which per- 
forms a sum to the base 2 of bits 15, 
11, 8, and 6 within the register and 
the incoming bit. When 16,384 (2K x 
8) bits of data have entered the feed- 
back algorithm, the pattern remain- 
ing in locations SIGH and SIGL 
forms the final signature. 

To enable checks to be made on 

ROMs containing more than 2K 

Text continued on page 435 



428 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 53 on inquiry card. 



®lt£ (Uflmputrr ©intra 



• • • • 

FOUR STAR EDITION 



business 



section 



D 



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1-405-623-8664 



Circle 477 on inquiry card. 



BYTE September 1983 429 



Listing 2: A ■program to checkerboard-test RAM. 



SOURCE FILE: APPRAM 








0000: 


1 


******************** 


********* 


0000: 


2 


PROGRAM TO CHECKERBOARD 


0000: 


3 


(C800-CFFF) 




0000: 


4 


******************** 


********** 


0000: 


5 






FDED: 


6 


GOUT 


EQU 


FD8E: 


7 


3ROUT 


EQU 


FDE3: 


8 


PRHEX 


EQU 


0008: 


9 


POINT 


EQU 


0000: 


10 






NEXT OBJECT FILE NAME IS APPRAMOBJ0 




2090: 


11 




ORG 


2090: 


12 






2090A9 00 


13 




LDA 


2092:85 08 


14 




STA 


2094:A8 


15 




TAY 


2095A9 C8 


16 




LDA 


2097:85 09 


17 




STA 


2099A9 55 


18 


START 


LDA 


209B.-91 08 


19 




STA 


209D:D1 08 


20 




CMP 


209F:F0 03 


21 




BEQ 


20AL4C BC 20 


22 




JMP 


20A4:A9 AA 


23 


OK 


LDA 


20A6:91 08 


24 




STA 


20A8:D1 08 


25 




CMP 


20AA:F0 03 


26 




BEQ 


20AC:4C BC 20 


27 




JMP 


20AF:E6 08 


28 


OKI 


INC 


20BLD0 E6 


29 




BNE 


20B3:E6 09 


30 




INC 


20B5A5 09 


31 




LDA 


20B7.O9 DO 


32 




CMP 


20B9:D0 DE 


33 




BNE 


20BB:60 


34 




RTS 


20BC: 


35 






20BC: 


36 


ERROR DISPLAY ROUTINE 


20BC: 


37 






20BCA2 00 


38 


ERROR 


LDX 


20BE:BD D5 20 


39 


NEXT1 


LDA 


20CL20 ED FD 


40 




JSR 


20C4:E8 


41 




INX 


20C5:E0 OF 


42 




CPX 


20C7:D0 F5 


43 




BNE 


20C9A5 09 


44 




LDA 


20CB:38 


45 




SEC 


20CC.-E9 C8 


46 




SBC 


20CE:20 E3 FD 


47 




JSR 


20D1.-20 8E FD 


48 




JSR 


20D4:60 


49 




RTS 


20D5: 


50 


■ERROR MESSAGE 




20D5A0 C5 D2 


51 


MESS 


ASC 


20D8:D2 CF D2 








20DBA0 CF CE 








20DEA0 DO CI 








20ELC7 CS AO 









TEST RAM 



$FDED 
$FD8E 
$FDE3 
08 



$2090 



POINT 

#$C8 

POINT + 1 

#$55 

(POINT).Y 

(POINT),Y 

OK 

ERROR 

#$AA 

(POINT),Y 

(POINT),Y 

OKI 

ERROR 

POINT 

START 

POINT + 1 

POINT + 1 

#$D0 

START 



#00 

MESS.X 

COUT 

#$0F 

NEXT1 

09 

#$C8 

PRHEX 

CROUT 



CHARACTER TO SCREEN 
C-RETURN TO SCREEN 
OUTPUT HEX DIGIT 
POINTER 



;POINT TO C800 



START TEST WITH 55 

STORE 

READ BACK AND COMPARE 

DISPLAY ERROR MESSAGE AND END 

NOW TRY AA 

STORE 

READ BACK AND COMPARE 

;DISPLAY ERROR MESSAGE AND END 
;NEXT LOCATION 



;END OF BLOCK?(CFFF) 
;TEST COMPLETE 



;POINTER FOR MESSAGE 

MESSAGE TO SCREEN 
NEXT CHARACTER 
MESSAGE COMPLETE? 

;FAIL ADDRESS TO SCREEN 



;C-RETURN TO SCREEN 
; AND FINISHED 

ERROR ON PAGE " 



*** SUCCESSFUL ASSEMBLY: NO ERRORS 



430 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 




It's as simple as A B C. . . 

Converse offers you a very 

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• Completely menu driven for non-technical user 

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See the entire Advanced Digital 
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A 



*CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research Corp. 
TurboDOS is a trademark of Software 2000 Inc. 



SUPER STAR, SUPER SIX, SUPER SLAVE are 
trademarks of Advanced Digital Corp. 



U) 



DIGITAL 

CORPORATION/ 



5432 Production Dr., 
Huntington Beach, CA 92649 
Phone: (714) 891-4004 
Telex: 4722065 ITTSCSMA 

For European Distributor, contact: (7141 891-4004 



432 BYTE September 1983 



Circle 570 on inquiry card. 



SUPER SIX 






K 



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SUPER SIX, THE FIRST 6MHz S-100 SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER 

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6 MHz, Z-80B CPU 

DMA Controller 

6 MHz, Z-80B DART 

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6 MHz, Z-80B PIO 

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6 MHz, Z-80B CTC 

(Clock Timer) 

Double/Single Density 

Floppy Disk Controller — 

Supports 8" and 5-1/4" 

Drives Simultaneously 

2/4 KB of Monitor 

EPROM 

S-100, IEEE 696 

Compatible 

*CP M is a trademark of Digital Research Corp. 
TurboDOS is u trademark of Software 2000 Inc. 
SUPER SIX und SUPER SLAVE are trademarks of 
ital Corp. 

Circle 571 on inquiry card. 




SUPER SIX & CP/M™ 3.0 
A PERFECT MATCH 

Advanced Digital has found the 
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board computer. It's Digital 
Research's new CP/M 3.0. 
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Phone: (714) 891-4004 
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V 



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Circle 3 on inquiry card. 



3M 



Text continued from page 428 

bytes, three routines are used. The 
NSIG (new signature) routine resets 
the shift register pair SIGH, SIGL to 
zero and forms a signature on 2K 
bytes of ROM. In CSIG (continue 
signature), the shift register is not 
reset to zero at the start, thus allow- 
ing a continuation of a signature for 
ROMs greater than 2K bytes. The 
DISPLAY routine shows the contents 
of the shift register pair SIGH, SIGL 
in hexadecimal form. 

The following listing shows how all 
three routines can be used to evaluate 
the signature of a 4K-byte ROM 
located at B000 to BFFF hexadecimal 
in the target system: 



(6a) 



SIGNATURE 
DISPLAY 



DATA 

FROM NODE 
UNDER TEST 



/_/ L/ /_/ M 
/_/ M /_/ M 

/ \ 




320 REM BO HEX IS 176 

DECIMAL 
330 POKE SELECT176 
340 CALL NSIG:REM FIRST 2K - 

BYTES 
350 REM B8 HEX IS 184 

DECIMAL 
360 POKE SELECT/184 
370 CALL CSIG:REM CONTINUE 

WITH NEXT 2 BYTES 
380 CALL DISPLAYREM 

DISPLAY FINAL SIGNATURE 

Implementing a Test Program 

The Apple ICE described here can 
be used with a wide range of 6500 
microcomputers designed to run at 1 
MHz if all the onboard circuitry is 
controlled by the processor's cp 2 clock. 
The AIM-65, for example, provides 
an ideal target system, containing as 
much as 4K bytes of RAM, 20K bytes 
of ROM, and a wide range of I/O 
devices— two 6522 VIAs (versatile in- 
terface adapters), a 6520 PIA (periph- 
eral interface adapter), and a 6532 
RIOT (RAM input/output timer). 
Figure 7 provides an overview and a 
memory map of the AIM-65, and a 
test sequence is shown in listing 4 on 
page 443. The program begins by 
testing the system buses, followed by 
a RAM test on the 4K bytes of RAM 
and a ROM test that forms signatures 
for each of the five system ROMs. 
The test sequence concludes with a 
check on the user 6522 VIA. For this 
test, the ports are linked together 
Text continued on page 444 



(6b) 



1st BYTE 2nd BYTE 3rd BYTE 4th BYTE 5th BYTE ETC. 



LOGIC 1 



LOGIC — 



Figure 6: A feedback shift register can be used to form a cyclic redundancy check of ROM 
(6a). Data from ROM is fed in bit-serial (bit to bit 7) byte-serial form into the shift register (6b). 



Imte^talker 



TEXT TO SPEECH SYNTHESIZER 

THE NEW PRICE/PERFORMANCE STANDARD 



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Circle 234 on inquiry card. 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 435 















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Figure 7: The layout and memory map of the AIM-65. 

436 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



APPLE □ EAGLE □ IBM, PC D NORTHSTAR □ TRS-80 II 8" D OSBORNE □ FRANKLIN □ STANDARD CP/M 8' 



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Circle 468 on inquiry card. BYTE September 1983 437 



Listing 3: A program to evaluate ROM signatures. 



SOURCE FILE: APPSIG 

0000: 

0000: 

0000 

0000. 

0000 

0000 

0000 

0000 

NEXT OBJECT 

2000. 

1900 

1901 

1902: 

0008: 

1903: 

FDDA: 

FD8E: 

2000: 

2000:A9 00 

2002:8D 01 19 

2005:8D 02 19 

2008:A9 00 

200A:85 08 

200C:A8 

200D:A9 C8 

200F:85 09 

2011:B1 08 

2013:8D 03 19 

2016:A2 08 

2018:AD 03 19 

201B:29 01 

2010:8D 00 19 

2020:20 36 20 

2023: 6E 03 19 

2026:CA 

2027-.D0 EF 

2029:E6 08 

202B:D0 E4 

2020:E6 09 

202F:A5 09 

2031:C9 DO 

2033:D0 DC 

2035:60 

2036: 

2036: 

2036: 

2036: 

2036: 

2036: 

2036:AD 02 19 

2039:10 03 

203B:EE 00 19 

203E:6A 

203F.-90 03 

2041 :EE 00 19 

2044:6A 

2045:6A 

2046:6A 

2047:90 03 

2049:EE 00 19 

204C:AD 01 19 

204F.-2A 

2050:2A 

2051:90 03 

2053:EE 00 19 

2056:6E 00 19 

2059:2E 01 19 



PROGRAM TO EVALUATE SIGNATURE 
OF 2KBYTE BLOCK (C800-CFFF) 
EACH BYTE IS SERIALIZED BIT0-BIT7 



FILE NAME IS APPSIGOBJ0 
9 

10 COUNT 

11 SIGL 

12 SIGH 

13 POINT 

14 TEMP 
PRBYTE 
CROUT 



15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
46 
47 
48 
49 
50 
51 
52 
53 
54 
55 
56 
57 
58 
59 
60 
61 
62 
63 
64 
65 
66 



ORG 
EQU 
EQU 
EQU 
EQU 
EQU 
EQU 
EQU 

LDA 

STA 

STA 

LDA 

STA 

TAY 

LDA 

STA 

LDA 

STA 

LDX 

LDA 

AND 

STA 

JSR 

ROR 

DEX 

BNE 

INC 

BNE 

INC 

LDA 

CMP 

BNE 

RTS 



FEEDBACK ALGORITHM— SUMS BITS 
15,11,8 AND 6 WITH INCOMING BIT 
ON ENTRY 'COUNT' CONTAINS INPUT 



START 



WSTART 



NBYTE 



NBIT 



$2000 




$1900 


STORE FOR SUM 


$1901 


CURRENT SIGNATURE LOW BYTE 


$1902 


CURRENT SIGNATURE HIGH BYTE 


$0008 


BYTE COUNTER 


SIGH + 1 


TEMPORARY STORE 


$FDDA 


PRINT A HEX BYTE 


$FD8E 


GENERATE C-RETURN 


#00 


ZERO SHIFT REGISTER 


SIGL 




SIGH 





BIT 



FEEDBACK 



NEX1 



NEX2 



NEX3 



NEX4 



LDA 

BPL 

INC 

ROR 

BCC 

INC 

ROR 

ROR 

ROR 

BCC 

INC 

LDA 

ROL 

ROL 

BCC 

INC 

ROR 

ROL 



SIGH 

NEX1 

COUNT 

A 

NEX2 

COUNT 

A 

A 

A 

NEX3 

COUNT 

SIGL 

A 

A 

NEX4 

COUNT 

COUNT 

SIGL 



#00 


;WARM START 


POINT 




#$C8 


; START OF BLOCK C800 


POINT +1 




(POINT),Y 


;GET BYTE 


TEMP 




#08 


;FOR 8 BITS 


TEMP 




#01 


;BIT0 INTO COUNT 


COUNT 




FEEDBACK 


;APPLY FEEDBACK 


TEMP 


;READY FOR NEXT BIT 


NBIT 


;BACK FOR NEXT BIT 


POINT 


;NEXT BYTE 


NBYTE 




POINT + 1 




POINT + 1 




#$D0 




NBYTE 


;END OF BLOCK? CFFF 



;TOP HALF OF SIG 
;TEST BIT 15 



;TEST BIT 8 

;TEST BIT 1 1 

;BOTTOM HALF OF SIG 



;TEST BIT 6 

;SUM INTO CARRY 
CARRY INTO BIT0 LBYTE 



Listing 3 continued on page 443 



438 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Frustration 
Insurance. 

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1) 6502 Assembly Language Programming 2) 6502 Assembly Language Subroutines 



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442 BYTE September 1983 



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Listing 3 continued: 




205C:2E 02 19 


67 


205F:60 


68 


2060:AD 02 19 


69 DISPLAY 


2063:20 DA FD 


70 


2066:AD 01 19 


71 


2069:20 DA FD 


72 


206C:20 8E FD 


73 


206F:60 


74 



*** SUCCESSFUL ASSEMBLY; NO ERRORS 

Listing 4: Applesoft BASIC program sequencing tests. 

listing 4 



ROL 


SIGH 


RTS 




LDA 


SIGH 


JSR 


PRBYTE 


LDA 


SIGL 


JSR 


PRBYTE 


JSR 


CROUT 


RTS 





;CARRY INTO BIT0 HBYTE 

MSB TO DISPLAY 
ONTO APPLE DISPLAY 
LSB TO DISPLAY 
ONTO APPLE DISPLAY 
C-RETURN 



50 

60 

70 

80 

90 

100 

110 

120 

130 

140 

150 

160 

170 

180 

190 

200 

210 

220 

230 

240 

250 

260 

270 

280 

290 

300 

310 

320 

330 

340 

350 

360 

370 

380 

390 

400 

405 

410 

415 

420 

430 

440 

450 

460 

465 

470 

480 

490 

500 

510 

520 



REM AIM65 TEST ROUTINE 

HOME 

REM DEFINE SYSTEM ADDRESSES 
SELECT = - 15100 
DISPLAY = 8288 

NSIG = 8192 

CSIG = 8200 

BTEST = 8448 

RAMTEST = 8336 

PRINT ° " 

PRINT "LOADING MACHINE CODE TESTS- 
PRINT "BLOAD APPTESTS" 

PRINT " " 

PRINT "BUS TESTING-PROBE TARGET SYSTEM BUSES" 

PRINT "(PRESS SPACE FOR NEXT TEST)" 

CALL BTEST 

IF PEEK ( - 16384) < = 127 THEN 200 

PRINT " " 

PRINT "RAM TESTING 0000-07FF" 

POKE SELECT,0: CALL RAMTEST 

PRINT "RAM TESTING 0800-OFFF" 

POKE SELECT,08: CALL RAMTEST 

PRINT " ": PRINT " RAM TESTS COMPLETE " 

PRINT " " 

PRINT "ROM SIGNATURES BLOCKS B,C,D,E,F " 

PRINT " " 

FOR N = 176 TO 240 STEP 16 

POKE SELECT,N: CALL NSIG 

POKE SELECT,(N + 8): CALL CSIG 

CALL DISPLAY 

NEXTN 

PRINT " ": PRINT " ROM SIGNATURES COMPLETE" 

PRINT " " 

PRINT " VIA TEST" 

POKE SELECT.160: REM SELECT BLOCK AXXX 
APRT = 5120LBPRT = 51200 
ADIR = 51203:BDIR = 51202 

POKE ADIR.0: POKE BDIR.255 

REM A INPUT - B OUTPUT 

FOR N = TO 255 

POKE BPRT.N 

IF PEEK(APRT) < > N THEN PRINT "VIA ERROR" 

NEXT N 

POKE BDIR,0: POKE ADIR,255 

REM BINPUT - A OUTPUT 

FOR N = TO 255 

POKE APRT,N 

IF PEEK (BPRT) < > N THEN PRINT "VIA ERROR" 

NEXT N 

PRINT " ": PRINT " TEST COMPLETE" 

END 



Listing 4 continued on page 444 

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 443 



Listing 4 continued: 

]RUN 

LOADING MACHINE CODE TESTS 

BUS TESTING-PROBE TARGET SYSTEM BUSES (PRESS SPACE FOR NEXT TEST) 

RAM TESTING 0000-07FF 
RAM TESTING 0800-OFFF 

RAM TESTS COMPLETE 

ROM SIGNATURES BLOCKS B,C,D,E,F 

B89C 
A181 
F727 
B072 
8A9E 

ROM SIGNATURES COMPLETE 

VIA TEST 

TEST COMPLETE 



Text continued from page 435: 
with a hard-wired fixture connecting 
PAO to PBO, PA1 to PB1, and so on. 
The routine starts by configuring port 
A as an input and port B as an out- 
put. A test pattern is then written out 
port B and read and checked at port 
A. The role of the ports is then 
reversed, and the test is repeated. 

This example illustrates some tech- 
niques that can be used with the 
Apple ICE. A more detailed program 
for the AIM-65 would test the re- 
maining I/O devices, such as the dis- 
play, printer and keyboard, and more 
thoroughly guide the user. However, 
the ideas presented here illustrate the 
principles behind the techniques and 
mirror those found in commercial in- 
struments. The Apple ICE is there- 
fore not only a practical fault-finding 
tool but also an ideal, low-cost, edu- 
cational aid.H 



John D. Ferguson is a lecturer with the Microelec- 
tronics Educational Development Centre at Paisley 
College, High St., Paisley PA1 2BE, Scotland. 






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444 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Add Multiple Tasks to Your 
Communication and Control 

Program 

A special kernel lets your 8080 run multiple tasks concurrently 



Robotics, data communications, 
measurement and control, and com- 
puter music are only a few of the 
microcomputer programming appli- 
cations that must respond to external 
real-time stimuli. Handling these 
stimuli is no problem if only one 
event occurs at a time and there is 
enough time between each event to 
do all the required computing for that 
task. But real-time problems are 
seldom so obliging. Often, the com- 
puter must handle several events con- 
currently. 

This article describes one way to 
include concurrency in your pro- 
grams, so that each simultaneous 
function can be written as a separate, 
straightforward task. You achieve 
concurrency by using a compact set 
of routines called a multitask kernel, 
to which each task speaks in a well- 
defined way. To demonstrate, I will 
present an 8080 kernel that supports 
multiple concurrent tasks in pro- 
grams running under typical single- 
user operating systems. 

A Split-Screen Display 

First, let's explore some multitask- 
ing concepts by taking a look at an 
example program. Suppose you 
would like to use your computer as a 
smart terminal for a remote system, 
but you have a tendency to forget the 
passage of time, thereby running up a 



by Jerry Holter 

gigantic bill for computer and tele- 
phone services. A possible solution is 
to display the current time in a large 
banner format on the upper one-third 
of the console screen and show the 
usual dialogue with the remote sys- 
tem on the lower two -thirds. Because 
you can assume that the processor 
and the console screen run much 
faster than the telephone modem, this 
goal appears reasonable. 

Five tasks are chosen to run at the 
same time; these tasks send keyboard 
characters to the modem, receive 
modem input, periodically get the 
time of day, and display the two parts 
of the screen. The keyboard task can 
be written in pseudocode as: 



KEYBOARD_TASK: 
begin 
repeat 

while no key hit 

SWAPOUT; 
get character from keyboard; 
while modem not ready for character 

SWAPOUT; 
send character to modem; 
until forever; 
end; 



The routine that enables you to 
write this task as though it had ex- 
clusive use of the processor is called 
SWAPOUT. This kernel routine 
takes control from the calling task 



and gives it to another task. Thus, 
one way that the processor can be 
shared among concurrent tasks is by 
having them voluntarily relinquish 
control, with the understanding that 
they will soon get it back. Of course, 
the best time for a task to do this is 
when it is in a waiting mode. 

The SWAPOUT routine demon- 
strates how multiple tasks are made 
to behave as concurrently executing 
processes. Each task is assigned its 
own data area, or stack frame. When 
SWAPOUT is called, the complete 
state of the calling task is saved; the 
state of the task includes the condi- 
tion of its program counter, machine 
registers and flags, and everything 
already on its stack. Then, by 
switching the stack pointer to another 
stack frame, the next ready task is 
restored to the state in which it was 
preserved, and returned to execution. 

Unlike the keyboard task, the other 
sample tasks (modem receive, time, 
and display) are not truly indepen- 
dent of each other. They need to com- 
municate somehow; in particular, the 
display task needs to receive char- 
acters for display from the remaining 
two tasks. Moreover, it needs to 
know when characters are available. 
The other two tasks need to know 
when to send characters. I will ex- 
plore these two closely related issues 
of task communication and syn- 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 445 




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chronization further, but, for now, 
assume the existence of some kind of 
buffer mechanism between tasks. The 
remaining four tasks can then be 
sketched as follows: 

MODEM_RECEIVE_TASK: 
begin 
repeat 
while the modem has no character 

SWAPOUT; 
get character from modem; 

put character in bottom buffer; 

until forever; 
end; 

TIME_TASK: 
begin 
repeat 
get time in banner form; 

put time string in top buffer; 

DELAY(one minute); 
until the end of time; 
end; 

TOP_DISPLAY__TASK: 
begin 
repeat 

while top buffer empty 

SWAPOUT; 

get character from top buffer; 

show character on top screen; 
until forever; 
end; 

BOTTOM_DISPLAY_TASK: 
begin 
repeat 

while bottom buffer empty 

SWAPOUT; 

get character from bottom buffer; 

show character on bottom screen; 
until forever; 
end; 

A new kernel routine, DELAY, is 
introduced in TIME_TASK. This 
routine allows you to postpone a task 
for a specified time, giving control of 
the microprocessor to the remaining 
tasks. Here, it triggers a new time dis- 
play about once per minute. To im- 
plement the DELAY routine, the ex- 
istence of some type of real-time 
clock is assumed, perhaps the same 
one used to handle the time of day. 
The clock handler calls the kernel 
routine TICK each time a tick (cycle) 
occurs. When the time specified to 
DELAY has elapsed, the delayed task 
is readied to continue execution. 

The availability of a periodic clock 
interrupt that cycles every few milli- 
seconds also raises the possibility of 
calling SWAPOUT from the interrupt 



448 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 359 on Inquiry card. 




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handler. This technique (called time- 
slicing) would eliminate the need for 
each task to call SWAPOUT itself. 
Some new problems would be intro- 
duced, however, because the order of 
task execution is harder to control. 
What's more, all parts of the system 
must now be reentrant; that is, they 
must not use memory cells that are 
accessible to other parts of the 
system, except explicitly for intertask 
communication. An important con- 
sequence of this situation is that run- 
time libraries and operating system 
calls must be reentrant, which they 
not always are. A more direct way to 
eliminate multiple calls to 
SWAPOUT involves the use of sema- 
phores. 

Semaphores 

You might notice that in the sample 
keyboard task, the keyboard is 
checked many times before a char- 
acter is finally typed. Calling 
SWAPOUT prevents getting hung up 
in a loop, but it seems a waste of 
microprocessor time to keep swap- 
ping KEYBOARD_TASK in and out 
of execution with nothing accom- 
plished. A better method would 
forgo execution until a certain event 
occurs (a key is hit). This facility can 
be provided by a semaphore, a simple 
data structure used to signal the oc- 
currence of events and to wait for 
them. The event associated with a 
semaphore is agreed upon by the 
tasks involved; the routines for using 
it are provided by the multitask 
kernel. 

A semaphore is based on the idea 
of using a Boolean variable to com- 
municate an event (for example, the 
real-time clock flip-flop). A way to 
suspend a task's execution has been 
added by the inclusion of a link field, 
which the kernel routines can use to 
build a list of tasks waiting for the 
event (see figure 1). This field takes 
care of one or more tasks that are an- 
ticipating an event. But what if lots of 
events are signaled before they can all 
be handled? Within reasonable limits, 
these events can be handled by a 
counting semaphore, a semaphore 
whose Boolean variable is replaced 
by a counter. Each time an event is 
signaled with nothing waiting for it, 



Figure 1: The semaphore data structure 
consists of a count of the number of times 
the semaphore has been signaled with no 
tasks waiting and a link to a list of tasks 
waiting for signals. 



PUT_IN 
SEMAPHORE 



HEAD 



TAIL 



DATA 



COUNT 



COUNT 



TAKEN_OUT 
SEMAPHORE 



Figure 2: The FIFO buffer. Characters are 
put into the buffer where TAIL points and 
removed at HEAD. After each access, the 
appropriate pointer is advanced; at the 
end of the buffer, the pointers are 
wrapped around to point to the first slot. 



the counter is incremented. When a 
task finally gets around to checking 
the semaphore, the counter is 
decremented, and the task doesn't 
need to wait at all. 

Using the new semaphore struc- 
ture, you can rewrite the keyboard 
task: 



KEYBOARD_TASK: 
begin 
repeat 

WAIT(keyboard_hit); 

get character from keyboard; 

WAIT(modem out ready); 

send character to modem; 
until forever; 
end; 

The modem-receive task could 
undergo similar changes, with both 
tasks using the new kernel routine 



WAIT (semaphore). The address of 
the semaphore is passed to the kernel. 
If at least one event has occurred, 
WAIT returns immediately; other- 
wise, it postpones the task until a 
routine such as SlGNAL(semaphore) 
is called to signal the event. In the 
above example, an interrupt handler 
could do the signaling, or one task 
could be dedicated to checking all the 
devices and signaling the appropriate 
semaphores. 

Intertask Communication 

Now that you have semaphores to 
handle the synchronizing of tasks, 
you can build ways of moving data 
between tasks as well. Focusing on 
the passing of a single character, I will 
use a circular first-in/first-out (FIFO) 
buffer of the form shown in figure 2; 
in this buffer, characters are put in at 
TAIL and removed at HEAD, 
advancing these pointers with each 
access. What's needed is a way to in- 
dicate when the buffer is full and 
when it is empty; you will also want 
to suspend a task that can't access the 
buffer at these times. 

Both of these needs are met by us- 
ing a pair of counting semaphores, 
one to guard the input and one to 
guard the output. The count fields 
correspond to the count of characters 
put in and taken out, respectively. 
Initially, the input count is 0, the out- 
put count is set to the buffer size, and 
the buffer is empty. The following 
complementary routines can now be 
written to access the top and bottom 
screen buffers: 



GET_ONE(buffer): 
begin 

with the buffer specified, do 
WAIT(PUT_JN); 
get character at HEAD; 
advance HEAD; 
SIGNAL(TAKEN_OUT) ; 
return character to caller; 
end; 
end; 

PUT_ONE(character, buffer): 
begin 

with the buffer specified, do 
WAIT(TAKEN_OUT); 
put character at TAIL; 
advance TAIL; 
SIGNAL(PUT_JN); 
end; 
end; 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 451 



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The effect of these routines is to 
enable tasks to pass characters to 
other tasks without concern for 
whether they can be accepted at the 
moment; likewise, the accepting tasks 
need not worry about whether 
characters are available (SWAPOUT 
is unnecessary). Buffer-space 
housekeeping is done by the 
semaphore counts, and through the 
semaphore links, tasks are postponed 
if their requests cannot be honored. 

Mutual Exclusion 

The possibility of tasks interfering 
with each other may be important not 
only in conjunction with memory 
cells used by simultaneous tasks but 
also with any resource. In fact, the 
console screen is itself a single 
resource shared by two display tasks. 
What makes this condition a problem 
is that screen operations are divisible; 
that is, a single console function (such 
as positioning the cursor) might re- 
quire several accesses (escape se- 
quences). Each of these accesses 
might take enough time so that the 
microprocessor could be executing 
other tasks while waiting. Thus, the 
console-screen accesses constitute a 
critical region of the program — one 
that needs protection from use by 
more than one task at a time. 

The mutual exclusion of tasks from 
a critical region can be handily ac- 
complished using a semaphore. The 
count field of this semaphore takes on 
only two values: available (1) and 
reserved (0). A calling task waits at 
the entrance to the region if it is 
reserved; upon exit, the region is 
made available again. The semaphore 
is initially set to available (1). The 
following routine is passed either a 
displayable character or a special 
code requesting a control function, 
such as erase line or inverse video 
on/off: 



SHOW_CHARACTER(character,subscreen): 
begin 

WAIT(available); 

if necessary, move cursor to new subscreen; 

send character or special sequence to screen; 

record new cursor position; 

SIGNAL(available); 
end; 



452 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 394 on inquiry card. 



Step up to a 16-BIT Powerhouse! 




The "SLICER" is a HIGH PERFORMANCE single board computer based on the 
new, highly advanced Intel 80186 CPU. The board has these advanced features: 



Full 8MHz 16-bit microprocessor hav- 
ing complete software compatibility 
with the 8086 and 8088 

Two full function RS232C serial ports 
with baud rates individually controlled 
by software. 

Baud rate for console port is acquired 
automatically. 

Floppy disk controller allows the com- 
bination of 5 1 A and 8" disk drives, 
single or double sided, single or double 
density. 

SASI port for hard disk controller with 
data transfer rate of up to 2Mb per 
second. 

Memory capacity of 256KB ram on 
board plus up to 32KB of EPROM. 

90 line expansion interface with 20 bit 
latched address bus, 16 bit data bus 
and all important 80186 control signals. 



A high performance ROM monitor is in- 
cluded with all systems. 

BIOS for CPIM86* operating system in- 
cluded. 

Power requirements: 

+ 5 volt, ± 5% at 3 ampere max. 

+ 12 volt, ± 10% at 60 milliampere 

max. 

- 12 volt, ± 10% at 50 milliampere 

max. 

All this on a board the width of a 5 '/< " 
drive and only 1 1 1 A inches long. 

Sold in various kit forms from 
$140-$895. Assembled and tested 
$1,075. Quantity discounts available. 
Prices valid through July. 

Complete documentation included. 



Available Now! 

This system is marketed and supported exclusively by: 
Note: New name, address and telephone number. 
SLICER COMPUTER INC. 2543 Marshall St. N.E. 



CI irCD SLICER COMPUTER INC. 2543 Marshall St. N 
Z>Llv_LJV Minneapolis, MN 55418 phone (612) 788-9481 



Mastercard, Visa, check, money order or C.O.D. orders accepted. Please allow 4-8 weeks tor delivery. 
•CP/M a trademark of Digital Research Inc. 



Circle 402 on inquiry card. 



The routine calls WAIT or SWAP- 
OUT between sending characters to 
the console device. Therefore, other 
tasks run but cannot enter the critical 
region until the first calling task is 
finished. 

An 8080 Multitask Kernel 

Listing 1 (page 458) shows a set of 
routines, called MTK80, written in 
8080 code for the Digital Research 
MAC assembler. You can insert the 
routines into a program along with 
the included macroinstructions for 
convenient calling sequences (see list- 
ing 2, page 466). Except for the user 
macroinstructions, all labels include a 
nonalphanumeric character to reduce 
conflicts with user symbols. If you 
use the DELAY call, a real-time 
(periodic) clock is also required. 

If the conditional assembly control 
symbol INTS? is true, interrupts are 
disabled on entry and enabled on exit 
from each kernel routine. This setup 
ensures that the kernel data structures 
cannot be accessed by more than one 
routine at a time (a simple form of 





SIGNAL/^ BLOCKED 
TICK /\ J 






WAIT 
DELAY 




READY ) 




DORMANT 




. — ^^.SWAPOUT 


START 






iSWAP0UT\ J 
\ST0P \ / 




stop/ 


WAIT \ L""" ~~^b 
DELAY \ / \ 






\( CURRENTLY V^ 
I RUNNING / 





INITMT ERROR 

Figure 3: The MTK80 task state diagram. 



mutual exclusion). If STAK7CK is 
true, the stack pointer is checked to 
see if it is inside the current frame. If 
it intrudes upon a neighboring frame 
at the time it is checked, crucial data 
has likely been destroyed, so the 
kernel is abandoned. 

The operation of the MTK80 kernel 



can be described from three perspec- 
tives: the states that tasks enter, the 
underlying data structure, and the 
function calls used. 

Task States 

The state diagram in figure 3 shows 
the possible states a task can be in 
(circles) and the routines used to 
make transitions (arrows) to other 
states. You would need one such 
diagram for each task to describe the 
condition of all tasks in a program. 
Only one task can be in the running 
state at a time, and, of course, it 
makes the function calls to change its 
own state or the state of another task. 

The dormant state applies to tasks 
that might be in program memory but 
have no assigned stack frame. When 
a task initially starts, it is associated 
with a frame and given control. As 
the diagram shows, only a running 
task can stop its own execution 
altogether and become dormant 
again. It is not possible to terminate 
other tasks directly. 

Text continued on page 467 



DEVELOPMENT HARDWARE/SOFTWARE 

GTEK MODEL 7128 EPROM PROGRAMMER 







. . : ■ '■■ 
"■■■■-'■ ■ 


_^^A^| ^B 


' /.:■ ■■Ci-' 


t -s*. 


^■JP* § m 






^^ U %1 


m # 

Hi 


^ 



Microprocessor based intelligence for ease of 
use and interface. You send the data, the 
7 1 28 takes care of the rest. 
RS-232 interface and ASCII data formats 
make the 7128 compatible with virtually 
any computer with an RS-232 serial inter- 
face port. 

Auto-select baud rate. 
Use with or without handshaking. 
Bidirectional Xon/Xoff supported. 
CTS/DTR supported. 
Devices supported as of DEC 82. 
NMOS NMOS CMOS EEPROM MPU'S 
2758 2508 27C16 5213 8748 

2716 2516 27C32 5213H 8748H 

2732 2532 C6716 X2816 8749 

2732A 2564 27C64 48016 8741 
2764 68766 |2816A 8742 

27128 8755 8751 

27256 

Read pin compatible ROMS also. 
Automatic use of proper program voltage 
based on type selected. 
Menu driven eprom type selection, no per- 
sonality modules required. 

(40 pin devices require adapter) 
INTEL, Motorola and MCS-86, Hex formats. 
Split facility for 16 bit data-paths. Read, pro- 
gram, and formatted list commands also. 
Interupt driven type ahead, program and 
verify real time while sending data. 
Program single byte, block, or whole eprom. 
Intelligent diagnostics discern between 
eprom which is bad and one which merely 
needs erasing. 



Gtek 



INC. 



• Verify erasure and compare commands. 

• Busy light indicates when power is being ap- 
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• Complete with TEXTOOL zero insertion 
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• High Performance/Cost ratio. 

■ •■ Model 7128 PRICE S3B9.00 ••• 

MODEL 7128 SOCKET ADAPTERS 

MODEL 481 allows programming of 8748, 

8749, 8741, 8742 single chip processors. 

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MODE L 51 1 allows programming the 8751 , 
Intel's high powered single chip processor. 

Price $174.00 
MODEL 755 allows programming the 
8755 EPROM/IO chip 

Pile* $135.00 
MODEL 7128/24 - budget version of the 
7128, Supports 24 pin parts thru 32K only. 
Upgradable to full 7128 capacity. 

Price $289.00 

Non-expandable, very low cost models avail- 
able for specific devices. 
MODEL 7128-L1 for 2716 only $179.00 
MODEL 7128-L2 for 2732 only $209.00 

Also available from stock: 

Eprom Erasers UVP model DE-4 . . $78.00 

Avocet Systems Cross Assemblers $200.00 

RS-232 Cable Assemblies $25.00 

Programmable Devices ca || 

Complete development systems . $3240.00 

Post Office Box 289 

Waveland, Mississippi 39576 

(601)467-8048 



MOVE UP TO TARBELL 




Tarbell starts where small 
systems leave off, providing 
storage from 1 to 20 
megabytes. This means 
Tarbell is capable of growing 
with your needs. 

Here's what you get in the 
system: Z80 4Mhz CPU with 
memory management, timer 
and full interrupt capability, 2 
RS-232 serial ports with 
handshaking, 64 K bytes of 
random-access memory, 
double density floppy disk 
interface, 2 double density 



floppy disk drives, cabinet, 
power supply, cables and 
software including CP/M 2.2, 
CBASIC, Tarbell BASIC and 
Tarbell DataBase. 

Tarbell makes available 
word processing, inventory 
control with bill of materials, 
mailing lists and other 
business software. 

The Tarbell Empire Series is 
delivered assembled, tested, 
and with a FULL six-month 
warranty on parts and labor. 




The One-Stop Shopping Service 

950 Dovlen Place, Suite B 
Carson, CA 90746 
(213) 538-4251 



454 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 199 on inquiry card. 



Circle 431 on inquiry card. 



More than a 
personal computer. 




Its an accountant, word 
processor and financial 
planner. Now for only 
$3,390 per user* 

No matter what business or profession you're in, ALTOS- 
has a desktop business computer system that can improve 
your efficiency— at a price that won't put you out of business. 

For example, a typical Altos business solution includes 
integrated software applications for accounting (including a 
self-paced, step-by-step, built-in tutorial), word processing and 
financial planning. They're all easy to learn and use. 

You can also choose from hundreds of other applications for 
attorneys, dentists, doctors, insurance agents, manufacturers, 
pharmacists, realtors and many more. 

Altos systems are designed to grow as your business grows. 
You can start with a single user and add more users on the same 
system. Plus you can link hundreds together with a network. 

And when you're ready, built-in features let you add more 
storage capacity, peripherals and communications— even elec- 
tronic mail and appointment scheduling. 

All of our systems are backed by responsive, nationwide 
service and support through the Customer Service Division of 
TRW, Inc. 

So if your business or profession demands more than a 
personal computer can deliver, talk to Altos. Call, write or clip 
the coupon today for a free brochure and the name of your 
local Altos representative. 



Packed with more 
value for business 

□ Please tell me more about the hundreds of uses for an Altos 
desktop business computer system. 

□ My application is 

□ Please have an Altos representative contact me. 

Name Title 

Company Tel 

Address 

City/State/Zip 

Mail to: Altos Computer Systems. Attn: Marketing Services. BT ' 9 

2641 Orchard Park Way. San Jose, CA 95134 

800-538-7872 (In Calif.. 800-662-6265) 

In Canada, (416) 864-0740. 



'Complete five user Altos system for $3,390 per user or $16,950. Price approximate and may vary in your area. Packaged system includes an Altos 586-10 hard disk computer with the XENIX "/UNIX" 
operating system with the Altos "Business Command Menu Interface,"' five terminals, and the ALTOS ACCOUNTANT (with the built-in ALTOS COMPUTER TUTOR), ALTOS EXECUTIVE WORD 
PROCESSOR, and ALTOS EXECUTIVE FINANCIAL PLANNER applications. Price does not include printer, cables, installation, taxes, additional training and maintenance. 

ALTOS is a registered trademark of Altos Computer Systems. XENIX is a trademark of Microsoft and is a microcomputer Implementation of the UNIX operating system. UNIX is a trademark of 
Bell Laboratories. c 1983 Altos Computer Systems 



COMPUTES SYSTEMS 



Circle 22 on inquiry card. 



BYTE September 1983 455 



One-stop communications. One- 
step installation. Smartmodem 
BWoBand Smartcom II™ software 
aire available now. 



Thanks to Smartcom II companion 
software, telecomputing is a 
t*Vbreeze. You'll be creating files 
and sending data in no time. 



Need important information from I 

' »>main office today? Get it quickl 

w efficiently, accurately. From the 

computer to yours. 




'Illllllllllllllllli 



iilllllllllllllii w/M// / M/////Mm 



Hayes is still leading the way with 
new telecomputing products. And 
now combining every bit of sophisti- 
cated technology into one communi- 
cations package for your IBM* PC. 
Smartmodem 1200B and Smartcom 
II software. Everything you need. 
And more. 

Whether you're receiving updates 
from the field, placing orders with 
suppliers a thousand miles away, or 
taking advantage of the diverse re - 
sources offered by networks and infor- 
mation services. Let Hayes provide 
the communications link. With our 
popular 1200 bps Smartmodem. Now 
available as a convenient plug-in 
board for the IBM PC. And packaged 
with our own communications software. 

Smartmodem 1200B. Your com- 
puter's telephone. That" s really what 
it is. A telephone that allows your 
computer to communicate over ordi ■ 
nary phone lines at up to 1200 bits per 





'inn iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Your computer's telephone. 

'iiiiiiiiiiiillllk 



"Iilllllllllllllii llliiiiiiiiii 



1200 baud modems, Smartmodem 
1200B operates at full or half duplex, 
for compatibility with most time- 
sharing systems. 

For those who enjoy designing their 
own programs, Smartmodem 1200B is 
controllable using any programming 
language. But none of that is necessary. 
Thanks to Smartcom II. The commu- 
nications program designed by Hayes, 
specifically for Smartmodem! 

Smartcom II companion software. 
Maximizes Smartmodem's capabili- 
ties. Minimizes your effort. The first 
time out, you'll be creating messages, 
sending, printing and storing them to 
disk. Simultaneously. 

And when you're on the receiving 
„® end, your IBM PC will 
do all the work, com- 
pletely unattended! 

But that's just part of Smartcom II's 
innovative story. For instance, before 
you communicate with another system, 



second. For speedy, economical trans- 
mission of data to any Bell 212A or Bell 
103 type modem. And it's the one 
peripheral that vasdy expands the use- 
fulness of your computer. 

Our single board Smartmodem 1200B 
can be installed by your computer 
dealer in minutes. It connects directiy 
to your phone jack, operating with 
rotary dial, Touch-Tone** and key-set 
systems. Smartmodem 1200B will dial, 
answer and disconnect all of your 
calls automatically. It will even redial 
your last number upon command 

Smartmodem 1200B 
also features an auto- 
matic speed selector, 
that detects incoming 
transmission speeds. Along with 
screen displays to show you its current 
operating status. And, unlike some 



i commana. aisK. bimuita 

mAnd when 
Hayes 






Imagine. Your computer can receive, 
print and store data, concurrently. 
Without your even Jj 
being therel 




you need to "set up" your computer to 
match the way the remote system 
transmits data. With Smartcom II, you 
do this only once. After that, para- 
meters are stored in a directory on 
Smartcom II. Calling or answering a 
system listed in the directory requires 
just a few quick keystrokes. 

You can store lengthy log-on sequences 
the same way. Press one key, and 
Smartcom II automatically connects 
you to a utility or information service. 

And if you need it, there's always 
"help!' One of several special functions 
assigned to your IBM function keys, this 
feature explains prompts, messages, etc. 
to make communicating even easier. 

Smartcom II also provides a directory 
of the files stored on your disk. Letting 
you create, display, list, name, re-name 
or erase any file right from the screen. 

Like all our products, Smartcom II 
and Smartmodem 1200B are backed 
by excellent documentation, a limited 
two-year warranty, and full support. 
From us to your dealer to you. 

So, see your dealer today. Link up to 
the exciting world of telecomputing. 
With Hayes complete plug-in commu- 
nications package for your IBM PC. 

Hayes Microcomputer Products, 
Inc., 5923 Peachtree Industrial Blvd., 
Norcross, Georgia 30092. 404/449-8791. 



Smartcom II is a registered trademark of Hayes Microcomputer 

Products. Inc. 

•IBM is a registered trademark of International Business 

Machines Corp. 

"TM of American Telephone and Telegraph. 

- 1983 Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc 

Sold only in the U.S.A. 



A complete plug-in communications package for the IBM PC. 



Requires an IBM PC with mini' 
mum 96K bytes of memory; 
IBM DOS 1.10 or 1.00; one disk 
drive; and 80-column display. 
No serial card or separate 
power source is needed. 



Smartmodem 1200B. 
(Includes telephone cable.) 




NOTE: The Smartmodem 1200B 
may also be installed in the 
IBM Personal Computer XT or 
the Expansion Unit. 

In those units, another board 
installed in the slot to the imme 
diate right of the Smartmodem 
1200B may not dear the modem 
also, the brackets may not fit 
properly. If this occurs, the slot 
to the right of the modem 
should be left empty. 



Circle 204 on inquiry card. 



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September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 459 



Proqramming 



dBASE II $398 



The most widely sold DMBS for micros, dBASE 
II defines the state of the art. An inexperienced 
user can create a dBASE file, begin data entry, 
and print out a report in minutes; the experi- 
enced programmer can create complex program 
systems using dBASE's unique programming 
language. Both can use automatic program 
generators and other programming tools to 
create applications quickly and easily. 



THE DATABASE ACCELERATOR: Automatically creates menus and 
"intelligent" data entry screens which check input for correctness. 
Eliminates 80—100% of dBASE programming time! .... 



QUICKCODE: Fox & Geller's popular generator. 



$195 
$185 



dGRAPH: Allows you to see your dBASE file in graphic form — a real 

aid to understanding . $195 

ABSTAT: Allows you to analyze your data using a wide variety of 
statistical tests. Can be used with dBASE files or by itself. Also does 
bar graphs and plots . $359 



EDIX & WORDIX . . $279 



EDIX is a full-screen editor specifically designed 
to take advantage of the advanced features of 
the IBM PC; WORDIX is the best text formatter 
on the market. Together, they are an unbeatable 
combination, the finest word processor available 
on a micro— at an unbeatable price! 



EDIX alone $149 

WORDIX $149 



MULTIPLAN 



$189 



The world's hottest-selling spreadsheet, 
Multiplan™ is now setting the standard for ease 
of use and quality of documentation. Each of the 
Multiplan™ series comes complete with 
sophisticated training programs. 

SMARTM 



Multi-Tool Budget 'expert system': used with Multiplan , enables new 

users to get budgets out in minutes . $69 



Multi-Tool Financial Statement: Expert help in getting out financials. 



$109 



• i 



These Hayes Stack Modems link your com- 
puter's RS232 serial port directly to a modular 
phone jack. They will dial the phone for you, and 
answer it as well. The Smartmodem 300 runs 
at — 300 baud; for those needing higher speed, 
the Smartmodem 1200 can run at 1200 baud. 




DEM 300 $209 

1200 $509 

1200B $479 

NEW! NEW! NEW! Smartmodem 1200B: for the IBM PC only $469 

800)222-8811 



460 BYTE September 1983 




rnational 



IBM PC SOFTWARE 
(PC/MS DOS) 

Business 

American Training 

International UST SALE 

Power lor PC DOS 75 56 

Apiek 

Rainbow Writer 125 

Ashton-Tate 
Financial Planner 700 489 

Aspen Software 
Grammatik ...... 75 56 

Proofreader 32K 50 38 

Proofreader 50K 50 38 

Proofreader 80K 50 38 

BPI Systems Inc. 
Personal Accountant 195 160 

Beaman Porter 
Powertext 399 369 

Best Products 
Personal Financial Pgm 95 66 

Comprehensive Soltware Support 
PC Tulor 80 60 

Comshare 
Financial Modeling 325 264 

Continental Software 
FCM (First Class Mail) 125 79 

Home Accountant Plus . 150 99 

Datamost 
Real Estate Inves. Prg. 130 95 

Eagle Soltware Publishing 
Money Decisions Vol. 1 199 129 

Money Decisions Vol. 2 230 169 
Money Pack Vol 1 & 2 400 299 

Emerging Technology 
Mix 195 149 

Edix + Wordix 390 279 

Howard Software 
Real Estate Analyzer 250 185 

Information Unlimited Software 
AP 595 389 

AR 595 389 

Easy Planner 250 188 

Easy Speller 1-1 (Dead) 
Easy Speller 2 225 135 

Easy Spelter 2/Legal ... 350 229 
Easy Speller 2/Medical 350 229 

Easy Writer II 350 229 

Financial Mgmt. 

(AR/AP/GL) 1495 1019 

GL .... 595 389 

INV 595 389 

Order Entry ....... 595 389 

Payroll 595 389 

Intellect Associates 
PC Text. . 100 73 

Window 150 113 

Lexlsott 
Spellbinder. 495 259 

Lifetree 
Volkswriter 195 129 

Metasott 
Benchmark Mail List 250 184 

Benchmark 
Word Processor 500 367 

Micro Pro 

Mailmerge 250 165 

Spellstar 250 165 

Word/Mail 695 426 

Word/Spell . , 695 426 

Word/Spell/Mail 845 558 



Wordstar 495 

Microsoft " 

Multiplan""" 275 

Oasis 

Punctuation & Style . 

The Word Plus 150 

P8L Corporation 

Personal Investor 145 

SERIES 4 PAK 

(GLAR.AP) 595 

Pro-Tern 

Notebook 150 

Scripps Data Systems Inc. 

Job Cost System 495 

Select Information Systems 

Select Word Processor . 595 
Sottward 

Wordmate 500 

Software Arts 

TKfSolvcr 

Software Products International 

Logicalc 190 

Procalc 350 

Sorcim 

Supercalc 195 

Supercalc 2 295 

Superspellguard 195 

Superwriter 295 

Supersotl 

Optimizer 200 



75 
200 



Thinker (Spreadsheel) 

Versalext 

Visicorp 
Business Forecasting 

Modi 100 

Desktop Plan 300 

Visicalc 250 

Visispell 225 

Visiwork 375 

Database 

Alpha Software LIST 

Database Manager ... 245 
Mail List 95 

Applied Software Technology 

DBASE 189 

Versaform 389 

Ashton-Tate 

rJBASE II....... ..... 700 

dBASE II w/user's guide 729 

Conceptual Instruments 
Desk Organizer .... 

Condor Computer Corporation 

Condor 1 295 

Condor 3 .... . 650 

Fox & Seller 

Guickcode 295 

dGRAPH . . 295 

dUTIL 99 

Information Unlimited Software 
Easy Filer 400 

Innovative Software 
TIM III 495 

Link Systems 
Data Fax 299 

Micro Pro 

Infoslar 495 

Reportslar 350 

North American Business Systems 
< < Answer > > 250 

PC Software 
Crealabase 75 



Orders must be PAID by October 31 

to qualify for these special prices 

TELEPHONE ORDERS 

Outside Calif.: (800) 222-8811 

Inside Calif.: (415) 324-3730 

Order lines are manned 6:30—6 Monday thru Friday and 9— 
5 Saturday. Other lines are open 9—5 Monday thru Friday. 



Technical Support 
Order Status 
Sales Manager 



(415) 324-0311 
(415) 324-0306 
(415) 324-0305 



More CP/M ! , APPLE' , IBM PC", UCSD p-System" 
software, hardware, etc.: call for quote. 



339 

340 

224 

M2 
262 

129 
185 
129 
179 



78 
229 

169 
183 
298 

SALE 
169 



143 
259 



398 
429 



189 
398 

185 
195 
59 

279 

279 



327 
231 



159 
67 



LIST 

30 
30 



Software Products International 

Logiguest II 250 

Logiguest III 550 

Software Publishers 

PFS: File 140 

PFS: Report 125 

Supersoft 
Personal Data Base . . . 125 

Synapse Video 
File Manager 150 

Synergistic Software 
Data Reporter 250 

Visicorp 
Visidex ... 250 

Visible 300 

Hardware 

Hayes Microcomputer 

Products LIST 

Smartmodem 1200B 599 

Microsnll ' 

Mouse"' . . 195 

Home/Education/Games 
Acorn Soltware 

Lost Colony 

Lost Colony 

/lore* 

PC Ticker Tape 
Automated Simulalions/Epyx 

Curse of Ra 

Temple of Apshai 

Upper Reaches 

ol Apshai 

Anion Hill 

Andromeda Conquest 

Computer 

Slocks & Bonds. 

Draw Poker ...... 

Galaxy 

Midway Campaign 

Voyager 
Bible Research 

THE WORD Processor . 
Blue Chip 

Millionaire 
Broderbund Software 

Apple Panic . . . . 

Datamost 

Pig Pen 

Space Strike 

Friendly Software 

Friendlyware 

Inlocom 

Deadline 

Starcross 

Suspended 

Zork I 

Zork II 

Zork III 

Information Solutions, Inc. 

25:01 The 25lh Hour . 
ISM 

Mathemagic 
Lightning 

Master Type 

Microsoft ' 

Flight Simulator" 
Omric 

Biingsplals 

Championship Draughts 

Space Guardian 

Sierra On Una 

Crossfire 



100 

30 

30 
30 

50 

50 
40 
50 
40 
40 
40 

100 

90 

50 

50 

35 
35 
30 

30 
35 

Ulysses & Golden Fleece 40 
Slrlus 

Conquest (Call To Arms) 30 

Strategic Simulations 
Warp Factor 40 

Language 

Howard Sams LIST 

Programmer . . 200 

Lifeboat 

C-Food Smorgasborg 

Lattice C Compiler 500 

'" = Manulaclurer's trademark 



94 
93 
112 
169 
189 



SALE 

479 



SALE 
22 



16 
19 
16 
19 

146 

75 

22 



SALE 

150 



Microsoft ■ 

C Compiler'" 500 400 

Mumath/Musimp" 300 225 

Pascal'" 500 400 

muLisp/MuSlar'" 250 188 

Ryan-McFarfand 
RM/Cobol 

Full Dev System 950 713 

RM/Cobol Runtime Only 250 188 

Utility/Comm/Graphics 

Alpha Software LIST SALE 

Apple-IBM Connection . . 195 135 

Typefaces 125 87 

Aplek 

Epson to Prism 38 

Byrom Software 

BSTAM 200 149 

BSTMS 200 149 

Cavalier 

Championship Blackjack 40 30 

Central Point 

Copy II PC 40 35 

Hayes 

Smartcom 2 119 90 

Hercules 

Graphics CARD 499 399 

Innovative Software 

Fast Graphs 295 159 

Insult 

Data Design 225 169 

ISM 

Graphmagic 90 65 

Graphmagic Combo 150 119 

Mfcrostul 

Crosstalk/Smartmodem 195 135 

Peter Norton 

Utilities 80 60 

Southeastern 

Data Capture 120 90 

Versa Computing 

Graphics Hardcopy 25 19 

Versawrlter Graphics 

Tabl 299 249 

Visicorp 

Visltrend/Plol 300 215 

Woolt 

Move It 150 99 

IBM PC HARDWARE 



PC SOFTWARE - CP/M-86 



Hardware 
AST Research 

Combo + 64K 

MEGA + 64K 

Corona 

10 MB Hard Disk . 

5MB Hard Disk 

Corvus 

PC Interface. Cable. 

Man 

Kraft 

Joystick 

Microsoft ' 

128K RAM" 

192K RAM Card" 

256 RAM Card" 

64K RAM" 

64K RAM Chip Set" . , . . 
Programming International 

PC-Hayes Cable 

DCS 

Big Blue 

Quadrum 

256K QUADBOARD 

64K Ouadboard 

64K RAM Chip Set 

Asynch Adaptor. RS232 . 

Ouadcolor ! 

Symtec 

Light Pen 

TG Products 

Joystick 

Trackball 

Tendon 

TM100-2 Drive 

(5W DS) 



■ LIST SALE 

595 429 
595 429 

2295 
1795 



300 

70 

525 
700 
875 
350 
175 

35 

595 

595 
395 
95 
110 
295 



239 

52 

379 
499 
624 
249 
139 

29 

449 

435 
289 
75 
90 
220 



Business 
Comshare 

Financial Modeling 
Dlclronlcs 

Random House 

Thesaurus 

Metasott 

Benchmark Mail List 

Benchmark 

Word Processor 

Structured Systems 

AP 

AR 

GL 



LIST 
325 



INV 

Order Entry 

PR 

Database 
Ashton-Tate 

dBASE II 

Fox & Heller 

Ouickcode 

dGRAPH 

dUTIL 

Organic 
Dalebook 

Language 
Digital Research 

CB86 (avail soon!) 

CBASIC 86 

CIS COBOL 86 ... 

CP/M-86 

Concurrent CP/M-86 .... 

Level 2 COBOL 86 

Pascal MT+ 86 . . 

Pascal MT+86 

With SPP-66 

SID 86 

Micro Focus 

CIS Cobol 8086 

Ryan-McFarland 

RM/Cobol 

FuJ Dev System ... 

RM/Cobol Runtime Only 

Utility/Comm/Graphics 
Byrom 

BSTAM 

Woolf 
Move It 



HARDWARE, 

NOT MACHINE SPECIFIC 



Amdek 

300(12" green) 

Color 11 (R5G) 

Corona Data Systems 

11MB Hard Disk 

20MB Hard Disk . . 

6MB Hard Disk 

PC Interlace.Cable.Man 
Corvus Systems 

11MB Hard Disk 

20MB Hard Disk , , . 

6MB Hard Disk 

Hayes Microcomputer Products 

Chronograph 

Smartmodem 1200 

Smartmodem 300 

NEC 

Monitor 12" Green 

Hi-Res 

Novation 

J Cal 

Smart Cat 103 

Smart Cat 103/212 . . ... 
Quadrum Corp 

Microfazer 

Microfazer. in-line serial 

Microfazer inline paralle . 
• = Microsoft is a registered 



SALE 

264 



1250 
1250 
1250 
1250 
1250 
1250 



LIST 

700 



295 
99 



60 
350 
1600 
400 

600 
150 



950 
250 



790 
790 
790 
790 
790 
790 



195 
195 
59 



150 
600 

45 
264 
1200 
300 



LIST SALE 

200 149 



LIST 

175 



SALE 

142 
645 



3295 2695 

4295 3495 

2295 1895 

300 239 

3295 2695 

4295 3495 

2295 1895 

249 199 

699 509 

279 209 



149 
259 
595 

189 
330 
225 
trademark 



119 
207 

476 

160 
270 
185 



PROGRAMMING 

505 Hamilton Avenue Suite 301 
Palo Alto, California 94301 



TERMS: All prices subject to change without notice and avialability. Cashier's 
checWHO/bank transfer. Allow time for company or personal checks to clear. Prices 
reflect cash prepaid discount. VISA/MASTERCARD/COD/PO's + 3%. CA residents 
add sales tax. All sales final for games & special orders. 

SHIPPING: S3 per Item for UPS surface ($6 for Blue Label) within Continental USA, 
except where shipping cost is specified in square brackets. UPS does not go to Canada, 
Alaska, APO's, FPO's; call for ship charge or add 15%— we will refund/credit difference. 

RETURNS: Must have authorization number, obtained at 415-324-0305. Unauthorized 
returns will be refused; damaged goods will be refused. All returns subject to IBM 
restocking fee. No return after 30 days. 



Also available at 



OPENING SOON 



Software 



v° 



ft* 



Call (800) 222-8811, (415) 324-1099. or local 
information for Software to go location nearest 
you. Software to go prices may differ slightly. 
Local sales tax applies. 



California 

■ Los Angeles 

■ Orange County 

• San Diego 

• Palo Alto 



Illinois 
■ Chicago 
New Jersey 

• Camden 
- North Jersey 



New York 

• Manhattan 
Texas 

• Dallas-Ft. Worth 

• Houston 



to serve you better! 



Circle 371 on inquiry card. 



BYTE September 1983 461 



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462 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



VI 




Microsoft, the 
people who set the 
standard for software, 
have done it again with the 
Microsoft® Mouse. 

Our expertise in both hardware and 
software has gone into the develop- 
ment of the Microsoft Mouse. Now 
you can plug in the most exciting 
computer product of the year and 
put it to work. 

The Mouse lets you move the 

cursor freely and naturally, then , ; . ■■^■i 



interface 

driver to give 

your application 

program complete 

control over the Mouse's 

operation. 

That's the kind of support you'd expect 
from Microsoft. After all, we were the 
world's first microcomputer software 
company. Today, more than a million 
microcomputers are running Micro- 
soft languages, operating systems, 
application programs, and hardware- 
software combinations. 

You can get the Micro- 
soft Mouse in dedi- 
cated versions for the 
IBM®-PC, PC XT, and 
in a version for MS-- 
DOS machines with 
serial interfaces, 



WtHSESY 



II 



execute commands at 
the push of a button. 

The Microsoft Mouse is a 
complete system. It comes 
with an on-screen tutorial, a 
practice application, and the 
Multi-Tool™ Notepad, a mouse-based 
text editor, so you can begin 
using the Mouse right away. And 
for application developers, the 
Mouse includes a programmable 



including the IBM- 
PC. The Mouse 
supports all 
versions of 
MS-DOS, 
including ver- 
sion 2.0. Ask your 
Microsoft dealer 
for a demonstration 
of the Microsoft Mouse 
a whole new standard. 

BETTER TOOLS FOR MICROCOMPUTERS 

, MICROSOFT. 





Microsoft is a registered trademark, 
and MS and the Microsoft logo are 
trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. 




"Oasis Systems' software - unquestionably the 
best" . . . Peter McWilliams, author of 
the tt\ best-selling book on word processing. 




The WORD Plus is the standard by which other 
spelling checkers are measured. Here's why: 

• Real 45,000 word dictionary. 

• Shows errors "in-context." 

• Interactive word look-up finds correct spelling 
for you and corrects at the push of a button. 

• Hyphenates words automatically. 

• Solves crosswords, puzzles, and anagrams. 

• Works with almost any CP/M®, CP/M-86® 
or MS/DOS (1.0, 1.1 and 2.0) compatible 
word processing program (WordStar, Magic 
Wand (PeachText), Spellbinder, Perfect 
Writer, Select, Final Word, Volkswriter, . . . 
and more!). 



Punctuation & Style takes the worry out of writing 
by automatically catching dozens of different 
punctuation errors, both common and obscure. In 
addition, P&S catches unpaired format commands 
(underline, boldface, etc.), doubled words, and 
more. 

P&S gives you a "critique" of your writing, 
suggesting alternatives for commonly misused or 
over-worked phrases. It also shows where active 
voice can replace passive voice to add clarity and 
precision. 

Punctuation & Style is the perfect companion to 
The WORD Plus. It works easily with most CP/M 
word processors. (Available soon for CP/M-86 and 
MS/DOS.) 



Call or write for 
complete information: 



619-222-1153 



OASIS 

SYSTEMS 



2765 Reynard Way 
San Diego, CA 92103 

Circle 331 on inquiry card. 



CP/M and CP/M-86 are registered trademarks of Digital Research, Inc. 



Dealers contact: 

SOFTWARE DISTRIBUTORS 

1-800-252-4024 (in California) 
1-800-421-0814 (outside California) 



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466 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Listing 2 continued: 



INTT'DFF: MACRO 

if I NTS? 

DI 
endi f 
ENDM 

INT?ON: MACRO 

if I NTS? 

EI 
end i f 
ENDM 

RE7SUME: MACRO 

POP PSW 

INT?ON 

RET 

ENDM 

; Get new CURrent task from the list pointed to. 
NEU7CUR: MACRO pointer 
IDLE, OK 
IDLE: LHLD pointer i ; Get head of list 



OK: 



LOCAL 

LHLD 

SHLD 

MOV 

OR A 

if 

JNZ 

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DI 
else 

JZ 
end if 
MOV 
INX 
MOV 
MOV 
SHLD 
ENDM 



?CUR 

A, H 

L 

I NTS? 

OK 

IDLE 



?ERROR 

A, M 

H 

H, M 

L. A 

po inter 



i iMake it new CURrent 
i ; Head of list NIL? 

i i If so. wait for interrupt. 



i ... or use fatal error exit. 
; Get next in list 



make it new head of list. 



Text continued from page 454 

A task is in the blocked state when 
it is waiting for either a semaphore 
signal or a delay time-out. Only a 
running task can become blocked; the 
task is then out of contention for 
microprocessor time until the speci- 
fied event occurs. 

Tasks in the ready state are in con- 
tention for the microprocessor 
simultaneously (but are not running). 
Only one task can execute at a time; 
the remaining tasks are in line to run 
when given a chance. Tasks are made 
ready when an event is signaled, a 
delay times out, or the running task 
gives up control voluntarily. When 
more than one task is ready, the task 
that was presented to the kernel first 
will be executed. 

Data Structure 

The 8080 kernel is based on the 
data structure in figure 4; in this 
figure the RAM (random-access 
read/write memory) area pointed to 
by STACK is divided into frames of 
equal size. Several bytes in each 
frame are used to save the stack 
pointer for that frame (SP), link to 
other frames to form lists (LINK), and 



save the start-up time during delays 
(TIME). The remainder of each frame 
is used as a stack in the normal 8080 
manner. 

In figure 4, the queue heads shown 
are pointers to (possibly empty) lists 
of frames, strung together by their 
LINK fields. Lists are maintained of 
ready, available, and delayed frames 
(and thus of their associated tasks). 
There is also a pointer to the current 
frame (the running task). Frames not 
presently allocated to tasks are avail- 
able for use by dormant tasks being 
initiated. In the ready list, the newest 
arrival is placed at the end of the list. 
The frame at the head of the list (the 
one that has been ready the longest) is 
the one to go when the micropro- 
cessor becomes free. All tasks have 
equal priority. 

A semaphore is a 3-byte structure 
in memory; 1 byte contains the signal 
count and the other 2 point to a 
(possibly empty) list of tasks waiting 
for signals. Two representative sema- 
phores are shown in figure 4. One of 
them has no waiters (a nil LINK) but 
can have a nonzero count; the other 
has a single frame on its wait list. 



CP/M CROSS 

SOFTWARE 

for the NS16000 



INCLUDES: 

* Cross Assembler * 
* Cross Linker + 

* Debugger * 

* Librarian • 

• Pascal Cross Compiler * 

Prices start at 
$500 for Assembler only. 



SOLUTIONWARE 

CORPORATION 

1283 Mt. View-Alviso Rd. 

Suite B 

Sunnyvale, CA 94086 

408/745-7818 



Circle 409 on inquiry card. 



1114- Mf Hlfr> frill frill frll 

SEND FOR OUR FREE 




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THOUSANDS OF SURPLUS 

ELECTRONIC PARTS, 
SUPPLIES AND DEVICES. 



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P.O. Box 20406 
Los Angeles, Cal. 90006 
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DISK DRIVES 

(For PC, Mod I, III & IV) 

Tandon TM55-2 $239 

Tandon TM100-1 $189 

Tandon TM1 00-2 $239 

Tandon TM100-4 $339 

CDC 9409 call. 

Case and PS $ 45 

PC EXPANSIONS 

MAYNARD 

DISK CONTROLLER $155 

PP add $50 SPadd$70 

QUADRAM 

Quad bd. or Quad II (64 K) $289 

AST 

Combo Plus: 64 K & SPC $269 

Mega Plus: 64 K & SC $269 

I/O Plus (SC) $1 14 

2nd S or P or Game $ 35 

64K CHIPS 

Sel ol nine $ 55 

EPSON 

Printers call 

VLM Computer Electronics 

10 Park Place • Morrislown. NJ 07960 
(201) 267-3268 Visa, MC. Check or COD. 



Programming 



APPLE HARDWARE" 



Silicon Valley 









Word Handler .. . .. 


199 


145 








Sot/Sys. 












Executive Speller 


75 


56 


APPLE 11/11- DOS • 






Software Dimensions 












Accounting + II GR 


395 


289 


Business 






Accounting + II AR 


395 


289 


Aftscl 


LIST 


SALE 


Accounting + II AP 


395 


289 


Magic Mailer 
Magic Pack Combo 


70 
225 


49 
156 


Accounting + II 
Inventory 


395 


289 


Magic Window 


100 


75 


Accounting + II 






Magic Window II . . 


150 


109 


Payroll 


395 


289 


Magic Words 
Magicalc 
BPI 


70 



49 

o 


Accounting + II SOE . 
Accounting + II POE 


395 . 

395 


289 
269 






Accounting + II POS 


395 


269 


A/P 


395 


320 


Synergistic 






MR 


395 


320 


Global PGM 






General Ledger 

Inventory 
Job Cosl 


395 
395 
395 


320 

320 
320 


Line Editor 

Program Line Editor 
Versa Computing 


65 
40 


49 
30 


Payroll 
Broderbund 




320 


Axe-Apple Extended 
Editor 


70 


53 


General Ledger w/AP 


495 


305 


Versawriter Exp. Pak 1 . . 


40 


30 


Payroll 


395 


275 


Versawriter Exp. Pak 2 


40 


30 


Business Solutions 






Visicorp 






Incredible Jack . 


179 


139 


Business Forecasting 






Continental 






Model 


100 


78 


CPA #1.2.3.4 (ALL 4) 
CPA r/1-GL 


1000 
250 


609 
159 


Desktop Plan 

Visicalc 


250 
250 


184 
169 


CPA J2-AR 


250 


159 


Visiplpl 


200 


156 


CPA r/3-AP 


250 


159 








CPA S4-PAYROLL 


250 


159 


Database 






CPA OS- 






AST 


LIST 


SALE 


Property Management. 


495 


352 


Versatorm 


389 


269 


FCM (First Class Mail) 


100 


75 


Versalorm-Pascal 


245 


180 


Home Accountant 


75 


52 


Versatorm/ 






Daltlo 5 






Corvus Hrd Disk 


495 


360 


BSNS Bookkeeping 






Broderbund 






System 


395 


299 


Bank Street Wrilcr 


70 


53 


Budget Planner 


150 


112 


IUS 






Depreciation Planner 


395 


299 


Daladex 


150 


108 


Oatamost 






Daladex/Hard Disk 


300 


216 


Real (Real Estate) . 


130 


90 


UK 






Tax Beater 


130 


90 


Data Perlect 


100 


78 


Wrile On . . . 


130 


99 


Link 






Decision Support 






Data Fax 


199 


149 


Accountant With 






Micro Lab 






DBCALC 


149 


112 


Data Factory . . 


300 


216 


Accountant 


129 


97 


Muse 






Business Accounting — 


255 


179 


Address Book 


50 


36 


DBCALC 





20 


Sierra On Line 






Delta Software 






General Manager II 


230 


168 


Bookkeeper 






Silicon Valley 






Check Writer 


40 


29 


List Handler 


90 


68 


Bookkeeper Master 


90 


68 


Software Publishers 






Hayden 






PFS: File 


125 


94 


Piewnter/ 






PFS: Graph 


125 


94 


Mulli 80 Column . . 


150 


108 


PFS: Report ... 


125 


94 


Piewriter/Slandard 


150 


108 


Stoneware 






Highlands 






DBMaster 


229 


148 


t7 Ledger 


60 


37 


DBMaster/Hard Disk .... 


499 


359 


Howard 






Utility Pak 1 


99 


65 


Creative Financing 1983 


195 


149 


Utility Pak 2 


99 


65 


Real Estate Analyzer 


195 


146 


Synergistic 






Insott 






Data Reporter . 


220 


158 


Transtorlh II 


125 


94 


Data Reporter/ 






Kensington 






Hard Disk 


220 


158 


Format II 


150 


113 


MAILING LIST 






UK 






DATABASE 


50 


38 


Edit 6502 


100 


78 


MODIFIABLE DATABASE 


80 


59 


Leltr Percl 






Visicorp 






W/Mail Merge 


150 


112 


Visldex 


250 


194 


Micro Lab 






Visilile 


250 


169 


Asset Manager 


200 


144 


Hardware 






Invoice Factory 


200 


144 








Payroll Manager 
Visiblend 


300 

50 


216 

37 


Hayes 

Micromodem II 


LIST 


SALE 


Visilactory 


75 


54 


W/Tcrm Pgm 


409 


289 


Wall Streeler 


300 


216 


Penguin 






Microsoft ' 






Additional Fonts 






Mulliplan" 


275 


198 


Char Set.. 


20 


15 


Time Manager" 


150 


116 


Personal Cnmputsr 






Muse 






Applicard 6 MHZ 


595 


449 


Stipcrtoxl 40/80 






80 Col Prcbool 






(OEADI 


175 


126 


Applewrite 


19 


15 


Superlexl Home Oltice 


125 


94 


80 Co! Preboot Visicalc 


49 


37 


Superlexl Professional 


99 


74 








PBL 






Home/Education/Games 






Personal Investor 


145 


99 


Beagle Brothers 


LIST 


SALE 


Sensible 






Alpha Plot 


40 


28 


Sens.Speller 






Broderbund 






Word Handler 


125 


94 


Choplifter 


35 


26 


Sensible Speller 


125 


94 


David's Midnight Magic 


35 


26 


Sensible Speller Pascal 


125 


94 


Serpentine 


35 


25 


Dictionary 


100 


70 


Star Blazer 


32 


24 


Screenwriter II 


130 


85 


Creative Curriculum, /no 






Screenwriter 






Speed Reading 






Professional . 


200 


149 


Courseware 


99 


75 









Synergistic 












Oatamost 






INTEGER 






Hardware 






Snack Attack 


30 


23 


BASIC COMPILER 


150 


108 


Hayes 


LIST 


SALE 


Datasoft 












Micromodem II . 


379 


259 


Zaxxon . . . . . . 

Eduware 


35 


30 


Utlllty/Comm/Graphlcs 






Kensington 
System Saver Fan 


90 


69 


Algebra 1 


40 


30 


Avanl Garde 


LIST 


SALE 


Kraft 






Algebra 2 


40 


30 


Ultra Piol/DIF/Datagraph 


99 


71 


Joystick 


65 


49 


Algebra 3 


40 


30 


Beagle Bmtbers 






UK 






Algebra 4 


40 

50 


30 

38 


Apple Mechanic 

Beagle Bag 

DOS Boss 


30 
30 
24 


22 

23 
17 


Lower Case Char Gen 
Micro- Scl 

A2 35T Disk Drive 


25 

479 


19 


Algebra 5 & 6 




Compu-Math/ 


329 




Arithmetic Ski 
Compu-Read 


50 


37 


Double Take 
Double Take 


35 
35 


27 
27 


Mlcmsott -' 
16K RAM Card- 


100 


69 


30 


22 








Compu-Spell/ 






FRAME UP 


30 


23 


Premium System'" 


695 


489 




Dala Disk 4 . 


20 


15 


Flex Test 


30 


23 


Softcard'" 


345 


219 


Compu-Spell/ 






Pronto DOS 


30 


23 


New Premium Card" 


495 


369 


Dala Disk 5 


20 


15 


Utility City . . 


30 


22 


ra 






Compu-Spell/ 


20 


15 


Computer Station 
Combined Enhanced 








60 
60 


45 


Data Disk 6 




45 


Compu-Spell/ 






Graphics 


55 


40 




65 


49 


Dala Disk 7 


20 


15 


Crane 

Menu Generator 


40 


29 


Videx 
Enhancer II 


149 




Compu-Spell/ 


119 


Dala Disk 8 


20 


15 


Datasoft 






Function Strip . . 


79 


65 


Conipu-Spell/System 


30 


22 


Micropainler 


35 


25 


Inverse Character Set 


29 


24 


Counting Bee 


30 


22 


Hayes 






Lower Case Chip 






Decimals 


49 


37 


Terminal Program . . 


100 


75 


(REV 0-6) 


35 


29 


Fractions 


49 


37 


Highlands 






Lower Case Chip 


29 


24 


Mctri-Vert 


16 


12 


CRAE 


40 


30 


Micromodem Firmware 


29 


24 


PSAT Word Attack 


49 


37 


lus 






Soil Video Switch 


35 


29 


Perception 


25 


19 


Easy Mover 


100 


75 


Videoterm with 






Rendezvous 


40 
49 


30 
37 


Insoft 
Electric Duet 


30 


23 


Softswitch 


375 
19 


239 


SAT Word Attack 


Videoterm Switchplatc 


16 


Spell Bee 






Gratorth II 


75 


56 


Ultraterm 


379 


289 


W/Read. Primer 
Statistics 


40 
30 


30 
22 


International Software Marketing 

Graphmagic . 90 


65 


Utility/CommfGraphics 






Uni-Solve 


25 


19 


Link Systems 






Eastslde 


LIST 


SALE 


Inlocom 






Dala Link 


100 


75 


Wildcard 


130 


109 


Deadline 


50 


37 


Link Disk 


70 


51 








Starcross 


40 


30 


Link Index 


195 


149 


APPLE III" 






Suspended 


50 


38 


Link Video 

Lotus 
Executive Biiefing 


55 


42 








Zork 1 
Zork II 


40 
40 


30 
30 






Business 






Zork III 


40 


30 


System 


- 199 


149 


Oatamost 


LIST 


SALE 


ISM 






Micro Lab 






Wrile On ....... 


130 


99 


Malhemagic 

Lightning Software 

Master Type 

Link Systems 

Link Sampler 1 


90 

40 


65 
30 


Painter Power 

Muse 
Dalaplot 


40 
60 


30 
43 


Insoft 

Transform III 
Visicorp 


125 


94 






Omega Microwave 






Business Forecasting 






60 


45 


Inspector 


60 


49 


Model 


100 


78 


Micro Ljth 






Locksmith 


100 


75 


Desktop Plan 


300 


234 


English SAT #1 


30 


22 


Penguin 






Visicalc Advanced 


400 


312 


Learning System 


150 


108 


Comp Graphics/ 






Database 






US Constitution Tutor 
Microsoft ' 

Typing Tutor II™ 
Muse 

Castle Wolfensletn 


30 
25 
30 


22 
19 
23 


Apple Table 

Complete Graphics 

System 

Graphics Magician 

Special Effects 

Special Effects 

Apple TAB 


120 

70 
60 
40 


86 

50 
45 
30 


AST 

Versatorm 

Link Systems 

Dala Fax 
Software Publishers 


LIST 

495 

249 


SALE 

371 

187 


Elementary Math 

Optimized 


40 


29 


70 


50 


PFS: File .... 
PFS: Graph 


175 
175 


129 


Phoenix 
ZOOM Graphics 


129 


Speed Read Plus ...... 

Sierra On Line 


60 


43 


50 


38 


PFS: Reporl .... 


125 


94 


Cannonball Blitz 


35 


26 


Sensible 






Home/Education/Games 






Jaw Breaker 


30 


23 


Bug. The 


50 


32 


Link Systems 


LIST 


SALE 


Time Zone 

Ultima 

Sir-Tech 


100 
60 


69 
45 


Build Using 

DOS Plus 


30 
25 


23 
19 


Link Sampler 1 


60 


45 


Disk Organizer 


30 


23 


Language 






Wizardry 
Slrlus 


50 


35 


Disk Recovery 


30 


23 


Insult 


UST 


SALE 






Mulli Disk Catalog 


25 


19 


ALD System III 


75 


56 


Kabul Spy 
Spinnaker 


35 


26 


Quickloader 

Super Disk Copy 

Slrlus 

Pascal Graphics Editor . . 
Softech 


25 
35 


19 
26 


Utlllty/Comm/Grapbics 
Link Systems 


UST 


SALE 


Face Maker 
Strategic Simulations 


35 


25 


100 


75 


Link Index . . 
Link Video 


195 
55 


149 
42 


Cytron Masters 


40 


30 












Synergistic 

Atlantis 


40 


30 


Xenolile 

Southeastern 


50 


39 


APPLE lie" 






Slargazer's Guide 
(Jltrasoft 


30 


23 


Data Capture 

Dala Capturc/Supcrlerm 


65 
90 


49 
65 


Most Apple II products run on the lie (call 


Mask of the Sun 


40 


30 


Data Capturc/Smarterm 


90 


65 


tor details) Products below are specially 








Data Capture/ 






designed tor the lie. 






Language 






Super Serial 


90 


65 








Datasoft 


LIST 


SALE 


Dala Capture Videx 


90 


65 


Business 






Basic Compiler 


100 


75 


Southwestern Data 






Sierra On Line 


LIST 


SALE 


Lisp Interpreter 


125 


94 


ASCII Express 






Screenwriter II 








IUS 






Professionl 


130 


89 


Software Dimensions 






Fourth Development 






Printographer 


50 


38 


Accounting + HE GL 


395 


289 


System 


140 


101 


Stoneware 






Accounting + HE AR 


395 


289 


Insoft 






Graphics Proc Sys. 






Accounting + HE AP . 


395 


289 


ALD Systen II 


75 


56 


(STO) 


69 


52 


Accounting + HE 






Mlcmsott • 






Graphics Proc. Sys. 






Inventor 


395 


289 


Applesofl Compiler 






(Prol) 


179 


129 


Accounting + HE 






(TASCP 


175 


119 


Synergistic 






Payroll 


395 


289 


Mumath/Musini|) 






Higher Graphics II 


30 


26 


Accounting + HE SOE 


395 


289 


(ADIOSr 


250 


194 


Vdlex 






Accounting + HE POE 


395 


269 


Sensible 






Videoterm Utilities Disk 


37 


28 


Accounting + HE POS 


395 


289 


Applesoft + 






Visicalc Mem Ex 






Visicorp 






Struc. Basic . . 


40 


30 


W/Preboot 


89 


67 


Visicalc 


250 


189 


Sierra On Lino 






Visicorp 












EPF IV 


80 


56 


Visilink 


250 


194 


Database 






Softech 






Visiterm 


100 


79 


Software Publishers 


LIST 


SALE 


Basic Compiler 






Visitrend/Plot 


300 


234 


PFS: File 


125 


94 


& Runtime 


225 


169 


Winner's Circle 






PFS: Graph 


125 


94 


UCSD P-Syslam set 


625 


469 


Disk Encryption 


60 


45 


PFS: Reporl 


125 


94 



468 BYTE September 1983 



X. ¥1 I \u ¥ ¥1/ %A/ I ¥ \J ¥§/€¥/ 



CP/M-86 (8") 









Digital Research 






Database 






Display Manager 


400 


295 


AshtonTate LIST 

dBASE II 700 .129 


SALE 


Supervyz 

Letisoll 

Spellbinder 

Metasott 


150 


94 


dBASE II w/nser"s 
guide 


729 


419 


495 


281 


Language 






Benchmark Mail List . . 


250 


184 


Digits! Research 


LIST 


SALE 


Benchmark Word 






Pascal MT+86 With 






Processor . , . 


500 


36/ 


SPP-86 


800 


600 


Micro Pro 






XLT 86 .... 


150 


132 


Calcstar 


145 


96 


Utility/Comm/Graphics 






Mailmerge 
Spelter 


250 

250 


16b 
165 


moil 


LIST 


SALE 


Word/Mail 


695 


426 


Move II 


150 


99 


Word/Spell 


695 


426 








Word/Spell/Mail 


845 


558 


CP/M-80 






Wordmaster . ... 


150 


99 








Wordstar 


495 


327 


8" standard SSSO and Apple 5V<" 




Microsoft ' 

Edit 80- 

Multiplan" 

Text Editor" 






Please call to confirm price 


& availability lor 






oilier lormats. available as 


special orders 


120 


94 








Oasis 






Business 






The Word Plus 


150 


112 


ATI 


LIST 


SALE 


Peachtree 






Power tor CP/M 


75 


54 


Inventory 


400 


275 


Artltlclal Intelligence 






PEACHPAK SERIES 9 


500 


345 


Ocntal (PAS-3) 


995 


749 


Payroll 


400 


275 


Medical [PAS-3) . 


995 


749 


SERIES 4- GL 


600 


398 


Ashton-Tete 






SERIES 4 PAK 






Bottom Line Strategist 


400 


279 


{GL.AR.AP) 


595 


393 


Aspen 






SERIES 40 PAK 






Grammallk 


75 


56 


(GL.AR.AP) 


595 


398 


Proofreader 


50 


38 


SERIES 40 GL 


400 


275 


Balcones 






SERIES 40 AR 


400 


275 


BOSS Fin. Acctg. Sys 


2495 


1496 


SERIES 40 AP ... 


400 


275 


Comshare 






SERIES 9 • 






Combo Pak 


125 


94 


PEACHTEXT 


500 


345 


Maslerplanner 


325 


253 


SERIES 9 ■ 






Planner Calc 


99 


74 


PROOFREADER 


300 


206 


Target Application 






Series 4 • AR 


600 


398 


Guide 


50 


38 


Series 4 - AP 


600 


398 


Designee Software 






Series 4 • Inventory . . . 


600 


398 


Palantir 


425 


319 


Series 8 - GL 


750 


515 


Dlctronlcs 






Series 8 - AR 


750 


515 


Random House 






Series 8 - Inventory . 


750 


515 


Thesaurus 


150 


319 


Series 8 • Payroll . . 


750 


515 



Orders must be PAID by October 31 

to qualify for these special prices 

TELEPHONE ORDERS 

Outside Calif.: 
Inside Calif.: 

Order lines are manned 6:30—6 Monday thru Friday and 9— 
5 Saturday. Other lines are open 9—5 Monday thru Friday. 

Technical Support (415) 324-0311 

Order Status (415) 324-0306 

Sales Manager (415) 324-0305 

More CP/M' , APPLE' , IBM PC", UCSD p-System " 
software, hardware, etc.: call for quote. 



(800) 222-8811 
(415) 324-3730 



Series 8 • Sales Inv. 

Series 8 • PAK 

(AR.AP.GL) . 

Series 80 PAK 

(GL.AR.AP) 

Series 80 GL 

Videoterm 

Series 80 AR 

Videoterm 

Series 80 AP 

Videoterm 

Series 80 inv. 

VirJeolerm 

Series 9 - Mailing List 

Series 9 - Peachcalc 
Select 

Select Word Processor 
Sensible 

Sensible Speller 
Software Dimensions 

Accounting + GL 

Accounting + AR 

Accounting + AP 

Accounting + 

Inventory 

Accounting + Payroll 

Accounting + SOE 

Accounting + POE 

Accounting + POS 
Sorclm 

Supercalc 

Su percale 2 

Superspellguard 

Supe writer 



TERMS: All prices subject to change without notice and avialability. Cashier's 
check/MO/bank transfer. Allow time lor company or personal checks to clear. Prices 
reflect cash prepaid discount. VISA/MASTERCAHD/COD/PO's + 3%. CA residents 
add sales tax. All sales final for games & special orders. 

SHIPPING: S3 per item for UPS surface (56 lor Blue Label) within Continental USA. 
except where shipping cost is specified in square brackets. UPS does not go to Canada. 
Alaska. APO's. FPO's; call for ship charge or add 15%— we will refund/credit difference. 

RETURNS: Must have authorization number, obtained at 415-324-0305. Unauthorized 
returns will be refused; damaged goods-will be refused. All returns subject to 15% 
restocking fee. No return after 30 days. 



Anderson- Bell 

Abslat 

Ashton-Tate 

dBASE II 

dBASE II 

w/user's guide 
Caxton 

Cardbox 
Computer Control 

Fabs-BTREE File Access , 

Ultrasort II 

Condor 

Condor I . 

Condor 3 . . . . 
DJR 

FMS80 

FMS 80-1 

FMS 80-2 
Digital Research 

Access Manager 
FYI 

Superfile 
Faircom 

Micro B+ (CBASIC) 

Micro B+ (OTHER) 
Fox & Geller 

Quickcode 

Quickscreen/rJBASE II 



Ouickscreen/CBASIC . . , 149 125 

750 515 Qulckscreen/MBASIC . 149 125 

Quickscreen/FMS-80 . 149 125 

dGRAPH 295 195 

dUTIL ... 99 59 
595 398 Hum3n gaff 

DBPIus .... 125 95 
" 00 275 Micro Pro 

Datastar 295 195 

400 275 | nfostar 495 327 

Reportslar 350 231 

400 275 Microsoft ' 

Sorting Facility 

400 275 (MS0RT)'- 195 151 

375 25B Optimal 

375 25B Accelerator 195 

Organic 

595 356 Datebook 295 229 

Pear I Soft 

125 94 Personal Pear I . 295 229 
T/Maker Co 

645 398 T/Maker III 275 215 

645 398 

645 3ge Home/Education/Games 

Infocom LIST SALE 

645 398 Deadline 60 43 

645 398 Slarcross 50 38 

645 396 Suspended 50 38 

645 398 Zork I 50 3B 

645 398 Zork II 50 38 

Zork III 50 38 

195 129 ISM 

285 179 Malhemagic 100 72 

195 Supersoft 

295 185 Dungeon Master 40 30 

Nemesis ....... 45 34 

LIST SALE Language 

395 359 Digital Research LIST SALE 

CB80 500 395 

700 429 CBASIC 150 94 

CIS COBOL 800 595 

729 449 MAC 90 75 

PL/1 80 500 375 

245 177 Pascal MT+ 350 262 

Pascal MT+ with SPP 500 395 

195 146 SID 75 63 

195 146 SPP 200 150 

ZSID 100 88 

295 189 Ithaca 

650 398 Pascal BZ 450 375 

Pascal Z 450 375 

395 275 Pascal Z 8 BZ 650 542 

250 299 Microsoft < 

145 179 ALDS" f 125 94 

Basic 80 350 252 

300 225 Basic Compiler 395 296 

CobolSO 750 562 

195 129 Fortran 80 500 360 

Fortran 80 t 195 146 

260 211 MACRO 80 200 150 

260 211 Mumath/Musimp 250 194 

muLisp/muSlar 200 156 
295 195 Sorclm 

149 125 ACT 65 175 126 

PROGRAMMING 

l^^iKV.^WJM- 

505 Hamilton Avenue Suite 301 
Palo Alto, California 94301 



ACT 68 


175 


126 


ACT 69 


175 


126 


ACT 80 


175 


126 


ACT 86/88 


175 


126 


Pascal/M-80 


395 


284 


Pascal/M- 86/88 , 


495 


356 


Supersoft 






ADA Compiler 


300 


225 


C Compiler 


250 


188 


Utility/Comm/Graphics 






Byrom 


LIST 


SALE 


BASTAM 


200 


149 


8STMS 


200 


149 


Digital Research 






Despool 


50 


38 


Micro Fro 






Supersort 


250 


165 


Mlcrostut 






Crosslalk/Smartmodem 


195 


135 


Peachtree 






Series 9 • Telecom 


375 


258 


Southwestern 






Z-Term t 


100 


75 


Z-Term Professional t 


150 


109 


Supersoft 






Dis< Doctor 


100 


75 


Woolt 






Move It 


125 


83 


HARDWARE, 






NOT MACHINE SPECIFIC 




Amdek 


LIST 


SALE 


300 (12' green) 


200 


157 


Color 11 (RSG) 


699 


645 


Corona Data Systems 






11MB Hard Disk 


3295 


2695 


20MB Hard Disk 


4295 


3495 


6M3 Hard Disk 


2295 


1895 


PC Interlace.Cable.Man. . 


300 


239 


Corvus Systems 






11MB Hard Disk 


3295 


2695 


20MB Hard Disk 


4295 


3495 


6MB Hard Disk 


2295 


1895 


Hayes Microcomputer Products 




Chronograph 


249 


199 


Smartmodem 1200 


699 


509 


Smartmodem 300 


279 


209 


NEC 






Monitor 12" Green 






Hi-Res 


285 


167 


Novation 






J Cat 


149 


119 


Smart Cat 103 


259 


207 


Smart Cat 103/212 


595 


476 


Quadrum Corp 






Microtazer 


189 


160 


Microfazer, in-line serial 


330 


270 


Microtazer inline paralle 


225 


185 


,v = Manufacturer's trademark 




' = Microsolt is a registered trademark 


T Apple CP/M only 







Also available at 

Software 



\P 



^ 



Call (800) 222-8811. (415) 324-1099. or local 
inlorrnalion lor Software to go location nearest 
you. Software to go prices may differ slightly. 
Local sales tax applies. 



OPENING SOON 




California 

• Los Angeles 

• Orange County 

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Illinois 

• Chicago 
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• Camden 

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New York 

■ Manhattan 
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to serve you better! 




00)222-8811 

jdP" - Hirrle 370 nn innuirv narri 



Circle 370 on inquiry card. 



September SPECIALS 



MULTIPLAN 

PERFECT 
WRITER/SPELLER 

ORCA/M ASSEMBLER 

TIME ZONE 



LIST 

275 



SALE 

199 



695 375 
100 79 
100 79 



MICROMODEM II 
W/TERMINAL PROG. 409 319 

Gemini 1 ox 399 339 

GEMINI 15 599 499 

DISKETTES 5% " SSDD 22 

P.O. BOX B4B44 
DALLAS, TX 75206 
1-800-527-7127 
IN TEXAS 1-214-525-3230 
PRICES GOOD THROUGH 09/30/83 
Please Include 3% for Shipping [minimum £2.00]. 
or 5% for Blue Label [minimum S3. 00). 
In Texas Add 5% Sales Tax 
MASTERCARD, VISA, 
CHECK [Allow 1D Days], or COD (Add. $2.00] 



LEO 



Circle 128 on Inquiry card. 



6809 



Single Board Computer 



/68OTMPU, i se>|qt pjbrti, 4jp4raileltoo^lsJ \ 
RAM, EffiOM,reai-tlme;dack;wtfchdag\ 
timer, 44-pin 4.5" * 6.5" PCB 
EXPANSION MODULES: RAM, EPROM, CMOS 
RAM/battery, analog I/O, serial I/O, 
parallel I/O, counter/timer, IEEE-488, 
EPROM programmer, floppy disks, 
cassette, breadboard, keyboard/display. 



Ut i n f i' v v i 18(M Sou,h s " ee ' 
FM I Blf lafavstte. IN 47?c 



latayette. IN 47904 
317-742-8428 



Circle 488 on inquiry card. 



PUBLISHABLE QUALITY GRAPHS 
on EPSON PRINTERS 

Requires no Graphics Terminal 
Line Graphs and Scatterplots 
Easy to Use, Excellent Manual 
48K CP/M 80, 86, many formats 
Also IBM PC DOS, DEC Rainbow 
Price: $50. Manual Alone: $10. 

Dataplotter from Lark Software 

7 Cedara Hd, Caldwell, N.J. 07OO6 
(201) 228-7552 



120 




1 1 
+ 19B2 


1 1 1 1 

A : 


100 


" 


O 1981 


BO 


" 


P 19B0 


/ \ 


60 




♦^ 


/jr , a -» - 






<^ *^ 


J-' / N 


40 




B-, 


*/< s 


20 




i I 


1 1 1 1 



Apr Jun Aug 
HONTH 



Circle 256 on inquiry card. 



HIGHER 
ADDRESSES 



NIL 



TIME 



LINK 



LINK 



SP 



TIME 



TIME 



TIME 



SP 



TIME 



CURRENT 



READY 



AVAILABLE 



DELAYED 



COUNT 



V QUEUE HEADS 
' (LIST POINTERS) 



) SEMAPHORES 



COUNT 



LINK 



Figure 4: The MTK80 data structures. A sample state is shown, involving six stack 
frames and two semaphores. NIL represents the end of a list. 



Function Calls 

You establish the data structure 
and error exit by using the macro- 
instruction INITMT (listing 2). The 
microinstruction sets the ready and 
delayed lists empty, puts all frames 
but one on the available list, and 
makes the remaining frame the cur- 
rently running one. When INITMT is 
called, the (hardware) stack pointer 
must be valid. The default operating 
system stack is valid and can serve as 
the stack pointer. On the return from 
INITMT, however, the state of the 
machine has been completely altered, 
and the calling task has become a task 
with a fresh stack. 

Semaphores are initialized by the 
INITSEM macroinstruction, which 
sets the count field to the specified ini- 
tial value and sets the wait queue to 
empty. 

The START macroinstruction gets 
a frame from the available list and 
makes that frame the new running 
task, beginning its execution at the 



address supplied. The calling task is 
put on the ready list. An interesting 
result of the dynamic connection be- 
tween executable code and stack 
frames is that, as long as there are 
available frames, the same piece of 
(reentrant) code can be alive in 
several incarnations at the same time I 
Because the task started gets a copy of 
the creator's registers, it might be 
handy to have more than one iden- 
tical task active, each with different 
initial register contents. In this way, 
you could pass parameters to new 
tasks on start-up; you could also use 
this method in the split-screen exam- 
ple to reduce the two nearly identical 
subscreen tasks to one routine. 

A special case of the START 
macroinstruction is the TASK macro- 
instruction, which terminates the call- 
ing task and starts the new one. It is 
equivalent to resetting the stack 
pointer to the top of the current frame 
and jumping to the new starting ad- 
dress. 



LMC MegaMicro 32-Bit 
Virtual Memory 
Microcomputers 




. >.. 



■ 



:<l 






tva 



m 



*m 



mkl 



LMC's MegaMicros arc among the most powerful and expandable microcomputers 
ever offered. They provide mainframe or super-minicomputer performance at prices 
competitive with today's far less powerful 8- and 1 6-bit microcomputers. And, 
they are available for delivery now! 

LMC MegaMicros are true 32-bit virtual memory microcomputers. Consequently, 
they make efficient use of large operating systems and application software. 
Included with LMC's MegaMicro s is HCR's field-proven UNITY* operating system 
which has been used successfully on minicomputers and mainframes. UNITY is 
a full UNIX* implementation and includes Berkeley 4.1 enhancements to take 
advantage of demand -paged virtual memory. Also included are C and FORTRAN 77. 

Full technical specification and prices of LMC's MegaMicros are available on request. 
'UNITY is a 'IVademark of Human Computing Resources Corp., UNIX is a Trademark of Hell Laboratories. 

LMC MegaMicros he Logical Alternative™ 



The Logical Microcomputer Company 

140 S. Dearborn, Chicago, IL 60603, (312) 580.0250, Telex 270384 

Circle 262 on inquiry card. 



Satisfying Over 

With Innovation 




Grappler + 

I I Printer Interface 

The Original Apple® graphics printer interface. 
Since its introduction three years ago, the 
Grappler has been imitated by many, but never 
matched. Now with Dual Hi-Res Graphics for side 
by side reproductions and Mixed 
Mode screen dump- 
ing, the Grappler + 
remains the most 
intelligent interface 
available. Over two - 
dozen commands 
give Apple users full control over any graphics or 
text on the Apple screen, including a new 80 
column text dump. Performance, reliability and 
support have made the Grappler + the #1 selling 
intelligent Apple interface. 





For Apples and Printers 

The economical way to add printer buffering. The 
Bufferboard easily adds memory to your current 
Apple interface system, freeing your computer for 
additional input. Easily upgradable from 16K, the 
Bufferboard can store up to 20 pages of text. It 
fits neatly inside your Apple, "docking" onto your 
existing printer interface* No clumsy boxes or 
cables, no external power supplies . . .just conve- 
nience and 
economy. With 
the Bufferboard, 
you might never 
wait for your 
printer again. 

'Versions for standard Grappler + , Epson APL and Apple 
Parallel Interfaces. 




472 BYTE September 1983 



90,000 Apple Owners 

And Excellence. 




'MMMNMffilM® I 




er + 



The most sophisticated buffered Apple printer 
interface available. The New Buffered Grappler + 
combines the industry leading features of the 
Grappler+ with the time saving economies of the 
Bufferboard.** 




With this much interface power, you'll never need 
anything else. And the price will surprise you, too. 

* *Not available for IDS printers. 
Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computers, Inc. 

Circle 337 on inquiry card. 



Over 90,000 Apple computers are using Orange 
Micro products. Innovation and excellence have 
made us the #1 manufacturer of intelligent printer 
interfaces. The top selling Grappler + has 
become an industry standard, recommended by 
more software houses and Apple dealers. To 
meet the users' latest needs, Orange Micro will 
continue to introduce new products. Recent inno- 
vations include the Grappler + for IDS color 
printers and the new Orange Interface, with text 
screen dumps and formatting at a low price. 
There is an Orange Micro product designed for 
your application. 

For a complete demonstration, see your Apple 
dealer today. 
.■->> ■■ 

"2jOrange micro 

1400 N. Lakeview Ave., Anaheim, CA 92807 U.S.A. 
(714) 779-2772 TELEX: 183511 CSMA 

©Orange Micro, Inc.. 1983 

BYTE September 1983 473 



The STOP macroinstruction ter- 
minates a task by returning the task's 
frame to the available list. The first 
frame on the ready list is removed 
and is run. 

SWAPOUT puts the currently run- 
ning task at the end of the ready list, 
swapping it for the one at the top of 
the ready list. As with other functions 
that take the current task out of ex- 
ecution, SWAPOUT first pushes the 
return address and registers onto the 
stack, saves the stack pointer (at SP), 
and performs the optional stack over- 
flow check. When a new current task 
is selected, its stack pointer is 
restored, followed by its register con- 
tents. It is then allowed to resume ex- 
ecution where it left off. 

Using a semaphore, the WAIT 
macroinstruction enables a task to 
synchronize itself with an event. If 
the semaphore count is nonzero, it 
has been signaled (the event has oc- 
curred), and the count is 
decremented, acknowledging the sig- 
nal. If the count is 0, the task becomes 
blocked; the current frame is added to 



the end of the semaphore queue list 
using its LINK field, and the next 
ready task begins execution. 

Two special cases of WAIT are 
CWAIT and CKSEM, both of which 
return the status of the semaphore in 
the Z flag (nonzero if signaled). 
CWAIT acknowledges a signal by 
decrementing the count; CKSEM 
leaves the count unchanged. Control 
returns immediately to the caller in 
either case. 

The complement of WAIT is the 
SIGNAL macroinstruction, which 
uses a semaphore to signal an event. 
If any tasks are waiting for the event, 
the first one is moved to the end of 
the ready list. Otherwise, the sema- 
phore's count of unacknowledged 
signals is incremented. No check for 
overflow of this count is made (the 
maximum is 255). Another version of 
SIGNAL is FLAG, which works in ex- 
actly the same way except that it 
never increments the count past 1. 
This behavior is appropriate for 
mutual exclusion semaphores and for 
preventing count overflow. Neither 



SIGNAL nor TICK takes the calling 
task out of execution. 

The DELAY macroinstruction puts 
the calling task on the delayed list, 
thereby blocking it until the specified 
number of system clock ticks have 
passed. The delayed list is ordered ac- 
cording to the length of time re- 
quested, with the shortest time first. 
The proper placement of the calling 
task in the list is handled by DELAY, 
because this somewhat complex inser- 
tion needs to be done only once. The 
next ready task is then placed into ex- 
ecution. 

DELAY uses a 2-byte counter 
register. Because this counter rolls 
over at 65,536, that value is the max- 
imum number of cycles supported in 
one DELAY call. The register con- 
tains only a relative count that is in- 
cremented once by each call to TICK. 
Because the task with the shortest 
delay is at the top of the delayed list, 
TICK then compares the target wake- 
up time of that task with the current 
tick count. Any and all tasks whose 
time is up are appended to the ready 



APPLE lie 




IBM P/C-XT 

7jt v ■"■-'■ ■' jflV- 



NEW PORTABLE 

m E? < 



ON SALE 
$1149.00 



CALL NOW 
FOR SALE PRICE 



COLUMBIA VP 
$2359.00 



COMPUTERS 

Apple compatibles 450 & up 

Columbia 1600-1 2295 

Kaypro II or 1 Salel 

Pied Piper by STM 1049 

SKS P/C Portables NEW! 

Corona 1995 

Zorba 1895 

Eagle PC-XL 3395 

DEC Rainbow 1 00 Call 

Hyperion 4200 

Epson OX-1 w/valdox Sale! 
IBM, Apple are registered trade marks 



PRINTERS 

GemlnMOx 299 

NEC 3650 1899 

Silver-Reed 550 729 

JUKI 6100 499 

"Tv^nTtors " 

Princeton Graphics HX-1 2 . . . 499 

HI-RES Amber 129 

Composite Color 289 

RGB Best Buy 

New-NEC Amber 1205m 159 



APPLE ACCESS. 
AND SOFTWARE 

M.S. Prem. Softcard 359 

Ultraterm by Vldex 289 

5'/. " Compatible Drive 199 

GRAPPLER (Buttered) + . . . . Call 

Z-80card 99 

Graphic Printer card 99 

Wordstar w/appll card 349 

30 TO 60% OFF SOFTWARE! 

""ibm"access"" 
and software 

USI multi display card 349 

1st Mate byTecmar 259 

Expansion Chassis 729 

Quadllnk by Quadram Call 

Mice? Call Us 

Monte Carlo 64K 389 

Wordstar 239 

The Home Acct 1 09 

"special" 

New Micro-Scl Wow! 

SVSentinal SS/DD(box 1 0) ... 25 
Call For Secret Savings 



BUY DIRECT AND SAVE 



For Complete Selection and 
Lowest Prices — Free Catalog 



All prices and products subject 
to change and availability. 

TO ORDER 
(619)291-1442 



COMPUTERS 

_ and more 



C© 



2420 University Ave., Suite 3, 
San Diego, Ca. 92104 



^l Active 
^P Electronics 

rff# 3JFR number one in 

'■■< ZZZ~ QUALITY 

•">-— —- ^ SERVICE 

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[['.'. _ ~ ~ COMPLETE PROFESSIONAL 

m AND HOME ELECTRONICS 

ENTHUSIAST INVENTORY 

-W "Semiconductors + Memories 

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. * Passive Electronic Components 

_ * Hand Tools, Wire Wrapping, 

_ Soldering Equipment + Hardware 

X NOW A VAILABLE — FREE 
LI 1963 80-page catalog 

|-llttrAA-Vv\\ A complete listing of products 
\. and specifications 

X|J> -j-- Call, write or circle the 

\T\ V "^--'' inquiry card for your 
^4/nJ-^"^ free copy today. 

P.O. Box 8000, Westboro, Mass. 01581 
CALL TOLL FREE: 1-800-343-0874 

Mass customers call (617) 366-0500 



474 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 107 on inquiry card. 



Circle 9 on Inquiry card. 




GOmPUTCR WAREHOUSE 



CALL TOLL FREE 



PRINTERS 

C-ltoh 

F-10-Parallel or Serial $1049 

55 CPS Serial or Parallel $1 555 

8510 Parallel (Prowriter) $339 

Computer International 
Daisywriter 2000 w/48K Call 

Comrex 

CR-1-S $665 

CR-1-P $755 

cr-2 Call 

Datasouth 

DS180 $1155 

Diablo 

620 RO $875 

630RO $1710 

IDS 

Microprism 480 $480 

Prism 80 $1 160 

Prism 80 Color $1345 

Prism 132 $1310 

Prism 132 Color $1500 

Juki 
6100 $475 

Epson 
All models Call 

NEC 

PC-8023A $385 

3510 $1365 

3550 $1710 

7710 $1900 

2010 $785 

2015 $785 

2050 $910 

Okidata 

82A $385 

83A $630 

84P $975 

84S $1060 

92 $490 

93 $835 

Olivetti 

PRAXIS 41 (w/interface) $725 

2300 INKJET $399 

Silver Reed 

EXP550P $675 

EXP550S $690 

Star Micronics 

Gemini-10X Call 

Gemini-15X Call 

Tally 

1805/1802 $1455 

MT 160L w/Tractors Call 

MT 180L w/Tractors Call 

Texas Instruments 

810 Basic $1245 

850 $650 

Toshiba 
P1350 $1445 

Transtar 

130P $675 

120 $450 

T315 $450 

MODEMS 

Hayes 

Smartmodem $1 99 

Smartmodem 1200 $485 

Novation 

CAT $140 

D-CAT $155 

J-CAT $110 

DISK DRIVES 

Rana 

Elite 1 $245 

Elite 2 $380 

Elite 3 $490 

Controller (w/Drive only) $75 

1000 (For Atari) Call 



1-800-528-1054 

1 SPECIAL OF THE MONTH 



UNBELIEVABLE SYSTEM! 
UNBELIEVABLE PRICE! 



$1399 



PIED PIPER • GEMINI 10X 
TAXAN 12 AMBER MONITOR 
5 SOFTWARE PACKAGES 




System includes: Pied Piper Portable (features below) • Gemini 10X 

• Taxan KG-12N • CPM • Perfect Writer • Perfect Speller • Perfect Calc 

• Perfect Filer • All necessary cabling. 



VIDEO TERMINALS 

ADDS 

A-1 


$445 


VIEWPOINT 60 

Hazeltine 


$685 
$485 


Esprit II . . 


$445 


Esprit III 


$525 


Qume 

QVT 102 Green 

QVT 102 Amber 

Televideo 

910 or 910 Plus 

925 


$550 
$560 

$560 
$730 


950 


$905 


970 


$1015 


Wyse 

Wyse 1 00 


$680 


Wyse 300 


$1020 


Visual 

Visual 50 


$610 


Zenith 

Z-29 


$635 


ZT-1 Keyboard Only 

MONITORS 

Zenith 

12" Green Screen 

12" Amber Screen 


$350 

$95 
...$120 


Amdek 

Video 300 


$130 


Video 300A 


$145 


Color I 


$270 


Color I Plus 


$275 


Color II 


$450 


Color III 


$360 


NEC 

JB 1201 


... $155 


JB 1260 


$115 



DISKETTES 

Maxell 

MD-1 (Qty. 100) . . . 

Scotch 

744-0 (Qty. 100) . . . 

Elephant 

S/S S/D (Qty. 100) 



$230 
$200 
$155 



Taxan 

12" Amber 
USI 

12" Amber 



$125 
$150 




COMPUTERS 

Altos 

Series 5-15D $2100 

5-80-10W/MPM $4200 

Atari 

600XL $149 

800XL $219 

Corona Call 

NEC 

APCH01 $1875 

APC H02 $2375 

APC H03 $2875 

Northstar 

Advantage $2160 

Advantage W/5MB $3345 

AdvantageW/15MB $4315 

Horizon II 64K QD $2625 

Pied Piper 

Communicator I Portable, Z-80, 64K Ram, Full 
sized keyboard, Slimline 5% Disk Drive with 1M 
Byte of storage, RF Modulator for use with TV, 
Monitor output, Perfect Word, Perfect Calc, Per- 
fect Speller, Perfect Filer, CPM, 90-day nation- 
wide warranty $995 

Sanyo 2-Drive System 
$1850 

System includes: Wordstar, clacstar, mailmerge, 
spellstar, infostar, Sanyo basic, CPM. 
$1450 with 1-Drive 

Televideo Systems 

TS-802 

TS-802H 

TS-803 



$2525 

$4450 

Call 



COmPUTER 
WAREHOUSE 



2222 E. Indian School Rd. 
Phoenix, Arizona 85016 



Order Line: 1-800-528-1054 Other Information: 602-954-6109 
Order Line Hours: Mon.-Fri. 10-5 MST Saturday 9-1 MST 

Prices reflect 3% to 5% cash discount. Product shipped in factory cartons with manufacturer's warranty. 
Please add $8.00 per order for shipping. Prices & availability subject to change without notice. 

Send cashier's check or money order... all other checks will delay shipping two weeks. 9/83 



maxell 

DISKETTES 

The Diskettes With 
The Lifetime Guarantee 

516-543-6100 
212-843-5775 

(COLLECT CALLS ACCEPTED) 



FREE 



For every five 
boxes of Disket- 
tes ordered, 
receive one FREE| 
Diskette Head 
Cleaning Kit. A 
$30.00 Value 



)AILY 



lOUSINESS PRODUCTS INC. 

|1 10 Parkway Dr. 5. 
iHauppauge, N.Y. 
|11787 

VISA. MasterCard 

C.O.D. Accepted 

OEM & Dealer 

Inquiries Invited 



Circle 124 on inquiry card. 







jj£ 


SAVE 507. 

on 


■ciiM 




^" Diskettes 


5V4"?5 e c r 

744D 1 side/dt 


Dealer inquiries invited 

lector *™° 


745 2 sides/ a 

746 1 side/qu 


Dl dens ssi.oo 

ad 96 tpi $33 80 


747 2 sides/q 
8" Speci 
740 1 side sg 


uad 96 tpi $45.50 

fy Soft or 32 Sector 
/dens $23 60 


741 1 side/dt 


I dens $29 oo 


743 2 sides/d 


bl dens S37.80 


27 


Che 
C 

204 


cks-viSA-rv 
all or writ 
LYBEN C 

Harper A\ 
Phoi 


C-C.O.D./Add S2 Shipping 
e for our complete list. 
OMPUTER SYSTEMS 

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Listing 3: This program illustrates how you can use MTK80 macroinstruction calls. This 
example, for use with a North Star Horizon, simply runs four tasks, each of which 
merely identifies itself when it runs. 



ORG 
JMP 



1O0H 
MAIN 



-» INSERT THE KERNEL FILE mtkBO. asm HERE. 



Kernel stack structure parameters. 
FRAMES: EQU 6 ; Specify the number of stack frames 

FRSIZ: EQU 64 ;5pecify the size of each, in bytes 

ERRSJMP: EQU OEBOOH ; Choose a place to jump on fatal error 

; North Star Horizon real-time clock equates. 

Choose clock interrupt at RST vector 2 
Clock interrupt arm code 
Clock interrupt disarm code 
Clock flip/flop reset code 
Clock I/O port 



RST2: 


EQU 


2*B 


ARM: 


EQU 


OCOH 


DISARM: 


EQU 


40H 


CLKtRST 


EQU 


50H 


CLKSPRT 


EQU 


6 


; CP/M 


equates. 




BDOS: 


EQU 


5 


CONST: 


EQU 


1 1 


COUT: 


EQU 


2 


EXIT: 


EQU 






I BDOS call address 

i Keyboard status check code 

-Console output code 

; CP/M restart address 



i Kernel stack and semaphore data area. 
STACK: DS FRAMES*FRSIZ 
SEMA: DS 3 

; Example main program. 

MAIN: INITMT STACK, FRAMES, FRSI Z, ERRSJMP 

MVI A, JMP 

STA RST2 

LXI H, CLKSINT 

SHLD RST2+1 

MVI A, ARM 

OUT CLKSPRT 

INITSEM SEMA, 

START TASK1 

START TASK2 

START TASK3 

START TASK4 
TASKO: SWAPOUT 

MVI C, CONST 

CALL BDOS 

ORA A 

JZ TASKO 

SIGNAL SEMA 

STOP 



; Set up kernel 

Set clock interrupt handler jump vector 
Enable clock interrupts 
Initialize the sample semaphore 
Start the simultaneous tasks 

While polling, let other tasks run 
Check the console keyboard 



; When a key is hit, signal TASK4 

; then quit this task — the job is done. 



i This task has nothing to do but wait to die. 

TASK4 WAIT SEMA ; Sleep until signaled 
MVI A, DISARM 

OUT CLK*PRT ; Disable clock interrupts 

JMP EXIT ; Terminate the program 

, Tasks 1-3 identify themselves by number at different intervals. 
TASK1: DELAY 700 



; Delay 900 clock ticks 

; Send identifing number to screen 
; Loop " forever" 



MVI 


E, '1 ' 


CALL 


CONOUT 


JMP 


TASK1 


DELAY 


900 


MVI 


E, '2' 


CALL 


CONOUT 


JMP 


TASK2 


DELAY 


1 100 


MVI 


E, '3' 


CALL 


CONOUT 


JMP 


TASK3 



1 Clock interrupt handler. 

CLK*INT:PUSH PSW 

MVI A, CLK*RST 
OUT CLKtPRT 
POP PSW 
JMP 7TICK 



i Clear the interrupt 



.Activate delayed tasks whose time is up 



i Send character in register E to the console screen. 
CONOUT: MVI CCOUT 
JMP BDOS 

END 



1 








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list. The current task then resumes ex- 
ecution, whether it called TICK or 
was interrupted. 

Applications 

Listing 3 contains a skeletal exam- 
ple of the declaration of data struc- 
tures and the use of kernel 
macroinstruction calls. Refer also to 
the comments in listing 2 for details of 
ways to use the routines. If you have 
no macroinstruction facilities, use the 
macroinstruction definitions as a set 
of instructions for calling the kernel 
routines explicitly. 

I used a Z80 version of this kernel 
for more than three years in my ham 
radio teletype (RTTY) communica- 
tions program. The kernel made it 
easier for me to include features such 
as a split-screen display, continuous 
time and modem-frequency monitor- 
ing, and the reading and writing of a 
circular disk log file while transmit- 
ting and receiving. 

I have written a related kernel in 
BDS C (B.D. Software C) for inclu- 
sion in a CP/M RTTY program. Ex- 



pansion to allow monitoring of multi- 
ple communication channels (VHF, 
HF, telephone, packet radio, and 
satellite) is a natural application of 
multiple concurrent tasks. ■ 



References 
Agoston, M. K. "A Microprocessor 
Operating System: The Kernel." Dr. 
Dobb's Journal, vol. 2, number 8, 
September 1977, pages 20-40. Goes right 
into the details of a kernel for an 8080 
real-time operating system that includes 
message passing between tasks. 
Chein, Y. P. "Multi-tasking Executive 
Simplifies Real-time Microprocessor Sys- 
tem Design." Computer Design, January 
1980, pages 109-117. Description of a 
commercial product for the 8080 family. 
Emphasis is on highly structured inter- 
actions and a consistent channel 
mechanism for communicating with hard- 
ware and with other tasks and pro- 
cessors. 

Dahmke, Mark. "Introduction to 
Multiprogramming." September 1979 
BYTE, pages 20-32. Multiuser system 
design considerations. Emphasis on tim- 
ing, I/O, memory allocation, and data 
structures. 

Kinzer, Don. "A Time-Sharing/Multi-User 
Subsystem for Microprocessors." June 



1980 BYTE, pages 122-134. A hardware 
approach to accommodating multiple 
users on a small system, each with a 
bank-selected memory segment. Includes 
an introduction to time-sliced processor 
sharing. 

5. Knies, Wilfred, et al. "Industrial Real-Time 
FORTRAN Draft Standard." ACM 
SIGPLAN Notices, vol. 16, number 7, July 
1981, pages 45-60. A proposed definition 
of procedures to handle multitasking func- 
tions, bit manipulations, process I/O, and 
shared files in FORTRAN programs. 
Glossary of relevant terms; state model 
and transition diagram. 

6. Tsichritzis, D. O, and P. A. Bernstein. 
Operating Systems. New York: Academic 
Press, 1974. A textbook that focuses on 
large operating-system issues. Discus- 
sions of concurrent processes, interpro- 
cess communication and synchronization, 
and resource allocation. 

Jerry Hotter (2329-B Hilgard Ave. , Berkeley, 
CA 94709) is a senior engineer at Ampex Cor- 
poration in Redwood City, CA. He is involved 
with real-time microprocessor servomechanism 
control. 

The author would like to thank David 
Altekruse, Ron Porat, and Robin Curse for 
their support and assistance in the preparation 
of this article. 



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User to User 



Conducted by Jerry Pournelle 



Jerry Pournelle's User's Column 
generates a lot of mail. In this space, Jerry 
will answer readers' questions on a 
regular monthly basis. 



The MULTICS Operating 
System 

Dear Jerry, 

In your March column ("A User's 
View of Comdex," page 44) you men- 
tioned the concept of an Executive 
Secretary program that would allow 
interruption of an editing task in 
order to run another program with- 
out destroying the file being edited. 

I, too, have wished for such a facili- 
ty. Though I have not seen it on a 
micro, I can vouch for the fact that 
this facility is every bit the pleasure 
you anticipate. The Honeywell 
MULTICS operating system is so de- 
signed. In fact, it is possible to inter- 
rupt any program being run and 
return to it later (providing, of course, 
that you have altered none of the files 
being used by the interrupted pro- 
gram). 

The MULTICS solution is quite 
elegant. When a command is typed 
into the terminal, it is interpreted by 
the command processor not as a pro- 
gram to execute but as a call to a 
(usually PL/I) procedure. Using prede- 
fined search rules, the procedure is 
located in the file system hierarchy 
and then actually called. (The syntax 
of commands even provides for the 
interpreter to pass text typed after the 
"command" or procedure name to be 
passed to the procedure as actual 
parameters.) Moreover, the entire 
system is constructed to allow 
unlimited recursion. Thus, no matter 
where you are, the command pro- 
cessor (also a PL/I procedure) may be 
called— hence, so can any procedure. 

This method is not without cost. It 
is because of this feature that 
MULTICS is an incredible money and 
resource sink. Large amounts of vir- 
tual memory can be consumed when 



multiple users have a large call stack. 
But it is arguably the single best 
feature of MULTICS. It is interesting 
to note that although many features 
of Unix come from MULTICS, this 
one is not part of the Unix system. 
It is a shame that a cost-effective way 
to implement this feature could not 
have been found during the design 
of Unix. 

James E. Densmore Jr. 
503 Timber Lane 
Falls Church, VA 22046 

Instead of looking to Unix, I predict 
that concurrent CP/M-86 will enable us 
to write Executive Secretary for 8086 
machines. . . . Jerry 



Valdocs Revisited 

Dear Jerry, 

In Response to "Epilogue: A Look 
at Valdocs" (August, page 442), most 
of your requests are valid. However, 
numbers 4, 5, and 7 are already im- 
plemented (version 1.16 as of June 1, 
1983). In fact, #4 exists in every copy 
of the editor that you have ever seen, 
and it is documented. Also, top and 
bottom margins are changeable and 
always have been. However, only 
one set of top and bottom margins 
may be used in any one document 
(until version 2.0). If one needs to 
leave space on page 1 for a company 
logo, carriage returns work very 
nicely— after all, the editor is truly 
what you see. . . . 

Most of your other requests will 
have been implemented by version 
2.0 of the editor. Of those listed, 
numbers 1, 2, and 3 will certainly be 
included. I'm not at liberty to reveal 
the release date of this product, but 
I can say soon. 

Additionally, as you know, the 
perceived slowness of the editor is 
primarily a by-product of using a bit- 
mapped display. The benefits are 
obvious— multiple fonts, underlin- 



ing, and eventually merged graphics 
and text can only be done bit- 
mapped. The cost is speed. Com- 
pared to Lisa's editor, it's fast. Com- 
pared to most editors, it's adequate. 
Compared to the fastest, it's slow. 
But we have made some rather inter- 
esting breakthroughs that will speed 
up most of the editor's functions to 
among the best by version 2.0. 1 sus- 
pect that even you will be pleased. 
Chris Rutkowski 
President 

Rising Star Industries 
24050 Madison St., Suite 113 
Torrance, CA 90505 

Valdocs is the closest thing I've seen 
to the Executive Secretary program I 
described in a previous column. Because 
I like the concept a lot, I wish Valdocs 
all success, but alas, so far I have no ver- 
sion that my people find acceptable. I first 
tried the Epson out on John Can, my 
long-suffering editorial associate. After he 
gave up and reclaimed his Selectric, the 
Epson sat in lonely exile over in one cor- 
ner of our living room. Finally, Roberta 
and our son Richard (13) set up the Ep- 
son with a new version of Valdocs that 
fixed some silly bugs in the earlier 
distribution versions. The new version 
was a little better, but the Valdocs pro- 
gram is so painfully slow that it will 
eventually drive you mad. Also, there are 
ways to lock up the system. I don 't know 
all of them because Roberta didn 't keep 
notes, but it happened to her. The 
bottom-line result is that she's not in- 
terested in returning to the Epson. I've 
previously concluded that the Epson 
Valdocs software is a noble try that 
pushes the Z80 chip beyond its limits. I 
have no reason to change that 
view. . . . Jerry 



JRT Version 3.0 

Dear Jerry, 

I thought you might be interested 
in my experience with JRT Pascal. I 



480 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



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User to User. 



had a lot of trouble with version 2.x 
and was about to give up on the lan- 
guage entirely until I had occasion to 
use a friend's version 3.0. What a dif- 
ference! I have no trouble compiling 
"standard" Pascal programs with the 
new version. 

For example: I compiled and ran 
your matrix multiplication program 
flawlessly (it executed in 87 seconds); 
the same is true with Jim and Gary 
Gilbreath's Erastosthenes Sieve pro- 
gram (472 seconds) on my Osborne 
1. What I am leading up to is this: 
why don't you and Alex give JRT ver- 
sion 3.0 a shot? I'd really like to see 
Alex's introductory package come out 
for JRT Pascal. 

Enclosed are the results when run- 
ning your "Silly" program on version 
3.0 (see listing 1). I think the error 
message in version 3.0 is just as 
meaningful as those of Pascal/M and 
Pascal MTV + . And once you get used 
to it, you know the error occurred on 
the line after the last one it tried to 
compile— so it's just as easy to find. 
O. H. (Jack) Adams 
33 Briarwood Court 
Walnut Creek, CA 94596 

JRT version 3.0 does seem considerably 
improved over the earlier version. Well 
have to examine it again. However, it is 
still nothing like standard, so programs 
written in JRT aren't likely to work with 
any other compiler. . . . Jerry 



Transferring Files 
to Otrona Disks 

Dear Jerry, 

In your January column ("Burn- 
outs, Bargains, and Two Sleek Port- 
ables," page 438) you state that the 
"Attache has simple ways for getting 
stuff to and from your 8-inch disks" 
and that transferring files is easy, as 
attested by your column's existence, 
written on the Attache in Europe (in 
part) and transferred on your return. 
In the documentation for my Attache 
I cannot find a way to transfer files. 



Listing 1: 



Program Silly (output): 
BEGIN 

Writeln( 'Hello, World' ); 

Writeln( 'Foo' ); 

Writelnj foo ); 

Writeln( 'Hello again!' ); 
END {silly}. 



A>JRTPAS3 B:SILLY1.P 

JRT Pascal ver 3.0 

Copyright 1983 JRT Systems 

0000 0001: Program Silly (output); 

0000 0002: 

0006 0003: BEGIN 

001A 0004: Writeln( 'Hello, World' ): 

0025 0005: Writeln( 'Foo' ); 



%Warning: Invalid variable or data type declaration 
%Error: Syntax error — unrecoverable 



My dealer says (and one manual con- 
firms) that I must buy Softcom to do 
this. Personally, I would much prefer 
to use Modem7 or some other utili- 
ty, but at the moment I do not have 
a way to get a public-domain pro- 
gram into the Otrona format. 

Is it necessary to have a modem- 
type utility (or Softcom by Otrona, at 
$150) to transfer files to Otrona disks? 
Tom Flagg 
547 Tilden Ave. 
Teaneck, NJ 07666 

We use the File Transporter from Work- 
man and Associates. Modem? is in the 
public domain; Workman has obtained 
permission to include it with the Trans- 
porter. 

You could probably get Modem? for the 
Otrona from a club or users group, but 
I don't know of one at the moment. . . . 
Jerry 



Toward Computer "Literacy" 

Dear Jerry, 

I'm considering buying our family's 
first personal computer, and I want 
to read about the latest applications 
and available products. 

One question of particular impor- 
tance concerns my two sons (ages 15 
and 13) and their computer "literacy." 
We have read enough of your articles 
and other primers (e.g., Adam Os- 
borne and Peter McWilliams) to 
realize how computer dumb we are. 
It will take some more research— and 



budget reviews— to determine what 
we buy. Before then I'd like my boys 
to get some "hands-on" education. 
The local high school offers com- 
puter courses, but there's a catch. I 
hesitate to have my sons learn some 
fundamental aspects which, as you 
quoted Professor Dijkstra, would 
later have to be painfully "un- 
learned." Should my sons, for exam- 
ple, learn BASIC and FORTRAN as 
their first languages? I want to en- 
courage their enthusiasm for hands- 
on training, but I hesitate about the 
high school's curriculum. What are 
your views? 
David E. Goode 
6454 Dryden Dr. 
McLean, VA 22101 

I don't see how anyone is harmed by 
learning BASIC, and your school's 
courses sound like a very good start. And 
although limited in scope, a Sinclair is 
a good machine to begin on. . . . Jerry 



Jerry Pournelle welcomes readers' com- 
ments and opinions. Send a self-addressed 
stamped envelope to Jerry Pournelle, c/o 
BYTE Publications, POB 372, Hancock, 
NH 03449. Please put your address on the 
letter as well as on the envelope. Due to 
the high volume of letters, Jerry cannot 
guarantee a personal reply. 



482 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Anyone who pays 

$2395 for a terminal ought to 

have his head examined. 



Some people think our prices 
are mind-blowing. Until they learn 
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much sense they make for profes- 
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Take the Ann Arbor Guru™, for 
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To help you get ahead in your 
work, the Guru features an unpre- 
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The Guru display also shows 
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Of course, all this is in addition 
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standard coding. Pause and Meta 
functions. And incomparable data 
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Circle 28 on inquiry card. 



Finn RRBOR 

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Proofreader 42 



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17 

22 

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General Ledger w/AP . 305 
Payroll 275 

CDEX 

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CHARLES MANN 

Basic Teacher $ 30 

Teacher Plus 32 

Medical II 879 

Class Scheduling ... 299 



OMEGA 

Locksmith $ 75 

Inspector 47 

Watson 44 

PEACHTREE (CP/M) 

Peachpak40G/L + A/R 
+ A/P (Special) ... $259 

Series 40 
G/L. A/R. A/Pea. ... 195 

Inventory 225 

Series 9 

Peachcalc 279 

Telecommunications . 279 

PENGUIN SOFTWARE 

Complete Graphics . 
Graphics Magician . . 
Complete Graphics/ 
Apple Tablet .... 



53 
45 



86 



Special Effects 50 

SOFTECH 

Basic Compilers' 

Runtime $ 169 

Softeach 94 

UCSD p-system set . . 469 

Xenofile 39 



LOGO CORNER 

Krell Logo $ 75 

Abelson Book 15 

Terrapin Logo w/full documentation 115 



CONTINENTAL SOFTWARE 

Home Accountant . . .$ 55 

DOW JONES 

Market Analyzer . . . .$279 
Market Manager .... 240 
Microscope 569 

HAYDEN 
Piewriter $ 108 

HOWARD SOFTWARE 

Creative Financing . . . $ 145 
Real Estate Analyzer. . 145 

LINK SYSTEMS 

Datafax $Call 

Datalink 79 

MICROPRO 

Wordstar (Special) . . .$375 

(w/CP/M Card, 70 col. 

& 64K 
Infostar (Includes 

CP-M/70col/64K) . . 375 
Pro Pak 

(WS/MM/SS/index) . 399 
MICRO LAB 

Asset Manager $ 144 

Invoice Factory 144 

Payroll Manager .... 216 

Tax Manager 129 

WallStreeter 216 

MICROSOFT 

Cobol-80 $499 

Fortran-80 145 

TASC Compiler 125 

A.L.D.S 99 

Multiplan(DOS) 189 

484 BYTE September 1983 



SOFTWARE PUBLISHING 

PFS: File $ 94 

Graph 94 

Report 94 

SUPERSOFT 

Basic Tutor $ 79 

Fortran 325 

SYSTEMS PLUS (Z80 req.) 
Landlord 375 

VISICORP 

Visicalc (II or HE) ... .$179 
Visischedule 225 



CP/M 
SOFTWARE 



BYROM SOFTWARE 

•BSTAM $149 

•BSTMS 149 

COMPUVIEW 

•V-Edit 8080 Z80, IBM PCS 130 
•V-EditCP/M86, MS DOS 160 



DIGITAL RESEARCH 




•Pascal Mt + W/SP . . 


.$389 


MAC 


85 


SID (B080 Debugger) . 


. 68 


ZSID(Z80 Debugger) . 


. 90 


CP/M 2.2 




C Basic 2 


. 110 


PU1-80 




INFOCOM 




'Deadline 


.$ 39 


'Starcross 


. 32 


'Suspended 


. 39 



d-BASE II CORNER 

Ashton-Tate 


$ Call 




299 


FPL 


475 




225 


Human Soft 

dB Plus 


$ 99 


Fox & Geller 


$225 


DUtil 


60 


Software Banc 

d-Base II User's Guide: 
w/o d-Base II Purchase 

Anderson-Bell 

Abstat 


$ 15 

20 

$349 


Tylog Systems 


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•All above available on PC-DOS 



•Zorkl. II. Ill (each). ... 32 

LEXISOFT 

•Spellbinder $275 

MARK OF UNICORN 

•Final Word $239 

MICROPRO 

•WordStar $Call 

"InfoStar 275 

•Pro-Pack (WS/MM/SS 

Index) SCall 



NORTHWEST ANALYTICAL 
•Statpak $379 

OASIS 

•The Word Plus $120 

'Punctuation and Style . 99 

ORGANIC SOFTWARE 

'Datebook 

' Milestone 

PICKLES & TROUT 
CP/M for TRS-II $170 



irm 



PEACHTREE CORNER 

••PeachPak4(GL. AP.AR) $259 

• General Ledger / Accounts Payable / Accounts 
Receivable / Sales Invoicing / Inventory Control / 
PeachPay Payroll Each 399 

• Peachtext 160 

• Peachtext w/Random House Thesaurus 195 

• Spelling Proofreader 95 

• PeachCalc 90 

• Job Cost System 399 

• Client Posting & Accounting 399 

'• Graphics Language 275 

■• Business Grahic System 199 



MICROSOFT 

Basic 80 $249 

Basic Compiler 289 

Fortran 80 330 

Cobol80 499 

Macro 80 150 

MuMath/MuSimp. ... 194 

MuLisp/MuStar 156 

'Multiplan 198 

MICROSTUF 

■Crosstalk $135 



PRO/TEM SOFTWARE 
'Footnote $105 

REVASCO 

Z80 Disassembler ... $ 85 

SORCIM 

'Supercalcll $ 199 

Superwriter 
(W/Speller & Mailer) . 179 

SELECT 
Select Word Processor $ 356 



Formats Available* 

8" std. Altos Apple ll/lll. Cromenco. CP/M 86. Dec VT-80, Eagle. 
Heath/Zenith. Hewlett Packard 125. Micropolis/Vector Graphic. 
Northstar, Osborne, Otrona. Superbrain. Televideo. Xerox 820, 
'Some Format Subject to "Download" fee 



STAR COMPUTER SYSTEM 
G/L. A/R. A/P or Pay . . $ 350 

'Legal Time, Billing . . . 845 
Property Management. 845 

SUPERSOFT 

'Diagnostic II $ 90 

Disk Doctor 75 

•Fortran 4 305 

Basic-8086 225 

Lisp 120 

Z8000 Assembler .... 400 

C Cross Assembler . . 400 

'Scratchpad 219 



IBM/PC 



Please see CP/M 
listing. All products 
with a "*" in front 
will also run on 
PCDOS and are 
priced the same. 

ALPHA SOFTWARE 
Data Base Manager II .$169 

Mailing List 72 

Executive Package . . . 105 

Type Faces 99 

Question 35 

Apple — IBM 

Connection 130 

CENTRAL POINT 
Copy II PC $ 34 

CONDOR III $365 

CONTINENTAL 

Home Accountant . . .$ 99 

DIGITAL RESEARCH 
Concurrent CP/M 86 . .$225 

CP/M-86 50 

Cobol86 499 

Pascal MT + 86 w/SPP 375 

SPP86 150 

SID 86 113 

C Basic 86 135 

DOW JONES 

Market Analyzer . . . .$279 

ECOSOFT 

Microstat $230 

GRAPHIC SOFTWARE 
Super Chartman II . . .$299 
Super Chartman IV . . . 199 
Both 350 

LEXISOFT 
Spell Binder $259 

LIFETREE 
VolksWriter $ 135 

LOTUS 123 SCall 

PEACHTREE 
Please see listing 
under CP/M. 

Peachtext 5000 (Word pro- 
cessor, dictionary, spelling 
proofreader. PeachCalc elec- 
tronic spreadsheet, list 

Circle 338 on inquiry card. 



manager). FREE box of 5Vt" 
diskettes and $10 coupon for 
AccumPak (retail $525). 
All of the above $247 

SUPERSOFT 

CCompiler-80B6 ... .$350 

Star Edit 180 

Disk Edit 80 

Basic Compiler 325 

Fortran IV PC/DOS 

orB086 325 

8087 Support 40 

Diagnostics II 100 

Optimizer 149 

Personal Data Base . . 99 

Investment Tax Pac . . 160 

Scratch Pad 219 

SYSTEMS PLUS 

Landlord (prop, mgmt.) $375 
Runtime Basic 
(req'd for above) ... 45 
. . . and many more! 



APPLE/ 

FRANKLIN 

BOARDS 



ALSCP/MCard $299 

ALSSmarterm 249 

ALSZ-Cardll 142 

ABT Keypad 99 

AxlonRamdisk128K. . 299 

Bit3DualComm-plus . 209 
CCS 7710 Asynch Serial 119 



110 



East Side Wild Card 
M&R Sup'r terminal 

80col 

Microsoft 16K Ramcard 
Microsoft Softcard . . . 
Microsoft Softcard + . 
Microsoft Premium 

Softcard (He) 

Microtek Printer l/F . . 
Microtek Dumpling-16 . 
Microtek Dumpling-GX 
Mountain AD/DA . . . 
Mountain Music 

System w/Software . 
PCP 4 MHZ Appli-Card 

+ 88 Card 

PCP 88 Card 16 Bit + 

64K 

Prometheus Versacard 
Prometheus Graphitti 

Card 

SSM ASIO Serial l/F 

w/cable 

SSM AIO-2 4 Serial/ 

Parallel 

Street Echo II Speech 

Synth. l/F 129 

Tymac Parallel l/F 

w/cable 

Videx Display Enhancer 
Videx Display 

Enhancer II 

Videx Function Strip . . 
Videx Videoterm VT-600 



249 

72 

245 

429 

397 
75 
195 
119 
279 

299 

599 

475 
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99 

129 

179 



79 
109 



129 

69 

235 



Videx Ultraterm 299 

Wesper16K Ram Card 69 



IBM/PC 
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AST RESEARCH 

ComboPlus 64K 
ClockVCalendar, Serial & 
Parallel, l/F, Expandable 

to256K $287 

MegaPlus 64K, Clock/ 
Calendar, Serial Port, 
Expandable to 512K 

w/Megapak 287 

Extra ports available for 
Megapius and I/O Plus II 
includes Game, Parallel 

& Serial 35 

Megapak 256K upgrade 

for Megapius .... SCall 
I/O Plus II Clock/Calen- 
dar and Serial Port. . 118 



MONITORS 



Amdek Video 300A 

Amber $180 

Amdek RGB 520 

NEC 12" Hi-Res Green. 187 

Sanyo 12" Hi-Res Green 199 

USI Hi-Res 12" Amber . 169 

NEC JB-1260 Green . . 99 

PGS RGB Color $ Call 

NECJC-1203RGB ... 725 
Quadram Quadchrome $ Call 
Taxan 12" Amber 

Monitor 149 

Taxan 12" Green .... 136 

Taxan 12" Medium RGB 323 

Taxan 12" High RGB . . 512 
Taxan RGB Cable 

for PC 17 



MODEMS 



Corona 5 MG Hard Disk 1 ,560 
Corona 10 MG Hard . . 1,995 

CDC 1800 270 

Corvus $ Call 

Tall Grass $ Call 

Vista Solo 143K $ 259 

Vista Solo & Cntrlr ... 329 
Want Slim Line & Cntrlr 299 
Want Dual Slim Line & 
Cntrlr 529 



BYAD DS-II 

(64K, Z80, CP/M) . 



$599 



MAYNARD ELECTRONICS 

Floppy Drive Controller $185 
Floppy Drive Controller 

w/Parallel or Serial 

Port 

Sandstar Memory Card 

— 3 modules cap. . 
Sandstar Multifunction 

Card — 6 modules 



249 



194 



cap 

Sandstar Modules 



. 93 
. SCall 



QUADRAM 
Quadboard 64K, Clock/ 

Calendar, Serial & 

Parallel Ports. 

Software $296 

Microfazer Stack Printer 
Buffer (expandable to 512K) 

• Parallel/Parallel 8K ... 145 

• Parallel/Parallel 64K . . 188 

• Serial/Parallel 8K .... 170 

• Serial/Serial 8K 189 

Quadlink 64K Memory, 
Game port allows Apple 
Software to run 

on IBM/PC. . . . SCall 

TECMAR Products .... $ Call 

XEDEJOMICROLOG 
Baby Blue $475 

TALL TREE 
512K JRAM Mem. 

Board $699 



Novation Apple-Cat II . 
Hayes Micromodem II . 

Anchor Mark I 

Anchor Mark VII 

Hayes Smartmodem 

300 

Hayes Smartmodem 

1200 

Hayes Chronograph . . 
Novation 212 Auto-Cat. 
US Robotics Auto-Dial 

(full auto 300/1 200). . 
US Robotics Auto-Link 

(auto answer 

300/1200) 

US Robotics Password 



299 
84 
129 

$205 

509 
189 
585 

459 



379 
395 



r » 
PRINTERS 




C. Itoh Startwriter . . . . 


1,350 


C.ltohProwriterB510 . 


425 


C. Itoh Prowriter 1550 . 


725 


NEC 3550 


$ Call 


NEC8023A 


475 


Okidata Microline82A 


450 


OkldataMicroline83A 


675 


Okidata Microline 92 . . 


525 


IDS Prism 80 






1,399 


IDS Prism 132 




(w/4 options) 


1,547 


IDSMicroPrism 


565 


Silver-Reed 




Daisy Wheel 


$ Call 


Star Micronics 




Gemini 10X 


325 


Star Micronics 




Gemini 15 


4B9 


GE Printers 


S Call 


Epson FX-80 


599 


TranstarT-130-P. . . . 


725 


TranstarT-315P Color 


519 


Mannesman Tally 




MT160 


549 



. . and much more. 



TELECOMMUNICATIONS CORNER 

***SPECIAL*** 

Hayes Smartmodem 1200/Hayes Smartcom II Software 

AST I/O Plus II Clock Calendar and Serial Port $695 

Above w/Smartmodem 300 415 

Hayes Smartmodem 1200 & Smartcom II Software 579 



DISK DRIVES 



TandonTM-55-2 . . . . 
TandonTM-100-2 . . . 
Davong DSI-501 Hard 
Davong DSI-51 2 Hard 
Davong DSI-519 Hard 



$275 

240 

$ Call 

$ Call 

$ Call 



DISPLAY CARDS CORNER 

Hercules Graphics Board $369 

Orchid Monochrome Graphic Adapter 432 

Plantronlcs Colorplus 389 

USI Display Card (color/monochrome) $ Call 

Amdek MAI Card $ Call 

Tecmar Graphic Master $ Call 



DISKETTES 



3M5" DSDDBox . . . . $ 31 
BASF 5" DSDDBox . . 37 
Maxell 5" DS DD 

MD2B0X 40 

Verbatim 5" DS DD Box 35 
Ultra Magnetics 5" DS, 

DD, Bonus Box 

(12 diskettes) 35 



We offer the follow- 
ing complete systems 
w/full support on our 
technical line . . . 



Please: 

■ Wisconsin residents — add 5% for sales tax. 

• Add S3. 50 for shipping per software and light items. 
For multiple and other items, call. 

• Foreign — add 15% handling & shipping for prepayment. 
(Int'l money order) 

• Prices subject to change without notice. 

■ All items subject to availability. 

Store prices are strictly retail. 



ORYX SYSTEMS, INC. 

205 Scott St. • P.O. Box 1961 
Wausau, Wl 54401 



We welcome: 

• Visa, Mastercharge & American Express — (Add 4%) 

• Checks (Allow 1-2 weeks for clearing) 

• COD (Add $2.00 per shipment — Cash or certified check 
required) 

Working Hours: Mon.- Th. 8:30 - 5:30 • Fri 8:30 - 6:30 • 
Sat. 10:00 • 2:00 • Central Time 

For technical information & in Wisconsin: 
715-848-2322 



• Franklin 1000 & 1200 

• Corona 

• NEC APC & 8800 

• Columbia 

• Televideo 

. . . please call. 



PLOTTERS 



Enter P100 Sweet P 

Apple/Franklin, 

IBM/PC $ 599 

Strobe M100 Plotter 

w/l/F Apple/Franklin. 499 
Strobe M100 Plotter 

(RS232) 539 

Panasonic Digital 

Plotter $ Call 



Miscellaneous 



140 



200 



259 



Symtec Light Pen 

IBM/PC 

Symtec High Pen 

Apple/Franklin . . . 
TG Joystick Apple/ 

Franklin 

TG Joystick IBM/PC . 
Versa VersaWriter 

Tablet IBM/PC, 

Apple/Franklin . . . 
Mouse Systems PC 

Mouse 269 

Wico Analog Joystick . 59 
Wico Apple Adapter . . 18 
Wico IBM/PC l/F Card . 52 
Keytronic Keyboard 

IBM/PC 209 

Keytronic Keyboard 

Apple/Franklin .... 249 
Curtis PC Products ... $ Call 
Electronic Protection 

Series . . . $ Call 



CP/M is a registered 
trademark of Digital 
Research. IBM and the IBM 
logo are registered 
trademarks of International 
Business Machines. Apple 
and the Apple logo are 
registered trademarks of the 
Apple Computer Company. 
Franklin and the Franklin 
logo are trademarks of the 
Franklin Computer Company. 






sP& 



Int'l. Telex — 260181 
ORYX SYS WAU 



*s*fs 









flS? 



0L± 



O^ 



v ..«■■■■■■■■■■■ ■■■ 




Circle 338 on inquiry card. 



BYTE September 1983 485 



Book Reviews 



The Handbook 
of Artificial 
Intelligence, 
Volume 2 

Avron Barr and Edward 
Feigenbaum, eds. 
William Kaufman Inc. 
Los Altos, CA, 1982 
428 pages, S35 

Reviewed by 
Henry W. Davis 

The Handbook of Artificial 
Intelligence, a three-volume 
overview of artificial intelli- 
gence (AI), presents basic AI 
accomplishments and tech- 
niques so that people need 
not be specialists in the field 
to understand them. Volume 
2 (discussed here) covers AI 
programming languages, AI 
applications to science, 
medicine, and education, 
and automatic programming. 



(For a review of volume 1, see 
the July issue, page 450. Vol- 
ume 3 will be reviewed at a 
later date.) 

Volume 2's extensive bib- 
liography (through early 
1981) provides direction to 
basic material as well as 
research papers and is useful 
for novices and experts alike. 
The articles are carefully 
edited and work together 
quite well. Elaborate cross- 
referencing lets you skip to a 
specific topic of interest. 

Languages 

AI programming lan- 
guages, the first topic in 
volume 2, have been heavily 
influenced by LISP, the 
dominant AI programming 
language today. It is therefore 
appropriate that the authors 
devote considerable effort to 
explaining the useful features 
of this language. Other in- 



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plus 



fluential languages covered 
are PLANNER, CONMVER, 
QLISP, SAIL, POP-2, and 
FUZZY. PROLOG and LISP- 
machines are not discussed. 

Early programming lan- 
guages dealt mainly with 
useful ways to process nu- 
merical data. In contrast, 
LISP was developed to 
manipulate symbolic expres- 
sions, making it more suit- 
able for the needs of AI pro- 
gramming. 

LISP has endured as an 
important tool over the years 
for a number of reasons. 
First, its main data structure 
consists of multilevel lists, 
providing LISP with a pow- 
erful and flexible way to rep- 
resent complicated knowl- 
edge, and LISP allows lists to 
change in structure and size 
during program execution. 
Furthermore, LISP's em- 
phasis on recursion allows it 
to simplify the handling of 
many problems. 

The control structure of 
LISP consists primarily of 
function composition. One 
effect is to encourage interac- 
tive development of compli- 
cated programs. Functions 
are easily replaced or en- 
hanced on the spot. 

LISP programs and data 
have the same syntax. Pro- 
grams may pass other pro- 
grams as data or read pro- 
grams from a database. Such 
data may be executed by the 
receiving program because 
LISP supports a primitive 
function that is itself a LISP 
interpreter. Programs may 
construct other programs 
(and run them) and analyze 
other programs, or them- 
selves. 

In PLANNER, a program's 
statements consist of 
"theorems" that describe 
strategies for achieving cer- 
tain goals given a set of pre- 
conditions. Theorems also 
give contingency plans if spe- 
cified situations arise. When 
a program is run, PLANNER 



searches through its database 
of assertions and theorems, 
attempting to solve a user- 
specified goal. 

CONNIVER and QLISP 
extend this to give the user 
more control over the search 
process. QLISP's capabilities 
include resolution-based 
theorem proving, a powerful 
inference technique. 

FUZZY allows the user to 
associate certainty values to 
assertions in the database. 
These numbers are manipu- 
lated as goals are sought 
from the database. Final con- 
clusions also have measures 
of certainty associated with 
them. 

Expert Systems 

Expert systems (ESs) are 
programs that help solve 
complex, real-world prob- 
lems in such areas as science, 
engineering, and medicine, 
thus minimizing the need for 
expensive human help. They 
work with large amounts of 
domain knowledge (facts and 
procedures, gleaned from 
human experts, that have 
proved useful in certain 
specialties) and several of 
these systems have a level of 
expertise comparable to or 
exceeding that of a good 
human professional. 

The Handbook devotes a 
chapter each to ESs in 
science, medicine, and edu- 
cation. In no other single 
source can you find such a 
comprehensive overview of 
ES technology. Articles in 
these chapters cover note- 
worthy systems in each do- 
main. Each article attempts to 
describe the problem, the 
knowledge used to solve it, 
the AI methods that were 
used to represent and manip- 
ulate that knowledge, the 
level of expertise obtained, 
and future prospects for the 
program and those methods. 
A large variety of systems are 
described, usually with great 
clarity. (You may find it help- 



486 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 







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Book Reviews, 



ful to read the material on 
search and knowledge repre- 
sentation in volume 1 before 
reading the ES articles.) 

Science and Engineering 

Science and engineering 
have historically been a 
favorite application domain 
for expert systems. The Hand- 
book describes systems in 
chemistry, geology mathe- 
matics, and database man- 
agement. To give the flavor of 
the text, 111 discuss two of the 
chemical applications. 

Current ES technology 
evolved from the DENDRAL 
project, started at Stanford 
University in 1965. The pro- 
ject was intended to show 
that algorithmic procedures 
that produce results ex- 
haustively and at enormous 
expense could be augmented 
by the heuristic knowledge of 
experts to produce similar 
results at a fraction of the 
cost. From this highly suc- 
cessful project scientists 
isolated some key questions 
for what soon became ES 
technology: How does one 
obtain from human experts 
the large amounts of knowl- 
edge needed to simulate their 
expertise? How does one 
represent this knowledge? 
What are effective ways to 
manipulate and control the 
use of this knowledge? 

Input to DENDRAL con- 
sists of the atomic constitu- 
ents of a molecule along with 
mass spectrometric data.- 
This information describes 
how molecules of a particular 
substance fragment when 
they are subject to intense 
heat. DENDRAL's output is a 
ranked list of possible struc- 
tures for the molecule. Such 
information is extremely 
useful in many chemical ap- 
plications but typically re- 
quires many man-hours of 
effort by experienced chem- 
ists. 

In DENDRAL, expert 
knowledge about interpret- 
ing mass spectrums is repre- 



sented in rules, which are 
statements in the form "if a 
is true then take action b." 
Rules are used to build con- 
straints on the set of mole- 
cular structures that might 
have produced the mass 
spectrum data. After a can- 
didate list of molecular struc- 
tures is generated, more 
rules are used to simulate or 
test the mass spectrum of 
each candidate so the list 
may be pruned and properly 
ranked. Many aspects of the 
DENDRAL program became 
common ingredients in later 
ESs: especially the "generate 
and test" paradigm and the 
use of rules to represent so- 
phisticated human knowl- 
edge. 

Another fascinating pro- 
gram that uses rules to repre- 
sent complicated knowledge 
is Gelemter's SYNCHEM, 
developed at State Universi- 
ty of New York at Stony 
Brook. The input to SYN- 
CHEM is the structure of an 
organic molecule. The pro- 
gram seeks a sequence of re- 
actions useful to the labora- 
tory or industrial chemist for 
synthesizing the input mole- 
cule. A typical synthesis 
route consists of a chain of 3 
to 20 reactions beginning 
with readily available com- 
pounds. Reactions are repre- 
sented as rules. Starting with 
the goal molecule, rules are 
applied backwards in a 
heuristic search for shelf 
compounds. Finding work- 
able synthesis routes is com- 
plicated for humans. Gelern- 
ter has had some success in 
automating it and his work 
looks very promising. 

Medicine 

Nearly a score of medical 
AI systems have been built 
since the mid-1970s; the 
Handbook surveys seven. 
Most of these systems focus 
on medical diagnosis. Typi- 
cally the physician enters a 
patient's symptoms, labora- 
tory data, and other findings 



in a dialogue with the com- 
puter. The ES infers a likely 
disease or combination of 
diseases, often explaining its 
reasoning. In some cases 
therapy is recommended. To- 
day's systems operate in nar- 
row areas of medicine such 
as bacterial infection or 
aspects of internal medicine. 
Some of them have received 
very favorable ratings com- 
pared with human experts. 
In addition to diagnostic 
systems, ESs have been built 
for other medical purposes, 
such as drug-regimen deter- 
mination. 

The design techniques of 
AI medical systems vary con- 
siderably. Most of the knowl- 
edge-representation schemes 
described in volume 1 of the 
Handbook occur in one system 
or another. Search proce- 
dures are exhaustive rather 
than heuristic because of the 
small size of the databases 
and the potentially serious 
consequences of missing 
applicable information. 

The items of knowledge 
used in medical reasoning 
are often, in fact, judg- 
ments. There may be com- 
peting evidence for and 
against a certain hypothesis. 
AI systems deal with this by 
attaching "weights" or "cer- 
tainty factors" to information. 
For example, weights may be 
numbers between -1 and 
+ 1 where - 1 means "known 
to be false" and +1 means 
"known to be true." Rules for 
combining weights are ap- 
plied when the system must 
reason with uncertain knowl- 
edge. A hypothesis will be 
viewed as true when its 
weight exceeds some speci- 
fied threshold. 

Only one AI diagnostic 
system is reported to be in 
routine clinical use. However, 
several appear to be close to 
this stage. To account for this 
lack of use, many observers 
claim that physicians will not 
use computer diagnostic aids 
when they feel they are al- 



ready performing adequate- 

iy- 

Education 

Programs that interact 
directly with students in an 
effort to promote and control 
learning in a particular sub- 
ject are called computer 
aided instruction (CAI) and 
have their roots in the 1960s. 
In the first such programs, 
the student was typically 
given some instructional text 
(possibly on line) and then 
asked brief questions about 
it. The student's answers de- 
termined what further ques- 
tions and text would be 
presented. The courseware 
author attempted to antici- 
pate all patterns of wrong 
responses and use them to 
specify branches to appropri- 
ate remedial material. Some 
very sophisticated systems 
use this technique. 

AI ideas of the 1970s have 
led to work on much more 
ambitious systems called 
knowledge-based or intelli- 
gent CAI (ICAI) programs. 
Such systems have three 
main components. The exper- 
tise module generates prob- 
lems and evaluates the cor- 
rectness of the student's solu- 
tions. In some cases this 
module reasons much like a 
conventional noneducational 
ES. The student model module 
maintains a representation of 
how well the student under- 
stands the skills being 
taught, plus related informa- 
tion (for example, student 
goals or what he or she tends 
to forget). The tutoring module 
integrates information from 
the other modules with 
teaching strategies to affect 
the learning process. 

The Handbook describes 
eight ICAI systems in such 
varied areas as geography, 
medicine, electronics, pro- 
gramming, arithmetic, and 
university-level logic. In addi- 
tion to their potential useful- 
ness, these systems provide 
striking insight into the 



488 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



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Book Reviews. 



teaching-learning processes. 

Automatic Programming 

Automatic programming 
(AP) refers to a program or 
system of programs that en- 
able users to specify a pro- 
gramming task to the com- 
puter on a very high level. 
This may mean that only the 
desired effect of the program 
is described (or partially 
described), or the intended 
effect and some of the meth- 
odology is specified. AP aims 
to allow the programmer to 
specify the task much the 
same way a manager speci- 
fies a task to a programmer. 

At the foundation of AP is 
the idea that the program 
should know both the prob- 
lem domain and the prin- 
ciples of programming so 
well that it can fill in the 
details. An ideal AP system 
should provide an efficient, 
correct program. Because 



much of today's software is 
costly and unreliable, the 
benefits of such goals are un- 
questionable. 

Some impressive AP sys- 
tems have been written with- 
in restricted problem do- 
mains. For example, George 
Heidorn's NLPQ program 
determines the specifications 
for queuing problem simula- 
tions via an English dialogue 
with the user. It outputs pro- 
grams written in GPSS. Sys- 
tems with larger problem do- 
mains (for example, non- 
numeric programming) are 
much less understood. In to- 
day's technology such sys- 
tems work on only short pro- 
grams in a few subclasses of 
their intended domain. We 
are a long way from being 
able to write an operating 
system via AP. 

AP research falls into two 
major areas. One covers the 
specification problem, which is 




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concerned with translating 
partial or ambiguous user in- 
put into complete and unam- 
biguous specifications. A ma- 
jor obstacle to applying AP 
concepts to complex prob- 
lems is determining a speci- 
fication language that is easy 
to work with but forces users 
to be complete, consistent, 
and unambiguous. Such for- 
mal methods do not seem to 
reflect the way humans 
usually understand and de- 
scribe programs. Some ex- 
perimental systems have 
dealt with this by allowing 
users to describe their pro- 
grams via some or all of the 
following: sample input- 
output pairs, traces (descrip- 
tions of how certain data 
structures change when cer- 
tain decisions are made), 
English, and mixed-initiative 
English dialogue with the 
system. These are called in- 
formal specification meth- 
ods. Systems using them 
must have knowledge of the 
problem domain and of pro- 
gramming concepts in order 
to make the transformation 
into complete specifications. 
The other major area of AP 
research, the synthesis prob- 
lem, is concerned, with gen- 
erating the target program 
once a complete and unam- 
biguous description of the 
specifications has been ob- 
tained. Several approaches 
have been undertaken. One 
of these is illustrated by the 
PECOS and LIBRA modules 
within Cordell Green's PSI 
system at Stanford Universi- 
ty. PECOS contains hun- 
dreds of rules that may be 
applied to a program speci- 
fication. Each rule alters the 
program, to varying extents, 
producing a refinement. 
Rules applied to refinements 
produce further refinements. 
By successive application of 
rules, PECOS attempts to 
move the original program 
specification into a target- 
language implementation. A 
rule may be applied only if its 



"if condition" matches some 
part of the current refine- 
ment. Of course, sometimes 
several rules apply. This 
method generates a tree of 
refinements rooted in the 
original specifications. 
PECOS expands leaf nodes 
in that tree in its searach for 
an implementation. 

LIBRA, whose knowledge 
is also based on rules, 
analyzes and guides the 
development of the refine- 
ment tree to achieve an effi- 
cient implementation. Plausi- 
ble implementation rules tell 
what type of data structures 
to use. Cost analysis rules 
estimate (with certainty fac- 
tors) the expected efficiency 
of an implementation ob- 
tained by successive refine- 
ments of a given node. Other 
rules describe when to shift 
attention to different nodes 
in the tree. 

The PSI system has been 
successful with a number of 
short programs in certain 
areas of nonnumeric com- 
puting. 

Conclusion 

No book is perfect, and 
volume 2 of the Handbook 
does have a few problems. 
Some articles on overlapping 
topics do not mesh well, and 
sometimes examples are not 
clear. I found five references 
in the text whose entries are 
missing from the bibliog- 
raphy. (The bibliography con- 
tains nearly 400 items.) 

Overall, these problems 
are trivial and may be cor- 
rected when the Handbook is 
updated. Like Volume 1, this 
volume succeeds in explain- 
ing AI in a way that is useful 
to both novice and expert. 
Doubtless the Handbook will 
become a basic AI refer- 
ence. ■ 



Henry W. Davis is a professor of 
computer science at Wright State 
University, Dayton, OH 45435. 



490 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



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Book Reviews 



Starting FORTH 

Leo Brodie 

Prentice-Hall Inc. 

Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 

1981 

348 pages 

softcover, $17.95 

hardcover, S 22.95 

Reviewed by 
Thomas Clune 

Any examination of 
FORTH quickly leads to 
Starting FORTH, written by 
Leo Brodie, a technical writer 
for FORTH Inc. (the Poly- 
FORTH people) and editor of 
FORTH Dimensions, the 
FORTH Interest Group pub- 
lication. Starting FORTH is 
the only widely recommend- 
ed book specifically on the 
language for two reasons. 
First, the book is authorita- 
tive and comprehensive; sec- 
ond, it has no real competi- 
tion. 

This is a serious and sub- 
stantial work, but the first 
thing you notice is Brodie's 
cartoon illustrations through- 
out. What are they doing 
there? Alas, the answer is 
"Nothing." The line drawings 
do not help the reader at all. 
In fact, they are merely dis- 
tractions. Similarly, Brodie 
suffers from the apparently 
universal characteristic of 
FORTH programmers, a pro- 
pensity toward obvious 
puns. 

Despite these irritations, 
the book is impressive. En- 
cyclopedic in scope, it lists 
and illustrates the use of 
every standard FORTH word 
and catalogs differences be- 
tween FORTH dialects. As 
you'd expect from the 
author's background, the 
unique features of Poly- 
FORTH are especially well 
documented. Brodie clearly 
explains the reasons for 
deviations from and addi- 
tions to the FORTH-79 stan- 
dard. I particularly appreciat- 
ed this feature; such explana- 



tions are unfortunately rare. 
Further, the book is loaded 
with excellent hints and ad- 
vice on working with 
FORTH. It also includes 
clear, brief expositions of 
such key FORTH concepts as 
factoring. 

It includes much more, but 
that's the problem. By doing 
a bit of everything, Starting 
FORTH fails to do anything 
properly. It could be un- 
bundled into two or three 
very good books on FORTH, 
but as a combination oper- 
ator's manual, tutorial intro- 
duction, and programmer's 
handbook, it has no focus. 
The book's tone is predom- 
inantly tutorial, but it is too 
comprehensive to be a good 
FORTH tutorial. Yet as a 
reference book, it suffers 
from the tutorial motif. And 
it is indexed in the manner of 
a FORTH reference man- 
ual—by FORTH words only. 
As a result, if you're trying to 
track down that handy hint 
on loading a stubborn block, 
you won't get any help from 
the index. 

Brodie appears to have 
tried to fill the void of 
published material on 
FORTH with this one book. 
The result is that the reader 
is more impressed with 
Brodie's understanding of 
FORTH than educated by his 
book. Not that the book is 
poorly written— in general, 
each subject is explained 
clearly and well. The prob- 
lem is with the organization 
of the whole. The book 
needs a major editing job to 
give it focus, and it desper- 
ately needs a real index. 
Nonetheless, if you want to 
learn FORTH, you will need 
this book.H 



Thomas Clune is physical- 
chemistry laboratory coordinator for 
the Chemistry Department of 
Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 
02154. 



494 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 129 on inquiry card. 






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It's got all the bases covered. 



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For the authorized HP dealer or HP sales 
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Books Received 



American National Standard 
Pascal Computer Programming 
Language. New York: Institute 
of Electrical and Electronics 
Engineers Inc., 1983; 128 
pages, 18 by 26 cm, hard- 
cover, ISBN 0-471-88944-X, 
$17.95. 

An Apple for the Teacher, 
Fundamentals of Instructional 
Computing, George Culp and 
Herbert Nickles. Monterey, 
CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing 
Co., 1983; 256 pages, 18.5 by 
23.3 cm, softcover, ISBN 
0-534-01378-3, $15.95. 

Apple Machine Language, 
Robert D. Rosen. New York: 
Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 
1983; 256 pages, 18.8 by 23.3 
cm, softcover, ISBN 0-03- 
063336-2, $19.95. 

Atari Programming with 55 
Programs, Linda M. Schreiber. 
Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Tab 
Books, 1982; 254 pages, 19.5 
by 23.3 cm, softcover, ISBN 
0-8306-1485-0, $13.95. 

BASIC for Business for the 
VAX and the PDP-11, 2nd ed., 
Val Silbey and Alan J. Parker. 
Reston, VA: Reston Publish- 
ing Co., 1983; 272 pages, 18 
by 24 cm, hardcover, ISBN 
0-8359-0358-3, $21.95. 

BASIC Exercises for the Atari, 
J. P. Lamoitier. Berkeley, CA: 
Sybex, 1983; 272 pages, 17.8 
by 22.8 cm, softcover, ISBN 
0-89588-101-2, $12.95. 

BASIC Programming Primer, 
2nd ed., Mitchell Waite and 
Michael Pardee. Indianap- 
olis, IN: Howard W. Sams & 
Co., 1982; 378 pages, 14.8 by 
22.8 cm, spiral-bound, ISBN 
0-672-22014-8, $17.95. 

Before You Buy a Computer, 
Dona Z. Meilach. New York: 
Crown Publishers Inc. (One 
Park Ave.), 1983; 224 pages, 
18.5 by 22.8 cm, softcover, 
ISBN 0-517-54733-3, $8.95. 

CDP Review Manual: Data 
Processing Handbook, 3rd ed., 
Kenniston W. Lord Jr. New 
York: Van Nostrand Rein- 
hold, 1983; 512 pages, 21 by 
27.8 cm, softcover, ISBN 
0-442-26087-3, $29.95. 



Choosing a Word Processor, 
Phillip I. Good. Reston, VA: 
Reston Publishing Co., 1982; 
209 pages, 15.5 by 23.8 cm, 
hardcover, ISBN 0-8359-0761- 
9, $18.95. 

COMAL Handbook, Len 
Lindsay. Reston, VA: Reston 
Publishing Co., 1983; 336 
pages, 17 by 23.5 cm, spiral- 
bound, ISBN 0-8359-0878-X, 
$18.95. 

Computer Network Architec- 
tures, Anton Meijer and Paul 
Peeters. Rockville, MD: Com- 
puter Science Press Inc., 
1983; 418 pages, 15 by 23.5 
cm, hardcover, ISBN 
0-914894-41-2, $27.95. 

Concise Encyclopedia of Infor- 
mation Technology, Adrian V. 
Stokes. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: 
Prentice-Hall, 1983; 288 
pages, 22.8 by 15.3 cm, soft- 
cover, ISBN 0-13-167205-3, 
$9.95. 

Design and Analysis of Soft- 
ware Systems, Alan Daniels 
and Don Yeates, eds. Prince- 
ton, NJ: Petrocelli Books, 
1983; 270 pages, 13.8 by 21 cm, 
softcover, ISBN 0-89433-212- 
0, $15. 

Doing Business with Pascal, 
Richard Hergert and Douglas 
Hergert. Berkeley, CA: 
Sybex, 1983; 384 pages, 17.8 
by 22.8 cm, softcover, ISBN 
0-89588-091-1, $16.95. 

The Elements ofCAL, David 
Godfrey and Sharon Ster- 
ling. Reston, VA: Reston Pub- 
lishing Co., 1982; 296 pages, 
15.3 by 22.8 cm, softcover, 
ISBN 0-8359-1700-2, $16.95. 

From Baker Street to Binary, 
Henry Ledgard, E. Patrick 
McQuaid, and Andrew 
Singer. New York: McGraw- 
Hill, 1983; 296 pages, 13.8 by 
21.3 cm, softcover, ISBN 
0-07-036983-6, $10.95. 

Fundamentals of Computers 
and Data Processing with 
BASIC, Wilson T. Price. New 
York: Holt, Rinehart and 
Winston, 1983; 448 pages, 19 
by 22.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 
0-03-063231-5, $21.95. 

Graphics Referral Catalog, 



3rd ed. Engineering Systems 
Group. Marlboro, MA: Digi- 
tal Equipment Corp., 1983; 96 
pages, softcover, 21 by 27 cm, 
ISBN-none, $5. 

How to Choose Your Small 
Business Computer, Mark Birn- 
baum and John Sickman. 
Reading, MA: Addison- 
Wesley, 1982; 158 pages, 18.8 
by 23.3 cm, softcover, ISBN 
0-201-10187-4, $9.95. 

How to Select Your Small 
Computer, Hillel Segal and 
Jesse Berst. Englewood Cliffs, 
NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1983; 208 
pages, 21.5 by 27.8 cm, soft- 
cover, ISBN 0-13-431320-8, 
$14.95. 

The Icon Programming 
Language, Ralph E. Griswold 
and Madge T. Griswold. 
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: 
Prentice-Hall, 1983; 333 
pages, 15.5 by 22.8 cm, soft- 
cover, ISBN 0-13-449777-5, 
$19.95. 

The Ins and Outs of the Timex 
TS WOO & ZX 81, Don 
Thomasson. Nashville, TN: 
Melbourne House Software 
Inc., 1983; 104 pages, 14 by 21 
cm, softcover, ISBN-none, 
$12.95. 

Inside Atari BASIC, Bill 
Carris. Reston, VA: Reston 
Publishing Co., 1983; 192 
pages, 17.5 by 23.5 cm, soft- 
cover, ISBN 0-8359-3082-3, 
$12.95. 
Introduction to Arithmetic for 
Digital Systems Designers, 
Shlomo Waser and Michael J. 
Flynn. New York: Holt, 
Rinehart and Winston, 1982; 
336 pages, 18 by 24 cm, hard- 
cover, ISBN 0-03-060571-7, 
$35.95. 

Introduction to Computers, 
Elias M. Awad. Englewood 
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 
1983; 512 pages, 17 by 23 cm, 
softcover, ISBN 0-13^79444-3, 
$19.95. 

Kids and Computers, The 
Parents' Microcomputer Hand- 
book, Eugene Galanter. New 
York: Perigee Books, 1983; 
192 pages, 17.8 by 23.5 cm, 
ISBN 0-399-50749-3, $7.95. 



Microcomputers in Small 
Business, Robert D. Randall. 
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: 
Prentice-Hall, 1982; 144 
pages, 17.3 by 23.3 cm, soft- 
cover, ISBN 0-13-580746-8, 
$8.95. 

Microprocessors for Man- 
agers, Ronald L. Krutz. 
Boston, MA: CBI Publishing 
Co. (286 Congress St.), 1983; 
148 pages, 16 by 24 cm, hard- 
cover, ISBN 0-8436-1610- 
5, $24.95. 

Microprocessors: Principles, 
Programming & Interfacing, 
Kenneth Muchow and Bill R. 
Deem. Reston, VA: Reston 
Publishing Co., 1983; 512 
pages, 18 by 24 cm, hard- 
cover, ISBN 0-8359-4383-6, 
$23.95. 

Pascal Under Unix, J.N. P. 
Hume and RC. Holt. Reston, 
VA: Reston Publishing Co., 
1983; 402 pages, 18 by 24 cm, 
hardcover, ISBN 0-8359- 
5446-3, $22.95. 

Pilgrim in the Micro World, 
David Sudnow. New York: 
Warner Books, 1983; 239 
pages, 14.5 by 22.5 cm, hard- 
cover, ISBN 0-446-51261-3, 
$15.50. 

Problem Solving with BASIC, 
Richard Dillman. New York: 
Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 
1983; 336 pages, 17.8 by 23.5 
cm, softcover, ISBN 0-03- 
061981-5, $19.95. 

Professional Programming 
Techniques— Starting with the 
BASICS, Richard Galbraith. 
Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Tab 
Books, 1982; 308 pages, 12.8 
by 20.8 cm, softcover, ISBN 
0-8306-0128-7, $10.95. 

Robot Motion: Planning and 
Control, Michael Brady, John 
M. Hollerbach, Timothy L. 
Johnson, Tomas Lozano- 
Perez, and Matthew T 
Mason, eds. Cambridge, 
MA: MIT Press, 1982; 608 
pages, 16 by 24 cm, hard- 
cover, ISBN 0-262-02182-X, 
$37.50. 

Scripsit Made Clear, J. S. 
Wilson. Felton, CA: Delegate 
Press (3 Kelldon Dr.), 1982; 96 



496 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



PRESENTING THE 
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The S100-PC by Lomas Data Products: 
Offering high performance at a "low" price. . . 
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The S100-PC is a cost effective high performance 
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The system offers the following standard features: 

■ Two 5 l A " double sided disk drives 
(640 Kbytes of storage) 

■ Two serial ports, Two parallel ports 

■ Battery protected clock calendar 

■ MS-DOS** operating system (others optional) 

■ 128KRAM. 

■ 8 MHZ 8088 processor (8087 optional) 

■ 15 slot SI 00 mother board 

■ Attractive desktop enclosure 

And, the S100-PC is diskette compatible with the IBM-PC and 
most programs will operate without any changes. Plus, with its 
SI 00 bus expansion capability. . . your system will never be 
outdated. 



LDP also offers a complete line of S100 bus board 
products & support for the system integrator . . . 



■ LIGHTNING ONE*** 8086/8088 CPU 

8086 or 8088, with 8087 and 8089 coprocessors. Up 
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2 serial, 2 parallel ports, battery protected clock 

calendar, Hard disk controller host interface 

PRICE $325.00 

■ LDP128/256K DYNAMIC RAM 

Advanced dynamic RAM with LSI controller 

for failsafe operation, parity. 

Price 128K - $495.00, 256K - $795.00 

■ RAM67 HIGH PERFORMANCE 
STATIC RAM High speed (100ns) low power CMOS 
static RAM. 128K bytes, extended addressing 

PRICE $1200.00 

■ LDP72 FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER 

Single/double density, single/double sided disks, 

both 8" and 5!4" inch drives simultaneously. 

PRICE $275.00 

■ LDP88 8088 SINGLE BOARD 
COMPUTER 8088 CPU, IK RAM, 8 K EPROM, 
Monitor RS232 serial port, 8 vectored inter- 
rupts PRICE $349.00 



*CP/M-86, MP/M-86 and CONCURRENT CP/M-86 are trademarks of Digital Research. 

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Circle 263 on inquiry card. 



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BYTE September 1983 497 



Books Received' 



pages with cassette, 21.5 by 
28 cm, softcover, ISBN-none, 
$16.95. 

The Software Catalog: Micro- 
computers, Spring 1983. New 
York: Elsevier Science 
Publishing Co. (52 Vanderbilt 
Ave.), 1983; 808 pages, 21.3 
by 27.8 cm, softcover, ISBN 
0-444-00745-8, $69. 

Standard Pascal User 
Reference Manual, Doug 
Cooper. New York: W. W. 
Norton & Co. Inc., 1983; 192 
pages, 19.8 by 23.5 cm, soft- 
cover, ISBN 0-393-30121-4, 
$12.95. 

Structured Cobol for 
Microcomputers, Keith Carver. 
Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole 
Publishing Co., 1983; 424 
pages, 21.5 by 27.8 cm, soft- 
cover, ISBN 534-01421-6, 
$17.95. 

Structured Problem Solving 
with Pascal, Lawrence 
Mazlack. New York: Holt, 
Rinehart and Winston, 1983; 
400 pages, 17.5 by 23.5 cm, 



softcover, ISBN 0-03-060153- 
3, $19.95. 

Talking Computers and Tele- 
communications, John A. 
Kuecken. New York: Van 
Nostrand Reinhold, 1983; 256 
pages, 15.5 by 23.5 cm, hard- 
cover, ISBN 0-442-24721-4, 
$26.50. 

Tutorials in Modern Com- 
munications (IEEE Com- 
munications Society), Victor 
B. Lawrence, Joseph L. 
LoCicero, and Laurence B. 
Milstein, eds. Rockville, MD: 
Computer Science Press, 
1983; 360 pages, 22 by 28.5 
cm, hardcover, ISBN 
0-914894-48-X, $33.95. 

VAX Basic, David Weinman 
and Barbara L. Kurshan. 
Reston, VA: Reston 
Publishing Co., 1983; 286 
pages, 17.8 by 24 cm, hard- 
cover, ISBN 0-8359-8239-4, 
$21.95. 

Vic Revealed, Nick Hamp- 
shire. Rochelle Park, NJ: 
Hayden Book Co., 1981; 284 



pages, 14.8 by 20.8 cm, soft- 
cover, ISBN-none, $12.95. 

Voice Technology, Edward R. 
Teja and Gary W. Gonnella. 



Reston, VA: Reston Publish- 
ing Co., 1983; 224 pages, 16 
by 23.8 cm, hardcover, ISBN 
0-8359-8417-6, $19.95.» 



This is a list of books received at BYTE Publications during this 
past month. Although the list is not meant to be exhaustive, its 
purpose is to acquaint BYTE readers with recently published titles 
in computer science and related fields. We regret that we cannot 
review or comment on all the books we receive; instead, this list is 
meant to be a monthly acknowledgment of these books and the 
publishers who sent them. 



BYTE's Bugs 



A Word of Caution 

Word has reached us that 
a bug may be lurking in list- 
ing 1 of James Folts's article 
"Cross-Reference Utility for 
IBM PC BASIC Programs" 
(August 1983 BYTE, page 
378). In this program, line 
numbers are stored in integer 
variables to speed up pro- 
cessing. This, however, limits 



the line numbers to values no 
greater than 32767. To handle 
larger lines with this utility, 
drop the percent sign (%) 
from the variables LINE. 
NO% and LINE.REF%. In 
line 6050 on page 382, change 
SPACE$(5) to SPACE$(6). 

Our thanks to James Folts 
for pointing out this poten- 
tial problem. ■ 



MicroScripf $99 

Slate of the Art Text Formatter 

■ extensible generic markup 

• multiline headers, footers, and footnotes 

• automatic widow and orphan suppression 

■ automatic section numbering 

• automatic bullet, number, and definition lists 

• floating and inline figures 

> left, center, right, or justify text alignment 

• left and right indention with delay and duration 

• bold, underscore, and proportional spacing 

• macros and symbols 

• multiple input files of unlimited size 
» direct printer control 

» format preview 

> IDS. Qume, Diablo. NEC, C.ITOH. and all TTY 

• table of contents, index (16 bit only) i^hm 

• multiple columns {16 bit only 

» conditional processing (16 bit only) Hiai 



MkroEd" $49 

Customizable Full Screen Editor 

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• scroll by line, half window, or full window 

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» read external files into current file 
» copy, move, and write blocks of text 
» insert, overlay, or wordwrap text 

■ all cursor addressable VDTs 



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ire trademarks Ot Digital Research. PC-DOS 



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RPPLCO* 

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Parallel card w/cable 

Z80 Plus 


69.95 
129.9S 





"THE OPERATOR" 300 band modem 
doesn't require serial card. Software and full 
documentation included. Interfaces with most 
communications software including AE PRO. 
Auto answer w/disconnect. 



149.95 



DRTR-RITC 

Corporation 

3086 Wheeling St. 

Aurora, CO SCOT \ 

(303) 366-5267 



Circle 305 on inquiry card. 



Circle 382 on inquiry card. 



Circle 132 on inquiry card. 



Introducing a sensible solution 
to the problems of dBASE II. 





dBASE II 


The Sensible Solution 


Records Per File 


65,535 


999,999 


Maximum Record Size 


1,024 bytes 


1,536 bytes 


Fields Per Record 


32 


384 


Key Fields Per File 


7 


10 


Number of Files 
Simultaneously Accessible 


2 


10 


Number of Screens Per Program 


Limited by 
system memory 


Limited only by 
system storage 


Data Dictionary 


No 


Yes 



We don't mean to debase dBASE II, but if 
you're looking for a data base manager that's long 
on features, dBASE II can come up a little short. 

For instance, a single dBASE II record can only 
contain 32 fields. And when you need to share 
information between one file and another, you can 
only access two at a time. 

So, as good as dBASE II is, its limitations can 
quickly paint you into an electronic corner. 

And that's why we created The Sensible Solution. 

Finally 
A sensational relational. 

Along with all the usual things you expect 
from a data base manager, The Sensible Solution lets 
you handle the kind of tough assignments that 
dBASE II can't: 

You can design data files with more than 300 
variables. You can create reports using 10 different 
files at once. You can even set up file locking for 
multi-user computers. 



Ready to get down to business. 

A data base manager without ready-to-run 
application programs is hardly worth the disk it's 
copied on. 

So, along with The Sensible Solution, you can 
also add The Sensible Solution Bookkeeper™ or 
Sensible Management™ our complete one-entry 
accounting and management system. 

They're both affordable. Business-tested. And 
supplied with source code so you can make your 
own modifications. 

A sensible trial offer. 

When you purchase The Sensible Solution, 
we'll send along a special trial disk that lets you create 
forms and enter a limited number of records. 
If, after 30 days, you're not satisfied, just return the 
unopened master system disk for a full refund. 

So why not take us up on our trial offer? You've 
got nothing to lose. 

Except the problems of dBASE II. 



The Sensible Solution 

To order, write or call: O'Hanlon Computer Systems, 11058 Main Street, Bellevue, WA 98004 USA, 

Phone (206) 454-2261. Prices: The Sensible Solution -$695, Sensible Solution Bookkeeper -$495, Sensible 

Management — $895. In Washington, add 6.5% state tax. VISA, Mastercard and dealer inquiries welcome. 

dBASE II is a registered trademark of Ashton-Tate Sensible Solution, Sensible Solution Bookkeeper and Sensible Solution Management are trademarks of O'Hanlon Computer Systems. Inc 

Circle 330 on inquiry card. byte September 1983 499 



■ 



Clubs and Newsletters 



For Occupational 
Therapists Only 

The Occupational Therapy 
Microcomputer Club is de- 
signed for computer users in 
occupational therapy adminis- 
tration, clinical practice, edu- 
cation, and research to share 
software and information. 
Members receive a subscrip- 
tion to the bimonthly Occupa- 
tional Therapy Microcom- 
puter Club Journal. Dues are 
$5; a sustaining membership is 
$20. For further information, 
write to Michael Weber, 
Occupational Therapy Micro- 
computer Club, 206 North 
Green St., Tuckerton, NJ 
08087, or call (609) 296-3056. 



IBM PC Users 
In Boca Raton 

A computerized bulletin 
board is available for meetings 
and business at the College of 
Boca Raton's South Florida 
IBM Personal Computer Users 
Group. Interested parties can 
contact Wyatt Bell, College of 
Boca Raton, 3601 North 
Military Trail, Boca Raton, FL 
33431, (305) 994-0770, ext. 83 
or ext. 14. 



Tidewater of 
Virginia Beach 

The Tidewater Commodore 
Users Group (TCUG) invites 
anyone interested in Com- 
modore computers or in com- 
puting to inquire further. 
Contact Tidewater Com- 
modore Users Group, 4917 
Westgrove Rd., Virginia 
Beach, VA 23455. 



Indianapolis Group 
for the IBM PC 

The IBM PC Users Group, 
a nonprofit organization, 
meets on the fourth Monday 
of each month at 7 p.m. at the 
Computerland store in India- 



napolis, Indiana. Members 
have access to a library of 
disks, books, and magazines 
as well as the information 
from monthly newsletters. In- 
dividual membership is $15; 
family memberships are $20. 
For more information, contact 
Davie Reed, IBM PC Users 
Group, POB 68271, Indianap- 
olis, IN 46268. 



Computers 
In the Legal Mode 

The Law School Computer 
Group (LSCG) of Dallas, 
Texas, keeps members in- 
formed about computer usage 
and advancement in the legal 
profession through articles in 
its quarterly newsletter, 
Dataline. A network is sup- 
ported. All people in the legal 
community, including stu- 
dents, alumni, and lawyers, 
are invited to join. Member- 
ship costs $5. Contact the Law 
School Computer Group, 
Southern Methodist Univer- 
sity School of Law, Dallas, 
TX 75275. 



NCR Users Form 
Global Cooperative 

NCR World is an indepen- 
dent cooperative of NCR 
users. The organization pro- 
vides such services as tech- 
nical and software exchanges, 
product reviews, and a jour- 
nal called the NCR Monthly. 
Membership is $92 in the 
U.S.; foreign rates vary. For 
further details, contact NCR 
World Inc., POB 399, Cedar 
Park, TX 78613, or call (512) 
250-9023. 



Smart Users Group 

The Santa Monica Area 
TRS-80 Users Group (SMAR- 
TUG) meets on the third 
Wednesday of each month at 
7 p.m. at the Senior Citizens 
Center in Santa Monica, 



California. For further details, 
contact SMARTUG, 1433 
11th St. #3, Santa Monica, 
CA 90401, or call (213) 
394-5997. 



Long Live Folkllfe 

The Folklife Terminal Club, 
a Commodore users group, 
maintains a software library 
of more than 5000 public- 
domain programs. Any inter- 
ested Commodore owners and 
users can contact the Folklife 
Terminal Club by writing to 
POB 2222, Mount Vernon, 
NY 10551. 



Focus on Basis 

A national users group has 
been formed for the Basis 
computer. Participants will 
share knowledge and skills. 
For information, contact Ms. 
Barbara Thomas, Suite 320, 
100 Almeria Ave., Coconut 
Grove, FL 33134. 



Transportation 
Communication 

Users of Personal Com- 
puters in Transportation 
(UPCIT) is a group that ex- 
plores the use of computers in 
analyzing, graphing, or 
transmitting data related to 
transportation operations, 
rates, costs, or markets. For 
further details, contact Arthur 
Todd, Lincoln Electric Co., 
22801 St. Clair Ave., 
Cleveland, OH 44117, or call 
(216) 481-8100. 



Midwestern Chronicle 

The Greater Cleveland PC 
Users Group produces a news- 
letter, PC Chronicles, and 
meets the first Saturday of 
every month at 2 p.m. at the 
Beachwood Public Library in 
Beachwood, Ohio. Anyone 
interested is invited to attend 



meetings designed to educate 
members in the capabilities of 
the IBM PC and similar 
microcomputers. Membership 
dues are $15 a year and in- 
clude access to a book and 
magazine library and public- 
domain software. Newsletter 
exchanges with other groups 
are welcome. An online 
bulletin board is planned. For 
information, contact Roy Mc- 
Cartney, 30704 Royalview 
Dr., Willowick, OH 44094, or 
call (216) 944-5173. 



For Users 
of the Tl PPX-59 

Users of the Texas Instru- 
ments TI-58/59 can join an 
independent club dedicated to 
the use of Tl-manufactured 
hand-held computers and cal- 
culators. The club produces a 
newsletter, TI PPC Notes, and 
welcomes all former members 
of the Tl-supported PPX-59 
club. Membership is $25 a 
year and includes the news- 
letter. Contact PPC Publica- 
tions, POB 1421, Largo, FL 
34294. 



North Star Notes 
Via Polaris 

The North Star Computer 
Society (NSCS) produces a 
monthly newsletter, Polaris, 
that is dedicated to exchang- 
ing information about North 
Star computers, software, and 
peripherals. The group of pro- 
fessionals and hobbyists meets 
on the third Wednesday of 
each month at 7:30 p.m. Dues 
are $24 a year. For details, 
write to NSCS, POB 311, 
Seattle, WA 98111. 



Computers In Schools 

The Timex /Sinclair Educa- 
tors' Users Group of Texas 
Wesleyan College, in coopera- 
tion with Timex Computer 



500 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 




Our Products are 

compatible with Apple; 

Franklin ; and other Apple 

^ compatibles. 



Disk 
Drives 



^ 




Half-high, contemporary slim line 
styling, quick disconnect cable, 
whisper quiet operation, fast 12 MS 
step rate. 



Drive only, w/cable & 
documentation (#0416) 

Drive, w/controller, 
cable & DOS (#0419) 



$299 
$ 399 



95 



95 




High 

Res 

Monitors 

Stylish, 12 inch anti-fatigue screen, 
1000 line resolution, low power 
consumption, composite video. 



Green phosper 
monitor & cable (#0432) 

Amber phosper 
monitor & cable (#0433) 



$17995 
$ 189 95 



cooling System/ 
Power Monitor 



Fits computer or monitor stand, 2 
surge suppressed grounded power 
outlets & single illuminated switch 
control of system 



! 




*79 



95 



Cooling system/ 
power monitor (#0414) 

Arcade Quality 
joystick 

steel case for durability and weight 
stability, self centering control, 2 
micro switch buttons, variable rate 
response 




Professional joystick & $CQ95 
cable (#0431) QS7 



Send coupon and proof of purchase from your dealer to WTI — Allow 4 weeks for delivery 

■ ■■■■IcouponIBHHIH ■■■■■IcouPOMlHBlia 

I Purchase any disk drive or! I Purchase two disk drives 

■ monitor and get the ■ ■ or drive/monitor and get ■ 

■ professional joystick ■ ■ the 80 column card 

■ (#0431) for <9AQO ■ ■ (#0420) for $ CO 
H , only ? 3y uu ■ M only" 



$59' 



Offer good for a limited time only. 



Offer good for a limited time only. 



Portable 
Graphics Tablet 

Arm mounts on any desk, table or 

graphics board, uses color or B/w 

graphics, menu driven 

software. 




Graphics tablet, cables 
software (#0429) 



*199 ! 



80 Column Card 

Features inverse video, Softswitch & 
composite video cable. 



80 column card & 
manual (#0420) 



$159 



95 



Apple, is a trademark of Apple computers, inc. 
Franklin is tne trademark of tne Franklin 
Computer Corp. 

Call for the name of your newest 
authorized dealer 



Eft 



COMPUTER AND 

PERIPHERALS 

PRODUCTS 



1530S. Sinclair 

Anaheim, CA 92806 

(714) 978-9820 



Circle 478 on inquiry card. 



BYTE September 1983 501 



Clubs and Newsletters > 



Corporation, produces a 
quarterly newsletter, The TEC 
News, dedicated to the ap- 
plication of low-cost com- 
puters to educational settings. 
Each edition will contain a 
theme section, a teacher- 
report section, and an applica- 
tions section that provides 
lesson plans, programming 
tips, and ideas. The newsletter 
is free to educators. For infor- 
mation, write to M. Mark 
Wasicsko, School of Educa- 
tion, Texas Wesleyan College, 
Fort Worth, TX 76105. 



A Free HUG 
Membership 

The Schenectady HUG 
(Heath Users Group) meets on 
the third Wednesday of each 
month at 7:30 p.m. to pro- 
mote familiarity with hard- 
ware and software relating to 
the Heath H-89, H-8, HDOS, 
and the CP/M operating 



systems. Membership is free 
as no newsletter is produced, 
although the group is avail- 
able via a bulletin-board ser- 
vice, for which there is a $10 
user's fee. Further information 
is available from Walter 
Whipple at (518) 385-5660, or 
write to Schenectady HUG, 
c/o T. Budge, 715 Sanders 
St., Scotia, NY 12302. 



Clubs and 
News Notes 

The Silicon Valley Color 
Computer Club (SVC 3 ) for 
users of the TRS-80 Color 
Computer now meets on the 
first Tuesday of each month at 
7:30 p.m. in the Dysan 
Auditorium at 5201 Patrick 
Henry Drive in Santa Clara, 
California. Write to Silicon 
Valley Color Computer Club, 
POB 61593, Sunnyvale, CA 
94088. (For the first mention 



of this club, see February 1983 
BYTE, page 444). 

Subscribers to Interactive 
Video Technology, a newslet- 
ter produced by Heartland 
Communications (233 Sunrise 
Dr., Shreve, OH 44676), can 
now access all back and future 
issues via Newsnet, an elec- 
tronic information and re- 
trieval service (March 1983 
BYTE, page 491). 

Article submissions are 
welcome to The I/O Connec- 



tor, the newsletter produced 
by the San Diego Atari Com- 
puter Enthusiasts (SD-ACE), 
5353 Baltimore Dr. #39, La 
Mesa, CA 92041 (January 
1983 BYTE, page 469). 

The Connecticut IBM Per- 
sonal Computer Users Group 
meets on the fourth Tuesday 
of each month at 6 p.m. Con- 
tact Davis or Sherry Foulger, 
POB 291, New Canaan, CT 
06840, (203) 744-4002. ■ 



BYTE's Bugs 



Bug In Board 

A bug popped up in 
William Barden's article "A 
General-Purpose I/O Board 
for the Color Computer" 
(June 1982 BYTE, page 260). 
Substitute pin 32 (CTS*) for 
pin 36 (SCS*) on the Color 
Computer I/O bus. The board 
is now addressed with hexa- 



decimal C000, 1, 2, and 3 in 
place of the addresses hexa- 
decimal 3FF0, 1, 2, and 3. 

Using the SCS* signal for 
the device selection does not 
enable the 8255 at the proper 
time because the SCS* signal 
is not developed from the E 
clock. The E clock should be 
used together with an I/O de- 
vice address for proper I/O 
device operation. ■ 



In Less Than 3 Minutes 

Your IBM Model 50, 60, 65, 75, or 85 

Electronic Typewriter 

can be an RS232C PRINTER or TERMINAL 




CALIFORNIA MICRO COMPUTER Models 5060 and 
5061 can be installed easily and require NO modifications 
to the typewriter. 

For additional information contact: 

CALIFORNIA MICRO COMPUTER 
17791 Jamestown Lane Huntington Beach, CA 
92647 (714) 847-4141 



Eco-C 




TM 



Compiler 



Since November of last year, we've been testing our new 
Eco-C Compiler and now it's ready for your Z80™CP/M ,M 
system. Some of the features include: 



All data types, including float, double and long. 

Fast, efficient code. For example: Our versions of 

"seive" in January, 1983, BYTE; 15.8 seconds 

(standard) and 11.7 seconds (optimized). 

Uses Microsoft's MACRO 80™ for REL file output. 

Standard (K&R) file I/O and library (most in source) 

included. 

Easy assembly language interface. 

No royalty fees on generated code. 



The price for Eco-C is $350.00 and includes MACRO 80 (a 
$200.00 value by itself). We'll also include a free copy of 
C Programming Guide while supplies last. 

For further information, call or write: 




P.O. Box 68602 (/""^TN 

Indianapolis, IN 46268 r u *w Co *7 

(317) 255-6476 l ^— ■*- y 



Registered trademarks are: Zilog (Z80), Digital Research 
(CP/M), Microsoft (MACRO 80) and Ecosoft (Eco-C). 



502 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 165 on inquiry card. 



The most comprehensive | 
statistics and graphics 
ever developed for 




and sophisticated 
database workstation 
the personal computer. 



Years of research, development, and 
field testing have resulted in the 
most extensive statistics and graph- 
ics database program specifically 
designed for thepersonal computing 
environment. STATPRO " provides 
the data analysis capabilities and 
flexibility previously available only 
on a large computer. Researchers, 
business professionals, and other 
data analysts will welcome the 
breadth vet simplicity of this pro- 
gram! STATPRO requires no pre- 
vious computer experience, no 
special command language. Single 
keystrokes access all of the data man- 
ipulation, statistics, and graphics 
power of STATPRO. 

STATPRO allows easy access to its 
extensive numerical data 
capabilities. 

The strength of STATPRO is found 
in the functions of its user friendly, 
menu-driven database. You can 
easily learn to enter and edit, 
manipulate, transform, and print 
out data. STATPRO's searching 
capabilities allow these functions to 
be performed on all your data or a 
user defined subset of your data. 



Statistics Modules Menu 

A) DESCRIPTION 

B) REGRESSION 

C) ANOVA 

D) TIME SERIES 

E) MULXIVAR 

(ESC)) Exit to Master Menu 
Choice-)[ ] 



Transformations and over 400 
conversions are available. You can 
place the results of these transfor- 
mations into the same field or any 
other field in STATPRO's database. 



2880 < I 
C \ 


>i^ i 
F ^^^ 

1440 - — __^^^ ^S 



108 400 

COST flNftLVSIS 



1600 6400 

FOR FIELD (48 



STATPRO offers a comprehensive 
collection of statistical procedures. 

The statistics component of 
STATPRO contains a multitude of 
procedures, grouped into the fol- 
lowing modules: 

Descriptive: Contingency analysis, 
cross tabulation, normality tests; 
descriptive, comparative, range and 
non-parametric statistics. 
Regression: Linear, non-linear, 
stepwise, and multiple regressions; 
residual analysis and statistical 
matrices. 

Analysis of Variance: Single and 
nested classifications, two and three 
way equal and unequal sample size 
and non-parametric ANOVA. 

Time Series: Moving averages, 
multi-stage least squares, fitted 
polynomials and trig functions, 
additive and multiply forecasting. 

Multivariate: Principal components, 
factor, orthogonal factor, oblique 
factor, pair-weighted cluster, dis- 
criminant function, multiple con- 
tingency, and canonical correlation 
analysis. 

STATPRO provides graphic 
representation of your data in 
minutes. 

STATPRO graphics plot all the 
results of your STATPRO statistical 
analyses including scatter, triangle 
regression, and box plots; pie- 



charts, histograms, and dendo- 
grams. Further, with STATPRO you 
can custom edit with any of four 
character sets from the keyboard. 
You can also edit using paddles, 
joystick or special graphics com- 
mands. Mix text with data fields. 
Place multiple plots on each screen. 
Define your axis limits. 

You can save your graphics on a 
disk for a multiple color "slide 
show" presentation, or print them 
out through a variety of compatible 
printers. 

STATPRO documentation wraps 
up the package. 

Although STATPRO software is 
essentially self-documenting, com- 
plete print documentation is pro- 
videcf. This includes a walk-through 
Introductory Tutorial, a Menu 
Chart, and a comprehensive 
User's Guide for each STATPRO 
component. 

STATPRO currently runs on all 
versions of the Apple® II personal 
computers. It will be available for the 
IBM fe PC in September. 

To find out more about Stat pro: 
The Statistics and Graphics Data - 
base Workstation , contact your 
local dealer, or 

Call us toll-free at 

800-322-2208 

In Massachusetts call (617) 423-0420. 

You can also call us toll-free for 
information on corporate purchase 
through our National Account 
Program. 




Wadsworth Electronic 
1 Publishing Company 

Statler Office Building 

20 Park Plaza, Boston, MA 02116 



STATPRO is a trademark of Wadsworth Electronic P 



ublishing Company. Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. IBM is a registered trademark 
ot International Business Machines, Corp. 



Circle 479 on inquiry card. 



BYTE September 1983 503 



Software Received 



Apple 

Accounts Receivable, an 

open-item, accounts-receiv- 
able system for small-busi- 
ness accounting. It includes 
customer maintenance, trans- 
action processing, reports 
and printouts, utilities, and 
end-of-period processing. For 
the Apple II; floppy disk, 
$395. Broderbund Software 
Inc., 1938 Fourth St., San 
Rafael, CA 94901. 

Bop-a-Bet, an educational 
game for children ages 5 to 8. 
By moving around a high-res- 
olution maze and selecting 
letters in sequence, children 
develop the alphabetizing 
skills needed in effectively us- 
ing libraries, dictionaries, 
and encyclopedias. For the 
Apple II, II Plus, and lie; 
floppy disk, $27.95. Sierra/ 
On-Line Inc., Sierra/On-Line 
Building, Coarsegold, CA 
93614. 

Computer SAT, a soft- 
ware/textbook package that 
leads the student step by step 
through the complete Scho- 
lastic Aptitude Test prepara- 
tion process. The package 
pinpoints student strengths 
and weaknesses, gives im- 
mediate feedback, and pre- 
pares a study plan to improve 
scores. No previous com- 
puter experience needed. For 
the Apple II, II Plus, and He; 
floppy disk, $79.95. Harcourt 
Brace Jovanovich, 1250 Sixth 
Ave., San Diego, CA 92101. 

Crypto-Cube, an educational 
word puzzle for children ages 
8 and up. Spark an interest in 
spelling and word recognition 
as players try to identify the 
missing letters of words in a 
variety of graphic formats. 
For the Apple II Plus and He; 
floppy disk, $39.95. 
Designware Inc., 185 Berry 
St., San Francisco, CA 
94107. 



Diskinvoice System, an in- 
voicing/accounts-receivable 
program that can handle the 
billing for the small business- 
person who sends fewer than 
300 invoices per month. It 
allows easy customizing and 
back-up; also available in 
Spanish. For the Apple II, II 
Plus, and He; floppy disk, 
$55. Broadway Software, 
Suite 136, 642 Amsterdam 
Ave., New York, NY 10025. 

Disk Protection Program, a 

locking program for software 
developers. This inexpensive, 
easy-to-use program disables 
list, reset, catalog, and save 
from pirates. For the 
Apple II Plus; floppy disk, 
$45. The Zivv Co., MPO Box 
#1616, Niagara Falls, NY 
14302. 

Double Trouble, five arcade- 
type games. Play two games 
simultaneously on a split- 
screen with varying conse- 
quences. Requires a joystick. 
For the Apple II Plus and He; 
floppy disk, $15. BEZ, Suite 
108B, 4790 Irvine Blvd., Ir- 
vine, CA 92714. 

Dragon's Keep, an educa- 
tional adventure game for 
children ages 7 and up. Chil- 
dren develop reading com- 
prehension as they rescue 16 
animals through reading 
maps, identifying details, 
making inferences, and draw- 
ing conclusions. For the Ap- 
ple II, II Plus, and lie; floppy 
disk, $29.95. Sierra/On-Line 
Inc. (see address above). 

Early Games for Young Chil- 
dren, nine educational games 
for children ages 2V2 to 6. 
Children can learn to match 
numbers and letters, count 
blocks, add and subtract 
stacks of blocks, work with 
the alphabet, type names, 
compare shapes, and draw 
pictures in color without sup- 
ervision. For the Apple II; 
floppy disk, $29.95. Counter- 



point Software Inc., Suite 
140, Shelard Plaza North, 
Minneapolis, MN 55426. 

Early Games Music, four 
educational music games for 
children ages 4 to 12 that 
teach basic music skills and 
music notation in colorful 
high-resolution displays. For 
the Apple II Plus and He; 
floppy disk, $29.95. Counter- 
point Software Inc. (see ad- 
dress above). 

Easel Ease, a full-screen, 
high-resolution graphics 
package that lets you create 
pictures using colors, pat- 
terns, and brushstrokes. It 
includes menu-driven fea- 
tures, save options, and 
single-keystroke controls. For 
the Apple II Plus; floppy 
disk, $24.95. Watermark 
Inc., Department PC, POB 
481, Melbourne Beach, FL 
32951. 

Fontrix, an extended-screen 
graphics system. This multi- 
purpose graphics package in- 
cludes a font editor, graphic 
writer, character generator, 
and a graphics dump. You 
can design, create, typeset, 
and print in a variety of for- 
mats. For the Apple; floppy 
disk, $75. Data Transforms, 
Suite 106, 616 Washington 
St., Denver, CO 80203. 

Function Plotter, an educa- 
tional mathematical tool. 
This tamper-proof program 
will graph a user-specified 
function over any chosen do- 
main. You can change either 
the domain or the displayed 
range and overlay any num- 
ber of functions on the same 
set of axes. For the Apple II 
Plus and He; floppy disk, 
$29.95. J.L. Hammett Co. 
Inc., Microcomputer Divi- 
sion, Hammett Place, Brain- 
tree, MA 02184. 

Hi-Res Versatile Calculator 

(HVC), an RPN (reverse Po- 



lish notation) calculator that 
combines the functions of a 
scientific calculator with a 
programmer's calculator. It 
operates in four bases, con- 
tains over 50 functions, and 
features standard ASCII 
tables. For the Apple II, II 
Plus, He, and III; floppy disk, 
$59.95. Tackaberry Soft- 
ware, POB 2857, Ormond 
Beach, FL 32074. 

Learning with Leeper, four 
educational games for pre- 
schoolers. Dog Count is a 
counting game; Balloon Pop 
is a shape-matching game; 
Screen Painting is creative 
play; and Leap Frog develops 
eye-hand coordination. For 
the Apple II, II Plus, and He; 
floppy disk, $34.95. Sierra/ 
On-Line Inc. (see address 
above). 

Master Math, an educational 
math program for high 
school students that covers 
algebra, trigonometry, geo- 
metry, statistics, and basic 
accounting. For the Apple II, 
II Plus, and lie; six floppy 
disks at $30 each or the set for 
$150. PMI Inc., High St., 
POB 87, Buckfield, ME 
04220. 

Pascal Source, nine game and 
utility programs that include 
Art, Tower, Splitfile, Art 2, 
Formatter, Graftools, Testgt, 
Shape, and Trek. Includes all 
source code. For the Apple II; 
floppy disk, $15. Mark Wat- 
son, 535 Mar Vista Dr., 
Solana Beach, CA 92075. 

Police Artist, a program of 
three games for children ages 
7 and up that draws over 

I million faces. You pick a 
culprit's face from a police 
lineup and reconstruct it 
piece by piece, or create your 
own faces. For the Apple II, 

II Plus, and He; floppy disk, 
$34.95. Sir-Tech Software 
Inc., 6 Main St., Ogdens- 
burg, NY 13669. 



504 September 1983 @ BYTE Publications Inc. 





SANYO 
PLUS 



\ : / 






The besf deal in a 64K, Z-80 system jusr gor berter. Our new Sanyo Plus 
system now includes dual holf-heighr, builr-in octal drives for a total 
formatted floppy disk copocity of 1.28 Megabytes. 

A new feother-touch keyboard features 15 special-function keys which 
are enabled under both Wordstar and Sanyo Basic, a built-in palm rest 
and o keypad with math functions and an enter key. 

Of course you still receive over S2400 worth of extras including CP/M". 
Sanyo Dosic, Wordstar, Mailmerge. Spellstar. Calcsrar, and Infostar 
(including Datastar and Reportstar). Plus a games disk, a 000 baud direct 
connect modem, modem software, a free burn and test, and more. 

Yet the price 
remains the some. 



$1995 



Sanyo Plus with Graphics 

$2495. No dealers please. F.O.D. Scotlsdole, call for oddiiional information on 199 business 
pack. S99 extended warronty. ond hard disks. 



M : 




SORRY CHARLIE! 

If you just bought o 16-bit PC with o 160K drive, 128K RAM. MS-DOS. o 
Word Processor ond on Electronic Spreadsheet you're going to be sorry 
you read this od. Why? Because in October. Scorrsdole Systems (with 
considerable help from Sanyo) will give you all this and more with the 
introduction of the Sanyo PC Plus ot $995! 

In addition, we will prerest your PC Plus sysrem, moke user copies of your 
software and include your choice of an Amber or Green monitor. 

Not only is the Sanyo PC Plus priced less rhon one-third that of a 
comparably equipped IBM-PC'"', ir is also less expensive rhan most 8-bit 
computer packages. The PC Plus will run most software developed for the 
IBM-PC" 1 , features expansion slots ond is backed by over 50 Sanyo 
service centers nationwide. 

Plus - Thanks to its brushed, stoinless-steel finish, the Sanyo PC Plus looks 
more expensive, yet takes up less space. 

If you haven't made your computer decision yet. give us o call. We are 
now roking reservarions for rhe Sanyo PC Plus. Berter sofe rhon sorry! 

PC Plus $995 
PC Deluxe call 



TELEVIDEO 

We ore o member of TRS's marketing 
support program ond con provide locoi 
installation fot on additionol charge -coll 
for prices. 

Teletote 1 Coll 

803w/CP/M $1649 

1603 w/MS-DOS $2330 

606 (w/Mmmost) $49 48 800A 

TERMINALS 




$1066 



ALTOS 

Add terminals, printers, and software 
ond we can fully test and configure your 
system at low prices. 

580-10 $4295 

8000-10 $5444 

8000-12 $6499 

586-10 $5995 




Adds Viewpoint 3A+- Emulates 
the ADM-3A. detached keyboard, keypad. 
12" green display, notionwide Adds 
service. 

Wyse 100 $694 

Wyse 200 $1049 

Wyse 300 fall 

Televideo 910 $579 

Televideo 925 $735 

Televideo 950 $927 

Televideo 970 _ .. $1044 

Zenith Z-29 $659 

Zenith ZTX $349 

Zenith ZT-1 $446 

Espirit II $544 

Ampex D175 

Amber $699 

Qume 102 $544 

Housron Insrrumenrs Call 



ZENITH 1 10-22... (2699 COLUMBIA VP... 12349 N.8. ADVANTAGE... *2375 



\ ; / 



:*.- 



|Scottsdale System Sw. 

61 7 N. Scorrsdale Rood, Suite D, Scorfsdale, Arizona 85257 

= (602)941-5856 ~ 

^ Coll 8-5 Mon.-Fri. 

J»m We participate in orbitraiion for business and customers through the Defter 
Business Dureau of Maricopa County. 



SERVICE/ORDERING 

r INTEGRATION: Prices listed are for new equipment in factory sealed boxes with manufoctui 
warranty. We will pretesr your equipment, integrate your system, configure your software, provide 
special cables, etc.. fot an additional charge. Call for prices. 

ORDERING: MAIL ORDER ONLY. Prices listed are for cash. No C.O.D.'s. We sell on a Net 30 
basis to Fortune 1000 companies and Universities with good credit. P.O. 's. charge cords odd 2%. Az. 
residents odd 6%. Prices subject to change, product subject to availability. Personal checks rake 
weeks to clear. 0-20% restocking fee for returned merchandise. Shipping extra ■ products ore F.O.D. 
point of shipment. CP/M and MP/M ore registered trademarks of Digitol Research. Wordstar is a 
registered trademark of MicroPro International. IBM ond IBM PC are registered trademarks of 
International Business Machines Cotporation. 

.SOFTWARE: Sold only w/sysiems. not wotrantied for suitability. 



W ^^ 



& 



PRINTERS 




Gemini 10X $288 

Gemini 15 $444 

NEC8023A $398 

Tally 160L/rrac $584 

Tally 180L/rrac $799 

Inforunner Riteman $339 

IDS Microprism $509 

HIGH SPEED 

Anadex9620A $1399 

Qantex7030 $1562 

TI-810 _ $1285 

Prism 132 

"loaded" $1469 

Prism 80 

"loaded" $1369 

LETTER QUALITY 

Sanyo PR5500 call 

Silver Reed 550 $654 

550-Serial $695 

NEC 3510 $1411 

NEC 7710 $2099 

Silver Reed 500 $555 



OKIDATA 



DTC-380Z 



. The new Microline 92 s ond 93 s feorure 160 C.P.5. 

§35** ^ draft mode. 40 C.P.5. cottespondence mode. 
Standard parallel, serial card add £91 . 

Microline 92 $489 

Microline 82 _ $389 

Microline 93 $835 

Microline 84 $969 



Replaces rhe Daisywritet 2000. Uses the 
same ptintwheel. ribbons, and tractor feed. 
Will run seriol. parallel, ot IEEE 488. 48K 
buffer standard, uses Diablo codes. 



$1044 




************** 
tioppki APPLE HARDWARE 

/ — ~'"\ ************** 

40% TO 70% OFF!!! 



h 



STOCK RETAIL NOW % 

NUMBER PRICE ONLY OFF 

APJ01 16K RAM CARD $149 $49 67% 

AP102 80 COLUMN CARD 295 159 46% 

AP104 CLOCK /CALENDAR CARD 195 89 54% 

AP105 DISK-U DRIVE WO/CTRL 498 219 56% 

AP106 DISK-II CONTROLLER 150 89 41 % 

AP107 JOY-STICK DELUX 49 25 49% 

AP108 LANGUAGE CARD ONLY 295 159 46% 

AP109 LOWER CASE 45 25 49% 

AP110 PRINTER CARD 150 59 61 % 

AP111 RS-232 CARD 195 89 54% 

AP112 SUP-R-MOD 39 25 36% 

AP114 Z-80 CARD 298 139 53% 

AP115 DISK-H DRIVE WO/CTRL 588 259 56% 

(SUM LINE) 

AP116 INTEGER CARD 150 59 61% 

AP117 EPROM WRITER CARD 279 139 50% 

AP118 128K RAM CARD 498 279 44% 

AP201 APPLE-II + COMPAT 48K KIT ... . 599 320 47% 

AP202 HARDCASE FOR AP201 (PLASTIC) 175 119 32% 

AP203 KEYBOARD FOR AP201 139 78 44% 

AP204 POWER SUPPLY FOR AP201 120 75 38% 

AP401 IBM PC COMPUTER W/2 DRIVE.. 3550 2495 30% 

****************************** 

WE ACCtPT COD. PIRSOHAl CHICKS 
ALL PRICES GOOD THKtl THE WO OF THIS MONTH 

K & R COMPUTER CO., LTD. 

1440 PACIFIC COAST HWY., #104 

HARBOR CITY, CA 90710 

(213) 530-2577 



Circle 246 on Inquiry card. 



SAVE UP TO 50% ON 

Floppy Disks 

& Computer 

Supplies 



We Discount the Top Brands 

3M-scotch ■ • verbatim® • Dysan 

Memorex • BASF • Maxell 1 " 

we also stock 

Ribbons • Paper • Labels 

Cleaning Kits • Prlntwheels 

Storage Products 

Call, write, or utilize Reader 

Service for our FREE new 

DISCOUNT catalog 

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS 

27204 Harper 

St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081 

(313) 777-7780 



Offering Reliability and Same Day Service. 



Circle 267 on inquiry card. 



FOR 68000 SYSTEMS 
WITH CP/M-68K 



RELATIONAL 

DATABASE 

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 

(DBMS) 

INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 
FOR BUSINESS SYSTEMS 

• Unique Features 

• Easy to use - Powerful 

• Menu Driven 

• English Subset Query Language 

• 68000 Code Efficiency 

PRICE $495 

Send For Catalog. 

DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 

211 N. EL CAMINO REAL, 101C 

ENCINITAS, CA 92024 

or Phone: (619)942-0744 

CP/M-68 is a trademark of DRI 



Circle 130 on Inquiry card. 



Software Received. 

Professional Unit, a set of 

utilities for professional Pas- 
cal programming that in- 
cludes Date, Dollar, Phone, 
Zip-code, Tax Rates, and 
special facilities for defining 
fields on the screen. You can 
double or triple your 
programming speed. For the 
Apple II; floppy disk, $39. D 
& L Computing, 1201 Lincoln 
Ave., New Castle, IN 47362. 

Suspended, an interactive 
game. After a 500-year sleep, 
you awake and must strate- 
gically manipulate six robots 
acting as your senses. One 
even helps you access infor- 
mation from memory banks 
as you solve an intertwined 
myriad of graphically 
realistic and original prob- 
lems. Several levels of play. 
For the Apple II; floppy disk, 
$49.95. Infocom, 55 Wheeler 
St., Cambridge, MA 02138. 

Troll's Tale, an educational 
adventure game for children 
ages 8 and up. Children de- 
velop reading comprehension 
as they make maps, identify 
details, make inferences, 
predict outcomes, and draw 
conclusions in order to locate 
16 treasures. For the Apple II, 
II Plus, and He; floppy disk, 
$29.95. Sierra /On-Line Inc. 
(see address above). 

Wizplus, a utility program 
for the Wizardry adventures 
that lets you quickly change, 
restore, add to, modify, re- 
cover, edit, or move any of 
your characters, their equip- 
ment, spells, or treasures. No 
more frustrating games where 
the wizard always wins. Now 
you have a chance. For the 
Apple II Plus; floppy disk, 
$39.95. Datamost Inc., 8943 
Fullbright Ave., Chatsworth, 
CA 91311. 



Atari 

Matchboxes, a skill and con- 
centration game. One or two 
players must match identical 



squares from a 6 by 6 grid 
and solve a hidden word puz- 
zle. Each colorful character, 
creature, or object has its 
own catchy musical signa- 
ture. For the Atari 400/800/ 
1200; floppy disk, $29.95. 
Broderbund Software Inc., 
1938 Fourth St., San Rafael, 
CA 94901. 

Suspended, an interactive 
game (see description under 
Apple). For the Atari 400/ 
800; floppy disk, $49.95. In- 
focom, 55 Wheeler St., Cam- 
bridge, MA 02138. 

Ultra Disassembler, a utility 
package that lets you recreate 
source code. This labeling 
disassembler handles DOS 
files and code. Output code 
may be written to video dis- 
play, printer, or disk file. For 
the Atari 400/800/1200; flop- 
py disk, $49.95. Adventure 
International, POB 3435, 
Longwood, FL 32750. 

CP/M 

ACNAP, an AC network- 
analysis program. This elec- 
tronic-circuit program can 
handle circuits as large as 70 
components. It is optimized 
for speed and can analyze a 
five-node, ten-component 
circuit in less than one sec- 
ond. For CP/M-based sys- 
tems; floppy disk, $39.95. BV 
Engineering, POB 3351, 
Riverside, CA 92519. 

Access Manager, a general- 
purpose, keyed, file-accessing 
package designed for pro- 
grammers creating applica- 
tion programs that must ac- 
cess data records on the basis 
of identifying such key values 
as name or number. For 
CP/M-2.2-based systems; 
floppy disk, $300. Digital 
Research, 160 Central Ave., 
POB 579, Pacific Grove, CA 
93950. 

CP/M Workshop, a non- 
technical CP/M learning pro- 




The Well-Tempered Cross-Assembler 



Before Johann Sebastian Bach developed 
a new method of tuning, you had to 
change instruments practically every time 
you wanted to change keys. Very difficult. 

Before Avocet introduced its family of 
cross-assemblers, developing micro-pro- 
cessor software was much the same. You 
needed a separate development system 
for practically every type of processor. 
Very difficult and very expensive. 

But with Avocet's cross-assemblers, a 
single computer can develop software for 
virtually any microprocessor! Does that 
put us in a league with Bach? You decide 

Development Tools That Work 

Avocet cross-assemblers are fast, reliable 
and user-proven in over 3 years of actual 
use. Ask NASA, IBM, XEROX or the hun- 
dreds of other organizations that use them . 
Every time you see a new microprocessor- 
based product, there's a good chance it 
was developed with Avocet cross- 
assemblers. 

Avocet cross-assemblers are easy to use. 
They run on any computer with CP/M" 
and process assembly language for the 
most popular microprocessor families. 



XASM05 

XASM09 

XASM18 

XASM48 

XASM51 

XASM65 

XASM68 

XASMF8 

XASMZ8 

XASM400 

XASM75 



. 6805 \ 




. 6809 \ 




. 1802 N 




. 8048/8041 




. 8051 


$200 


. 6502 


each 


. 6800/01 




. F8/3870 / 




. Z8 / 




. COP400/ 





NEC 7500 



(Coming soon: XASM68K 



$500 
... 68000) 



Turn Your Computer Into A 
Complete Development System 

Of course, there's more. Avocet has the 
tools you need from start to finish to enter, 
assemble and test your software and finally 
cast it in EPROM: 

Text Editor VEDIT - full-screen text edi- 
tor by CompuView. Makes source code 
entry a snap. Full-screen text editing, plus 
TECO-like macro facility for repetitive 
tasks. Pre-configured for over 40 terminals 
and personal computers as well as in user- 
configurable form. 

CP/M-80 version $150 

CP/M-86 or MDOS version $195 

(when ordered with any Avocet product) 

ROM Simulator - ROMSIM by Inner Ac- 
cess eliminates need to erase and 
reprogram EPROM. Installed in an S-100 
host, ROMSIM substitutes RAM for 
EPROM in external target system. 16K 
memory can be configured to simulate the 
2708. 2758, 2716, 2516, 2732, 2532, 
2764, 2564 in either byte or word 
organization. Avocet's configurable driver 
makes loading of HEX or COM files fast 
and easy. 

From $495 depending on cabling and 
RAM installed. 

EPROM Programmer Model 7128 
EPROM Programmer by GTek programs 
most EPROMS without the need for per- 
sonality modules. Self-contained power 
supply ... accepts ASCII commands and 
data from any computer through RS 232 
serial interface. Cross-assembler hex ob- 
ject files can be down-loaded directly. 
Commands include verify and read, as 
well as partial programming. 



PROM types supported: 2508, 2758, 
2516, 2716, 2532, 2732, 2732A, 
27C32, MCM8766, 2564, 2764, 27C64, 
27128, 8748, 8741, 8749, 8742, 8751, 
8755, plus Seeq and Xicor EEPROMS. 

(Upgrade kits will be available for new 
PROM types as they are introduced.) 

Programmer $389 

Options include: 

Software Driver Package $ 30 

RS 232 Cable $ 30 

8748 family socket adaptor $ 98 

8751 family socket adaptor $174 

Call Us 

If you're thinking about development sys- 
tems, call us for some straight talk. If we 
don't have what you need, we'll help you 
find out who does. If you like, we'll even 
talk about Bach. 



VISA and Mastercard accepted All popular disc formats no* 
available -- please specify. Prices do not include shipping and 
handling ■• call for exact quotes OEM INQUIRIES INVITED. 

"Trademark of Digital Research 



AVOCET J\ 
SYSTEMS INC. 

DEPT. 983- B 

804 SOUTH STATE STREET 
DOVER, DELAWARE 19901 
302-734-0151 TLX 467210 



Circle 44 on inquiry card. 



BYTE September 1983 507 



QUILL 



ADVANCED DOCUMENT PREPARATION 

QUILL* is a sophisticated text formatting tool. 
Sprinkle commands in with your text for: 

• Complete Document Sectioning 

• Footnotes & Bibliography Creation 

• Multi-File Processing 

• Automatic Indexing 

• Table of Contents Generation 

• Bullet and Enumerated Lists 

QUILL has robust features for aulopdragiaph- 
ing, proportional spacing, multiple printing fonts, 
page headings and footings, plus more! 

QUILL oilers flexible document styles for let- 
ters, reports, manuals, t \iM\ special user defined 
styles. Exploit the printing capabilities of the 
Epson, (..Itah., and other printers, 

tor the IUM-IH under PC-DOS or ( P/M. 
QUILL retails for 5249. 



•QUILL r 



l Sy- 



JU 



SEXTANT SYSTEMS 
P.O. Box 251,Dept. B 
Holmdel NJ 07733 
(201) 671-7670 



Circle 399 on inquiry card. 




maxell 



LIFETIME WARRANTY £ t* «^ SCOTCH 




By. . »■/□□ 

2B. BB 
W . ::zz.*„. 

1 D% OFF 
#P *ei**- SECOND BOX! 




MEQ 



BYTEIND. 



4699 5. 

Fc. LBLiOoi-aale. Fionas 3331 A 

3DB-BB7-1 130 

NOW OPIN BAT. 

1 0:0a (ollDD EBT. 

1-BOO-387-1Q13 

ASK FOR F«EE CATALOGUE 



5V, BB/DD 




33. 



VERBATIM 



Datalife 



34." 

sv. II/DQ 



21 



RIBBONS 
EPSON .«*-*« 4." 

Cartridge* Mir 

C. ITOH - »r* 7," 

Cnr-crldgo* Mir 

DIABLO -a.*» 

Cirtrldgot Ml 



Circle 281 on inquiry card. 



Smith-Corona TP-1 

Daisy Wheel; 
Printer 

s 429 



• Print Speed: 12 CPS 

• Fully-Formed Characters 

• Choice of 10 or 12 CPI Models 

• Drop-in Ribbon Cassettes 

• Standard Serial or Parallel Data 
Interface 

• Compatible With Most 
Microcomputers 




MICRO MART 

8764 Complex Dr., San Diego. CA 92123 
(619) 268-0169 



Circle 289 on inquiry card. 



Software Received. 

gram. Your computer can be- 
come a self-paced seminar 
complete with diagrams, ex- 
ercises, reviews, demonstra- 
tions, helpful hints, and 
evaluation sessions. For 
CP/M-2.2-based systems; 
floppy disk, $115. Datascan 
Inc., 2716 Ocean Park Blvd., 
Santa Monica, CA 90405. 

Data VU, a database-man- 
agement system. Four fea- 
tures include an automatic 
form generator, a relational 
database manager, a report- 
generator program, and an 
automatic menu generator. It 
can be used for personal or 
small-business purposes. For 
CP/M-based systems; floppy 
disk, $149. Thinkers Soft 
Inc., POB 221, Garden City, 
NY 11530. 

Personal Pearl, an informa- 
tion-management system. 
This relational database and 
form/report program genera- 
tor is designed for the novice 
end user. Create input and 
output forms and reports and 
define simple or complex re- 
lationships. For CP/M-based 
systems, floppy disk, $295. 
Pearlsoft, POB 13850, Salem, 
OR 97309. 

Suspended, an interactive 
game (see description under 
Apple). For CP/M-based sys- 
tems; floppy disk, $59.95. 
Infocom, 55 Wheeler St., 
Cambridge, MA 02138. 

XREF, a cross-reference pro- 
gram for Microsoft BASIC 
that is written in Pascal 
MT + . You enter certain 
headings to the command 
tail. For CP/M-based sys- 
tems; floppy disk, $50 (pre- 
ferably converted to South 
African Rands). Barxact 
Computer Systems (Pty.) 
Ltd., POB 785150, Sandton, 
2146, South Africa. 

Commodore 

Check Ease, a professional- 



quality check-register system 
that lets you maintain multi- 
ple checking accounts with 
full checkbook reconciliation 
and budget categories. Auto- 
matically updates balance 
figures and can print by 
check number or category. 
For the Commodore VIC-20; 
cassette, $24.95. Talcove & 
Familian Co., 10902 River- 
side Dr., North Hollywood, 
CA 91602. 

Disk Support, a lK-byte ma- 
chine-language extension 
program that adds 12 new 
commands to the computer. 
The user can save, save with 
replace, load, verify, delete, 
and rename disk files with 
just two keystrokes. For the 
Commodore 64 and VIC-20; 
floppy disk, $14.95. H & H 
Enterprises, 5056 North 41st 
St., Milwaukee, WI 53209. 

Info-Manager, an informa- 
tion-management system de- 
signed to keep records of any 
nature in the home or small 
business. You can store and 
selectively print address lists, 
expense records, bills due, 
mailing labels, and many 
other files. For the Com- 
modore 64; floppy disk, 
$39.95. Pyramid Software In- 
ternational, Suite A, Depart- 
ment 300, 30 Fairfax St., San 
Rafael, CA 94901. 

Space Sentinel, an arcade- 
type game. As an orbiting 
Space Sentinel you must pro- 
tect Earth from aliens' heat 
missiles before the polar ice 
caps melt and cause floods. 
Joystick required. For the 
Commodore 64; floppy disk, 
$29.95. Talcove & Familian 
Co. (see address above). 

Suspended, an interactive 
game (see description under 
Apple). For the Commodore 
64; floppy disk, $49.95. In- 
focom, 55 Wheeler St., Cam- 
bridge, MA 02138. 

Utility File, an energy- 
consumption data-processing 



Yesterday's most 
up-to-date 
source of career 
opportunities 
looked like this. 



Today's technical career market changes fast. 

But now there's a way to keep up with it. 
This new key to career opportunity is your 
personal computer. And the cost is nothing but 
a phone call. 

Just call CLEO. That stands for Computer 
Listings of Employment Opportunities. 

Unlike a newspaper, CLEO responds to your 
commands. You specify what job categories, 
companies, or geographic locations interest you. 
CLEO calls up the appropriate ads right on your 
screen. At every step, you're guided by explicit 
online instructions. 

Daily updates keep CLEO job listings current. 
You can even apply for positions right from your 
own terminal. For a detailed job search, or just 
an idea of what's available, CLEO is waiting for 
your call today. With today's opportunities. 

CLEO access: (415) 482-1550 (408) 294-2000 
(213)618-8800 (714)476-8800 (619)224-8800 

300 BAUD, full duplex, standard ASCII code. 
Access assistance: (213) 618-1525. An electronic 
publishing activity of The Copley Press, Inc. 



Today, 

it looks like this 



Recruitment advertisers - call (213) 618-0200 collect 
to find out how you can place your ad on CLEO. 

Circle 72 on inquiry card. 





Software Received. 



program that calculates, dis- 
plays, files, and prints a 
variety of data for designated 
units in such resources as 
electric, water, gas, oil and 
propane. For the Commo- 
dore 64 and VIC-20; cassette, 
$29.95. Fabtronics, 51 
Quarry St., Brockport, NY 
14420. 

The Wizard & The Princess, a 

graphics adventure game in 
which you must storm into 
the evil wizard's castle, defeat 
the dragon guarding the gate, 
find your way through the 
passage, and rescue the 
princess. On your way out 
you must slay the troll before 
your mission is a success. For 
the Commodore VIC-20; cas- 
sette, $14.95. Melbourne 
House Software Inc., Depart- 
ment CS, 347 Reedwood Dr., 
Nashville, TN 37217. 



IBM 

Personal Computer 

Crypto-Cube, a word-puzzle 
game (see description under 
Apple). For the IBM Personal 
Computer; floppy disk, 
$39.95. Design ware Inc., 185 
Berry St., San Francisco, CA 
94107. 

Financial Management TK 
Solver Pack. This program 
includes such topics as com- 
pound interest, net present 
value, level debt service, cost 
of equity capital, analysis of 
financial statements, stock- 
option pricing, bond swaps, 
convertible debt, and bond- 
refunding decisions. To be 
used in conjunction with TK 
Solver ($299). For the IBM 
Personal Computer; floppy 
disk, $100. Software Arts 
Inc., 27 Mica Lane, 
Wellesley, MA 02181. 

Intellicom, an intelligent 
communications processor. 
This package provides com- 
puter-to-computer communi- 
cations from terminal-emula- 
tion and file-transfer stand- 



points. It supports several 
file-transfer protocols that 
facilitate the transmission of 
binary and ASCII data. For 
the IBM Personal Computer; 
floppy disk, $49.95. Com- 
puter Toolbox, 1325 East 
Main St., Waterbury, CT 
06705. 

Mailcom, an E-COM mailing 
program. With a personal 
computer, modem, and this 
package, you can send out 
more than 2000 letters for 26 
cents each from home or of- 
fice via the Postal Service's 
E-COM System. The Post 
Office will print, fold, stuff, 
and seal computer-originated 
mail and guarantees delivery 
within 48 hours. For the IBM 
Personal Computer; floppy 
disk, $195. Digisoft Com- 
puters, 1501 Third Ave., 
New York, NY 10028. 

Media Magician, a disk- 
editing utility for binary and 
ASCII codes. You can mod- 
ify disks by byte, string, or 
sector. The program brings 
you to any sector on a disk 
and displays up to 256 bytes 
of that sector at a time. It also 
provides ASCII code and up- 
dates representations of each 
byte. For the IBM Personal 
Computer; floppy disk, 
$48.50. Photon Software, 636 
120th Ave. NE, Bellevue, 
WA 98005. 

Mystery Message, an inter- 
active-game program. You 
must guess answers to 500 
items as quickly as possible. 
This program stimulates con- 
centration, recall, and reten- 
tion skills for all ages. For the 
IBM Personal Computer; 
floppy disk, $34.95. Social 
Systems Corp., Suite 28, 
1621 Fulton Ave., Sacra- 
mento, CA 95825. 

PC-Link, a terminal-emula- 
tion package that lets an IBM 
Personal Computer function 
like a Digital Equipment Cor- 
poration VT100 terminal. It 
allows transfer of ASCII pro- 



gram and data files between 
IBM PC and DEC computers. 
For the IBM Personal Com- 
puter; floppy disk, $40. 
Screenware Corp., POB 
3662, Nashua, NH 03061. 

Personal Investment Analy- 
sis, an investment-decision 
program. All the information 
you need to perform accurate 
analyses for such investments 
as convertible bonds, mort- 
gage loans, interest rates, 
retirement funding, and tax- 
free securities. Requires no 
prior computing experience. 
For the IBM Personal Com- 
puter; floppy disk, $60. 
Wiley Professional Software, 
John Wiley & Sons, 605 
Third Ave., New York, NY 
10158. 

Personal Pearl, an informa- 
tion-management system (see 
description under CP/M). 
For the IBM Personal Com- 
puter; floppy disk, $295. 
Pearlsoft, POB 13850, Salem, 
OR 97309. 

Plot, a mathematical-graph- 
ing program. You can plot 
and process data and/or 
curves described by mathe- 
matical functions. This pro- 
gram allows switching back 
and forth between linear, 
semi-log, and double-log 
scales; calculating and plotting 
inverse relationships, power, 
and linear functions of data 
points. Color-graphics 
adapter required. For the IBM 
Personal Computer; floppy 
disk, $29.95. Non-Linear 
Products, POB 14755, Minne- 
apolis, MN 55414. 

SSPLOT, a data-plotting pro- 
gram that generates plots on 
screen and can print pie 
charts, bar graphs, histo- 
grams, line plots, and scatter 
plots using files created by 
Visicalc and saved in DIF 
(Data Interchange Format). 
For the IBM Personal Com- 
puter; floppy disk, $45. Stan- 
ford Software, 585 Singley 
Dr., Milpitas, CA 95035. 



Shoebox, a time- and money- 
management program with a 
multiple-user capability. 
Three basic commodities are 
offered that assist manage- 
ment: appointments, remind- 
ers, and expenses. You can 
update schedules and record 
expenses. For the IBM Per- 
sonal Computer; floppy disk, 
$195. Techland Systems Inc., 
39 Carwall Ave., Mount Ver- 
non, NY 10552. 

Suspended, an interactive 
game (see description under 
Apple). For the IBM Personal 
Computer; floppy disk, 
$49.95. Infocom, 55 Wheeler 
St., Cambridge, MA 02138. 

VIS/Bridge/SORT, a pro- 
gram that lets you sort rows 
or columns of a Visicalc 
spreadsheet. Up to five rows 
or columns may be used as 
sort keys; they can be sorted 
alphabetically or numerically 
in either ascending or de- 
scending order. For the IBM 
Personal Computer; floppy 
disk, $89. Solutions Inc., POB 
989, Montpelier, VT 05602. 



Heath/Zenith 

Games #1, a collection of five 
games that includes Gomoku, 
Concentration, Maze-Dash, 
Solitary, and Barricade. For 
the Heath/Zenith Z-89; flop- 
py disk, $19.95. Interactive 
Micro Systems, POB 21007, 
Columbus, OH 43221. 

Quizzer, an educational pro- 
gram that asks a student a 
series of practice questions in 
such formats as true /false, fill 
in the blank, or multiple 
choice. It can talk when used 
with the Votrax Type 'n 
Talk. For the Heath/Zenith 
Z-89; floppy disk, $19.95. In- 
teractive Micro Systems (see 
address above). 



TRS-80 

ACNAP, an AC network- 



510 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Add CAD to your PC 

For less than you might think! 




CTCO Corporation 



Vector Sketch is a 2D graphics package that runs on 

your IBM PC. Included is an electromagnetic digitizer 

(sizes range from 11" x 11 " to 42" x 60") for fast, efficient, 

data entry. Drawings are stored on disk, and can be recorded 

on a matrix printer or drawn by a pen plotter. 



Business Applications 

Space Planning 
Flow Charts 
Graphic Design 
Illustrations 
Forms Design 
Product Design 



Technical Applications 

Architectural Design 
Mechanical Design 
Electrical Design 
Drafting 
Mapping 
Seismic Digitizing 



For more information on the Vector Sketch or 
electromagnetic digitizers, contact: 

BpTl GTCO Corporation 
J 1055 First Street, Rockville, MD 20850 
/ (301) 279-9550 Telex: 898471 



Functions (Partial List) 

Rubberbanding 
Symbol file 
Figure generation 
Labeling 

Zoom, Pan & Scale 
Exact, Grid & Join 
Select line style 
Plot, Print & Store 
Erase line or symbol 
Display X-Y 
Point or continuous 
Help 

Dealer Inquires Invited 



Circle 198 on inquiry card. 



3M 

DISKETTES 

Top Quality Diskettes 
Guaranteed and Tested 
Error Free. Rely on 3M 



516-543-6100 
212-843-5775 

(COLLECT CALLS ACCEPTED) 




For every box of 
quality 3M 
Diskettes ordered! 
receive one FREE| 
plastic case 



DAILY 

BUSINESS PRODUCTS INC. 

1 1 Parkway Dr. S. 

Hauppauge. N.Y. 

11787 

VISA. MasterCard 

C.O.D. Accepted 

Dealer & OEM 

Inquiries Invited 



Circle 125 on Inquiry card. 




CP/r FOR YOUR LSI-11 AND PDP-11 

RT-11 TSX+ RSX-11M 

Enter a New Software World 

With our plug-in Z80 processor card you 
can run CP/M, the popular personal and 
business computer operating system. You 
can run thousands of low cost software 
packages available for CP/M. We include 
a powerful word processing package 
free! Everything you need is included 
starling at $1,250.00. 

/-I DECMATION 

_y J 3375 Scoll Blvd.. Suile 422 

Sanla Clara. CA 95051 408/980-1678 
l CP/M is a registered trademark ol Digital Research, !nc 



Circle 138 on Inquiry card. 



FACTORY AUTHORIZED 
SALES & SERVICE 

Wide choice of lease & lease/purchase plans 

(om pu Pro 



SysAS103/mo..SysB$123/mo. T SysC$l60/mo.,SysD$255/mo. 

MORROW OE5IGN5 

DECISION 1 

Dl20$1l0/mo..D200$1l7/mo.,D21O$130/mo.,D220$155/ma. 



Rebel $78/mo. . Rebel 1 6 meg $103/ mo. .Rebel 16 meg mulli-user 5124/mo. 

Payments are example. Ask about other systems, boards, etc. 
Ask about bonus software. Accounting, games, utilities. 
PRINTERS. TERMINALS. SOFTWARE— CALL 

We cater lo experienced users, gov't, agencies, and Corp. customers. 



TERMS: Cash wtri order 
You pay all tfeighi. Add 5% 
lor 2% 10/NOI30AAAI or 
Fed /State P.O. £%/mo. 
carrying chg 
CALL US 9 AM 10 10 PM 



CostPlus 

76 COMPUTERS 

one Sin ™2 p0 - Bo* 6114-Blrmlngham, AL3525W114 

205 879-4735 Our bank is 1st National ol Birmingham, (205) 326-SI20 



Circle 118 on Inquiry card. 



Software Received. 

analysis program (see de- 
scription under CP/M). For 
the TRS-80 Models I and III; 
floppy disk, $39.95. BV En- 
gineering, POB 3351, River- 
side, CA 92519. 

Cards, an instructional pro- 
gram that enables you to pro- 
gram your own card games 
and gives hints on the 
graphics you'll require. For 
the TRS-80 Color Computer; 
cassette, $8. William Noggle, 
2413 Kenwood Ave., San 
Jose, CA 95128. 

Clean Slate, a word-pro- 
cessing package. This docu- 
mented software contains a 
text editor, terminal commu- 
nications capabilities, a form- 
letter generator, and handles 
assembly source code. For the 
TRS-80 Models I and III; 
floppy disk, $79.95. Howard 
W. Sams & Co., 4300 West 
62nd St., Indianapolis, IN 
46268. 

Conquest of Kzirgla, a high- 
resolution graphics game. As 
a warrior in the mythical 
kingdom of Kzirgla, you are 
faced with the challenge of 
conquering the evil wizard 
Kolobarr in his dangerous 
dungeon. For the TRS-80 
Color Computer; cassette, 
$21.95. Rainbow Connection 
Software, 3514 6th Place 
NW, Rochester, MN 55901. 

Exams, a word-processing 
system designed to prepare 
examinations efficiently. It 
allows fast creation, modifi- 
cation, and storage of mul- 
tiple-choice or true/false 
questions. Neatly formatted 
tests with answer keys are the 
final product. For the TRS-80 
Model III; floppy disk, 
$69.95. Microsoftware Ser- 
vices, POB 776, Harrison- 
burg, VA 22801. 

Hidden BASIC 1.0, a utility 
program designed to protect 
BASIC programs. Several 
commands will cease to 
execute without affecting 



the speed or ability of your 
programs. For the TRS-80 
Color Computer; cassette, 
$19.95. Spectrum Projects, 
93-15 86 Dr., Woodhaven, 
NY 11421. 

Rainbow-Writer, a general- 
purpose screen formatter that 
lets you write text in high- 
resolution graphics. It also 
features underline, subscript, 
superscript, scroll protect, 
and more. For the TRS-80 
Color Computer; cassette, 
$29.95. Rainbow Connection 
Software (see address above). 

Suspended, an interactive 
game (see description under 
Apple). For the TRS-80 
Model III; floppy disk, 
$49.95. Infocom, 55 Wheeler 
St., Cambridge, MA 02138. 

Zaxxon, an arcade-type 
game. Unique color graphics 
surround you as you pilot 
your aircraft through a 
simulated battlefield with 
enemy aircraft, fuel tanks, 
concealed missiles, anti- 
aircraft tanks, and nerve- 
shattering sound effects. The 
final showdown is a confron- 
tation with the deadly robot 
Zaxxon. For the TRS-80 Col- 
or Computer, floppy disk, 
$39.95. Datasoft Inc., 9421 
Winnetka Ave., Chatsworth, 
CA 91311. 



Timex/ Sinclair 

Arcade Games Package. Two 

BASIC program listings, Tic 
Tac Toe and Tank Zap, each 
with varying levels of dif- 
ficulty. For the ZX81 and 
TS1000 computers; two list- 
ings, $3. Florida Creations, 
Department P, POB 16422, 
Jacksonville, FL 32245. 

Music/Sounds Package. Five 
BASIC program listings and 
directions for broadcasting 
music and spaceship noises to 
a nearby radio. It controls the 
radio-frequency interference 
generated by the computer. 



It's Drue — We Did It I 

We have met or have beaten most advertised prices. 

Don't be foolish. Buy Direct! 



EAGLE 




OUR PC FLYS 

IBM Compatible 

Simply a better PC. All models 

available for immediate delivery 

Call Lowest s 




Mannesmann Tally 

• Standard — 7 x 9 160 CPS 

• NLQ — 40 x 18 40 CPS 

• 2K Buffer and Tractor Standard 

160 L 80 col. Call Best Seller 

180 L 132 col. Call Best Seller 




IDS 

• Proportional Spacing 

• 8 Character Styles 

• 200 CPS Bi Directional 

• Color Optional 

• Sheet Feed • Graphics 

• 3.4K Buffer 
Prism 80 

Prism 132 and Micro Prism S Call 



Lf*CAT 

Novation 



■ ■ 



Red Hot 
Special I 



Novation 
J-CAT 



• 300 BPS Modem 

• Originate/Auto Answer 
Staling s 84 ,s 




ALTOS 
ZENITH 

TELEVIDEO 

SANYO 

USI 

TRANSTAR 



FRANKLIN 

HAYES 

NOVATION 

VDS 

EAGLE 

RITEMAN 



OMNITEC 
VENTEL 
AMDEK 

BMC 

MICOM 

DATASOUTH 



TAXAN 
DIABLO 

NEC 

EPSON 

U.S. ROBOTICS 

PRINTEK 



OKIDATA 

OSBORNE 

COMREX 

DAISYWRITER 

JUKI 

STAR 



For Price Quotes and Ordering Call: 

1-800-328-8905 



For Technical Information and 

Arizona Orders, Call: 

602-949-8218 

For Shipping and Order Status Information, 
Call: 602-990-7556 




LIBERTY W 

QROUP, INCORPORATED 

4221 Winfield Scott Plaza • Scottsdale, Az 85251 



GTC 

ADDS 

DEC 

C. ITOH 

SILVER-REED 

MANY OTHERS 



Everything in 
computer related 
products: 

• Computers 

• Modems 

• Printers 

• Software 

• Monitors 

• Terminals 

• Accessories 

• Paper 

• Ribbons 

• Diskettes 

• Office Furniture 



Prices listed reflect a cash discount and are subject to change without notice We welcome Certified and Cashiers Checks. Bank Wires and Money Orders C O D s are shipped with a minimum COD 
charge Allow 3-7 days for personal checks to clear Product is subject to availability Equipment is in factory sealed boxes with manufacturer's warranty. There will be a re-stocking charge for returned 
merchandise Call first for an RMA number. Software not warranteed for suitability No return of Software which has been opened Add 2% for shipping & handling charges (minimum S2 50) All equipment 

sh.ppedFOB scottsdale. az B525I circle 259 on inquiry card. 



Circle 59 on inquiry card. 



"*_ Source 



PROGRAMMERS 
"C" the extras we offer 

More than just a compiler ... we address 
the total programming environment 

C Compiler — 

• Complete non-float implementation (float 
avail 3Q) per Kemighan and Ritchie. 

• Small and medium models supported. Medium 
model allows greater than 64k of code and 
greater than 64k of data. 

• Complete standard I/O p ackage. 

_tevel debugger 
c-wmdow => debugging 

ffitxjSnTaluationdunng 

debugging- ion breakpoints. 

Suternentan^xpjjs multl . 

^rSeTplaV P- single step 

nr breakpoint 

Ask for a demonstration package — 
you'll immediately "C" the difference! 

Available for Victor 9000, C Compiler $195.00 

IBM PC, Zenith Z100, other c-window $195.00 

MSDOS systems. Inquire c-window demo package 

about CP/M-86 version. (w/manual and diskette) $45.00 

Prices subject to change without notice. 

c-window tm c-systems; IBM tm IBM Corp.: MSDOS tm 

Microsoft; Tl Professional tm Tl; CP/M-86 tm Digital Research. 

P.O. Box 3253 • (714)637-5362 
Fullerton, CA 92634 



c-systems 




And then 
there 



were none. 



The list of already extinct animals 
grows . . . the great auk, the Texas gray 
wolf, the Badlands bighorn, the sea mink, 
the passenger pigeon . . . 

What happens if civilization 
continues to slowly choke out wildlife 
species by species? 

Man cannot live on a planet unfit for 
animals. 

Join an organization that's doing 
something about preserving our 
endangered species. Get involved. Write 
the [National Wildlife Federation, 
Department 105, 1412 16th 
_S Street, NW. Washington, 
"^ DC 20036. 

It's not too late. 



Software Received. 

For the ZX81 and TS1000; 
five listings, $3. Florida Cre- 
ations (see address above). 



Other Computers 

K-Fix v. 2.1, a program that 
modifies the Kaypro II to 
shut off the disk drives when 
not in use, extinguish the 
drive lights when not being 
accessed, and allows you to 
set the default serial data 
rate. For the Kaypro II 
CP/M; floppy disk, $29.95. 
Maplesoft Inc., Suite 100, 49 
Ascot Dr., Fredericton, NB 
E3B 6G1, Canada. 

Manykey, a utility package 
that lets you define 10 
control-number keys and 
CP/M or Wordstar arrow 
keys for each disk. This 
package allows each .COM 
file to define its own arrow 
and control-number keys. 



For the Osborne 1; floppy 
disk, $20. Compumagic Inc., 
POB 780, Severn, MD 21144. 

Swords & Serpents, an 

arcade-type game. You're the 
White Knight exploring a 
maze-like dungeon. Avoid 
danger and protect a friendly 
wizard until he can learn the 
spells to save you both. For 
the Mattel Intellivision; car- 
tridge, $39.95. Imagic, 981 
University Ave., Los Gatos, 
CA 95030. 

Text Formatter, an easy-to- 
use, plug-in accessory. You 
can quickly generate memos, 
form or personal letters, and 
10-page reports. Includes 
keyboard overlay and refer- 
ence card. For the Hewlett 
Packard HP-75C Portable 
Computer; ROM-module 
cartridge, $95. Hewlett Pack- 
ard, 1000 Northeast Circle 
Blvd., Corvallis, OR 97330. ■ 



This is a list of software packages that have been received by 
BYTE Publications during the past month. The list is correct to the 
best of our knowledge, but it is not meant to be a full description 
of the product or the forms in which the product is available. In 
particular, some packages may be sold for several machines or in 
both cassette and floppy-disk format; the product listed here is 
the version received by BYTE Publications. 

This is an all-inclusive list that makes no comment on the quality 
or usefulness of the software listed. We regret that we cannot 
review every software package we receive. Instead, this list is 
meant to be a monthly acknowledgment of these packages and 
the companies that sent them. All software received is considered 
to be on loan to BYTE and is returned to the manufacturer after a 
set period of time. Companies sending software packages should 
be sure to include the list price of the packages and (where appro- 
priate) the alternate forms in which they are available. 




Software for Schools 



Silicon Valley Systems is 
giving away more than 
$100,000 worth of its word- 
processing and educational 
software to public schools. 
For further information on 



how schools can obtain some 
of this software, contact 
Peggy Johnson, Assistant to 
the President, Silicon Valley 
Systems, 1625 El Camino 
Real, Belmont, CA 94002. ■ 



514 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 




eMH *»„ m ou/1 . 



A Colorful Introduction to 
Computers 



Here's a fun and educational coloring book 
to introduce your home computer to the 
youngest members of your family. The 
Magic Machine explores the excitement and 
wonder of computers from a young child's 
point of view. Theodore Cohen's story, writ- 
ten for beginning readers, answers many of 
the basic questions children ask about the 
magic machines that are coming into our 
homes in ever-growing numbers, and 
Jacqueline Bray's line drawings capture the 
vivid and often funny images that arise from 
the inquisitive minds of children as they 
seek to understand the world around them. 
Packaged complete with its own set of 
crayons, The Magic Machine will help 
children appreciate computers even before 
they are old enough to begin using them. 



Order Now Directly from BYTE 



The Magic Machine $2.00 
Prepayment Required 




A COLORING 
BOOK 

By Theodore J. Cohen and Jacqueline H. Bray 



BYTE/McGraw Hill 
70 Main St 
Peterborough, N.H. 03458 



If you want it fast, 
call us first. 

Chances are, we have just what you want right in our warehouse. 
So we can ship it out right now. At the right price. 



16K RAM KITS 15.95 

For IBM-PC. 

Set ol 9 NEC 4164 lor PC 80.00 



DISKETTES 

SCOTCH 3M 

S.S.D.DEN 40TRK, 10. 16 SECTORS ....23.50 
OS D.DEN 40 TRK. 10. 16 SECTORS .... 36.50 
8" DISKS IN STOCK CALL 

VERBATIM DATALIFE 

MD 52501. 10. 16 26.50 

MD 550-01, 10. 16 44.50 

MD 557-01. 10. 16 45.60 

MD 577-01. 10. 16 34.80 

DISKETTE STORAGE 

5'/<" PLASTIC LIBRARY CASE 2.50 

8" PLASTIC LIBRARY CASE 3.50 

PLASTIC STORAGE BINDER w/ Inserts. ...9. 95 
PROTECTOR 5%" (50 Disk Capacity). ...21. 95 

PROTECTOR 8" (50 Disk Capacity) 24.95 

DISK BANK 514" 5.95 

DISK BANK 8" 6.95 

ATARI 

See Apple & Atari Software. 

BANK STREET WRITER 55.50 

CENTIPEDE 32.00 

DEFENDER 32.00 

DONKEY KONG SCALL 

EPSON CABLE TO 850 INT 30.00 

FILE MANAGER 800 79.16 

GALAXIAN 32.00 

HOME ACCOUNTANT 59.00 

IN HOME KEYBOARD 67.00 

PACMAN 32.00 

PADDLE CONTROLLERS, limited qty 10.00 

QIX 35.00 

SIGNALMAN MODEM 85.00 

STAR RAIDERS 32.00 

TAX ADVANTAGE 38.97 

VISICALC 179.00 

WICO TRACKBALL 59.00 

INTEC PERIPHERALS 
RAM MODULES 

48K FOR ATARI 400 145.00 

32K FOR ATARI 800 67.00 

MOSAIC 64K 400/800 169.68 

PRINTERS 

STAR MICR0NICS GEMINI 10 SCALL 

STAR MICRONICS GEMINI 15 SCALL 

RIBBONS FOR MX-80 8.95 

RIBBONS FOR MX-100 24.00 

C-ITOH F-10 40 CPS PARALLEL 1250.00 

C-ITOH F-10 40 CPS SERIAL 1250.00 

C-ITOH F-10 55 CPS PARALLEL 1639.00 

C-ITOH F-10 55 CPS SERIAL 1639.00 

C-ITOH PROWRITER PARALLEL 410.00 

C-ITOH PROWRITER SERIAL 550.00 

C-ITOH PROWRITER II PARALLEL 699.00 

C-ITOH PROWRITER II SERIAL 767.00 

EPSON MX-80 W/GRAFTRAX PLUS SCALL 

NEW! EPSON FX-80 SCALL 



EPSON MX-100 W/GRAFTRAX PLUS ...SCALL 

EPSON GRAFTRAX PLUS 60.00 

EPSON RX-80 SCALL 

BMC PB101 PAR or SER 730.00 

COMREX CR-1 SERIAL 829.00 

COMREX TRACTOR FEED 109.00 

NEC 8023A 425.00 

NEC SPINWRITER 3530 P. RO 1995.00 

OKIDATA MICROLINE 82A 460.00 

OKIDATA MICROLINE 83A 700.00 

OKIDATA MICROLINE 84 1170.00 

OKIDATA 92 SCALL 

OKIDATA 93 SCALL 

OKIGRAPH 82 49.95 

OKIGRAPH 83 49.95 

MICROBUFFER IN-LINE 32K 299.00 

MICROBUFFER IN-LINE 64K 349.00 

MICROBUFFER 64K EXPANSION MOD. .179. 00 

BOOKS 

BASIC BETTER 8, FASTER DEMO DISK. .18.00 

CUSTOM I/O MACHINE LANGUAGE 24.95 

HOW TO DO IT...TRS-80 24.00 

MICROSOFT BASIC FASTER & BETTER. .24.95 

MICROSOFT BASIC & DECODED 24.95 

THE CUSTOM APPLE 24.95 

THE CUSTOM TRS-80 24.95 

TRS-80 DISK & MYSTERIES 16.95 

Tab Books in Stock. Call For Titles. 

APPLE HARDWARE 

ABT APPLE KEYPAD 119.00 

MICROSOFT PREMIUM PAK 469.00 

MICROSOFT Z-80 SOFTCARD 249.00 

M & R SUPERTERM 80x24 VIDEO BD.. .315.00 

M & R COOLING FAN 44.95 

M & R UNIVERSAL MOD 54.95 

PROMETHEUS VERSACARD 165,00 

OUENTIN APPLEMATE DRIVE 258.00 

SUPER CLOCK II 129.00 

T/G JOYSTICK 44.95 

T/G PADDLE 29.95 

T/G SELECT-A-PORT 54.95 

T/G TRACKBALL 47.50 

THE MILL-PASCAL SPEED UP 270.00 

VERSA E-Z PORT 21.95 

VERSA WRITER DIGITIZER 259.00 

VIDEX ULTRATERM SCALL 

VIDEX 80x24 VIDEO CARD 260.00 

VIDEX KEYBOARD ENHANCER II 129.00 

VIDEX FUNCTION STRIP 71.50 

KRAFT JOYSTICK 48.00 

MICROBUFFER lit 16K W/GRAPHICS 259 00 

MICROBUFFER II} 32K W/GRAPHICS 299.00 

SUPERFAN II 62.00 

SUPERFAN II W/ZENER 84.50 

RANA CONTROLLER 104.00 

SNAPSHOT 119.00 

GRAPPLER+ 145.00 

7710A ASYNCHRON. SER. INTERFACE ...149.00 

7712A SYNCHRON. SER. INTERFACE 159.00 

7742A CALENDAR CLOCK 99.00 

7728A CENTRONICS INTERFACE 105.00 

VISTA VISION 80-80 COL CARD 259.00 

VISTA 8" DISK DRIVE CONTROLLER 549.00 

MONITORS 

USI AMBER 9" 145.00 

USI AMBER 12" 160.00 

NEC 12" GREEN MONITOR 159.00 



NEC 12" COLOR MONITOR 399.00 

BMC GREEN MONITOR 89.00 

AMDEK COLOR 1 350.00 

AMDEK RGB COLOR II 669.00 

AMDEK RGB INTERFACE 169.00 

AMDEK 310A IBM AMBER 179.00 

TAXAN RGB 1 359.00 

MOUNTAIN 
HARDWARE 

CPS MULTIFUNCTION BOARD 145.00 

ROMPLUS W/ KEYBOARD FILTER 165.00 

ROMPLUS W/O KEYBOARD FILTER 125.00 

KEYBOARD FILTER ROM 49.00 

COPYROM 49.00 

MUSIC SYSTEM 369.00 

ROMWRITER 149.00 

EXPANSION CHASSIS 580.00 

RAMPLUS 32K 160.00 

SUPERTALKER 169.00 

S-100 HARDWARE 

CALIFORNIA 
COMPUTER SYSTEMS 

2065C 64K DYNAMIC RAM 539.00 

2422 DISK CONT. & CP/M® 359.00 

2710 4 SERIAL I/O 279.00 

2719 2 SERIAL / 2 PARALLEL I/O 289.00 

2720 4 PARLLEL I/O 219.00 

2810 Z-80 CPU 259.00 

CALSTAR COMPUTER 

w/ PERFECT SPELLER, WRITER 3020.00 

MODEMS 

New! IBM INTERNAL 300/1200 BAUD 

DIRECT CONNECT MODEM 399.00 

HAYES MICROMODEM II 289.00 

MICROMODEM W/ TERMINAL PKG 309.00 

HAYES 100 MODEM (S-100) 325.00 

HAYES CHRONOGRAPH 199.00 

HAYES SMART MODEM (300 Baud). ...227. 00 
HAYES SMART MODEM (1200 Baud). ..540. 00 

IBM SIGNALMAN 229.00 

NOVATION J-CAT 125.00 

NOVATION SMARTCAT 212 499.00 

NOVATION SMARTCAT 209.00 

NOVATION AUTO-CAT (1200 Baud) 619.00 

NOVATION APPLE-CAT (300 Baud) 310.00 

NOVATION APPLE-CAT (1200 Baud) 605.00 

SIGNALMAN MODEM W /RS-232C 85.00 

TERMINALS 

HAZELTINE ESPRIT 1 500.00 

HAZELT1NE ESPRIT II 580.00 

VISUAL-50 GREEN 690.00 

TELEVIDEO 910 630.00 

TRS-80 MOD I 
HARDWARE 

PERCOM DATA SEPARATOR 27.00 

PERCOM DOUBLER II W /DOS 3.4 159.00 

4 DRIVE CONTROLLER P/S 259.00 

TANDON 40 TRK DISK DRIVE W/P.S...289.00 
LNW 5/8 DOUBLER W/DOSPLUS 3. 4. ..181 .00 

LNW EXPANSION INTERFACE 350.00 

LNW 80 MOD II w/ CP/M SCALL 



IBM HARDWARE 

QUADBOARD 64K 338.00 

64K MEMORY UPGRADE 80.00 

APPARAT COMBO BOARD 154.00 

AST CALL 

MICROSOFT 64K 278.00 

PLANTRONICS COLORPLUS GRAPHICS BOARD 

w/ DRAFTSMAN 475.00 

T/G JOYSTICK 47.95 

T/G TRACKBALL 47.95 

HERCULES GRAPHICS CARD 429.00 

KRAFT JOYSTICK 48.00 

Davong Systems. Inc. Call (or prices and slock. 

ALPHA BYTE IBM MEMORY 
EXPANSION BOARDS 

256K W /RS-232C 349.00 

256K W /RS-232C & SUPERCALC 2. ...507 00 

512K W /RS-232C 579.00 

512K W /RS-232C & SUPERCALC 2. ...727.00 

IBM DISK DRIVES 

Alpha Byte's add-on drive kits tor the IBM-PC — 
each kit includes installation instructions. 
Tandon TM100-1 Single head 40 Irk.. ..195.00 
Tandon TM100-2 Double head 40 trk...262.50 
TEAC HALF HEIGHT D.S. Disk Drives. ..269. 00 
BRACKETS & CABLE: tor halt height drive... 25.95 
PANASONIC '/2-HEIGHT DISK DRIVES. .249.00 

ISOLATORS 

ISO-1 3-SOCKET 49.95 

ISO-2 6-SOCKET 49.95 

6 SOCKET SWITCHED 34.95 

BARE DRIVES 

TANDON 5V4 INCH 

100-1 SINGLE HEAD 40 TRK 195.00 

100-2 DUAL HEAD 40 TRK 262.50 

100-3 SINGLE HEAD 80 TRK 250.00 

100-4 DUAL HEAD 80 TRK 369.00 

TANDON THINLINE 8 INCH 

848-1 SINGLE SIDE 379.00 

848-2 DUAL SIDE 490.00 

MICRO PRO 

APPLE CP/M® 

WORDSTAR'! 279.00 

SUPERSORT't 179.00 

MAILMERGE't 174.00 

DATASTAR't 207,00 

SPELLSTAR't 174,00 

CALCSTAR't 109,00 

MICROSOFT® 

APPLE 

ALDStt 9500 

BASIC COMPILER* 299.00 

COBOL" 525.00 

FORTRAN" 150.00 

OLYMPIC DECATHLON 24.95 

TASC APPLESOFT COMPILER 125.00 

TYPING TUTOR II 16.50 

Z-80 SOFTCARD 249 00 



CP/M is a rep trademark ol Digital Research. "Requires Z-80 Softcard tReg. trademark of Micro Pro International Corp. ^Trademark of Practical Peripherals, Inc 
MICROSOFT is reg. trademark. ttTrademark ol Microsoft Corp. 



'Trademark of Software Dimensions. Inc 



IBM SOFTWARE 



LOTUS 1.2.3 38000 

INFOSTAR 279 00 

VOLKSWRITER V 1.2, .145 00 

WRITE ON 9000 

BENCHMARK 388.70 

BASE II 419.00 

EASYWRITER II 247.00 

EASY SPELLER 149.00 

EASY FILE 28500 

FIRST CLASS MAIL 85.00 

HOME ACCOUNTANT+ 105 00 

JFORMAT 39.00 

MAILMERGE 17400 

MOVE IT.......... 109.00 

SPELLSTAR 17400 

SUPERCALC 2 16800 

THE WORD PLUS 117 00 

TIM. Ill 37900 

VISICALC / 256K 189 00 

VISITRENO / VISIPLOT 235.00 

VIS10EX 19200 

VISIFILE 24900 

VISISCHEDULE 22900 

VERSA WRITER GRAPHICS TABLETS. ...270 00 

WORDSTAR 279 00 

CONCURRENT CP/M- 86 31500 

CP/M 86 DIGITAL RESEARCH 60 00 

GRAPHICS HARD COPY SYSTEM 19 50 

PFS FILE 97 50 

PFS: GRAPH 97.50 

PFS REPORT 97 50 

Call tor additional IBM sollware prices 

IBM GAME SOFTWARE 

DEADLINE 35.00 

GALAXY 19.50 

LOST COLONY 23.36 

MIDWAY CAMPAIGN 17.00 

MILLIONAIRE 48.50 

CONQUEST 23.36 

GALACTIC ATTACK 25.00 

APPLE PANIC 23.61 

CROSSFIRE 24.95 

STARCROSS 28.00 

THE WARP FACTOR 31.16 

WITNESS 35.00 

ZORK I. II. Ill 28.00 

II you don'l see Ihe sollwate you wanl. call. Our 
sollware slock is constantly expanding. 

APPLE SOFTWARE 

MAGIC WINDOW II 117.00 

MAGIC MAILER 5900 

MULTIPLAN 199.00 

MULTITOOL BUDGET 111,50 

MULT1T00L FINANCE 74.25 

DB MASTER 16900 

DB MASTER UTILITY PACK I OR II 89.00 

DATA CAPTURE 4.0/80 COLUMN 59.95 

DOSS BOSS 18.72 

DOUBLE TAKE 27.68 

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TRS-80 

L. DOS VERS. 5.1 Specify MOD I or III 98.50 

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CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS S-100 MAINFRAME 399.00 

HAZELTINE ESPIRIT 1 500.00 

HAZELTINE ESPIRIT II 580.00 



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MULTIPLANft 19900 

BASIC 80 249.00 

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FORTRAN 80 359.00 

COBOL 80 550.00 

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mu MATH/mu SIMP 200.00 

mu LISP/mu STAR 165.00 

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Specily MOD I or III 

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FROGGER 16.45 

STARCROSS 31.16 

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APPLE & ATARI GAMES 

A.E 23.72 

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FLIGHT SIMULATOR 26.61 

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Apple 



NEW! Data Base Management for' the 
Apple™ (Wadsworth) #6282, $12.95. 
NEW! Pascal Programs for Business 
(Swan) #6270, $15.95. 
NEW! Pascal Programs for Games and 
Graphics (Swan) #6271, $15.95. 
Basic Apple™ BASIC (Coan) #5626, 
$12.95. 

The BASIC Conversions Handbook for 
Apple™. TRS-80™, and PET" Users (Brain 
Bank) #5534, $8.95. 
I Speak BASIC to My Apple™ (Jones) 
teacher's manual #6165, $17.45; student 
text #6175, $8.45. 

Graphics Cookbook for the Apple™ 
(Wadsworth) #6278, $9.95. 
6502 Software Gourmet Guide and Cook- 
book (Findley) #6277, $12.95. 



NEW! Atari® in Wonderland (D'lgnazio) 
#5771, $9.95. 

NEW! I Speak BASIC to My Atari" 
(Jones) teacher's manual #6168, $17.45; 
student text #6178, $8.45. 
Stimulating Simulations for the Atari" 
(Engel) #5197, $6.50. 
6502 Software Gourmet Guide and Cook- 
book (Findley) #6277, $12.95. 



NEW! VIC™ Games (Hampshire) #1060, 
$12.95. 

VIC™ Graphics (Hampshire) #1057, 
$12.95. 

VIC™ Revealed (Hampshire) #1058, 
$12.95. 

I Speak BASIC to My VIC™ (Jones) 
teacher's manual #6169, $17.45; student 
text #6179, $8.45. 

Stimulating Simulations for the VIC™ 
(Engel) #5173, $6.50. 
6502 Software Gourmet Guide and Cook- 
book (Findley) #6277, $12.95. 



COMING SOON! IBM" BASIC From the 
Ground Up (Simon) #6350, $15.95. 
CO/WING SOON.' IBM" User's Guide 
(Held) #6262, $19.95. 
COMING SOON! IBM" Programs for 
Business (Sternberg) #5196, $15.95. 
COMING SOON! Business Programs for 
Your IBM PC (Hildebrand) #6351 , $15.95. 
The 8086/8088 Primer, 2nd Edition 
(Morse) #6255, $11.95. 



Timex/Sinclair 



NEW! Timex/Sinclair™ Color Graphics 
(Hampshire) #1064, $12.95. 
COMING SOON! Management Decision 
Tools for the Timex/Sinclair™ (McNitt) 
#2101, $12.95. 

COMING SOON! Timex/Sinclair™ 
BASIC (Charles) #2102, $10.95. 
COMING SOON! Timex/Sinclair™ 
Color Games (Hampshire) #1065, $12.95. 
CO/MING SOON! Timex/Sinclair™ Pic- 
ture Book (Nadler) #2103, $9.95. 



BASIC Conversions Handbook for Apple™, 

TRS-80™, and PET" Users (Brain Bank) 

#5534, $8.95. 

I Speak BASIC to My PET " (Jones) teacher's 

manual #6166, $17.45; student text 

#6176, $8.45. 

PET" Graphics (Hampshire) #1051, 

$18.75. 

Library of PET" Subroutines (Hampshire) 

#1050, $16.50. 

Prices subject 10 change 

Available at your local computer store 
and bookstore or call 

1-800-631-0856 

operalor BY93 
In NJ call (201) 368-2202, exl. 19 



Commodore 64 



COMING SOON! I Speak BASIC to My 

Commodore 64™ (Jones) teacher's manual 
#6172, $17.45; student text #6182, 
$8.45. 

COMING SOON! Commodore 64™ 
Graphics (Hampshire) #1069, $12.95. 
COMING SOON! Commodore 64™ Pro- 
grams for the Home (Sternberg) #5176, 
$14.95. 



TRS-80 



The BASIC Conversions Handbook for 
Apple™, TRS-80™, and PET" Users (Brain 
Bank) #5534, $8.95. 
I Speak BASIC to My TRS-80™ (Jones) 
teacher's manual #6164, $17.45; student 
text #6174, $8.45. 

The Softside Sampler: TRS-80™ Entertain- 
ment Programs (Witham) #5496, $9.95. 
Programs for Beginners on the TRS-80™ 
(Blechman)#5182, $9.95. 
Z80 Instruction Handbook (Wadsworth) 
#6275, $5.95. 

Z80 Software Gourmet Guide and Cookbook 
(Wadsworth) #6276, $15.95. 



Languages 



COMING SOON! Introduction to C Pro- 
gramming (Kochan) #6261, $18.95. 

Secrets of Better BASIC (Mau) #6254, 
$14.95. 

Pascal With Style: Programming Proverbs 
(Ledgard, Hueras, Nagin) #5124, $9.50. 
Problem Solving Principles for Ada Pro- 
grammers: Applied Logic, Psychology, and 
Grit (Lewis) #5211, $10.95. 



General 



CP/M" Revealed (Dennon) #5204, 

$13.95. 

NEW! Robotics Age: In the Beginning 

(Helmers) #6325, $16.95. 

Apple. Commodore 64. Osborne. TRS-80. ond II ore trodemarks of Apple 
Computer Inc . Commodore Business Mochines. Inc , Osborne Computer 
Corp . Radio Shock, and Texas Instruments, respectively Time* is a 
trodemorh of Timex Computer Cotp Sinclair is a registered trademark o' 
Sinclair Reseorch. Ltd Atori, IBM. PfT. and CP M ore registered 
trademorks of Atori, Inc . International Business Machines. Corp . 
Commodore Business Mochines. Inc ond Digital Reseorch. respectively 




518 BYTE September 1983 



Ask BYTE 



Conducted by Steve Ciarcia 



Electronically 
Measuring Fish 

Dear Steve, 

I have been trying to locate 
technical information that 
will assist me in developing 
some electronic-measuring 
devices. I am a fisheries 
biologist and amateur engi- 
neer and machinist. I want to 
design and build equipment 
that will allow me to measure 
small fish automatically and 
record the lengths with my 
computer. I also want to fit 
automatic measuring capabil- 
ities to some machine tools 
so that I can have real-time 
measurements as I work and 
know precise tool positions. 
Once I have this capability, I 
want to move into numerical 
control and some robotic ap- 
plications. 

I would like to try using 
magnetic strips coded with 
distance information at- 
tached to the machines' 
ways, then use a reading 
head attached to the moving 
element of the machine. The 
reading head would feed into 
a processing unit with a 
digital readout. I have seen a 
picture of an electronic ver- 
nier caliper that operates on 
this principle but have not 
been able to get any details of 
the actual working elements. 

Your assistance in locating 
technical information or peo- 
ple to contact is greatly 
appreciated. 
Greg L. Young 
Juneau, AK 

One of the simplest yet most 
sophisticated techniques devised 
for electronic measuring is the 
use of a TV camera. By digitiz- 
ing a video image of a part or 
surface, measurements to thou- 
sandths of an inch are possible. 
I have seen units that can in- 
spect complex mechanical parts 
in seconds, and give a list of all 



dimensions measured, the allow- 
able range for each dimension, 
and a flag against any dimension 
that is not within the spec. Here 
are some companies that make 
such products. . . .Steve 

Interactive Video Systems 
358 Baker Ave. 
Concord, MA 01742 
(617) 371-0104 

Stocker & Yale 
Rte. 128 and Brimbal Ave. 
Beverly, MA 01915 
(617) 927-3940 

Electro-Optical Information 

Systems 

710 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 501 

Santa Monica, CA 90401 

(213) 451-8566 

EG & G Reticon 
345 Potrero Ave. 
Sunnyvale, CA 94086 
(408) 738-4266 



Vestigial-Sideband 
Filter 

Dear Steve, 

I am constructing a micro- 
computer system using 
Motorola's 6847 VDG 
(video-display generator) and 
1372 TV Modulator. 
Motorola's documentation on 
the VDG 6847 interface is 
quite clear; however, I found 
the information provided for 
the 1372 and TV interface is 
too general. Specifically, the 
1372's output is fed into the 
TV set (probably to the 
antenna) with a vesti- 
gial-sideband filter. Can you 
tell me what this filter is? I 
would greatly appreciate it. 
Richard F. Man 
Medford, MA 

A television signal is gener- 
ated in a manner similar to that 
of a standard AM (amplitude 



modulation) sound broadcast, 
and the video signal consists of 
two sidebands and a carrier. To 
conserve spectrum bandwidth 
and to reduce the problems as- 
sociated with wide bandwidth 
transmissions, one sideband is 
removed. However, filters to 
completely remove this sideband 
(for single-sideband transmis- 
sion) must have a very sharp 
cutoff frequency and not change 
the phase or amplitude of the re- 
maining sideband. Such filters 
are difficult to construct and ex- 
pensive. As a compromise, most, 
but not all, of one sideband is re- 
moved. This method is known as 
vestigial-sideband operation. 
A vestigial-sideband filter also 
removes second harmonic effects 
and other spurious noise. The 
output of the MC1372 is essen- 
tially a double-sideband signal, 
and the vestigial filter is used to 
"trim" the signal to fit the band- 
width of the television re- 
ceiver. . . .Steve 



High-Resolution 
Storage 

Dear Steve, 

We would like to know if 
anyone makes a video 
camera with interface that 
will let you copy records 
and files to be recorded on 
the computer disk for later 
recall and reproduction 
through a printer or plotter. 
We wish to reduce our 
records to a computer library 
with indexing capabilities. 
Eugene Manzo 
Miami, FL 

Many video camera systems 
on the market allow image 
storage, but it is important to 
choose one with high resolution 
in order to store a complete page 
of text. The higher the resolu- 
tion, the sharper the image and 
the greater demands on memory. 



For example, 1024 by 1024 pix- 
els would be the minimum res- 
olution, and higher values are 
preferred; but one frame at this 
size requires 128K bytes. 

Some companies making such 
equipment include 

Datacopy 

1070 East Meadow Circle 
Palo Alto, CA 94303 
(415) 493-3420 

Imaging Technology Inc. 
400 West Cummings Park, 
Suite 4350 
Woburn, MA 01801 
(617) 938-8444 

Eikonix Corporation 
23 Crosby Dr. 
Bedford, MA 01730 
(617) 275-5070 

Quantex Corporation 
252 North Wolfe Rd. 
Sunnyvale, CA 94086 
(408) 733-6730 

You might also want to con- 
sider using a laser-type videodisc 
with a personal computer to pro- 
vide random access. The major 
problem here is getting the in- 
formation onto the laser disc. 
Refer to the June 1982 BYTE for 
more information. . . .Steve 



VIC-20 Expansion 

Dear Steve, 

I have a Commodore 
VIC-20. Is there a company 
that manufactures an expan- 
sion module that would pro- 
vide a 40- or 80-column video 
output? 

Robert J. Kakoczki 
White Cloud, MI 

Quantum Data Inc. makes a 
series of cartridges for the 
VIC-20, among which is a card 
that will display 80 columns of 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 519 



Ask BYTE 

text. The card optionally features 
16K bytes of memory and a pro- 
grammable ROM socket. It 
comes set for 40 columns that 
can be displayed on a TV set. For 
80 columns, a change inside the 
cartridge is made. A video 
monitor must be used with any 
80-column display because the 
bandwidth of an ordinary TV is 
not adequate. Contact Quantum 
Data Inc., 3001 Redhill Bldg., 
Suite 105, Costa Mesa, CA 
92626, (714) 966-6553. 

Data 20 Corporation also 
makes a set of cards for the VIC 
that includes a Video Pak 
80-column expansion card with 
additional memory and free 
word-processing software. Con- 
tact Data 20 Corporation, 23011 
Moulton Parkway, Suite BIO, 
Laguna Hills, CA 92653, (714) 
770-2366. . . .Steve 



Volceprlnts 

Dear Steve, 
I am writing in reference to 



your articles in BYTE on 
voiceprints. I have been 
thinking along these lines in 
an attempt to build a system 
to help deaf people learn to 
speak. I think if you could 
display correct voiceprints on 
a monitor for the deaf person 
to duplicate, it would facili- 
tate their efforts to speak. 

I have an Apple II system 
and some experience in pro- 
gramming in BASIC. I have 
heard some rumors about 
systems that have already 
been designed, but I have not 
been able to get any real in- 
formation. Do you know of 
anyone I could contact about 
this subject? Any information 
or advice on how to proceed 
would be greatly appreci- 
ated. It seems your work 
with voiceprinting could 
form the basis of a good sys- 
tem. 

Thank you for your con- 
sideration. 
Dale Sarver 
Ridgefield, WA 



Many companies are actively 
pursuing speech recognition, but 
I am not sure how many are 
using the voiceprint concept. 
Most are concentrating on the 
recognition of specific words by 
an unlimited number of users. I 
am listing below some companies 
engaged in speech recognition. 
Write them for further informa- 
tion. . . .Steve 



Ben Franklin Industries 
Casey Creek, KY 42723 
(606) 787-5002 

Covox Company 
675-D Conger St. 
Eugene, OR 97402 
(503) 342-1271 

Excalibur Technologies 
800 Rio Grande Blvd. NW, 
Suite 21 

Albuquerque, NM 87104 
(505) 242-3333 

Hitachi 

175 Crossways Park West 



Woodbury, NY 11797 
(516) 921-7200 

Interstate Electronics 
POB 3117 

Anaheim, CA 92803 
(714) 635-7210 

NEC America 
532 Broad Hollow Rd. 
Melville, NY 11747 
(516) 752-9700 

Votan 

26046 Eden Landing Rd. 
Hayward, CA 94545 
(415) 785-8060 



IMSAI Repair 

Dear Steve, 

I have an IMSAI VDP-44 in 
need of repair. To have this 
done locally, I need sche- 
matics and possibly an 
equipment manual. What is 
the address of the company 
that bought out IMSAI? 



CompuPro 



8 and/or 16 Bits. 



A CompuPro Systems Center is much more than a computer store: It is the first place to look for 
business, scientific, and industrial computing solutions. When you're ready for professional level, 
state-of-the-art microcomputing, turn to the professionals listed below . . . they're ready for you. 



ARIZONA 

Scottsdale 
S-100 

(800)528-3138 

CALIFORNIA 

Bakersfiold 

Creative Computing Services 

(805) 325-9877 

Berkeley 

Track Computer Center 

(415)845-6366 

Burlingame 

Mentzer Computer Systems 

(415)340-9363 

Canyon Country 

Creative Computing Services 

(805)251-9877 



Carmichael 

Logic Systems 

(916)971-3133 

Chatsworth 

Priority One Electronics 

(213) 709-5464 

Hayward 

Byte Shop of Hayward 

(415)886-4732 

Irvine 

Priority One Electronics 

(714)660-1411 

Los Angeles 

American Computers & Engineers 

(213)477-6751 

Gifford Computer Systems 

(213) 477-3921 



Mountain View 

ACC 

(415)969-4969 

Oakland 

Track Computer Center 

(415)444-8725 

Pacific Palisades 

System Interface Consultants 

(213)454-2100 

Pasadena 

Omni Unlimited 

(213)795-6664 

Petaluma 

Advanced Information Mgmt. 

(707) 763-7283 

Pleasanton 

Best Computer Stores 

(415)463-2233 



520 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Is it worth the trouble to 
fool with this machine? After 
numerous phone calls, the 
closest repair available seems 
to be Computerland in 
Chicago. 
J. R. Weistart 
Rochester, IL 

Microsystems magazine fea- 
tures advertisements by a com- 
pany that has taken over the line 
of IMSAI computers. Perhaps 
they have a repair facility to ser- 
vice your unit. Write or call 
them at 

IMSAI Computer Division 
Fischer-Freitas Corporation 
910 81st Ave., Bldg. 14 
Oakland, CA 94621 
(415) 635-7615 

As to whether it is worth fix- 
ing, that is a question you must 
answer. Weigh the cost of repair 
to your total investment. If you 
were happy with the unit before 
it malfunctioned, then repair it 
and keep going. If you were un- 



happy, here is the excuse that 
you need to buy a new one. 
Good luck. . . .Steve 



Protecting ZX81 
Programs 

Dear Steve, 

I've had a Sinclair ZX81 
computer for about six 
months and have written a 
lot of my own programs. Is 
there any way to prevent 
someone from being able to 
display the listing of a pro- 
gram? That is, is there any 
way you can make a program 
on tape "run-only"? Any 
help you can give me on my 
problem would be greatly ap- 
preciated. 
Greg E. Sedbrook 
Del Rio, TX 

The easy way to protect pro- 
grams from being listed in 
BASIC is to have the program 
disable the LIST command. This 



is easy for computers that have 
the BASIC in RAM but very dif- 
ficult if it is in ROM (like your 
ZX81). lam not aware of a sim- 
ple way to defeat this command. 
Writing your program in ma- 
chine language will certainly 
solve the problem. A BASIC pro- 
gram can be written to give title 
and credits. Then call a USR 
command to run your ma- 
chine-language program. This 
will make it more difficult to 
copy. . . .Steve 



Getting Ready 
for April 15 

Dear Steve, 

I have a Timex/Sinclair 1000 
computer and would like to 
know if anyone has written 
a program for it to prepare in- 
come tax returns. I know it's 
been done for other com- 
puters. 

Also, do you know if any- 
one has written about con- 



verting Sinclair BASIC to 
BASICs used in computers 
such as the Atari and Apple 
II? 

Thank you for your help. 
Timothy Bartlett 
New York, NY 

I am not aware of a book writ- 
ten specifically to convert 
Sinclair BASIC to other 
BASICs. There is a book to con- 
vert between Apple, PET, and 
Radio Shack; but it does not 
mention your computer. A 
general reference for converting 
between BASIC versions is The 
BASIC Handbook by David 
A. Lien, published by Compu- 
soft Publishing. It describes the 
similarities and differences be- 
tween versions of BASIC, gives 
sample programs, and tells you 
what to do if your BASIC lacks 
a particular feature. It should be 
of great help to you. 

I have not seen an income tax 
program for the Timex/Sinclair 
1000. There have been many ar- 
ticles written for such programs, 



Spoken Here. . . 



San Francisco 

Gifford Computer Systems 

(415)391-4570 

San Leandro 

Gifford Computer Systems 

(415)895-0798 

San Rafael 

Computer House 

(415)453-0865 

Santa Barbara 

Data Bank 

(805) 962-8489 

Santa Maria 

Data Bank 

(805)922-1333 

Santa Rosa 

Matrix Computers 

(707) 542-0571 

Sunnyvale 

Pragmatic Designs, Inc. 

(408) 736-8670 



FLORIDA 

Brandon 

Micro Computer Technology 

(813)685-7659 

Satellite Beach 

Binary Magic, Inc. 

(305) 777-7080 

HAWAII 

Kahulul Maul 

Capacity Plus Computers 

(808) 877-3496 

ILLINOIS 

Athens 

Computers Plus 

(217)636-8491 

La Orange Park 

Small Business Systems, Inc. 

(312) 579-3311 

Skokle 

Lillipute Computer Mart, Inc. 

(312)674-1383 



INDIANA 

Terre Haute 

General Software, Inc. 

(812)234-9421 

MARYLAND 

Bethesda 

J R Systems 

(301)657-3598 

MASSACHUSETTS 

Boston 

New England Electronic Exch. 

(617)491-3000 

(Please turn the page) 



(ompuPro 



CompuPro, a 6 OBBOUTcoupany 

3506 Breakwater Court, Hayward, CA 94545 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 521 



Ask BYTE. 



so it should be an easy matter to 
convert one for your computer. 
One such article appeared in the 
March 1980 issue of Microcom- 
puting magazine on pages 
42-47. "Income Tax Consultant" 
by William P. Van Horn de- 
scribes a tax preparation pro- 
gram that can serve as a model 
for your computer. . . .Steve 



Apple Equipment 

and the 

Commodore 64 

Dear Steve, 

Commodore says that the 
6510 processor in its 64 is an 
improved version of the 6502. 
If this is true, can I interface 
the 64 to an Apple II expan- 
sion bus? If I do so, can I use 
Apple-compatible peripheral 
devices with it? If so, how? Is 
there any way I could use 
Apple II software? 
Joshua Putnam 
Burton, WA 



The 6510 microprocessor used 
in the Commodore 64 is an im- 
proved version of the 6502. It 
features additional input/output 
lines and shares the same in- 
struction set as the 6502. 
Apple-compatible peripheral 
devices, in theory, should work 
with the Commodore, but some 
significant differences must be 
addressed. 

1. Many Apple peripheral 
cards have an onboard ROM 
that contains software to drive 
the hardware. These ROMs con- 
tain calls to Apple routines in 
the monitor and other areas not 
common to the 64. Hence the 
ROMs may have to be changed. 

2. The Apple bus has some 
built-in decoding known as De- 
vice Select signals, which ac- 
tivate the card when a particular 
area in memory is addressed. No 
separate address decoding is on 
the card (usually), and you must 
add this to work with the 64. 

3. Apple uses a different 
phase of the system clock than 



the 64 (<f> 1 instead of $2). This 
may create some timing prob- 
lems on some cards. 

Each card must be considered 
separately for compatibility. It 



may be possible to create a 
universal Apple interface for the 
64, but an in-depth study of the 
software and hardware differ- 
ences is required. . . . Steve ■ 



In "Ask BYTE," Steve Garcia answers questions on any area of 
microcomputing. The most representative questions received each 
month will be answered and published. Do you have a nagging 
problem? Send your inquiry to: 
Ask BYTE 

POB 582 
Glastonbury CT 06033 

If you are a subscriber to The Source, chat with Steve |TEC3 1 7) 
directly. Due to the high volume of inquiries, personal replies can- 
not be given. Be sure to include "Ask BYTE" in the address. 



And Here. 



Chestnut Hill 

Key Micro Systems 

(617)738-7306 

NEW YORK 

Dear Park 

Datapro Systems, Inc. 

(516)595-1311 

Staten Island 

John D. Owens Associates, Inc. 

(212)448-6283 

NORTH CAROLINA 

Greensboro 

General Semantics, Inc. 

(919)288-1117 

OREGON 

Portland 

Microwest Computer Products 

(503) 238-6274 

RHODE ISLAND 

Coventry 

Key Micro Systems 

(401)828-7270 



TEXAS 

Houston 

Gifford Computer Systems 

(713)877-1212 

WISCONSIN 

Greenfield 

Byte Shop of Milwaukee 

(414)281-7004 

Madison 

Beam International 

(608) 255-2325 

CANADA 

Burnaby, B.C. 

Dynacomp Business 
Computers Ltd. 

(604) 299-3747 



Coquitlam, B.C. 

CSC System Center Ltd. 

(604)941-0622 

THE PHILIPPINES 

Quezon City 

Corona International Inc. 

78-34-71 

UNITED KINGDOM 

Swansea 

Comcen Technology Ltd. 

(0792) 796000 




® 



ompuPro 



CompuPro, a G0BB0UT company 
3506 Breakwater Court, Hayward, CA 94545 



522 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Heart ofTEXAS 

COMPUTER SYSTEMS 

To" Free 1-800-433-5184 Texas 1-817-274-5625 



CORVUS 



HARD DISK DRIVES Complete from $1649 

Single and multiuser HARD DRIVES for all brands of computers 
One or several computers can share A HARD DISK. 

FT7TJ 




TCS DRIVE CABINET is industrial grade heavy guage metal, safety fuseclarK^omes 
with gold plated external connector with extender cable 



1 DRIVE in Cabinet 

40 track single sided $199 

80 Irack (dual sided 40 track) .$299 
160 track (dual sided 80 track . . $399 

1 DRIVE Double Cabinet 

40 track single sided $259 

80 track (dual sided 40 track) $349 
160 track (dual sided 80 track) $449 



2 DRIVE Double Cabinet 

40 track single sided $399 

80 track (dual sided 40 tracks) $599 
160 track (dual sided 80 tracks) $799 



Drives in cabinets come assembled 
and tested with power supply Order 
cable separately 



BARE DRIVES ONLY 



40 track single sided 

80 track (dual sided 40 track) 



160 track (dual sided 80 track) $CALL 
$165 8 inch Slimline sgl.'dbl sided $CALL 

$CALL Winchester Hard Drives 5 Meg $399 



CALL IF YOU FIND A LOWER PRICE ON DRIVES 



PERCOM 



5 Megabytes of storage $1390 

10 Megabytes of storage $1690 



15 Megabytes of storage 
20 Megabytes of storage 




PRINTERS 



a PRINTER CABLES AND 
■ Ik *t^ m^*-2 // INTERFACES AVAILABLE 

Call for current pricing 

PRINTERS 

■ 100 - 120 - 160 CPS " Super Script-Subscript 
' Bidirectional Logic Seeking ' Underlining 

• Friction and Tractor ' Backspacing Doublestrike 

• 9X9 Dot Matrix ' 5. 6, 8 1/2, 10. 12 and 17 Pitch 
" True Decenders ' Programmable Line Spacing 

■ High Res-Bit Image Block Graphics ' SIX (6) MONTH WARRANTY 

GEMINI 10X (9 Inch Carriage, 120cps) Friction and Tractor $CALL 

GEMINI 15 (15 Inch Carriage, 100cps) Friction and Tractor SCALL 

GEMINI 15X (15 Inch Carriage. 120cps) Friction and Tractor .... SCALL 

DELTA 10 (10 Inch Carriage, 160cps) Friction and Tractor SCALL 

STAR Printers can be interfaced with most computers on the market today, such as: 
Apple II. lie III / IBM PC / Osborne / Heath Kit H89 / TRS-80 Model I II. III. 4 12.16.100 
Zenith 289.290.2100/ TI99/4A / Kaypro / Atari 400.800 / Commodore 64. Vic 20 
CALL FOR OUR LOW PRICES 

Smith-Corona® XP-I 

LOW COST LETTER QUALITY DAISY WHEEL PRINTER 

Your choice PARALLEL or SERIAL Interface 
List Price $895 Sp^ SCALL 

TCS hat the LOWEST PRICES on IN-STOCK PRINTERSI 
DOT MATRIX PRINTERS LETTER QUALITY PRINTERS 

EPSON RX/FX SILVER REED'BMC |16cp») 

C ITOH 8510/TEC/PMC BROTHER/COMREX/BMC (16cps| 

DMP I2S DMP2100 (160/wp100cpsl 

DMP 200 RS DAISYWHEEL II (40cp«) 

DMP 400 DWP«10(25cp») 

DMP 500 C ITOH F-10 (40 CPS) 

DMP 2100 NE C 3520/3530/3550 

ANADEX 9501 -A NEC 771 o/7730 

CENTRONICS 352/353 

OKIOATA 



IBM 



320K Bytes Tandon Disk Drives SCALL 

OUADBOARD 64k - 256k memory, clock, serial, parallel S279 

BMC RGB Ultra Hi Res Color Monitor S449 

HARD DISKS from S 1390 



.Ti 



Hard Drives supporting both DOSPLUS and LDOS 



TRS-80 equipment comes with original 90 day Manufacturer's Limited Warranty 

MODEL 12 and MODEL 16 

MODEL 12. 1 drive SCALL 

MODEL 12. 2 drives '.'.'.'.'.['.'.', SCALL 

TCS MODEL 12 version. 2 Tandon drives (like the original) . . . $2995 

MODEL 16B... Support up to 6 users. Run your whole office with 
hard disk capabilities for about $1000 per user! 

MODEL 16B. 1 drive $CALL 

MODEL 16B. 2 drives SCALL 

Model 12 and Model 16 Accessories 

128K memory board (256K Max.) $g29 

128K extra memory chips (RS) $269 

128K extra memory chips (TCS) $189 

Xenix Microsoft Multi-user Basic $269 

Xenix Accounting Software SCALL 

Xenix Multiplan Spread Sheet Software . ... $263 

MII/12 to M16 multi-user upgrade kit $1339 

DT/1 Video Terminal .... $629 

MODEL IV 

MODEL IV. 16K Cassette $825 

MODEL IV. 64K. 2 drives. RS-232 $CALL 

Model III Color Computer 

All Radio Shack equipment is shipped from our store 
in Brady, Texas 



TCS Model IV, 64K, 2 Disks 

Systems come with 180 Day Warranty 

$1499 #& $1699 

With standard 40 track *m&*t& w '< h 2 d ual headed 40 

double density drives H 3 track double density drives 

Over 340.000 bytes. Over 730,000 bytes 

Enhanced Model IV Operating System Enhanced Model IV Operating System 

Fully assembled and tested systems that are software compatible and functionally 

identical to Radio Shack units sold at computer stores for $hundreds more 

' CONTROLLER BOARDS are high quality double sided epoxy boards with gold 

plated contacts. 
* POWER SUPPLY is the finest switching type available 
■ MOUNTING HARDWARE includes power and data cables. 
' DISK DRIVES are Tandon the same ones used by Radio Shack. 

40 track, double density, with a 5 millisecond stepping rate. 

TCS MODEL III DISK EXPANSION KITS 

1 Controller. Power Supply. Mounting Hardware & Instructions $249 

2 Controller. Power Supply, Hardware & one 40 track Tandon Drive $429 

3 Controller Power Supply. Hardware, two 40 track Tandon Drives $598 

3a Kit 3 but with two 80 track drives (dual sided 40s) $791 

3b Kit three but with two 160 track drives (dual sided 80s) $989 

TCS MODEL IV DISK EXPANSION KITS 

1 1 Controller, Power Supply. Mounting Hardware, one 40 Track Tandon Drive $479 

12 Controller, Power Supply, Mounting Hardware, two 40 Track Tandon Drives $649 

12A Kit 12 but with two B0 Track Tandon Drives $629 

12B Kit 12 but with two 160 Track Tandon Drives $849 

DAVONG HARD DRIVES APPLE DISK DRIVES 

5 Megabytes ol storage lrom$1295 High quality slimline drives 

10 Megabytes of storage $CALL 1st drive w/controller $279 

2nd drive only $229 

15 Megabytes ol storage $CALL Totally compatible with all apple soltware 

Networking systems for multiuser hard 

disks Tape and cartridge back up systems & ^^ JK I 

are also available tor IBM PC, APPLE II. and Jn ^^*^\ L L 

APPLE III ~ 




Heart ofTEXAS 

COMPUTER SYSTEMS 

P.O. Box 1327 Arlington, Texas 76004-1327 

Toll Free 1-800-433-5184 Texas 1-817-274-5625 

Circle 445 on inquiry card. 



fj//f////////////////////////s//s/yxs>ic> 




u> 



'■•I 



computer mail order 



fcTel^/ideo 




TERMINALS 

910 $559.00 

912 S689.00 

920 $739.00 

925 $719.00 

950 $929.00 

970 CALL 

COMPUTERS 

800A $1 099.00 

802 $2699.00 

803 $1949.00 

802 H $4695.00 

806/20 $4999.00 

816/40 $9199.00 

1 602 $3399.00 

1603 CALL 



MODEMS 

HAYES 

Smart $219. 00 

Smart 1 200 (1 200 Baud) . . . $51 9.00 

Chronograph $199.00 

Micro modem 100 $309.00 

Micro modem ll $279.00 

Micromodem II (with termj . . . $299.00 

Smart Com II $99.00 

Smart 1 200B $469.00 

NOVATION 

J-Cat $1 19.00 

Cat $144.00 

D-Cat $159.00 

103 Smart Cat $189.00 

Apple Cat 1 1 $279.00 

103/212 Smart Cat $439.00 

212 Apple Cat II $609.00 

Apple Cat II 21 2 Upgrade. . . . $309.00 
ANCHOR 

Mark I (RS-232) $79.00 

Mark II (Atari) $79.00 

Mark III (T.. I. 99) $109.00 

Mark IV (CBM-PET) $125.00 

Mark V (Osborne) $95.00 

Mark VI (IBM-PC) $179.00 

Mark VII (Auto Ans/Auto Dial) ... $1 1 9.00 

Mark VIII $269.00 

TRS-80 Color Computer $99.00 

9 Volt Power Supply $9.00 




IIE-1 $1369.00 

IIE-2 $1649.00 

IIE-3 $2399.00 

IIE-4 $3199.00 

PC-E $1579.00 

PC-1 $2399.00 

PC-2 $2799.00 

PC-XL $3599.00 

1 620 $3599.00 

1 630 $5499.00 

1 640 $6499.00 

Cyma Software CALL 

MONITORS 

AMDEK 

300G $149.00 

300A $159.00 

310A $169.00 

Color I $279.00 

Color I plus $299.00 

Color II $399.00 

Color III $349.00 

Color IV $999.00 

USI 

Pi 1. 9 " G $99.00 

Pi 2, 12" G $119.00 

Pi 3. 12" A $159.00 

Pi 4. 9" A $139.00 

1 400 Color $299. OO 

ZENITH 

ZVM 121 $95.00 

ZT1 Terminal $369.00 

BMC 

12" Green $85.00 

9191 13" Color $299.00 

TAXAN 

12 N Green $129.00 

12 A Amber $139.00 

PANASONIC 

TR 120 Hi-res. Green $159.00 

CT 1 60 Dual Mode Color . . $299.00 
NEC 

JB 1260 $1 19.00 

JB 1201 $149.00 

JC 1212 $299.00 

JC 12-202 $299.00 

JC 1 203 $469.00 

GORILLA 
12" Green $89.00 




NEC 3S50 PRINTER. . . $1 799 

PERCOM/TANOOM 

DRIVE 

5V»" 320K Floppy $279.00 

10 Meg Hard $1495.00 

AMOEK 

31 0A Amber Monitor $169.00 

DXY 100 Plotter $599.00 

Color II $399.00 

AST 

Combo Plus CALL 

Mega Plus CALL 

Mega Pack CALL 

I/O Plus CALL 

PROFESSIONAL 

SOFTWARE 

PC PlusWord Processing ...$319.00 

MICRO PRO 

Word Star/Mail Merge . .- $319.00 

InloStar $299.00 

Spell Star $159.00 

CallStar $159.00 

MICROSTUF 

Crosstalk $1 39.00 

MICROSOFT 

Multiplan $199.00 

ASHTON-TATE 

D-Base II $419.00 

IUS 

Easy Writer II $209.00 

EasySpeller $1 29.00 

EasyFiler $129.00 

CONTINENTAL 

SOFTWARE 

1 st Class Mail/Form Letter . . . $89.00 

The Home Accountant Plus ...$109.00 

SVNAPSE 

File Manager $11 9.00 

LOTUS 

123 $369.00 

PFS 
APPLE IBM 

File $89.00 $99.00 

Report $89.00 $89.00 

Graph $89.00 $99.00 

Write n/a $99.00 

KRAFT 

IBM Joystick $55.00 

IBM Paddles $39.00 

QUAD RAM CALL 



% SAINIVO 




SANYO 

MBC-555 $795.00 

MBC-1000 $1599.00 

MBC-1 60 Drive $539.00 

PR5500 LetterQuality Pnnter . . . $699.00 



PRINTERS 

EPSON 

MX80 FT. MX1 00 CALL 

RX80 CALL 

FX80, FX1 00 CALL 

OKI DATA 

82. 83. 84 CALL 

92, 93 CALL 

STAR 

Stx 80 $169.00 

Gemini 10 $299.00 

Gemini 1 5 $479.00 

Serial Board $75.00 

SMITH CORONA 

TP-1 $469.00 

TP-2 CALL 

Tractor Feed $1 29.00 

C.ITOH 

Gorilla $209.00 

Prowriter 851 OP $379.00 

Prowriter 1 550P S689.00 

Starwriter F10-40P $1 149.00 

Printmaster F1 0-55P $1 569.00 

Tractor Feed $109.00 

DIASYWRITER 

2000 Letter Quality $1 1 49 .00 

2500. ..."NEW" CALL 

Tractor Feed $109.00 

DIABLO 

620 $949.00 

630 $1769.00 

IDS 

Call for ALL Configurations on 

IDS PRISM PRINTERS. 

NEC 

8023 $399 .00 

77 1 0/7730 $21 49.00 

3510/3530 $1 549.00 




HEWLETT 
PACKARD 



hp 41 cv. . . saos.oo 

HP 75 S74B.OD 

HP41C $146.00 

HP 10C $52.00 

HP 11C $69.00 

HP 12C $92.00 

HP 15C $92.00 

HP16C $92.00 

For HP41/41CV 

HPIL Module $99.00 

HPIL Cassette or Printer. . $359 00 

Card Reader $1 44.00 

Extended Functions Module. . .$64.00 
Time Module $64.00 




TI-40 

COMPACT 

COMPUTER 




$219 



TIMEX 

INCLAIR 
lOOO 



39 



16K Memory $44.95 

2040 Printer $99.95 

Vu-Calc $17.95 

Check Book Manager $1 3.95 

Organizer $14. 95 

Budgeter $ 1 3.95 

Stock Option $14.95 

Loan & Mortage Amortizer. . .$1 2.95 
Mindware Printer $99.00 



PC-1500A 

POCKET 
COMPUTER 

$169.00 

PC-1 SSOA SB9.00 

1 25 Printer/Micro Cassette ... $1 29.00 

1 50 Printer/Plotter/Cassette. .. $1 72.00 

151 4K RAM $55.00 

1 52 Cassette Recorder $62.00 

155 8K RAM $94.00 

1 58 8K RAM Battery $1 29.00 

161 16KRAM $139.00 



CABLES & CONNECTIONS 
PRINTER CABLES 

Atari to Parallel $29.00 

Atari to Serial $29.00 

Apple to Parallel $69.00 

Apple to Parallel/Graphics.. .$99.00 

Apple to Serial SB9.00 

IBM to Parallel $35.00 

IBM to Serial $29.00 

Parallel to Parallel $29.00 

Serial to Serial $29.00 

Grappler Plus $129.00 

PKASO $139.00 

Atari to Modem Cable $29.00 

CBM 64 to IEEE Board $79.00 

Apple 80 Column Card $1 59.00 

CBM Pet to Parallel $99.00 

CBM Pet to Serial $89.00 

READY FORMS 

1 or2"Address Labels(Tract.Feed)..$9.95 
15" Report PaperfTract Feed) . . . $24.95 
BWBInk Wht PaperfTract. Feed). .$1 9.95 



Circle 96 on Inquiry card. 



computer 

ORDERS ONLY 



mail order west 



800-648-331 1 



In NV call (702)588-5654 



Order Status Number: 588-5654 



Dept.SOl , P.O. Box 6683, Stateline, NV 83448 

No risk, no deposit on C.O.D. orders. Pre-paid orders receive free shipping within the UPS Continental United States with no waiting period for certified cht 
money orders. Add 3%(minumum $3.00) shipping and handling on all C.O.D. orders and credit card orders. Larger shipments may require charges. NV ; 
residents add sales tax. All items subject to availability and price change, note: We stock manufacturer's and third party software for most all computers 
market. Call today for our new catalog, 



cks or 
nd PA 
on the 



k\\\W\\\\\V\VV\\V\\\\xvvvvvvxxxvvv- 




^^^^csxs^^^^^^\\\\\\\\\^^ 



computer mail order 



FRANKLIN 




ACE 1 000 Color Computer 
E 1 1 00 Drive A Cover for ACE 1 000 
E 1 200 Computer with Disk Drive 
E PRO PACK: 

ACE 1000, Disk Drive, 

60 Column Card, ACECalc A 

ACEWrlterll 

MICRO-SCI 

Apple & Franklin 

$249.00 

$349.00 

$459.00 

:ontroller $79.00 

Controller S89 00 

RAN A 

i I (Apple/Franklin) $279.00 

> II (Apple/Franklin) CALL 

III (Apple/Franklin) CALL 

VISICOBP 
OR APPLE. IBM S FRANKLIN 

lex $189.00 

lie $189.00 

.lot $159.00 

erm $89.00 

■end/Plot $229.00 

chedule $229.00 

.top Plan $189.00 

ale (Apple. CBM. IBM). . . $1 79.00 
orp prices tor I BM may vary slightly. 

LJK 
ir Perfect Apple $1 09.00 

Perfect Apple $75.00 

AXLON 

e/Franklin 1 28K Ram . .. $299.00 
e/Franklin Ram Disk.. .$729.00 

MPC 

lisk 11 28K Non Volitare) . . . $649.00 

JOYSTICKS 

WICO 

tick $21.95 

ous Red Ball $23.95 

srGrip $21.95 

e-Way Deluxe $22.95 

/VIC Trackball $34.95 

e Trackball $59.95 

KRAFT 

Single Fire $1 3.00 

Switch Hitter $16.00 

a Joystick $44.00 

a Paddles $39.00 



Cz. commodore 




CBM 
S032 



CBM64 $SS9 

VIC SO 599 

CALL ON 
Executive 64 Portable 

1 520 Color Printer/Plotter ... $1 69.00 
1525 80 Column Printer ... .$219.00 

1526 $319.00 

1 530 Datasette $69.00 

1 541 Single Disk Drive $249.00 

1600 VIC Modem $59.00 

1 650 AD/AA Modem $89.00 

1701 14" Color Monitor ....$249.00 

Pet 64 $569.00 

Pet 4032 $599.00 

CBM 8032 $599.00 

Super Pet $999.00 

B1 28-80 $769.00 

BX256-80 $969.00 

2031 $299.00 

4040 $699.00 

8050 $949.00 

8250 $1 1 99.00 

9060 $1 999.00 

9090 $2 1 99.00 

4023 $379.00 

6400 $1 399.00 

64K Upgrade $269.00 

Spell Master $1 49.00 

ZRam $549.00 

Silicon Office $749.00 

The Manager $209.00 

Soft Rom $129.00 

Jinsam CALL 

PROFESSIONAL 
SOFTWARE 

Word Pro 2 Plus $159.00 

Word Pro 3 Plus $189.00 

Word Pro 4 Plus $279.00 

Word Pro 5 Pius $279.00 

InfoPro $1 79.00 

Administrator $399.00 

Power $79.00 

Word Pro 64 Plus $65.00 

CAROCO 

Light Pen $32.00 

Cassette Interface $29.00 

Parallel Printer Interface $69.00 

3 Slot Expans. Interface (20). . . $32 .00 
6 Slot Expans. Interlace (20). . .$79.00 



ATARI HOME COMPUTERS 

ATARI 400 . 

A 

ATARI 





YourFINALPRICEafterREBATE 
when purchased with 
package as shown. 

ATARI 400 & 410 Recorder Package 

YOU PAY $179.00 

You Get ATARI REBATE $50.00 

YOUR TOTAL COST 51 29.00 

Retail Value of ATARI 410 $100.00 
Net Cost of ATARI 400 $29.00 

CALL FOR PRICING ON 
THE ENTIRE ATARI XL LINE! 

1010 Program Recorder $74.00 

1 020 40 Col . Printer/Plotter ... $249.00 

1025 80 Col. Printer $449.00 

1 027 Letter Quality Printer . . . $299.00 

1 050 Disk Drive $379.00 

850 Interface $1 69.00 

1 030 Direct Connect Modem . . . CALL 

CX30 Paddles $12.00 

CX40 Joystick $8.00 

CX42 Remote Joystick CALL 

CX77 Touch Tablet $69.00 

CXSO Trak Ball $49.00 

CXB5 Keypad $1 05.00 

CX418 Home Manager $69.00 

CX488 Communicator II — $229.00 
KX7098 Atari Accountant . . . $209.00 

KX71 01 Entertainer $69.00 

KX7102 Arcade Champ $75.00 




ALIEN 

Atari Voice Box $119.00 

Apple Voice Box $149.00 

MEMORY 

Axlon 32K Ram $59.00 

Axlon 48K Ram $99.00 

Axlon 1 28K Ram $299.00 

Intec 32K Board $59.00 

Intec 4BK Board $85. OO 

Intec 64K Board (400 only) . . . $99.00 
Intec Real Time Clock $39.00 

INNOVATIVE CONCEPTS 

Flip-n-File 10 $4.00 

Flip-n-File 50 $1 9.00 

Flip-n-File 400/800 Carl $1 9.00 



DISK DRIVES FOR ATARI 

AT88-S1 $369.00 

ATB8-A1 $29g.00 

AT88-S2 $569.00 

AT88-S1 PD $469.00 

AT88-S2 PO $669.00 

AT88DDA $1 39.00 

AT44-S1 $579.00 

AT44-S2 $969.00 

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS DRIVE 
TX 99-S1 $349.00 

RANA 

1000 Atari Disk Drive $319.00 

FLOPPY DISKS 

MAXELL 

MD-1 $32.00 

MD-2 $44.00 

FD-1(B") $40.00 

FD-2(8" DO) $50.00 

ELEPHANT 

5V."SS SD $18.95 

5V. " SS DD $24.95 

5'A" DS DD $29.95 

VERBATUM 

5V." SS DD $26.00 

5V." DS DO $36.00 

HEAD 
Disk Head Cleaner $14.95 



C.M.O.TOP SO 



APPLE/FRANKLIN 

oplifter $27.00 

nk Street Writer $55.00 

S: File $89.00 

■icalc $179.00 

>me Accountant $55.00 

xxon $29.00 

)st Amazing Thing $28.00 

iifilo $189.00 

thorns 40 $1 9.00 

leadline $35.00 

FS: Report $89.00 

ork III $29.00 

rogger $24.00 

acemaker $24.00 

nooper Troops #1 $32.00 

elta Drawing $35.00 

astle Wolfenstlne $24.00 

rayout $29.00 

anyon Climber $19.00 

andits $26.00 



CBM 64 

1 . Word Pro 64 $65.00 

2. Jumpman $29.00 

3. Gorf (20/64) $14.95 

4. Microspec Data Base 64 . . . $69.00 

5. Logo 64 $39.00 

6. Microspec Gen. Ledger 64 .. .$79.00 

7. Zork III $29.00 

8. Frogger(64) $23.00 

9. Oulck Brown Fox (20/64) . . . $49.00 

10. Shamus $29.00 

1 1 . Deadline $29.00 

1 2. Assembler 64 $1 4.95 

13. Zork II $29.00 

14. 3-D Man $14.00 

15. Protector $32.00 

16. Starcross $29.00 

17. Easy Mall 64 $14.95 

1 8. Grave Robber $11 .00 

19. Wall Street $19.00 

20. Trash Man $32.00 



1 . Donkey Kong $39.00 

2. Zaxxon $29.00 

3. E.T. Phone Home $39.00 

4. Miner 2049or $35.00 

5. Dig Dug $33.00 

6. Chopllfter $29.00 

7. Donkey Kong, Jr $39.00 

8. Canyon Climber $25.00 

9. Snooper Troops #2 $34.00 

10. Word Wizard $59.00 

1 1 . Picnic Paranoia $34.00 

12. Jumpman $29.00 

13. Shamus $34.00 

14. Letter Perfect $1 09.00 

15. File Manager 800 $69.00 

16. Preppie $24.00 

1 7 . Astro Chase $25.00 

18. Blade/Black Hole $27.00 

19. Pac Man $33.00 

20. Baja Buggies $25.00 



21 . Crush. Crumble & Chomp. . . $24.00 

22. Wayout $27.00 

23. Zork II $29.00 

24. Visicalc $159.00 

25. Atari Writer $79.00 

26. Three Little Pigs $25.00 

27. Upper Reaches of Apshai... $16.00 

28. Starbowl Football $24.95 

29. Drelbs $26.00 

30. Protector $34.00 

31 . Frogger $25.00 

32. Lunar Leeper $24.00 

33. Wizard of Wor $34.00 

34. Kindercomp $21 .00 

35. Moon Shuttle $22.00 

36. Home Accountant $55.00 

37. Temple of Apshai $29.00 

38. Spell Wizard $39.00 

39. Nautilus $26.00 

40. O'Riley's Mine $22.00 



computer mail order east 



Circle 96 on inquiry card. 



ORDERS ONLY 




In PA call [71 7)337-3575 Order Status Number: 3S7-357B 

Dept. SOI , 477 E. 3rd St., Williamsport, PA 1 7701 

international OPDIRIi All shipments outside the Continental United States must be pre-paid by certified check only. Include 3% (minumum $3.00)shipping 
and handling, educational diicountbi Additional discounts are available from both Computer Mail Order locations to qualified Educational Institutions. 
apo & fpoi Add minumum $5.00 shipping and handling. 



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Event Queue 



September 1983 



September 

Continuing Engineering Edu- 
cation, Washington, DC. 
Two of the courses offered 
this month are "Program- 
ming in the C and Unix Envi- 
ronment" and "Graphical 
Data Analysis." Fees range 
from $625 to $855. For a full 
schedule, contact Douglas 
Green, Continuing Engineer- 
ing Education, George Wash- 
ington University, Washing- 
ton, DC 20052, (800) 424- 
9773; in the District of Co- 
lumbia, (202) 676-8512. 

September-October 
Computer-assisted Manual 
Writing, various sites 
throughout the U.S. This 
one-day seminar is designed 
to teach attendees how to 
produce good software man- 
uals. The sponsor will dem- 
onstrate a software package 
for automated documenta- 
tion development called 
Manual Maker. The fee is 
$195. For further informa- 
tion, contact Promptdoc, 833 
West Colorado Ave., Colo- 
rado Springs, CO 80905, 
(303) 471-9875. 

September-November 
Computer Showcase Expos, 
various sites throughout the 
U.S. This popular show will 
bring together hardware and 
software manufacturers, 
dealers, and consumers of 
small computer systems. For 
further details, contact the 
Interface Group, 160 Speen 
St., POB 927, Framingham, 
MA 01701, (800) 225-4620; in 
Massachusetts, (617) 879- 
4502. 

September-November 

Courses from Integrated 
Computer Systems, various 
sites throughout the U.S. 
Course titles include "Hands- 
On Pascal Workshop," 



"Structured Design and Pro- 
gramming," "Software Proj- 
ect Management," and "De- 
fining Software Require- 
ments, Specifications, and 
Tests." Fees range from $695 
to $845. For information, 
contact Ruth Dordick, Inte- 
grated Computer Systems, 
3304 Pico Blvd., POB 5339, 
Santa Monica, CA 90405, 
(213) 450-2060. 

September-December 

Intensive Seminars for Pro- 
fessionals, various sites 
throughout the U.S. Elec- 
tronics magazine, a McGraw- 
Hill publication, offers semi- 
nars in management and such 
technical areas as speech rec- 
ognition and synthesis, con- 
trolling electromagnetic inter- 
ference, fundamentals of 
computer graphics, and mi- 
croprocessor interfacing. In- 
house presentations can be 
arranged. For a descriptive 
catalog outlining seminars, 
locations, and fees, contact 
Irene Parker, McGraw-Hill 
Seminar Center, Suite 603, 
331 Madison Ave., New 
York, NY 10017, (212) 
687-0243. 

September-December 

James Martin Seminars and 

Seminars of Excellence, 

various sites throughout the 
U.S. and Canada. For a 
brochure describing these 
data-processing and com- 
puter-related seminars, con- 
tact Technology Transfer In- 
stitute, 741 10th St., Santa 
Monica, CA 90402, (213) 
394-8305. 

September-December 
Seminars for Professional De- 
velopment, various sites 
throughout the U.S. Datapro 
Research Corporation offers 
more than 35 professional de- 
velopment seminars in such 
areas as personal computers, 
data communications, sys- 
tems and software, and office 



automation. Complete out- 
lines and schedules are avail- 
able from Datapro Research 
Corp., 1805 Underwood 
Blvd., Delran, NJ 08075, 
(800) 257-9406; in New 
Jersey, (609) 764-0100. 

September-December 

Software Workshops in 
MMSFORTH, Boston metro- 
politan area. These work- 
shops are public versions of 
the professional training 
Miller Microcomputer Ser- 
vices (MMS) offers to client 
companies in support of the 
MMSFORTH product line. A 
variety of topics and skill 
levels are covered. Full details 
are available from Miller 
Microcomputer Services, 61 
Lake Shore Rd., Natick, MA 
01760, (617) 653-6136. 

September-January 1984 

Technology Opportunity 
Conference, various sites 
throughout the U.S. This 
conference series focuses on 
the convergence of optical- 
storage, videodisc, and com- 
puter technologies. For full 
details, contact Technology 
Opportunity Conference, 
POB 14817, San Francisco, 
CA 94114, (415) 626-1133. 

September 11-14 

The American Data Services 
(ADS) Users Seminar, Mar- 
riott Resort, Lincolnshire, IL. 
This seminar focuses on the 
ADS inventory-management 
system. A procedural cost 
system for hospital depart- 
ments will be introduced. 
Contact Sharon Spencer, 
American Data Services, 
Suite 210, 900 North Shore 
Dr., Lake Bluff, IL 60044, 
(312) 295-6850. 

September 12-14 

Discovery '83: Computers for 
the Disabled, Leamington 
Hotel, Minneapolis, MN. 
This conference provides a 
forum for learning about ad- 



vances in computer technol- 
ogy that combine special edu- 
cation and vocational reha- 
bilitation. Papers, work- 
shops, demonstrations, and 
product exhibits will be fea- 
tured. Further information is 
available from the Office of 
Continuing Education, Uni- 
versity of Wisconsin-Stout, 
Menomonie, WI 54751, (715) 
232-1167. 

September 13-15 

AUTOFACT Europe Con- 
ference and Exhibition, 

Palexpo Exhibition Center, 
Geneva, Switzerland. This 
conference, cosponsored by 
the Society of Manufacturing 
Engineers (SME) and the In- 
stitution of Production Engi- 
neers of London, England, 
will focus on the technologies 
of automated and computer- 
integrated manufacturing for 
European production. Tech- 
nical sessions will explore 
both theory and applications 
strategies. A complementary 
products display will be fea- 
tured. Contact the Society of 
Manufacturing Engineers, 
Public Relations Department, 
One SME Dr., POB 930, 
Dearborn, MI 48121, (313) 
271-0777. 

September 13-15 

Midcon/83 and Mini/Micro- 
Midwest/83, Chicago, IL. 
Topics on the professional 
program include computer 
simulation, energy manage- 
ment, laser applications, and 
printed-circuit-board tech- 
nology. An exhibit area is 
planned. For further informa- 
tion, contact Electronic Con- 
ventions Inc., 8110 Airport 
Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 
90045, (213) 772-2965. 

September 13-15 

Peripherals '83, Moscone 
Center, San Francisco, CA. 
Full details are available from 
Cahners Exposition Group, 
Cahners Plaza, 1350 East 



526 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



MAIL-COM Software 

Eliminates the 6 

Costliest Steps of 

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3. No More Inserting 

4. No More Affixing 

5. No More Sealing 

6. No More Drop Offs 




Presenting E-Com. 

Last year the U.S. 
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enabling specially 
equipped personal 
computer users to 
bypass costly manual 
mail preparation, by 
electronically submitting their mes- 
sages and mailing lists directly to the 
Postal Service via modem. 

This high speed computer originated 
mail arrives at its destination within 48 
hours — often less — in an attention- 
grabbing blue E-Com envelope. 

Announcing MAIL-COM. 
Only from Digisoft Computers. 

MAIL-COM is powerful software you 
can use with your personal computer to 
access E-Com. With your personal 
computer, a modem and MAIL-COM 
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need to use your expensive letterheads 
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easy to use. No special training is nec- 
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developed MAIL-COM in accordance 
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users are guaranteed certification for 

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use upon purchase of MAIL-COM 
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And MAIL-COM is compatible 
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Thousands of Uses. 

If you have need for fast, economical 
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Inquiries Invited 



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Event Queue, 



Touhy Ave., POB 5060, Des 
Plaines, IL 60018, (312) 
299-9311. 

September 13-15 

Software/Expo, McCormick 
Place, Chicago, IL. Contact 
Professional Exposition Man- 
agement Co. Inc., Suite 205, 
2400 East Devon Ave., Des 
Plaines, IL 60018, (800) 
323-5155; in Illinois, (312) 
299-3131. 

September 13-16 

Understanding Microproces- 
sor-based Equipment and 
Troubleshooting Seminar, 

Washington, DC. Topic 
areas include TTL and 
CMOS logic devices, archi- 
tecture of microcomputer 
systems, test equipment, and 
digital troubleshooting. Tui- 
tion is $595. For more infor- 
mation, contact Micro Sys- 
tems Institute, Garnett, KS 
66032, (913) 898-6152. 

September 14-16 

Euromicro '83, Madrid, 
Spain. The ninth annual 
Euromicro symposium will 
cover microprocessing and 
programming. Speeches will 
address economic and social 
aspects of microprocessors 
and trends in VLSI (very- 
large-scale integration) tech- 
nology. Tutorials, seminars, 
and an exhibition are planned. 
The highlight of this event 
is the Euromouse contest, in 
which mechanical mice from 
around the world race 
around a maze. A complete 
program is available from 
Euromicro, TH Twente, POB 
217, Department INF, Room 
A312, 7500 AE Enschede, 
The Netherlands; tel: (31) 
(53) 338799; Telex: 44200 
Thes. 

September 15-16 

Ethernet-type Local Net- 
works, San Francisco, CA. 
This is the third program in 
the four-part Architecture 
Technology Corporation 
1983 Forum Series. This pro- 



gram will bring together 
manufacturers and users of 
local-network schemes to ex- 
change information in an in- 
formal setting. The format in- 
cludes presentations, panel 
discussions, and a techno- 
logical summary. The fee is 
$395. For further informa- 
tion, contact the Architecture 
Technology Corp., POB 
24344, Minneapolis, MN 
55424, (612) 935-2035. 

September 15-16 

The Second Annual Indiana 
Computer Expo, Convention 
Center, Indianapolis, IN. 
This exposition is designed 
for business end users inter- 
ested in mini- and microcom- 
puters, software, word pro- 
cessing, graphics, services, 
and peripherals. Contact 
Ernie Kerns & Associates, 
Trade Show Department, 
Suite 201, 2555 East 55th 
Place, Indianapolis, IN 
46220, (317) 259-8111. 

September 15-18 

The Second Annual Twin 
Cities Computer Show and 
Software Exposition, Min- 
neapolis Auditorium, Min- 
neapolis, MN. This show fea- 
tures more than 350 displays 
of microcomputers, acces- 
sories, peripherals, publica- 
tions, services, and software. 
General admission is $5 for 
adults and $3 for children. 
Contact Northeast Exposi- 
tions, 822 Boylston St., 
Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, 
(800) 841-7000; in Massachu- 
setts, (617) 739-2000. 

September 16-18 

Compufair, Seattle Center 
Exhibition Hall, Seattle, WA. 
This show will feature per- 
sonal computer hardware, 
software, and services avail- 
able for a variety of applica- 
tions. Presentations and 
seminars on how to buy a 
personal computer and com- 
puters' effectiveness with 
children will be offered. Con- 
tact Tom Ikeda, Compufair 



Inc., Suite 302, 909 Northeast 
43rd St., POB 45218, Seattle, 
WA 98105, (206) 633-3247. 

September 16-18 

The First Annual Heart of 
Texas Computer Show, Con- 
vention Center, San An- 
tonio, TX. This show will 
emphasize small-business sys- 
tems for financial and inven- 
tory control, agri-business, 
education, and personal com- 
puting needs. More than 200 
hardware, software, and 
peripheral vendors will dis- 
play their wares. Show 
details are available from 
Robin G. Mann, Heart of 
Texas, POB 12094, San An- 
tonio, TX 78212, (512) 
226-4636. 

September 16-18 

Great Southern Computer & 
Electronics Show '83, Memo- 
rial Coliseum, Jacksonville, 
FL. Computers, electronics, 
and information services will 
be featured. Contact Great 
Southern Computer & Elec- 
tronics Shows, POB 655, 
Jacksonville, FL 32201, (904) 
384-6440. 

September 17-18 

Carleton University Com- 
puter Fair '83, Carleton Uni- 
versity campus, Ottawa, On- 
tario, Canada. Exhibits, lec- 
tures, and an auction of used 
and hard-to-find electronic 
materials will be featured. 
Admission to all events is 
free. Information is available 
from the IEEE Student Branch, 
Faculty of Engineering, 
Carleton University, Ottawa, 
Ontario KlS 5B6, Canada. 

September 18 

Computer Swap Meet, Ex- 
hibition Hall, Sarasota, FL. 
This event is sponsored by 
the Institute of Computer 
Management (ICM), a non- 
profit corporation designed 
to enhance the mental skills 
of the physically disabled. 
Items relating to computers 
will be sold. Admission is 



free. Contact the ICM, 3803 
Prairie Dunes Dr., Sarasota, 
FL 33583, (813) 924-7105. 

September 19-21 

The Third Annual Videodisc 
Conference, New York Hil- 
ton Hotel, New York, NY. 
For details, contact Meckler 
Publishing, 520 Riverside 
Ave., Westport, CT 06880, 
(203) 226-6967. 

September 19-22 

Computer Literacy Week, 

New York City Hilton. More 
than 35 sessions on such 
strategies and techniques as 
how to help managers grow 
accustomed to computers 
and how to use micro- 
computers as a training 
medium highlight this confer- 
ence. Workshops, hands-on 
seminars, and an exhibition 
hall will be featured. For a 
brochure, contact Susan 
Jones, Conference Manage- 
ment Corp., 17 Washington 
St., POB 4990, Norwalk, CT 
06856, (203) 852-0500. 

September 19-23 

The Ninth World Computer 
Congress-IFIP '83, Paris, 
France. This event, spon- 
sored by the International 
Federation for Information 
Processing (IFIP), is held in 
conjunction with S1COB, the 
major French computer expo- 
sition. Formal papers and 
panel sessions will cover such 
areas as computer hardware 
and software, theoretical 
foundations of information 
processing, networks, and 
communications. For full 
program details, contact the 
U.S. Committee for IFIP '83, 
Dorn Computer Consultants, 
25 East 86th St., New York, 
NY 10028, (212) 427-7460. 

September 20-21 

Data Storage 83, Marriott 
Hotel, Santa Clara, CA. This 
international forum covers 
industry issues and areas of 
change in data-storage equip- 
ment and applications. The 



528 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



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7 very good reasons to try 
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• Reduced MemberPrices. Save 20% to 75% on books sure to 
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with dozens of up-to-the-minute titles you can pick from 

• "Automatic Order." Do nothing, and the Main selection 
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Please accept my membership in The Computer Book Club® 
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BYTE September 1983 529 



Event Queue. 



fee is $850. Contact Cartlidge 
& Associates Inc., Suite 205, 
4030 Moorpark Ave., San 
Jose, CA 95117, (408) 
554-6644. 

September 20-22 

Caribbean Informatics '83, 
San Juan, Puerto Rico. This is 
the first major international 
exhibition and conference to 
be held in the Caribbean 
area. For further details, con- 
tact Informatics '83, Suite 
219, 3421 M St. NW, Wash- 
ington, DC 20007, (703) 
920-9595. 

September 20-23 

Understanding Microcom- 
puter-based Equipment and 
Troubleshooting Seminar, 

Boston, MA. For details, see 
September 13-16. 

September 21-22 

Business-Expo, Boston, MA. 
This exposition serves as a 
showcase for office equip- 
ment ranging from computers 
to coffee machines. More 
than 20 seminars are planned. 
Address inquiries to Busi- 
ness-Expo, 702 East North- 
land Towers, 15565 North- 
land Dr., Southfield, MI 
48075, (313) 569-8280. 

September 22-23 

Computers in Construction, 

San Francisco, CA. This 
seminar is designed to assist 
construction management 
firms and contractors in ac- 
quiring computer systems. 
The fee is $425. Contact CIP 
Information Services Inc., 
1105-F Spring St., Silver 
Spring, MD 20910, (301) 
589-7933. 

September 22-24 

The Second Annual Rocky 
Mountain Computer Show 
and Software Exposition, 

Merchandise Mart, Denver, 
CO. This show features dis- 
plays of computers, video 
games, software, accessories, 
publications, services, and 
peripherals. For information, 



contact Northeast Exposi- 
tions, 822 Boylston St., 
Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, 
(800) 841-7000; in Massachu- 
setts, (617) 739-2000. 

September 26-28 

Maecon/83, Kansas City, 
MO. This electronic show 
and convention explores such 
topics as aerospace electron- 
ics, computer peripherals, 
laser technology, and per- 
sonal computing. Contact 
Electronic Conventions Inc., 
8110 Airport Blvd., Los 
Angeles, CA 90045, (213) 
772-2965. 

September 26-29 

The World of CAD /CAM, 

Boca Raton Resort Hotel, FL. 
This seminar provides an 
overview of how manufac- 
turing will change as the 
automated factory becomes a 
reality. It will consist of four 
one-day presentations in 
computer-aided engineering, 
design, manufacturing, and 
computer-integrated manu- 
facturing. For a brochure, 
write or call the Center for 
Manufacturing Technology, 
4170 Crossgate Dr., Cincin- 
nati, OH 45236, (513) 791- 
8801. 

September 26-30 

Compcon Fall '83, Marriott 
Crystal Gateway Hotel, Ar- 
lington, VA. The theme of 
this show is "Delivering 
Computer Power to End 
Users." It features technical 
papers and panel sessions 
that address a variety of com- 
puter and computer-network 
issues. It is sponsored by the 
Institute of Electrical and 
Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 
Computer Society. For more 
information, contact Comp- 
con Fall '83, POB 639, Silver 
Spring, MD 20901, (301) 
589-8142. 

September 26-30 

Expo Beirut '83, Beirut, 
Lebanon. This is Lebanon's 
first international reconstruc- 



tion/development exposition 
and conference after eight 
years of civil war. Topics to 
be covered include construc- 
tion, transportation, commu- 
nications, agriculture, com- 
puter hardware and software, 
metallurgy, textiles, and 
automated equipment. Fur- 
ther details are available from 
Show-Tech International 
Inc., 950 Third Ave., New 
York, NY 10022. 

September 26-30 

International Conference on 
Networks and Electronic Of- 
fice Systems, University of 
Reading, Berkshire, England. 
The conference program 
comprises formal lectures and 
discussions. For additional 
information, contact the 
Conference Secretariat, Insti- 
tution of Electronic and 
Radio Engineers, 99 Gower 
St., London WC1E 6AZ, 
England; tel: 01 388 3071. 

September 28-29 

Ottawa Computer and Office 
Automation Show, Civic 
Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, 
Canada. For details, contact 
Industrial Trade Shows of 
Canada, 20 Butterick Rd., 
Toronto, Ontario M8W 3Z8, 
Canada, (416) 252-7791. 

September 28-October 2 

The Sixth Personal Computer 
World Show, Barbican Cen- 
tre, London, England. This 
show, one of the largest com- 
puter shows in Great Britain, 
is sponsored by Personal 
Computer World magazine. 
Business, scientific, technical, 
and educational uses of mi- 
crocomputing will be fea- 
tured as well as hobbyist and 
home-based systems. For in- 
formation, contact Tim Col- 
lins, Montbuild Ltd., 11 
Manchester Square, London 
WlM 5AB, England; tel: 
01 486 1951; Telex: 24591. 

September 29-October 1 

CP/M '83 East, Hynes Audi- 
torium, Boston, MA. For in- 



formation on this conference 
and exposition of CP/M- 
based software, contact 
Northeast Expositions Inc., 
826 Boylston St., Chestnut 
Hill, MA 02167, (800) 
343-2222; in Massachusetts, 
(617) 739-2000. 

September 29-October 2 

Computers in Health Care 
'83: A Symposium and Ex- 
hibition, Sacramento, CA. 
This symposium and exhibi- 
tion explores the role of com- 
puters in hospitals, physician 
and dental offices, rehabilita- 
tion centers, long-term care 
facilities, home-health agen- 
cies, pharmacies, and mental- 
health settings. Contact 
Eskaton Health Corp., Com- 
munity Services Division, 
1501 El Camino Ave., 
Sacramento, CA 95815, (916) 
927-5722. 



October 1983 



October 1 

The Third Annual Micro- 
computers in Education Con- 
ference, Dutchess County 
Community College, Pough- 
keepsie, NY. Dr. Delores 
Shanahan, an innovator in 
the field of special education 
and computers, will speak at 
this event sponsored by the 
Microcomputer Educator 
Group. Details are available 
from Dr. Florence Staats, Of- 
fice of Community Services, 
Dutchess County Communi- 
ty College, Pendell Rd., 
Poughkeepsie, NY 12601, 
(914) 471-4500, ext. 240. 

October 2-5 

Computer Systems Exposi- 
tion, MGM Grand Hotel, Las 
Vegas, NV. This exposition 
will be held in conjunction 
with the annual meeting of 
the National Association of 
Convenience Stores. Hard- 
ware and software will be dis- 
played, and computer con- 
sultants will be on hand to 



530 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



YOU WANTED 



E THE BOSS. 



/. 



t 




I 





YOUR BANKER WANTS THE LATEST MONTHLY INCOME STATEMENTS, 
BUT THE BEST YOU CAN GET HIM IS TWO MONTHS OLD. 



Today, even the greatest entrepreneur can feel 
hat he works for everybody but himself— the IRS, 
he landlord, the banker, even the janitor. 

/VITH THE BOSS, YOU'RE THE BOSS AGAIN. 

Business and computer experts agree the key 
o solving your business problems is the choice of 
.oftware. Hardware equipment selection is second. 

To be competitive today means handling large 
amounts of information quickly. To be on top 
omorrow means managing much, much more. 

The Boss Business Software Products are com- 
prehensive business software programs which get 
/ou information you need, as you need it, when you 
leed it and the way you need it. You know your 
r mancial picture at every moment. You don't have to 
.vait to close out the books at the end of every month. 

The Boss takes care of all your business needs, 
/our financial accounting, payroll, inventory and 
ime billing. 



WITH THE BOSS, YOU'RE THE BOSS AGAIN. 

The Boss Business Software Products are com- 
patible with most hardware systems. Call Balcones 
Computer Corporation to learn more about making 

yourself the BOSS again. Circle 46 on inquiry card. 



□ YES, Send me more 

NAME 


information on The 


Boss. 


COMPANY 


ADDRESS 


CITY 


STATE ZIP 




PHONE 




TYPE OF BUSINESS 









For more information call toll free: 1-800-531-5483 



Balcones Computer Corporation 

5910 Courtyard 

Austin, Texas 78731 



THE BOSS BUSINESS SOFTWARE PRODUCTS 



Event Queue i 



answer questions. For details, 
contact the National Associa- 
tion of Convenience Stores, 
Suite 809, 5201 Leesburg 
Pike, Falls Church, VA 
22041, (703) 578-1800. 

October 2-6 

The Annual Meeting of the 
American Society for Infor- 
mation Science — ASIS-83, 

Crystal City Hyatt Regency, 
Arlington, VA. The theme 
for this meeting is 'Produc- 
tivity in the Information 
Age." Papers, special-interest 
sessions, information brief- 
ings, an information-science 
theater, and demonstrations 
will be featured. Further in- 
formation is available from 
Edmond Sawyer, ASIS Head- 
quarters, 1010 Sixteenth St. 
NW, Washington, DC 20036, 
(202) 659-3644. 

October 2-7 

HP 3000 IUG International 
Conference, George Hotel, 
Edinburgh, Scotland. This 
conference, sponsored by the 
HP 3000 International Users 
Group (IUG), is made up of 
technical sessions and tuto- 
rials on data-processing man- 
agement, data communica- 
tions, and applications in 
business, manufacturing, and 
engineering for users of 
Hewlett-Packard 3000 busi- 
ness computers. Contact the 
Conference Manager, HP 
3000 IUG, 289 South San An- 
tonio Rd., Los Altos, CA 
94022, (415) 941-9960. In 
Europe, contact The Secre- 
tariat, HP 3000 IUG, 10 Rut- 
land Square, Edinburgh EHl 
2AE, Scotland; tel: (031) 
229-7366; Telex: 727136. 

October 3-5 

SNA Architecture and Imple- 
mentation, Holiday Inn, Park 
Center Plaza, San Jose, CA. 
This seminar provides the 
working knowledge needed 
to design SNA (system-net- 
work architecture) networks 
and evaluate SNA-compat- 
ible products. Examples of 



how various protocols are 
used to control communica- 
tions will be provided. Other 
topics include SNA function- 
al layering and network ele- 
ments. The fee is $650. Full 
details are available from 
Communications Solutions 
Inc., 992 Saratoga-Sunnyvale 
Rd., San Jose, CA 95129, 
(408) 725-1568. 

October 4-6 

The Southwest Computer 
Conference, Tulsa, OK. The 
theme for this conference is 
"Managing Information 
Technology in the 80s." Com- 
puter hardware and software 
will be exhibited. Contact the 
Southwest Computer Confer- 
ence, POB 950, Norman, OK 
73070, (405) 329-3660. 

October 5-6 

Compusource '83, Red Lion 
Inn and Convention Center, 
San Jose, CA. Original equip- 
ment manufacturers and so- 
phisticated end users are of- 
fered a look at products and 
technologies reflecting the 
latest advances in the com- 
puter industry. This confer- 
ence will feature technical 
sessions and more than 100 
exhibits. Details are available 
from Norm DeNardi Enter- 
prises, Suite 204, 289 South 
San Antonio Rd., Los Altos, 
CA 94022, (415) 941-8440. 

October 6-7 

Computers in Construction, 

Atlanta, GA. For details, see 
September 22-23. 

October 6-8 

The Second New Jersey Busi- 
ness Computer Show, Holi- 
day Inn (North), exit 14 of 
the New Jersey Turnpike. 
This business show features 
small business systems, 
desktop computers, word 
processors, software, and ac- 
cessories. For further infor- 
mation, contact the Kengore 
Corp., POB 13, Franklin 
Park, NJ 08823, (201) 
297-2526. 



October 6-11 

Japan Electronics Show '83, 
Osaka International Trade 
Fair Grounds, Osaka, Japan. 
This show will cover a range 
of consumer and industrial 
electronic products and com- 
ponents. For information, 
contact the Japan Electronics 
Show Association, 24 Mori 
Building 11F, 3-23-5, Nishi- 
Shinbashi, Minato-ku, 
Tokyo 105, Japan; tel: (03) 
433-7751. 

October 7 

Computer Graphic Networks 
and Standards, Washington, 
DC. New directions in inte- 
grated voice, data, text, 
graphics, and image network- 
ing for information imaging 
and market trends for the 
next five years are some of 
the topics to be explored at 
this seminar. The fee is $250. 
Contact Mike Nolan, Com- 
puter Technologies Depart- 
ment, Printing Industries of 
America Inc., 1730 North 
Lynn St., Arlington, VA 
22209. 

October 7-9 

Great Southern Computer & 
Electronics Show '83, Centro- 
plex Expo, Orlando, FL. For 
details, see September 16-18. 

October 8-9 

The Tidewater Eighth An- 
nual Computer Convention, 
Hamfest, Electronic Flea 
Market, Pavilion, Virginia 
Beach, VA. Dealers, an elec- 
tronics flea market, displays, 
and forums highlight this 
event. Admission is $4 for 
both days. For tickets and 
general information, call or 
write Jim Harrison, 1234 Lit- 
tle Bay, Norfolk, VA 23503, 
(804) 587-1695. 

October 8-10 

PC '83, Bayside Exposition 
Center, Boston, MA. This 
conference and exposition 
features IBM Personal Com- 
puters and compatible equip- 
ment. A seminar program 



will explore applications, 
provide technical informa- 
tion, and offer general ses- 
sions designed to show users 
how to get the most from 
their IBM PC. For details, 
contact Northeast Exposi- 
tions, 822 Boylston St., 
Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, 
(800) 841-7000; in Massa- 
chusetts, (617) 739-2000. 

October 10-12 

Online '83, Palmer House, 
Chicago, IL. The fifth annual 
Online conference and expo- 
sition features introductory 
and advanced technical ses- 
sions, panel discussions, 
workshops, seminars, and 
addresses. The role of micro- 
computers and software for 
database searching, storage, 
creation, and communica- 
tions will be emphasized. 
Registration information is 
available from Online Inc., 
11 Tannery Lane, Weston, 
CT 06883, (203) 227-8466. 

October 10-13 

Information Management 
Exposition and Conference: 
Info 83, New York City Coli- 
seum. Hardware and soft- 
ware exhibits and conference 
sessions will revolve around 
the theme "Tying the Infor- 
mation System to the Busi- 
ness Plan." A number of the 
conference sessions will deal 
with decision support sys- 
tems. For complete details, 
contact the Marketing 
Manager, Info 83, 708 Third 
Ave., New York, NY 10017, 
(212) 661-8410. 

October 10-14 

Defense Computers-Graph- 
ics-DCG '83, Convention 
Center, Washington, DC. 
Sessions and tutorials will 
complement this conference 
and exposition about compu- 
ters and graphics for the 
defense community. For 
more information, contact 
DCG '83, Suite 333, 2033 M 
St. NW, Washington, DC 
20036, (202) 775-9556. 



532 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



^^rr^-SJpH 



I 




/MicroAge 

"BECAUSE WE COULDN'T 
AFFORD MISTAKES!" 

'They guided us over the rough parts when we needed it' 

"During September of 1982, we started our MicroAge Computer Store in 
Tulsa, Oklahoma with 3 people. Today we have 1 1 people working for us and 
we're still hiring. By following MicroAge's advice and marketing strategy 
when we started in business, we were able to reach Tulsa's business computer 
buyers in a much shorter time than we could have on our own." 

"Both of us had technical backgrounds in computers but lacked the marketing 
experience necessary to reach our goals. We used MicroAge's experience and 
leadership to guide us through the rough spots and boost our sales and 
marketing potential." 

"MicroAge. . .they helped us build a sales organization to reach the Okla- 
homa businessman." 



\ohn Moiser 
President 



Jit*?. a7»?aw<w 

George McLawhon 
Vice President 



To build your own professional computer 
sales organization with MicroAge write to: 

/MicroAge 

co/MPUTer srores 

"The Solution Store" 

1457 West Alameda • Tempe, Arizona 85282 

(602)968-3168 



^pg^PI 







^r 



• 







MicroAge franchisees John Moiser and George McLawhon shown with IBM products. 



Circle 284 on inquiry card. 



Event Queue. 



October 11-12 

Computer-aided Design Con- 
ference - CADCON East '83, 

Boston, MA. This conference 
consists of technical pro- 
grams and exhibitions or- 
ganized exclusively for com- 
puter-aided-design engineer- 
ing. More information is 
available from Morgan- 
Grampian Expositions 
Group, 2 Park Ave., New 
York, NY 10016, (212) 
340-9780. 

October 11-13 

Southwest Semiconductor & 
Electronics Exposition- 
SSE '83, Civic Plaza Conven- 
tion Center, Phoenix, AZ. 
Approximately 200 suppliers 
of equipment, materials, and 
services used in the elec- 
tronics industry will attend 
this show. A technical con- 
ference will be held. Contact 
Cartlidge & Associates Inc., 
Suite 205, 4030 Moorpark 
Ave., San Jose, CA 95117, 
(408) 554-6644. 

October 12-21 

The Sixth International Trade 
Exhibition on Office Organi- 
zational Systems, Office Fur- 
niture, and Office Aids — Sys- 
temotechnika '83, Vassiliev- 
sky Ostrov Exhibition Cen- 
tre, Leningrad, Union of the 
Soviet Socialist Republics. 
On display will be communi- 
cations systems, microfilming 
equipment and systems, data- 
processing equipment, and 
computers. Contact Diissel- 
dorfer Messegesellschaft 
mbH-NOWEA-Central Divi- 
sion — Foreign Fairs, Diissel- 
dorf Exhibition Centre, 4000 
Diisseldorf 30, Federal Re- 
public of Germany; tel: (02 
11) 45 60-1. 

October 13-14 

Computers in Construction, 

Chicago, IL. For details, see 
September 22-23. 

October 13-15 

Edutech/East '83, Civic Cen- 
ter, Philadelphia, PA. For- 



merly called Ed Com, this 
conference and exposition is 
designed for educators at all 
levels. Presentations will ad- 
dress such topics as com- 
puter-aided instruction, ad- 
ministrative uses of com- 
puters, classroom manage- 
ment, programming, research 
applications, authoring lan- 
guages, and literacy. The for- 
mat includes workshops, 
seminars, demonstrations, 
hands-on sessions, discus- 
sions, and micro courses. 
Hardware, software, and 
publishing companies will ex- 
hibit their wares. Contact 
Carol Houts, Judco Com- 
puter Expos Inc., Suite 201, 
2629 North Scottsdale Rd., 
Scottsdale, AZ 85257, (800) 
528-2355; in Arizona, (602) 
990-1715. 

October 14-15 

Computers and Reading/ 
Learning Difficulties, Dallas, 
TX. Workshops, hands-on 
exhibits, and speakers will ex- 
plore such topics as using 
computers in learning disabil- 
ity classrooms and evaluating 
software. This program is de- 
signed for all education 
levels. For information, con- 
tact Frost Conference Man- 
agement, Department I, 1070 
Crows Nest Way, Richmond, 
CA 94803, (415) 222-1249. 

October 14-15 

The Fifth Annual FORTH 
Convention, Hyatt Hotel, 
Palo Alto, CA. Hands-on tu- 
torials, exhibits, lectures, and 
discussions highlight this 
event. The theme is "FORTH- 
based Systems — A Look Into 
the Future." Registration is 
$5. Full details are available 
from the FORTH Interest 
Group (FIG), POB 1105, San 
Carlos, CA 94070, (415) 
962-8653 (HG hot line). 

October 14-16 

The UCSD Pascal System 
Users Society (USUS) Fall 
Meeting, Hyatt Regency 
Crystal City, Washington, 



DC. Contact the Secretary, 
USUS, POB 1148, La Jolla, 
CA 92038. 

October 15-16 

The Seventh New Jersey 
Microcomputer Show and 
Hea Market, Meadowlands 
Hilton Hotel, Secaucus, NJ. 
Featured will be home, hob- 
by, and small business com- 
puters, software, supplies, 
books, and accessories. Ad- 
mission is $5 for adults; $2 
for children. Contact Ken- 
gore Corp., POB 13, Franklin 
Park, NJ 08823, (201) 297- 
2526. 

October 16-18 

The Fifth Annual Hong Kong 
Consumer Electronics Show, 

New World Hotel and Regent 
Hotel, Hong Kong. For de- 
tails, contact IBS Trade Fair 
Ltd., 17th Hoor, Tung Sun 
Commercial Centre, 200 
Lockhart Rd., Hong Kong; 
tel; 5-732388-9; Telex: 63037 
HKIBS HX. 

October 16-18 

Texas Association for Educa- 
tional Data Systems 1983 
Convention, Austin Hilton 
Hotel, Austin, TX. The 
theme for this year's conven- 
tion is "Computer Literacy." 
The keynote speaker will be 
Captain Grace Hopper of the 
U.S. Navy. Information may 
be obtained from Tom Hop- 
per, Northside ISD, 5900 
Evers Rd., San Antonio, TX 
78238, (512) 618-8330, ext. 
212. 

October 17-19 

The Eighth Conference on 
Local Computer Networks, 
Minneapolis, MN. The theme 
for this conference is 'Prac- 
tical Applications and Issues 
in Local Computer Net- 
works." Papers and tutorials 
will address such issues as 
users' versus manufacturers' 
needs, public versus private 
networks, software, and 
VLSI (very-large-scale inte- 
gration). Contact the IEEE 



Computer Society, POB 639, 
Silver Spring, MD 20901. 

October 17-21 

Systems 83, Munich, West 
Germany. Computers, pe- 
ripherals, and software will be 
displayed by more than 600 
firms from 35 nations. For 
additional information, con- 
tact Kallman Associates, 5 
Maple Court, Ridgewood, NJ 
07450, (201) 652-7070. 

October 18-20 

The Fourteenth Annual Inter- 
national Test Conference, 

Franklin Plaza Hotel, Phila- 
delphia, PA. For informa- 
tion, contact the Conference 
Registrar, POB 371, Cedar 
Knolls, NJ 07927, (201) 267- 
7120. 

October 18-21 

HP 1000 IUG 1983 Interna- 
tional Conference, Hyatt Re- 
gency Hotel, Fort Worth, 
TX. This conference features 
technical sessions and tutori- 
als for users of the Hewlett- 
Packard 1000 family of real- 
time engineering and scien- 
tific computers. Contact the 
Conference Manager, HP 
1000 IUG, 289 South San An- 
tonio Rd., Los Altos, CA 
94022, (415) 941-1943. 

October 18-21 

The Third Symposium on 
Microcomputer and Micro- 
processor Applications-/iP 
'83, Hotel Duna Interconti- 
nental and the Hungarian 
Academy of Sciences, Buda- 
pest, Hungary. The confer- 
ence language will be English. 
Full details are available from 
Mrs. I. Baba, Scientific Soci- 
ety for Telecommunication, 
POB 451, H-1372 Budapest, 
Hungary; tel: (36) 1 113-027; 
Telex: MTESZ 22-5792. 

October 19-20 

Calgary Computer & Office 
Automation Show and Con- 
ference, Roundup Centre, 
Calgary, Alberta, Canada. 
For details, contact Industrial 



534 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Since 1978 

• REPUTATION BACKED BY YEARS OF 
EXPERIENCE. 

» PIONEER IN DIRECT TO CONSUMER SALES 
OF MICRO COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS 

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BYTE September 1983 535 



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ABEST-SELLING PROGRAM 



WHERE IS IT? 



Wherever it is, we want it. Maybe, just maybe, we're 
searching for your program, but we'll never find it 
unless you call us. 

It has to be good, though. Because we're the 
Software Guild'", an organization devoted to finding 
the very best microcomputer programs for packaging 
and distribution under the Softsmith™ label. Hundreds 
of titles have already been licensed to the Softsmith 
library. But they're only the beginning. Our goal is to 
have the best program in major categories on every 

536 BYTE September 1983 



f 



popular machine. Of course, we can't do it without you. 

If you're a program author or publisher, The 
Software Guild offers some distinct professional and 
monetary advantages. 

First, you devote your time to what you do best; 
programming. You can leave the manufacturing, 
packaging, documentation, distribution and customer 
service to us. 

Second, our revolutionary retail merchandising 
system will put your program before the public through 
the normal computer and software stores, plus record 
outlets, department stores, book shops, and more 
places where software has never before been available. 





■ • y .i *f 


J 1 ; ' 


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Third, is royalties. Wider distribution means more 
substantial royalties. And, your Software Guild 
royalties start to accrue when the dealer makes his pur- 
chase in quantity, so you aren't left waiting while 
money trickles in. 

Fourth is flexibility. We do not insist on the 
exclusive rights to your program. You can deal with 
other publishers and distributors, or market your pro- 
gram yourself, while it is in Softsmith distribution. 

We know you're out there, working and dream- 
ing, and we want to help make your dream come true. 
Our full staff of professional evaluators are waiting to 
review your best-seller. 



So call us, wherever you are. 

Contact Regina Roberts at (415) 487-5200. 

Or write: 

The Software Guild 

2935 Whipple Rd. 

Union City, CA 94587 



The Software Guild" 

(415)487-5200 




BYTE September 1983 537 



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Circle 489 on inquiry card. 



per ii?sm*32§M\ 



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Circle 103 on inquiry card. 



Event Queue. 



Trade Shows of Canada, 20 
Butterick Rd., Toronto, On- 
tario M8W 3Z8, Canada, 
(416) 252-7791. 

October 29-21 

The Fourth Canadian Sym- 
posium on Instructional 
Technology, Westin Hotel, 
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Can- 
ada. This symposium, de- 
signed for education and 
training professionals and 
those interested in computer- 
aided learning, will explore 
the theme "Computer Tech- 
nologies for Productive 
Learning." Topics on the 
agenda include computer 
awareness and literacy in 
schools and society, systems 
technology, and computer- 
aided training and retraining 
for business, industry, and 
government. A products ex- 
hibition will be held. Contact 
Ken Charbonneau, Confer- 
ence Services Office, Nation- 
al Research Council of 
Canada, Ottawa, Ontario 
K1A 0R6, Canada, (613) 
993-9009; Telex: 053-3145. 

October 19-21 

IDATE-The Fifth Interna- 
tional Conference, Mont- 
pellier, France. The theme for 
this conference, sponsored by 
the International Telecom- 
munication Union, is "Picture 
Networks." Topics of interest 
include network functioning 
and areas of applications, 
economics and law relating to 
the visual media, network 
languages, and languages on 
the networks. The conference 
language is French. For fur- 
ther details, contact Francois 
Rabate, Responsable Scien- 
tifique, Journees Interna- 
tionales 1983, IDATE- 
Bureaux du Polygone, 34000 
Montpellier, France; tel: 
(33-67) 65 48 48; Telex: 
IDATE 490 290. 

October 19-21 

The National Software 
Show, Trade Show Center, 
San Francisco, CA. Full de- 



tails are available from Rag- 
ing Bear Productions Inc., 
Suite 175, 21 Tamal Vista 
Dr., Corte Madera, CA 
94925, (800) 732-2300; in 
California, (415) 924-1194. 

October 19-21 

SIBEC — Info Expo, Palais des 
Congres, Montreal, Canada. 
Exhibits related to the 
computer and office auto- 
mation industries will be 
held. An international lineup 
of speakers has been invited. 
Contact Informatique Que- 
bec (Info Expo) Ltee, 1057 
Avenue Laurier Ouest, 
Outremont, Quebec H2V 
2L2, Canada, (514) 270-5481; 
in the Toronto area, call (416) 
281-3459. 

October 19-22 

Management Executives Con- 
ference, The Breakers, Palm 
Beach, FL. The 'Third Indus- 
trial Revolution" is the theme 
for this conference sponsored 
by the American Society of 
Mechanical Engineers 
(ASME). Management ex- 
perts will speak on such 
topics as executive effective- 
ness and management for in- 
ternational competition. 
Complete conference details 
are available from Wendy 
Morris, ASME, 345 East 47th 
St., New York, NY 10017, 
(212) 705-7788. 

October 19-22 

Percompasia 83-The Second 
South East Asian Personal 
Computer Hardware & Soft- 
ware Show & Conference, 
World Trade Centre, Singa- 
pore, Republic of Singapore. 
This show is devoted to all 
aspects of personal com- 
puting. Further details are 
available from Overseas Ex- 
hibition Services Ltd., 11 
Manchester Square, London 
W1M 5AB, England; tel: 01 
486 1951; Telex: 24591. 

October 23-26 

The Seventh Annual Sym- 
posium on Computer Appli- 



COMMODORE 64 



Commodore 1701 Color Monitor 
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RS-232 Interface 89.95 

HX3000 RS-232 int. try/parallel IFC 109.95 
Solid state software/wafertape software-call us! 




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Peripheral expansion box S 99.95 

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Disk controller card 199.95 

Expansion Sys. disk drive 319.95 

Memory expan. card (32KI 229.95 

P Code card (req.exp. card) 199.95 

Telephone modem 159.95 

Color monitor 339.95 

Extended Basic 79.95 

LOGO 89.95 



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Atari rebates expire 9/15/83. 
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FREE MATTELL AQUARIUS 
COMPUTER w/Data Recorder, 
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COMMODORE 4040 Dual Disk Drive 
Dual Disk Drive for the 64 & other models 
340KB each-total storage 640KB 
Come & try them-they're GREAT! 
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30 Programs for less than $30! 
Commodore Software Package S29.95 



DATA 20 Accessories 
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i 80 column card For Commodore 64 169.95 

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• 40 column card w/8K mem built in for VIC 20 139.95 
. Video Pack 64K For VIC 20 329.95 

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ATARI 800 

s 199 95 




'NET after $100.00 rebate 
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ATARMOO 

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•NET after $50.00 rebate & 
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ATARI PROGRAMMER'S KIT 
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1010 Program Recorder $84.95 

830 Acoustic Modem 159.95 

1025 80 Column Impact Printer 429.95 

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(Requires no interface) 

1050 Disk Drive 379.95 



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Gemini 15 132 col., 100 cps $479.95 



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FX-80 160 cps 
RX-80 100 cps 
MX-100 



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HP-75C Computer 699.95 

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7470A opt 003 print/plotter 1 199.00 
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Scientific calc 
Scientific calc 
Financial calc 
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59.95 
76.90 

99.95 
99.95 



Commodore EXECUTIVE 64 PORTABLE 64K Computer! 
Detachable keyboard, 5 -inch color monitor & built-in 
floppy disk drive(s). COMPATIBLE with the software 
designed for the popular Commodore 64, this machine 
is ready to go when you are & WHERE you are! 
Call for special package prices! 

Single Disk Drive-$895.00 

Dual Disk Drives— $1095.00 



IBM Personal Computer "CLONE" 
The Sanyo high quality Model MBC 550 

* 128K (8088] cpu exp to 256K ,-r ONE-THiR" 

f* 1 .r.r- nolP.Fl 



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* Low-profile keyboard 

* FREE software & many more features 
all this fin only S995.ll II 
Optional: 

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+ Hard disk drive & more- 



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Optional IF44 Interface (please 
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Electronic Typewriters 
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Prog, see scien. calc 99.95 

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Optical wand 104.95 

Printei for 41 CV 299.95 



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ROYAL ALPHA 2001 
ELECTRONIC 



Great unit for HEAVY DUTY WORK! 
Decimal tab, dual pitch & morel «£' 
Sugg. List:S695.00 FOR THE * 
FIRST TIME - 




TIMEX 

TS-1000 

$ 39 95 

16KRAM ww 45.95 

Printer by Timex 89.95 

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OLympic sales compAny 



P.O. Box 74545 21GS. 
Phone (213) 739-1130 



Oxford Ave. Los Angeles, CA 90004 
Cable "OLYRAV'LSA Telex:67 34 77 



Order Desks: 7:00 AM to 7:00 PM Mon thru Sat-TOLL-FREE: (out of CA) 800-421-8045 (in CA) 800-252-2153 TELEX:67 34 77 CAB LE: "OLYRAV" LSA 

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to verification, minimum shipping & handling:S5.95 Send lor our catalog -$2 domestic . SS 95 foreign. Some of the goods not available all stores Call lirst to be sure! 



FJB 



Circle 335 on inquiry card. 



BYTE September 1983 539 



Event Queue, 



cations in Medical Care 

(SCAMC), Baltimore Con- 
vention Center, Baltimore, 
MD. Some of the topics to be 
covered include medical ap- 
plications and solutions to 
problems of computers and 
technology in health care. For 
details, contact SCAMC, 
George Washington Univer- 
sity Medical Center, Office of 
Continuing Medical Educa- 
tion, 2300 K St. NW, Wash- 
ington, DC 20037, (202) 
676-8928. 

October 24-26 

The Annual Conference of 
the Association for Com- 
puting Machinery-ACM '83, 
Sheraton Centre Hotel, New 
York, NY. Exhibits of com- 
puter hardware and software 
and paper sessions will focus 
on the conference theme, 
"Extending the Human Re- 
source." The emphasis will be 
on theory and practices of 
personal computing. High- 
lighting the conference will be 
the Fourth International Com- 
puter Chess Championships. 
For details, contact Thomas 
A. DAuria, Assistant Com- 
missioner, City of New York, 
Computer Service Center, 
11th Floor, 111 8th Ave., New 
York, NY 10011, (212) 620- 



5055. 

October 25-27 

Andean Informatics '83, 
Bogota, Colombia, South 
America. This is the first ma- 
jor international exhibition 
and conference to be held in 
the Andean region. For 
details, contact Informatics 
'83, Suite 219, 3421 M St. 
NW, Washington, DC 20007, 
(703) 920-9595. 

October 25-28 

Working Conference on Pro- 
totyping, Brussels, Belgium. 
This conference will focus on 
the user-oriented develop- 
ment of information systems 
supported by prototyping. 
Research and technical 
papers will be presented. The 
sponsor is the Commission of 
the European Communities. 
For information, contact 
Reinhard Budde or Heinz 
Zuellighoven, GMD-IST 
Postfach 1240, Schloss Bir- 
linghoven, D-5205, St. 
Augustin 1, West Germany; 
tel: 02241/14-2440; Telex: 8 
89 469 gmd d. 

October 26-28 

Developing Long-Range Sys- 
tems Strategies, Sheraton 
Hotel, Washington, DC. This 



is part of the George Wash- 
ington University Executive 
Systems Forum series. Con- 
tact the Conference Manager, 
U.S. Professional Develop- 
ment Institute, 1805 Powder 
Mill Dr., Silver Spring, MD 
20903, (301) 445-4400. 

October 27-28 

Computers in Construction, 

Washington, DC. For details, 
see September 22-23. 

October 28-30 

Applefest, Moscone Center, 
San Francisco, CA. More 
than 300 displays and booths 
of Apple computer equip- 
ment and accessories will be 
featured. Seminars, panel dis- 
cussions, conferences, and 
workshops will be held. 
Details are available from 
Northeast Expositions Inc., 
822 Boylston St., Chestnut 
Hill, MA 02167, (800) 
343-2222; in Massachusetts, 
(617) 739-2000. 

October 30-November 2 

DPMA Baltimore '83, Con- 
vention Center and Hyatt Re- 
gency Hotel, Baltimore, MD. 
The theme for this confer- 
ence, sponsored by the Data 
Processing Management As- 
sociation (DPMA), is 'Infor- 



mation on the Firing Line." 
Seminars, workshops, gener- 
al sessions, and product dis- 
plays will be featured. For de- 
tails, contact Jim Osowski, 
DPMA International Head- 
quarters, 505 Busse Highway, 
Park Ridge, IL 60068, (312) 
825-8124. 

October 31-November 2 
The Ninth International Con- 
ference on Very Large Data- 
bases, Palazzo dei Congressi, 
Florence, Italy. This confer- 
ence seeks to identify and en- 
courage the research, de- 
velopment, and applications 
of database technology. Sub- 
jects of interest include data- 
base control, modeling and 
managing unformatted data, 
and novel environments and 
applications of database tech- 
nology. Contact Mario 
Schkolnick, K 55-281, IBM 
Research Labs, 5600 Cottle 
Rd., San Jose, CA 95193, 
(408) 256-1648. In Italy, Ren- 
zo Pinzani, Istituto di Mate- 
matica U. Dini, Viale Mor- 
gagni, 67/A, 50134 Florence, 
Italy. 

October 31-November 3 

International Conference on 
Computer Design-VLSI in 
Computers, Rye Town Hil- 



llpcpipGLirie 

C i i h Q *; 

Low, direct prices • Fast, direct service 



2532-4S0 $ 4 2B 

2716-450 3 20 

2732-450 389 

2764-250 71B 

2764-350 479 

4164-200 4»° 

6116-P3 430 

6116-LP-3 4»o 

Add $2 95 shipping lo ail orders 

OEM • Quantity discounts available • PO.s on 

approval • CO. D. OK • Credit cards • FL residents 

add 5% tax • Ml new, no surplus, no seconds 

(Prices subject lo change.; 

4920 Cypress St., Suite 100, Tampa, FL 33607 
In FL, and for into., call 81 3-875-0299 
FOR ORDERS ONLY, 800-237-8910 

■Mi 8AM-5PM EDT 



FINAL OFFER 

BEFORE PRICE INCREASE! 

An Accounts Payable System for the small 
business with an Apple II* Computer, at the 
unbelievable low price of ** _ . -. 

Special Features Include: jK j^fj 

•One time input ol repetitive pymts. *^*^ 

•Multiple General Ledger distributions per invoice, both debits & 
credits 

•Checking balance maintenance, allows manual and/or void chks 
•High speed machine language programs & random access tiles 
•Payroll & expense check pymts. 
•Cash requirements projection 
•Optional remote work station input & processing at no extra cost 

This program will be In stores In a lew months at a much higher 
price. 

ACT NOW& SAVE!! 

Offer expires Sept. 30, 1983 

We offer a 15 day money back trial period for you to review our 
documentation & decide lo keep or return the sealed disk & the 
documents. Send check lo 

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CO. 

8306 Wil5hiie Blvd.. Suite 50 

Beverly Hills. Ca. 90211 

(213) 655-0765 or (213) 553-0371 

Include $2.00 lor Shipping & Handling Allow 4 weeks for delivery 
Calif, residents, add sales tax lor your county. 

The syslem requires an Apple II" 48K computer with Applesoft" in 

ROM, 1 disk drive (DOS 3.3*) & a printer. 

'Trademarks or copyrighted programs of Apple Computer Co ,. Inc 



wabash 

Flexible Diskettes 



6 Year Warranty- 1 00% Certified 

DELIVERED PRICES 



5 1 A" $175 



^W/HUBPING 



5V4" $010 

SINGLE SIDE mW 

DOUBLE DENSITY ■■each 
48TPJW/HUBRING 

Packet! 10 per So» Pack 



5 1 A" $010 

DOUBLE SIDE ■■ 

DOUBLE DENSITY WeaCrl 
rtSTPI W/HUBHING 

Packed 10 per Soil Pack 



BULK $|40 
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ioo/cj»o I each 



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1326 -25th St. S„ Suite D 

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1-800-MEGA-BIT 



Circle 512 on inquiry card. 



Circle 513 on inquiry card. 



Circle 514 on inquiry card. 



IN THE FLAT 
WORLD OF 
NETWORKING 
THERE IS A 
COLUMBUS. 









NOVELL 



We Know How You Felt, Columbus! 

In 1 492 most people were saying the world was flat. They 
said, "You'll fall off the edge if you go too far." But that didn't 
stop you Columbus. You went ahead and discovered America. 

Today, most people are saying, "file service... is just not 
feasible."* They're even saying, "operations like record locking 
are not available."** But that hasn't stopped Novell, either. 
Because we've gone ahead and discovered, designed, yes . . . 
even built and shipped file servers that the less adventurous said 
couldn't be built. And our file servers are up and running all over 
America, (not to mention the rest of the world.) 

Our Versatile Applied Server Technology (VAST) lets multi- 
ple operating systems on multiple types of personal computers 
share the same disk space and directories simultaneously. 

And yes, all you other guys, record locking is available 
...on the ShareNet/VAST system, anyway. 



Discover the vast ShareNet Difference. 

The trouble with the "civilized" world of network- 
ing offered by our competitors is that they are still 
thinking FLAT! They're still concentrating on the hard- 
ware connection instead of the software that makes 



' 3Com Corp. in March Systems & Software, pg. 1 1 8 
* ' 3Com Corp. in March Systems & Software, pg. 1 1 9 




Circle 329 on inquiry card. 



that hardware function. Just like Columbus, Novell is the ONLY 
company that can offer you a VAST networking difference. We're 
thinking round, you see. 

Does choosing a network have you "on edge"? 

Don't fall off the edge! If networking— we mean real local 
area networking of numerous PC's, running multiple operating 
systems without modification to "off the shelf" software, having 
concurrent file sharing, default file locking, extensive data secur- 
ity and more— sounds exciting to you, call us for a demonstra- 
tion so you can discover your options. ShareNet/VAST will take 
you out of the "flat" bounded network world and into the bound- 
less universe of networks that work. 

Explore Novell's world! 

Discover the vast ShareNet difference. You'll find out-of- 
this-world performance at very down-to-earth prices. 
ShareNet/VAST is easy to use. All you have to do 
is call us and we'll set sail on a course that solves 
your PC networking problems. Get on board with the 
Columbus of networking. Novell, Inc., 1170 North 
Industrial Park Drive, Orem, Utah 84057, 801 226- 
8202 • 800 453-1267 

Novell — making networks work. 
Our VAST difference. 

BYTE September 1983 541 



Event Queue. 



ton, Port Chester, NY. This 
conference will cover the 
VLSI (very-large-scale inte- 
gration) aspects of the inter- 
action between fabricators 
and systems designers in 
hardware, software, and reli- 
ability in computers. Contact 
the IEEE Computer Society, 
POB 639, Silver Spring, MD 
20901. 

October 31-November 4 

Welcome to the World of 
Persona] Computing, Wash- 
ington, DC. This is a compre- 
hensive introduction on how 
to use microcomputer tech- 
nology in business, industry, 
and government. The work- 
shop agenda offers six 
modules ranging from user 
productivity to software re- 
liability. For details, contact 
Keston Associates, 11317 Old 
Club Rd., Rockville, MD 
20852, (301) 881-7666. 



November 1983 



November 1-2 

The Annual Fall Conference 
of the Iowa Association for 
Educational Data Systems, 

Des Moines, IA. "Quality 
Software for the 80s: De- 
velopment, Selection, and 
Usage" will be the focus of 
more than 40 sessions pre- 
sented during this confer- 
ence. Three preconference 
workshops will be held on 
October 31. For details, con- 
tact Phillip J. Berrie, Educa- 
tional Services Division, 
Heartland AEA 11, 1932 
Southwest Third St., An- 
keny, I A 50021. 

November 1-3 

INTECH '83— The Integrated 
Office Technology Confer- 
ence and Exposition, McCor- 
mick Place, Chicago, IL. This 
conference and exposition is 
designed to provide top man- 
agement with high-level semi- 
nars, workshops, and equip- 
ment demonstrations that ad- 



dress the integration of infor- 
mation technologies and ap- 
plications. Contact Mary 
Beth Gouled, National Trade 
Productions Inc., 9418 An- 
napolis Rd., Lanham, MD 
20706, (800) 638-8510; in 
Maryland, (301) 459-8383. 

November 1-3 

The 1983 Federal Office 
Automation Conference, 

Convention Center, Wash- 
ington, DC. The theme for 
this conference and exposi- 
tion is "Making It Work." 
The conference program will 
consist of seminars, work- 
shops, technology briefings, 
and major addresses. The ex- 
position segment will provide 
displays of the latest office 
automation equipment, sys- 
tems, and services. Further 
details are available from the 
National Council for Educa- 
tion on Information Strat- 
egies, POB N, Wayland, MA 
01778, (800) 343-6944; in 
Massachusetts, call (617) 
358-5356, collect. 

November 1-3 

Western Design Engineering 
Conference, Convention 
Center, Los Angeles, CA. 
Short courses on the agenda 
include "Principles of Ro- 
botics for Engineers," "Effec- 
tive Project Management," 
and "Programming Personal 
Computers." Many of the 12 
short courses will provide 
hands-on experience. An ex- 
hibition area will be featured. 
Contact the Marketing Direc- 
tor, Western Design En- 
gineering Show, 708 Third 
Ave., New York, NY 10017, 
(212) 661-8410. 

November 2-4 

Edmonton Computer and Of- 
fice Automation Show, Con- 
vention Centre, Edmonton, 
Alberta, Canada. For full de- 
tails, contact Industrial Trade 
Shows of Canada, 20 Butter- 
ick Rd., Toronto, Ontario 
M8W 3Z8, Canada, (416) 
252-7791. 



November 2-4 

The First Annual Computer 
Vertical Market Conference, 

Meadowlands Hilton, East 
Rutherford, NJ. This confer- 
ence, sponsored by Frost and 
Sullivan, will explore the im- 
pact of the new integrated 
software approaches and the 
importance of maintenance 
and support functions. 
Speakers will address vertical 
marketing issues from the 
perspective of the user, ven- 
dor, and industry analyst. 
Full particulars are available 
from Carol Sapchin, Frost 
and Sullivan Inc., 106 Fulton 
St., New York, NY 10038, 
(212) 233-1080. 

November 3A 

Computers in Construction, 

Scottsdale, AZ. For details, 
see September 22-23. 

November 3-6 

The 1983 National Home 
Electronics Show, Arlington 
Park Exposition Hall, Arling- 
ton Heights, IL. This show 
covers electronic equipment 
and technology ranging from 
home computers to telecom- 
munications security sys- 
tems. It's produced by Lin- 
coln Merchandising Co. Inc., 
1417 Milwaukee Ave., Chica- 
go, IL 60622, (312) 276-2819. 

November 5-6 

The Fourth Annual San 
Diego Computer Fair, Scot- 
tish Rite Center, San Diego, 
CA. This fair features short 
technical sessions, program- 
ming and computer games 
contests, commercial dis- 
plays, and user group dis- 
plays. For additional infor- 
mation, contact the San 
Diego Computer Society, 
POB 81537, San Diego, CA 
92138, (619) 565-8720. 

November 5-7 

Midwestern Educational 
Computer & Technology 
Conference, McCormick Inn, 
Chicago, IL. Exhibits, soft- 
ware demonstrations, semi- 



nars, and workshops will ex- 
plore the theme "Higher In- 
structional Techniques in Ed- 
ucation." For more informa- 
tion, contact the National Ed- 
ucational Computer Library, 
POB 293, New Milford, CT 
06776, (203) 354-7760. 

November 7-11 

International Conference on 
Industrial Electronics — 
IECON '83, Hyatt Regency 
Hotel, San Francisco, CA. 
For information, contact 
Frank A. Jur, Bechtel Corp., 
45 Fremont St., MS-45/17A26, 
San Francisco, CA 94109. 

November 8-10 

The Third Annual Soft- 
ware/Expo, Wembley Con- 
ference Centre, London, Eng- 
land. Conference topics range 
from computer-aided design 
to database management. 
Contact Software/Expo, 
Suite 400, 222 West Adams 
St., Chicago, IL 60606, (312) 
263-3131. 

November 8-11 

Wescon and Mini/Micro- 
West 83, San Francisco, CA. 
A conference and exposition, 
Wescon covers a broad range 
of topics, including artificial 
intelligence, computer pe- 
ripherals and simulation, and 
robotics. Mini/Micro serves 
the original equipment manu- 
facturer community by ex- 
ploring peripherals, proces- 
sors, data communications, 
and software. Contact Elec- 
tronic Conventions Inc., 8110 
Airport Blvd., Los Angeles, 
CA 90045, (213) 772-2965. 

November 9-10 

Business-Expo, Philadelphia, 
PA. For details, see Septem- 
ber 21-22. 

November 9-15 

Interkama 83, Dusseldorf 

West Germany. This exhibi- 
tion is designed for the instru- 
mentation and automation 
industries. It's expected to at- 
tract more than 1000 exhibi- 



542 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



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and 80 Columns, Speed is 275 Lines per Minute). 

Equally exciting are the impressive array of features that have 

become the Anadex hallmarks... friction and tractor feed, 

Printing speeds (cps) sophisticated communications capability, emulation packages, 

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^Copyright I 983. Anadex. Inc. 

ANADEX, INC. • 9825 De Soto Avenue • Chatsworth, California 91311, U.S.A. • Telephone: (213) 998-8010 • TWX 910-494-2761 
U.S. Sales Offices: San Jose, CA (408) 247-3933* Irvine, CA (714) 557-0457 'Schiller Park, I L(312) 671-1717* Wakefield, MA(617) 245-9160 
Hauppauge, New York, Phone: (516) 435-0222 • Atlanta, Georgia, Phone: (404) 255-8006 • Austin, Texas, Phone: (512) 327-5250 
ANADEX, LTD. • Weaver House, Station Road • Hook, Basingstoke, Hants RG27 9JY, England • Tel: Hook (025672) 3401 • Telex: 858762 ANADEX G 
ANADEX GmbH • Behringstrasse 5 • 8752 Mainaschaff • Frankfurt, W. Germany • Tel: 011-49-06021-7225 • Telex: 4188347 

Circle 27 on inquiry card. BYTE September 1983 543 



Event Queue. 



tors from over 25 countries. 
For complete details, contact 
Diisseldorf Trade Shows, 500 
Fifth Ave., New York, NY 
10110, (212) 840-7744. 

November 14-17 

AUTOFACT 5 Conference 
and Exposition, Cobo Hall, 
Detroit, MI. The focus of this 
event will be on CAD/CAM 
(computer-aided design/ 
manufacturing) and the ex- 
panding technologies of com- 
puter-integrated manufac- 
turing and the automated fac- 
tory. More than 90 com- 
panies will exhibit CAD/ 
CAM systems, computer 
graphics, software, industrial 
robots, and computer-based 
test and measurement sys- 
tems. Concurrent technical 
sessions and tutorials will be 
held. Contact Gregg Balko, 
Society of Manufacturing En- 
gineers, One SME Dr., POB 
930, Dearborn, MI 48121, 
(313) 271-1080. 

November 14-17 

Canadian Computer Show & 
Conference, International 
Centre, Toronto, Ontario, 
Canada. Further information 
is available from Industrial 
Trade Shows of Canada, 20 
Butterick Rd., Toronto, On- 



tario M8W 3Z8, Canada, 
(416) 252-7791. 

November 15-17 

SNA Architecture and Imple- 
mentation, Sheraton Rolling 
Green Inn and Conference 
Center, Boston, MA. For de- 
tails, see October 3-5. 

November 17-19 

Ed-Com/Fall '83, Los Ange- 
les, CA. This conference and 
exposition offers demonstra- 
tions, seminars, hands-on 
sessions, panels, and micro 
courses that address, eval- 
uate, and analyze the devel- 
opment of computers in edu- 
cation. Hardware, software, 
and publishing companies 
will display items of interest. 
Contact Carol Houts, Judco 
Computer Expos Inc., Suite 
201, 2629 North Scottsdale 
Rd., Scottsdale, AZ 85257, 
(800) 528-2355; in Arizona, 
(602) 990-1715. 

November 17-19 

The Fifth Annual Northeast 
Computer Show and Soft- 
ware Exposition, Hynes 
Auditorium, Boston, MA. 
This end user computer show 
offers nearly 500 displays of 
computers, peripherals, ac- 
cessories, and software. More 



information is available from 
Northeast Expositions, 822 
Boylston St., Chestnut Hill, 
MA 02167, (800) 841-7000; in 
Massachusetts, (617) 739- 
2000. 



November 28-December 2 

Welcome to the World 
of Personal Computing, 

Fort Lauderdale, FL. For 
details, see October 31- 
November 4. ■ 




Coast Guard Finds 
IBM PC Shipshape 

The U.S. Coast Guard has 
enlisted the IBM Personal 
Computer in a move to cut 
costs. Three PCs were recent- 
ly installed on the 378-foot 
cutter Rush, which makes its 
home port in Alameda, Cali- 
fornia. Many of the 378-foot 
class of cutters are outfitted 
with Convergent Technol- 
ogies' C3 Data Systems, but 



these machines are high- 
priced and require a great 
deal of training. The IBM PC 
was selected as an inexpen- 
sive alternative to the C3. 

"At many units, there is a 
need for small computers but 
not necessarily with as much 
power as the C3. After look- 
ing at a number of small com- 
puter systems, we decided 
that the IBM PC was the best 
choice," a Coast Guard 
spokesman said.B 



In order to gain optimal coverage of your organization's com- 
puter conferences, seminars, workshops, courses, etc, notice 
should reach our office at least three months in advance of the 
date of the event. Entries should be sent to: Event Queue, BYTE 
Publications, POB 372, Hancock NH 03449. Each month we 
publish the current contents of the queue for the month of the 
cover date and the two following calendar months. Thus a given 
event may appear as many as three times in this section if it is sent 
to us far enough in advance. 



Interest in New 

U.S. Savings Bonds is growing daily 

at Singer in Stamford. 



Cathy Porricolo Terence J. Saunders Harry P. Hancock 

"Savings Bonds are not "I buy U.S. Savings Bonds "By purchasing Sa 

only a good investment for because I wish to invest in Bonds through the 

my future, but also the America's future." company's Payroll 

future of my country." Plan, I can save wi 



company's Payroll Savings 
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Washington, D.C. 20226 

Yes. please send me Free information about the Payroll 

Savings Plan. 

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544 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



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546 BYTE September 1983 




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BYTE September 1983 547 



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An Operations Research 
Scheduling Program 

A microcomputer-based scheduling algorithm can be an aid 
in managerial decision making 

by Walter A. Stark Jr. and Richard A. Reid 



In the field of operations research 
(OR), practitioners develop analytical 
procedures that can help managers 
improve their decision-making 
capabilities. Many OR techniques 
provide assistance in solving day-to- 
day operational problems, such as 
establishing collection routes, design- 
ing nutritional menus, scheduling 
aircraft and crews, locating offshore 
oil-drilling platforms, and determin- 
ing the number of toll operators 
needed. Some of the more common 
OR models that have been recently 
discussed in the microcomputer 
trade press include linear program- 
ming, network analysis, queuing, 
and routing solutions (see references 
1, 4, 8, and 9). 

Sequencing and scheduling prob- 
lems illustrate the short-term plan- 
ning concerns for which OR tech- 
niques have been developed. These 
techniques have been used for a 
variety of scheduling problems, in- 
cluding the determination of the pro- 
cessing order for jobs by various 
machines in a facility and the resul- 
tant schedule for each machine, the 
sequence by which customer orders 



are picked in an electronics distribu- 
tion center, and the establishment of 
a sequence by which customer audits 
are completed in an accounting firm. 
Many of these OR methods contain 
recipes, or algorithms, for solving 
problems. Although not difficult con- 
ceptually, these algorithms often re- 
quire extensive calculations that, 
when performed manually, are 
tedious and subject to error. 
However, these algorithms appeared 
to be well within the capabilities of 
a modest-sized microcomputer, and 
we were intrigued by the challenge 
of executing and applying some of 
these algorithms using an Apple 
computer. Various job-sequence 
algorithms or heuristics have been 
implemented on large computer 
systems (see reference 5). However, 
it seemed appropriate to consider im- 
plementing a flow-shop scheduling 
problem on a microcomputer for two 
main reasons. First, a microprocess- 
ing system at the scene of manage- 
ment action is more likely to be used 
than a terminal connected to a firm's 
mainframe because the practice- 
oriented manager feels less threat- 



ened and more in control relative to 
the smaller system. Second, the total 
investment in a microcomputer 
system is commensurate with the job 
required; extensive number-crunch- 
ing, graphical displays (such as that 
required in PERT charting), and 
database management should be left 
to the larger centralized systems. 

In this article, we will describe and 
illustrate an efficient method for 
determining a good sequence for pro- 
cessing a set of jobs or customers, 
each of which has different character- 
istics or makes different demands on 
the various organizational resources. 



The Problem 

At this point, a simple example will 
clarify terminology to be introduced 
later and show how proper schedul- 
ing can save time and, presumably, 
money. Suppose you operate a suc- 
cessful specialty car-painting shop 
whose reputation for attention to 
detail and superb paint jobs is 
spreading. The following are general 
operations in the normal sequence of 
your special paint job: removal of 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 549 



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550 BYTE September 1983 



Circle 401 on inquiry card. 





Process-Time Estimates (in hours] 
for Specialty Paint Shop 






Job 


Major Trim 
Body Work Removal 


Paint 
Strip 


Body 
Finish 


Paint 


Reassembly 


Corvette 

Daytona 

Turbo-ZX 

Rabbit 

Cobra 


4 
3 
16 2 
1 
1 


6 
4 
2 

5 


12 
20 
10 
6 
16 


2 
4 

3 
1 
4 


2 
2 
2 

1 
1 


Table Is As an example of hew a scheduling algorithm ivorks, we'll use a specialty car- 
painting shop where five cars have to be painted. An entire paint job is made up of six 
processes. Here are estimates of how long each process will take for each car. 



trim parts, stripping (to the bare 
metal) of all paint, finishing body 
work, painting and buffing, and final 
reassembly after touch-up opera- 
tions. Normally, your shop does no 
major body work, although occa- 
sionally such work is done for special 
customers. There are thus six possi- 
ble operations including major body 
work. The elapsed time, in hours, for 
completion of each of these opera- 
tions is the process time. What's more, 
zero process time is allowable; for ex- 
ample, most jobs require no major 
body work. Also, on occasion, a low- 
budget job comes through in which 
the paint is not stripped. In this case, 
the sanding is done during the body- 
finishing operation. 

Now, imagine that five cars arrive 
for painting. Each is a job. Based on 
years of experience, the shop fore- 
man estimates the times for each job, 
as shown in table 1. Given these 
times and a desire to complete all 
jobs in the shortest possible time, the 
objective is to determine the best se- 
quence in which to complete all the 
jobs. 

At first glance, it is not immediate- 
ly obvious that any job sequence is 
the most efficient. In order to manage 
this situation, you need to present a 
schedule that shows the start and 
finish times for each job at each work 
station. Such a schedule is shown in 
table 2 for the sequence of jobs given 
in table 1. 

The cumulative elapsed time for all 
five jobs is 79 hours. Because we 
assume you don't fire workers in be- 
tween operations, the total number 
of hours paid equals the number of 
workers (at all operations) multiplied 



by the total elapsed time. For one 
worker per operation, you pay for 6 
x 79 = 474 hours total operations 
time. Summing the actual hours 
worked (16 in major body work, 11 in 
trim removal, 17 in stripping, 64 in 
finishing, 14 in painting, and 8 in 
reassembly) yields a total of 130 
hours. Thus, the idle time of workers 
(and/or machines) is 474 - 130 = 344 
hours. Indeed, most of the time the 
workers are idle! This situation 
assumes that an idle worker at one 
operation cannot be used to reduce 



the time required on another opera- 
tion; that is, you have a union shop. 
Moreover, technological specifica- 
tions require that each job have the 
same sequence of machine opera- 
tions. 

Using techniques that are de- 
scribed later, a suitable reordering of 
the jobs reduces the total elapsed 
time by 54 hours, or 6 x (79 - 70), for 
a new total operations time of 420 
hours; idle time now becomes, 420 - 
130 = 290 hours. Not only are labor 
costs reduced by 11 percent, but also 
the overall fraction of idle time is 
lowered. Furthermore, in searching 
for a better sequence, you have iden- 
tified two sequences having the same 
low total operations time. Having two 
or more good job sequences allows 
the foreman some discretion in grant- 
ing job priorities, arranging machine 
maintenance, or workers' vacations, 
and the like, while at the same time 
maintaining the best possible 
schedule. 

How do you begin to approach the 
search for an optimum job sequence? 
Considerable effort has been expend- 



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September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 551 




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Remarkably, the new $599 Transtar 120 is 
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Schedule of Operations 






Job 




Major 
Body Work 
In Out 


Trim 

Removal 

In Out 


Paint 

Strip 

In Out 


Body 

Finish 

In Out 


Paint 
In Out 


Reassembly 
In Out 


Corvette 

Daytona 

Turbo-ZX 

Rabbit 

Cobra 








16 

16 16 

16 16 


4 

4 7 

16 18 

18 19 

19 20 


4 10 
10 14 
18 20 
20 20 
20 25 


10 22 
22 42 
42 52 
52 58 
58 74 


22 24 
42 46 
52 55 
58 59 
74 78 


24 26 
46 48 
55 57 
59 60 
78 79 


Table 2: A sample schedule of operations. The numbers listed show at which hours a given car 
First, the Corvette enters the trim-removal process and the Turbo-ZX enters the major body work ] 


enters or leaves c 
irocess. After four 


particular process, 
hours, the Corvette 


leaves trim removal and enters the paint strip process while the Daytona enters trim removal. The 


process continues until after 79 hours 


the last car, 


the Cobra, leaves the reassembly process. 











ed to develop an understanding of 
the scheduling problem, which is at 
best frustrating and at worst totally 
intractable. Under certain conditions, 
however, the problem can be solved, 
or at least a nearly optimal solution 
can be obtained. It is noteworthy that 
these special solutions can be im- 
plemented on a microcomputer (in 
this case, a 48K-byte Apple II Plus). 

Some Definitions 

To understand the problem and the 
programmatic approach to the solu- 
tion more clearly, a few definitions 
are helpful (see also reference 6): 

Sequencing is the order in which ob- 
jects are placed for processing by an 
organization. Job sequencing involves 
the time ordering of jobs through one 
or more processing centers so that 
specific performance measures, such 
as minimal idle times or timely deliv- 
eries, are achieved. Variation in job 
sequence can produce significant dif- 
ferences in costs and productivity. 
The sequential arrangement of start 
and finish times of various jobs on 
machines is termed a machine load- 
ing schedule. A schedule can be 
generated for a given machine only 
after the job processing sequence has 
been determined. In preparing the 
schedule, note that a machine cannot 
be used until it is free and that a 
given operation of some job cannot 
be started until the prior operation 
for that job is completed. 

Jobs represent customer orders, and 
machines involve processes that must 
be performed on customer orders. In 
other words, a job represents a total 
effort, the result of which is used to 



satisfy a customer's need. A machine 
provides processing capability for the 
job effort and can perform one or 
more operations, but only one at a 
time. Acts performed by machines 
are needed to complete the job. In 
this sense, machines are not neces- 
sarily always mechanical devices; 
they can be human beings perform- 
ing a strictly manual operation such 
as visual inspection. The order in 
which a job must proceed through 
various machines is referred to as 



technological ordering. And, as men- 
tioned previously, the time spent on 
a machine to perform a given opera- 
tion is called the process time for that 
operation. 

In the most general case, without 
any job technological order specified, 
for N jobs and M machines, there are 
(M\) N possible sequences. (For a 
given job with M machines, there are 
M ways to choose the first machine 
operation, M-l ways to choose the 
second, etc., so that the total number 



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of possible sequences for machine 
ordering is M(M-l)(M-2) . . . = 
Ml. The combination of job se- 
quences is an exponential function 
resulting in (M\) N possible job- 
machine sequences.) The number of 
possible job sequences, therefore, 
quickly becomes very large. For ex- 
ample, if M = N = 4, the number of 
possibilities is about 3.3 x 10 5 ; for M 
= N = 5, the possible sequences total 
nearly 2.5 xlO 10 . Thus, complete 
enumeration and evaluation of all job 
sequences becomes impractical for 
most real problems, and operations 
researchers seek cost-effective limits 
in searching for good job ordering. 
Although the general problem re- 
maintains intractable, operations re- 
searchers have developed efficient 
procedures for certain special cases, 
which result from adding simplifying 
assumptions to the general problem 
in order to create a more limited 
perspective. You can then solve the 
subproblem mathematically. For the 
special problem treated here, the 
crucial assumption made is that the 
technological ordering for all jobs 
considered is the same. In other 
words, each job goes through exact- 
ly the same ordered sequence of 
machine operations (remember that 
some operations can have zero pro- 
cess time). This enabling assumption 
results in what is known as the flow- 
shop scheduling problem in contrast 
to job-shop scheduling, in which each 
job might have different technological 
ordering (see reference 6). With the 
same sequence of operations for each 
of N jobs, the number of possible 
orderings of jobs becomes N!. Now, 
if N = 5, for example, 120 (or 5 x 4 
x 3 x 2 x 1) job sequences have to 
be examined to find the optimum se- 
quence. 

Method 

The flow-shop scheduling problem 
assumes that you know or can deter- 
mine processing times for each of N 
jobs on M machines (these times 
could represent average values). 
Moreover, the best job sequence is 
assumed to require the least total 
facility processing time to complete 
all jobs. By definition, total facility 
processing time is equal to total 



machine-operating time plus total 
machine-idle time. Because total 
machine-operating time is fixed for a 
given set of jobs, minimizing total 
facility processing time also mini- 
mizes total machine-idle time. 

The approach for solving this prob- 
lem was first developed by S. M. 
Johnson (reference 7), extensively ex- 
plored by R. A. Dudek and R. M. 
Ghare (reference 3), and popularized 
by R. E. D. Woolsey and H. S. Swan- 
son (reference 10). The procedure 
coded here is based on the heuristic 
presented by R. Hesse and R. E. D. 
Woolsey (reference 5). 

Simply described, for N jobs pro- 
cessed first on Machine A and then 
on Machine B, the Johnson algorithm 
requires finding the shortest process- 
ing time in the set of times for both 
machines. If that time is for Machine 
A, then that associated job is sched- 
uled first; if for machine B, the asso- 
ciated job is processed last. The as- 
sociated job is then removed from 
consideration. Next, the selection 
process is repeated, but this time the 
algorithm schedules the job having 



the next-shortest time either as early 
as possible or as late as possible ac- 
cording to the next-shortest time on 
Machine A or Machine B, respective- 
ly. This job is then removed from 
consideration, and the process is con- 
tinued for the remaining jobs until all 
jobs are scheduled. 

To illustrate, suppose we have five 
jobs with the following process times 
(in hours): 



Job 


Machine 


Machine 


Name 


A 


B 


Job 1 


2 


5 


Job 2 


6 


1 


Job 3 


3 


6 


Job 4 


5 


2 


Job 5 


7 


4 



The optimal sequence is Job 1-3-5-4-2. 
The shortest time on any machine is 
1 hour (Job 2, Machine B). Hence, ac- 
cording to the algorithm, Job 2 is 
scheduled last. Job 2 is then elimi- 
nated from further consideration. 
The next-shortest time is 2 hours for 
both Jobs 1 and 4. Job 1 is scheduled 



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as the first job (the 2-hour time is on 
Machine A); Job 4 is scheduled next 
to last because its 2-hour time is on 
Machine B. After removal of these 
two jobs from consideration, Jobs 3 
and 5 remain to be scheduled. The 
next-shortest time is 3 hours (Job 3, 
Machine A). Thus, Job 3 is scheduled 
as early as possible, after Job 1. Job 
5 remains to be scheduled between 
Job 3 and Job 4. 

This algorithm forms the heart of 
the machine-scheduling program 
presented in listing 1. A formal proof 
of the algorithm can be found in S. 
M. Johnson's original paper (see 
reference 7). However, intuitively, 
you can see that the last job (N) can- 
not be finished earlier than the time 
required to process each job on 
Machine A, plus the time necessary 
to complete the second operation of 
the last job. Similarly, the last job can- 
not be completed sooner than the 
time to process each job on Machine 
B, plus any time delay before 
Machine B can begin processing. 
Moreover, the minimum delay is just 
the time required to process the first 
job (1) on Machine A. The minimum 
total time, T m ,„, is thus bounded by 
the larger of the following two in- 
equalities: 

T mi „ > 2v t AJ + t BN 

jobs 

or 



Listing 1: An Applesoft BASIC program using a scheduling algorithm. The program can 
be used for an operation using any number M of processes or machines. 



> t A 



£ t Bj 

jobs 



where t AJ and t BJ are the process times 
on Machine A and Machine B, re- 
spectively, for job j; tan thus repre- 
sents the operation time on Machine 
B for the last job N, and t A1 represents 
the operation time on Machine A for 
the first job. 

The sums are fixed values, inde- 
pendent of job sequence; therefore, 
the only way to influence the overall 
time is by choosing t A1 or t BN to be as 
small as possible. Thus, the job with 
the smallest t Aj is scheduled first, and 
the job with the smallest t BJ is 
scheduled last. The remaining jobs 
are scheduled by extending the ap- 
plication of this logic. 

The rationale underlying this pro- 
cedure is to place jobs having short 



MACHINE SCHEDULE 
COPYRIGHT 1981, W A STARK 

M-NACHINE SCHEDULING 
USING QUICK & CLEAN JOHNSON 

ALGORITHM 



000 REM 

010 REM 

020 REM 

030 REM 

040 REM 

050 REM 

060 REM 

070 DIM M(20.20),J«l20),Mt(20) 

080 DIM A(20).B(20).C(20) 

090 DIM S(20,20),SEQ(20,20),MT(20) 

100 DIM Tl (20.20) .T2120.20) 

110 DIM S1(20J,S2(20),IT(20) 

120 DIM KL(20) 

130 REM 

140 GOTO 1730 

150 rem mttmmmmm 

160 REM SUBROUTINE PAUSE 

170 REM 

180 PRINT : PRINT "HIT SPACE BAR TO CONTINUE" 

190 CV = PEEK (37) 

200 GET Ht 

210 VTAB (CV) 

220 PRINT SPC( 38) j" 

230 RETURN 

240 rem tttttttttttttttttttt 

250 REM SUBROUTINE ENABLE PRINTER 

260 REM 

270 REM USES DRIVER IN 

280 REM SUBROUTINE AT 7150 

290 REM 

300 CALL (768) 

310 PRINT CHRt (17) 

320 REM 

330 REM DEFEAT 40 COLUMN WINDOW 

340 POKE 33,33 

350 RETURN 

360 rem mttmmmmm 

370 REM SUBROUTINE TO END PRINTING 

380 REN DISABLES THE AI0 BOARD, SLOT 2 

390 REM 

400 PR! 

410 REM RESTORE 40 COL TV WINDOW 

420 POKE 33,40 

430 RETURN 

440 REM tttttttttttttttttttt 

450 REM SUBROUTINE SCHEDULE 

460 REM 

470 REM CALCULATES IN / OUT 

480 REM SCHEDULES FOR MACHINES 

490 



REM 

REM 

REM 
500 Tl(l,l) 
510 FOR H = 
520 T2(1.H) 
530 IF H 



= 0.0 
1 TO NM 

= Tl(l.H) + M(C(1),M) 

NM GOTO 1550 
540 TKl.H + 1) = T2(1,H) 
550 NEXT M 
560 TI = T2(l.l) 
570 FOR J = 2 TO NJ 
580 THJ.l) = T2(J - 1,1) 
590 T2(J,1) = T1(J,1) + M(C(J),1) 
600 NEXT J 
610 REM 

620 FOR J = 2 TO NJ 
630 FOR H = 2 TO NM 
640 TKJ.M) = T2(J.M - 1) 

650 IF T2(J - 1,H) > T2(J,H - 1) THEN T1(J,H) = T2(J - 1,M) 
660 T2(J,M) = T1(J,M) + N(C(J),H) 
670 NEXT M 
680 NEXT J 
690 RETURN 

700 REM tttttttttttttttttttt 
710 REM tttttt MAIN tttttt 
720 REM tttttttttttttttttttt 
730 HOME : PRINT ! PRINT 

740 REM 

Listing 1 continued on page 558 



556 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



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processing times on the first machine 
early in the sequence so that the sec- 
ond machine can be put to use as 
soon as possible. At the end of the 
sequence, the situation is reversed. In 
particular, those jobs with short pro- 
cessing times on later machines are 
placed at the end of the sequence so 
that all machines finish all job pro- 
cessing at approximately the same 
time. 

The Johnson algorithm provides an 
optimum schedule for the two- 
machine problem and for special 
three-machine situations. Extending 
the algorithm to M-machine situa- 
tions produces a good, but not neces- 
sarily optimal, solution. However, ex- 
perience shows that of the N! possi- 
ble job sequences, some of the M— 1 
sequences uncovered using the ex- 
tended algorithm are optimal or near 
optimal. 

You extend the algorithm to M 
machines by first applying the 
Johnson two-machine algorithm to 
the first (1) and last (M) machine 
operations in order to obtain a feasi- 
ble job sequence. Next, by using the 
sum of the job processing times for 
the first two (1 + 2) and the last two 
[(M - 1) + M] machine operations, 
you can determine another sequence. 
The process is continued M - 1 
times, applying the Johnson algo- 
rithm successively to the sum of the 
first / processing times and to the 
sum of the last ;' processing times, 
where /' runs from 1 to M - 1. 

This procedure yields M - 1 job- 
order sequences. The sequence hav- 
ing the least total facility processing 
time may be selected as best. An ad- 
vantage of the Johnson algorithm 
over other flow-shop techniques, 
such as the Gupta algorithm (see 
reference 5), is that several sequences 
are determined for consideration. 
Having these alternative sequences 
allows the scheduling manager some 
viable options if such factors as 
priority jobs, machine maintenance, 
or workers' vacations need to be 
considered. 

The Program 

Listing 1 shows the implementa- 
tion of the Johnson scheduling 
algorithm on an Apple II Plus 48K- 

Text continued on page 574 

558 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Listing 1 continued: 

1750 PRINT TAB ( 10): "MACHINE SCHEDULE" 

1740 PRINT TAB( 7) j ^COPYRIGHT 1991, H A STARK" 

1770 FOR T = 1 TO 2000 

1780 NEXT T 

1790 PASS = 

1800 H0HE i PRINT i PRINT 

1810 REH 

1820 REH i DESCRIPTION 

1830 PRINT "H-HACHINE SCHEDULING " 

1840 PRINT "USING THE JOHNSON QUICK I" 

1850 PRINT "CLEAN ALGORITHM.": PRINT 

I860 PRINT "PROGRAM CAN BE USED FOR" 

1870 PRINT "UP TO 15 JOBS AND 20" 

1880 PRINT 'MACHINE OPERATIONS.": PRINT 

1890 PRINT : FLASH : PRINT "NOTE!": NORMAL 

1900 print "tutmmmtttmmm' 

1910 PRINT "COMPLETE ALL DATA ENTRIES" 

1920 PRINT "BY HITTING THE RETURN KEY" 

1930 print -mmtmmmmmm" 

1940 G0SUB I960: REH - PRINT CHOICE 

1950 GOTO 2070 

1960 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT 

1970 PRINT "FOR HARDC0PY OUTPUT, TYPE P;" 

1980 PRINT "(BE SURE PRINTER IS READY)" 

1990 PRINT "OTHERWISE, TYPE AN N" 

2000 INPUT TTI 

2010 IF TT$ = "N" THEN TTY = 0: RETURN 

2020 IF TT* = "P" THEN TTY * Is GOTO 2050 

2030 PRINT : PRINT "TYPE P OR N, PLEASE" 

2040 PRINT i GOTO 2000 

2050 60SUB 7150: REH - PRINTER DRIVER 

2060 RETURN 

2070 HOME : VTAB 5 

2080 DISPLAY « 

2090 INPUT "TYPE NUMBER OF JOBS ":NJ 

2100 VTAB 10 

2110 INPUT "TYPE NUMBER OF MACHINES " ; N« 

2120 REH 

2130 REH INPUT JOB DESCRIPTIONS AND 

2140 REH MACHINE OPERATIONS 

2150 HOME 

2160 PRINT "BE8IN BY DESCRIBING MACHINE" 

2170 PRINT "OPERATIONS. THESE OPERATIONS ARE " 

2180 PRINT 'ASSUMED TO BE SEQUENTIAL. " 

2190 PRINT 

2200 FOR M = 1 TO NM 

2210 PRINT : PRINT 

2220 PRINT "TYPE A DESCRIPTION OF OPERATION I "jM 

2230 PRINT "(USE UP TO 7 CHARACTERS)" 

2240 INPUT Ht(H) 

2250 IF LEN (H*(M)) < = 7 60T0 2290 

2260 PRINT 

2270 PRINT "USE ONLY 7 CHARACTERS, PLEASE" 

2280 PRINT : GOTO 2220 

2290 NEXT M 

2300 H0HE 

2310 PRINT 'NOW BRIEFLY (6 CHARACTERS OR LESS)" 

2320 PRINT "DESCRIBE EACH JOB, AND THE TIME" 

2330 PRINT "IN EACH OPERATION FOR THAT JOB." 

2340 PRINT 

2350 FOR J * 1 TO NJ 

2360 PRINT "TYPE A DESCRIPTION OF JOB I "}J 

2370 INPUT Jt 

2380 Jt(J) = LEFT* (J«,6) 

2390 PRINT 

2400 PRINT "FOR THIS JOB, ENTER THE TIHE" 

2410 PRINT "(TO THE NEAREST TENTH UNIT)" 

2420 PRINT 'REQ'D FOR EACH OF THE " 

2430 PRINT "OPERATIONS LISTED BEL0H." 

2440 PRINT 

2450 PRINT "(USE THE SAME TIHE UNITS" 

2460 PRINT "FOR ALL OPERATIONS.)' 

2470 PRINT 

2480 FOR H * 1 TO NH 

2490 SAP - 8 - LEN (HKH)) 

2500 CV • PEEK (37) + 1 

2510 IF CV = > 23 THEN CV = CV - 1 



Listing 1 continued on page 560 



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D CP/M $169. □ CP/M-86 $169. ."' MP/M $249. 



TM 

Card No. _ 

Exp. Date. 

Computer 




lKf». 



Your Name 

Company Name_ 
Address 



City/State/Zip_ 



==J 



Circle 109 on inquiry card. 



BYTE September 1983 559 



When it comes to scientific software 
for microsystems, DYNACOMP delivers: 




The Systems ...Apple trs-bo pet/cbm nec Atari 

Osborne SuperBram NorthStat CP/M 

The Software 



l)lCitI*l FILTER 
DMA SMOOTHER 
SOT INET. MftTCHNET 
FILTER ANALYSIS 



LOGIC DESIGNER 

ACTIVE CIRCUIT ANALYSIS 

LOGIC SIMULATOR 

ROOTS 

FOURIER ANALYZER 

TRANSFER FUNCTION ANALYZER 

HARMONIC ANALYZER 

BASIC SCIENTIFIC SUBROUTINES 

VOLUME I VOLUME II 
BASIC STATISTICAL SUBROUTINES 



CALL OR WRITE FOR A FREE CATALOG 

DYNACOMP, INC. 

1427 Monroe Avenue, Rochester, N.Y. 14618 

Telephone: (716)442-8960 



Circle 159 on Inquiry card. 




Apple II + Paper Tape I/O Is This Easy 

10101011010001010:.:.:.:.::.::.:.:.::. 
01010101010010100.:.:.:.:.::.:..:.::.: 
One minute you're without, the next you're 
up and running! Just plug into your APPLE 
II PLUS. A neat and complete package. 

• Model 600-1 Punch — 50cps, rugged 

• Model 605 Reader — 150cps 
Parallel Interface Board/Cable 

• Data Handling Program 

Code conversion available. TRS-80 pack- 
age soon. ADDMASTER CORP. 416 Juni- 
pero Serra Dr., San Gabriel, CA 91776 * 
213/285-1121. 



Circle 10 on inquiry card. 



SHIELDED DATA CABLES 

Help ProtCCI Yout Signals Wuh Shielded Data Cable EIA RS232 
Srnolded Cable Specify C"d gender, length & pin interconnects, up to 9 
conductors 

511.00' 40.fi 



TERMINALS 



Hnjflttina Eipril Systems 

ESPRIT II terminal wfdelcciliabte keyboard 
ESPRIT III Tetevideo 950 emulator 

LOW SPEED MODEMS 300 bmi 
Novation J-CAT Dirocl connect aulo ans/org modem 

103 SMARTCAT Sti.ii! modem With auro dialer 
Hayes SMARTMODEM-300 St.id.able Smart modem 

HIGH SPEED MODEMS -300/ 1 20a 

Novation 103(212 SMARTCAT Sman modem 

Hayes SMARTMODEM 1 200 SlackuLlrj modem ... . 
SMARTMODEM 1 2O0B Smarlmodem 1200 (or IBM 
PC <* Smartcom II . 
Universal Data Systems 2121P Tulco powered 
1200 baud modem 



DAISYWRITER 2000 wiln 4BK 
OKIDATA uLB2A 9 '',' ' carnage 

uLB3A 1 5" carnage 1 20 cps 

uL92P (parallell 9'i" carnage 

uL92S Isenall 9VV cai 

uL93P Iparalloll 1 5" CO 

uL93S Isenall 1 5" can 

TRACTOR lor uL82 or uL92 printer 

MISCELLANEOUS 
PERFECT WRITER. PERFECT SPELLER. PERFECT CALC. 

PERFECT FILER MICR05P00LER buffer, intcf ace 

sonal.parallel versions 
Ciiriilruoeleck. money or Oer, COD or VISA ^ASTERCARO Add li 



Suggested 

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Sato 



5fi99 
5599 





$899 


S640 




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uahty 


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(3131 286-6969 



Circle 171 on inquiry card. 



Listing 1 continued: 

2520 PRINT "TIHE IN OPERATION"; SPC( SAP) ;H* (M>; ■ ■' 

2530 VTAB (CV): HTAB (26) 

2540 INPUT " 'jnlJ,H) 

2550 PRINT 

2560 REM -LIMIT DATA TO 1 DECINAL 

2570 P = IOiQ = 0.5 

2580 H(J.H) = INT (H(J,H) t P ♦ Q) / P 

2590 NEXT H 

PRINT ! PRINT I HONE 

NEXT J 

REN INPUT COMPLETE 

PRINT "INPUT COMPLETE" 

PRINT i PRINT 

PRINT "TYPE IN THE UNITS OF TIME" 

PRINT "(E.G., MINUTES,HOURS,ETC.)« 

INPUT UNIT* 

REM OUTPUT THE INPUT 

REM 

REM DETERMINE t COLS. 
2710 SP * INT (18 / NM) 
2720 IF NH > 3 THEN SP = 4 
2730 IF NM > 4 THEN SOSUB 7730 
2740 NS = 1 
2750 NF = NS + 3 
2760 IF NF > NM THEN NF = NM 

REM OUTPUT FOR APPLE II 

HOME : PRINT 

IF NS = 1 60T0 2820 

PRINT TAB( 11) i "MACHINE OPERATIONS (CONT.)" 

SOTO 2840 

PRINT TAB( 15): "MACHINE OPERATIONS" 

REM SET TIME UNITS 

PRINT TABf 2):"J0B": TAB( 15>;"(TINES IN ";UNIT*;" )" 

SOSUB 5130: REM - DASHLINE 

VTAB 5: HTAB 1: PRINT "I" 

FOR H = NS TO NF 

(M - NS)) i SP + INT ((7 - LEN (HUH))) / 2) 



2600 
2610 
2620 
2630 
2640 
2650 
2660 
2670 
2680 
2690 
2700 



2770 

2780 

2790 

2800 

2810 

2820 

2830 

2840 

2850 

2860 

2870 

2880 CH = 4 + (1 + 2 t 

2890 VTAB 5: HTAB CH 

2900 PRINT M*(M) 

2910 NEXT M 

2920 SOSUB 5130; REM - DASHLINE 

2930 FOR J = 1 TO NJ 

2940 K2 = 5:K3 = 2 

2950 IF NJ > 6 THEN K2 = 6:K3 = 1 

FOR N » NS TO NF 
K = K2 + K3 I J 

VTAB K 



2960 
2970 
2980 
2990 



PRINT J;"."i_TAB( .4)jJ|(J) 



t SP - LEN ( STR* ( INT (M(J,M))1) 



3000 L = 9 + (1 + 2 » (M - NS)I 

3010 VTAB K: HTAB L 

3020 PRINT M(J,M) 

3030 NEXT M 

3040 NEXT J 

3050 VTAB 23 

3060 PRINT "DO YOU WANT TO CHAN6E ANY DATA?" 

3070 PRINT " Y=YES, N=N0": 60T0 3090 

3080 PRINT : PRINT "Y=YES, N=N0 . PLEASE": PRINT 

3090 INPUT AN* 

3100 IF LEFT* (AN*,1) * "Y" 

3110 IF LEFT* (AN* 1) = "Y" 

3120 IF LEFT* (AN*. 1 ) < > 

3130 IF NF = NM 60TD 3160 

3140 NS = NF + 1 

3150 SOTO 2750 

FOR J = 1 TO NJ:C(J) = J: NEXT J 

SOSUB 5710: REM - CALCULATES MACHINE TIME 

60SUB 1450: REM - CALCULATE SCHEDULE 

HOME 

= 1 THEN GOSUB 1250: REM - PRINT ENABLE 
PRINT "INITIAL SEQUENCE" 
PRINT "ORDER JOB NAME FINISH TIME" 



THEN 60SUB 5180 
60T0 2770 
■N" GOTO 3080 



3160 

3170 

3180 

3190 

3200 

3210 

3220 

3230 

3240 

3250 6AP = 3 

3260 IF J > 9 THEN GAP = 

3270 LI = LEN (J*(J1) 

3280 L2 = 18 - LI - LEN 



IF TTY 

PRINT : 

PRINT : 

PRINT 

FOR J = 1 TO NJ 



STR* ( INT (T2(J,NM)))) 



Listing 1 continued on page 562 




VALUE 



This up-to-date Second Edition contains: 

• Over 1,670 pages of revised, expanded, and updated text 

• 550 articles on virtually every aspect of the computer sciences 

• Written by 301 distinguished authorities 

• Profusely illustrated with over 500 photos, and over 250 
diagrams, graphs and charts 



The new ENCYCLOPEDIA OF COMPUTER 
SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING is an indis- 
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The Encyclopedia is organized to make find- 
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Articles are alphabetically arranged and are 
cross-referenced to related articles and to spe- 
cific subject matter. The clear and expanded 
appendices include abbreviations, acronyms, 
special notation and terminology, as well as nu- 



merical tables, the mainstay of applied technolo- 
gies. A complete 5,000-term index contains ref- 
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computer science dictionary, and is an invalu- 
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Praise For the First Edition: 

Called "Impressive . . . comprehensive . . .well 
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The Library of Computer and Information 
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Begin enjoying the club's benefits today! 



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1. The Finest Books. Of the hundreds of books sub- 
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eligible to participate in our Bonus Book Plan, with 
savings up to 70% off the publishers' prices. 

4. Convenient Service. At 3-4 week intervals (16 times 
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describing the Main Selection and Alternate Selec- 
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the Main Selection do nothing and it will be sent to 
you automatically. If you prefer another selection, or 
no book at all, simply indicate your choice on the 
card, and return it by the date specified. You will 
have at least 10 days to decide. If, because of late 
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you do not want, we guarantee return postage. 

If the reply card has been removed, please write to: 

The Library of Computer 
and Information Sciences 

Dept. 7-BZ3 Riverside, N.J. 08075 to obtain 
membership information and an application. 



BYTE September 1983 561 



UNIX'? 

The Independent UNIX Bookstore pro- 
vides the most complete selection of 
UNIX and C materials available 
anywhere. 40 titles, reference cards, 
posters and T-shirts In stock! 

NEW NEW NEW 
Responses from UNIX Commands, by 
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QUANTITY DISCOUNTS 

AVAILABLE 

No Purchase Orders under $100. 

Write or call 
The Independent UNIX Bookstore, 
International Technical Seminars, Inc., 
520 Waller St., SF, CA 94117 
I415J 621-6415 
'International Technical Seminars Is not 
associated with Bell Labs 
'UNIX Is a Trademark of Bell Laboratories 



Circle 227 on Inquiry card. 



Verbatim® 
Diskettes 





Top-quality Verbatim® Diskettes 
from Tech* Data, your complete 
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Dealers only. 

Call Toll Free 

1-800-237-8931. 

In Florida, call 

813-577-2794. 



V 



Tech* Data Corporation 

325 I Tech Drive North 
St. Petersburg, FL 33702 



Circle 437 on inquiry card. 



Maxell Floppy Disks 

The Mini-Disks 
with maximum quality. 





Dealer inquiries 
invited CO.D's 
accepted Call 
FREE (800) 235-4137. 

PACIFIC EXCHANGES 

100 Foothill Blvd.. San Luis 
San Luis Obispo. CA 93401 
In Catcall (800) 592-5935 or 
(805)543-1037. 



Circle 341 on Inquiry card. 



Listing 1 continued: 

3290 PRINT TAB! GAP) ; J; SPCI 6)jJ*(J)j SPC( L2);T2(J,NH) 

3300 NEXT J 

3310 IF TTY = 1 THEN 60SUB 1370: REH - PRINT INHIBIT 

3320 PRINT : PRINT : 60SUB 1160; REH -PAUSE 

3330 HOHE : PRINT TAB( 17) ; "INITIAL"sKK = 

3340 GOSUB 5880: REH - PRINT SCHEDULE 

3350 HOHE : PRINT : PRINT 

3360 BT = NH t T2(NJ,NH) 

3370 DISPLAY = 

3380 FLA6 « 1 

3390 60SUB 6510: REH - IDLE TIHE CALC 

GOSUB 1160: REH - PAUSE 

IF NH = 2 GOTO 3580 
PRINT : PRINT 



3400 
3410 
3420 
3430 
3440 
3450 
3460 
3470 
3480 
3490 
3500 
3510 
3520 
3530 
3540 
3550 
3560 
3570 
3580 



HOHE 

IF NH = 2 GOTO 3580 



PRINT 
PRINT 
PRINT 
PRINT 



a T0 VIEW ALL LOADING SCHEDULES AS' 
SEQUENCES ARE DETERMINED," 
TYPE AN At" 

"TO VIEW ONLY THE BEST SCHEDULE (S),' 
PRINT 'TYPE A B " 

PRINT '(ONE HAY RETURN LATER TO REVIEW " 
"ALL SCHEDULES)' 
PRINT 'A OR B?" 



PRINT 

PRINT 

INPUT DSI 

IF DS* = "B 1 THEN DISPLAY = 1: GOTO 35S0 

IF DS* = 'A" GOTO 3580 

PRINT : PRINT "TYPE A OR B, PLEASE!" 

INPUT " -iOSI 

60T0 3530 

FOR KK = 1 TO NH - 1 
3590 RPT « 
3600 GOSUB 4070: 



REH - SET UP FOR 2-MACHINE 

60SUB 4240: REH - 2 HACHINE ORDERING 

IF RPT < > 1 THEN 60SUB 4910: REH - FILTER 

60SUB 1450: REH -CALCULATE SCHEDULE 

IF FLAG * 60T0 3720 

IF NH < > 2 SOTO 3700 

IF TTY * GOTO 3700 

GOSUB 1250: REH -PRINT ENABLE 

60SUB 5130: GOSUB 5130: REH DASHLINE 

60SUB 1370: REH -PRINT INHIBIT 

60SUB 4670: REH -PRINT 0PTIHAL ORDER 

60SUB 5880: REH - PRINT SCHEDULE 

60SUB 6510: REH - IDLE TIHE CALC 

IF FLAG = GOTO 3760 

GOSUB 1160: REH - PAUSE ROUTINE 

IF RPT ■ 1 GOTO 3960 

NEXT KK 

IF NH ■ 2 SOTO 3970 

GOSUB 6900: REH - FIND SHALL IDLE TIHE 

IF TTY = GOTO 3840 

60SUB 1250: REH -PRINT ENABLE 

60SUB 5130: 60SUB 5130: REH -DASHLINE 

PRINT 

GOSUB 1370: REH -PRINT INHIBIT 

FOR LL = TO LH 
3850 KK = KL(LL) 
3860 DISPLAY ■ 

3870 IF TTY = 1 THEN GOSUB 1250 
3880 IF TTY ■ 1 THEN POKE 33,40: HOHE : POKE 33,33 
3890 HOHE : PRINT : PRINT 

PRINT "A 600D JOB SEQUENCE IS:' 

PRINT 

PRINT "ORDER JOB NAHE FINISH TIHE" 

PRIHT 

IF NH = 2 THEN RETURN 
3950 RPT = 1: SOTO 3600 
3960 NEXT LL 

GOSUB 5490: REH - REPEAT? 

ON FLAG GOTO 4010,4030 

PRINT : PRINT "THEN GOODBYE!": PRINT 

GOTO 4050 
4010 FLAG -- 0: HOHE 
4020 GOSUB 1960: 60T0 2680 
4030 FLAG * 0: HOHE 
4040 60T0 1940 
4050 END 



3610 
3620 
3630 
3640 
3650 
3660 
3670 
3680 
3690 
3700 
3710 
3720 
3730 
3740 
3750 
3760 
3770 
3780 
3790 
3800 
3810 
3820 
3830 
3840 



3900 
3910 
3920 
3930 
3940 



3970 
3980 
3990 
4000 



Listing 1 continued on page 564 



LSI 11/23 PLUS COMPUTERS 
WITH UP TO 4 MEGABYTES RAM MEMORY 



CI- 103 

CI- 11/23 AC 

CI- 11/03 LK 
CI-520 




DESKTOP COMPUTER — Complete computer system enclosed within a VT103 video terminal with 

LSI 11/2 and 64KB Memory 

With LSI 11/23 and 256KB Memory 

With LSI 11/23 PLUS and 1 Megabyte Memory 

LSI 11/23 CPU with MMU, 256K byte RAM Memory. Power supply, 8x4 backplane, in a rack 

mountable chassis 

Same with LSI 11/23 PLUS and 1 Megabyte Memory 

LSI 11/2 CPU with 64K byte RAM Memory. Power supply, fixed and floating point instruction set 

(KEV1 1) and 8x4 backplane in a rack mountable chassis 

10 Megabyte Winchester with 2 Megabyte 5'/ 4 " floppy RX02/RL02 or RX50/WD50 emulation .... 




$3100.00 
$4100.00 
$5395.00 

$2675.00 
$4395.00 

$1845.00 
$3995.00 



256KB TO 1 MEGABYTE OF MEMORY ON A DUAL WIDTH CARD 

• On board parity generator with CSR 

• Addressable as a contiguous block in 256KB increments 

• Battery back-up mode 
SINGLE QTY. PRICE: 256KB 



$ 595.00 





CI- 1240- WF 42 Megabyte Winchester disk system with controller 
and 2MB floppy backup $6995.00 



C1-1220-TF Dual drive, double density, double sided, 2MB 
capacity floppy plus DMA LSI 11 controller 
occupying 3'/ 2 " of vertical space . . . $2695.000 



DON'T ASK WHY WE CHARGE SO LITTLE, ASK WHY THEY CHARGE SO MUCH 



£ 



Chrislin Industries, Inc. 

31352 Via Colinas • Westlake Village, CA 91362 

Telephone: 213-991-2254 • TWX 910-494-1253 CHRISLIN WKVG 



LSI and DEC's are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporate 



Circle 69 on inquiry card. 



BYTE September 1983 563 



Serial 4 ■ ■ ■ ■ < ■ ■ ■ ■ ^ Parallel 




PRINTERS! 
PLOTTERS! 
PUNCHES! 
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Convert What You Have 
To What You Want I 

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No longer will your peripheral choices be limited by the type 
of port you have available! Our new High Performance 700 
Series Converters provide the missing link. Based on the 
latest In CMOS technology these units feature lull baud 
rate selection to 19.2K, with handshake signals to maximize 
transfer efficiency. Detailed documentation allows 
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Conwctor Opllon 1 10.00 
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Oxn«rt, Cilifomi* 93030 

CALL (805) 487-1665 or 487-1666 Fj 
For FAST Delivery 



Circle 175 on Inquiry card. 



&TDK 

flexible disks 

Call Free (800)235-4137 

for prices and information. 
Dealer inquiries invited. 
C.O.D. and charge cards 
accepted. 




VISA' 



PACIFIC 
EXCHANGES 

100 Foothill Blvd 
San Luis Obispo. CA 
93401 (In Cal call 
(805)543-1037) 



Circle 341 on Inquiry card. 



PConnection 

Three functions In one card slot- 
Modem, Calendar clock. Serial port I 

The PConnection is a premium telecom- 
munications card for the IBM PC with a 
direct connect Sell I03/II3 modem, a real 
time clock, and a serial I/O port for ex- 
panded communications capabilities. The 
PConnection gives you all three functions 
in a single card slot' 

The PConnection has autodial (Touch Tone 
or pulse) and autoanswer, plus a built-in 
speaker for line status monitoring. Soft- 
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The real time clock can be used to auto- 
dial predetermined phone numbers at pre- 
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monitoring applications. 
PConnection (plug-in modem) - S250 En- 
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the mtcropertpheral corporation 

2565 I52nd Avenue N.E. 
Redmond. WA 98052 

(206) 881-7544 

ibm <s a registered mdemaik oi 



Circle 300 on inquiry card. 



Listing 1 continued: 

4060 rem mmmmmm 

SUBROUTINE COMBINE 



COMBINES DATA FOR INPUT 
TO JOHNSON TWO-MACHINE 
QUICK AND CLEAN ALGORITHM 



OiB(J) ■ 



M + 1) 



4070 REM 

4080 REM 

4090 REM 

4100 REM 

4110 REM 

4120 REM 

4130 FOR J ■ 1 TO NJ 

4140 A(J) 

4150 NEXT J 

4160 FOR H » 1 TO KK 

4170 FOR J = 1 TO NJ 

4180 AM) « AM) + M(J.H) 

4190 BM) = BM) + H(J,NH 

4200 NEXT J 

4210 NEXT M 

4220 RETURN 

4230 rem mmmmmum 

4240 REN SUBROUTINE FOR JOHNSON 
4250 REN TN0 MACHINE QUICK fc CLEAN 
4260 REM 

4270 NF ' 0:NL » NJ:L = 
4280 60SUB 4550: REM -FIND MAX ELEMENT 
4290 FOR J " 1 TO NJ 
4300 CM) ' NJ + 1 
4310 NEXT J 
4320 SH ■ LA 
4330 FOR J » 1 TO NJ 
4340 FL « 

4350 REM : ELIMINATE DONE JOBS 
FOR Jl = 1 TO NJ 
IF J * CM1) THEN FL = 1 
NEXT Jl 

IF FL » 1 GOTO 4420 
IF BM) < ■ SM THEN SM 
IF AM) < ■ SM THEN SM 
NEXT J 

2 60T0 4460 
IL 

+ 1: 60T0 4480 
IL 
- 1 
> « NF GOTO 4320 



4360 
4370 
4380 
4390 
4400 
4410 
4420 
4430 



BMhlL = J:L = 2 
AM):IL = J:L = 



IF L 



4440 CINF) > 
4450 NF » NF 
4460 C(NL) ■ 
4470 NL = NL 
4480 IF NL 



DETERMINES MAXIMUM ELEMENT 
OF TWO ARRAYS A,B 



4490 REM GENERATE ARRAY FOR FILTER 

4500 FOR J - 1 TO NJ 

4510 SEQ(KK.J) = CM) 

4520 NEXT J 

4530 RETURN 

4540 rem mmmmmm 

4550 REM SUBROUTINE MAXIMUM 

4560 REM 

4570 REM 

4580 REM 

4590 REM 

4600 LA ■ Ad) 

4610 FOR J = 1 TO NJ 

4620 IF (AM) > LA) THEN LA * AM) 

4630 IF (BM) > LA) THEN LA - BM) 

4640 NEXT J 

4650 RETURN 

4660 rem mmmmmm 

4670 REM SUBROUTINE OUTPUT ORDER 

4680 REM 

4690 REM PRINTS JOB SEQUENCE 

4700 REM 

4710 IF TTY = 1 THEN G0SUB 1250 

4720 IF RPT = 1 SOTO 4800 

4730 HOME : PRINT i PRINT 

4740 IF NM < > 2 60T0 4760 

PRINT 'AN OPTIMAL SEQUENCE IS:" 
'A POSSIBLE SEQUENCE IS:' 



4750 

4760 PRINT 

4770 PRINT 

4780 PRINT "ORDER 

4790 PRINT 

4800 FOR J = 1 TO NJ 

4810 GAP - 3 

4820 IF J > 9 THEN GAP 



GOTO 4770 



JOB NAME FINISH TIME" 



Listing 1 continued on page 566 
Circle 106 on Inquiry card. > 



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Circle 101 on inquiry card. 



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Elite S oftware 

421 Hwy 30, Suite 121 
College Station, Texas 77840 409-696-3328 
'CP/M & CB80 TM of Digital Research 



Circle 173 on Inquiry card. 



Listing 1 continued: 

4830 LI = LEN (J((C(J)I) 

4840 L2 ' 18 - LI - LEN ( STR* ( INT (T2M,HN)))) 

TAB! GAP) ; J; SPC( 6);J*(C(J>); SPCI L2);T2(J,NH) 



4850 PRINT 

4860 NEXT J 

4870 IF TTY 

4880 PRINT 

4890 RETURN 

4900 REH 

4910 REH 

4920 REN 

4930 REN 

4940 REH 

4950 REH 

4960 FLAG 

4970 IF NH 
4980 
4990 

5000 IF NFLAG 

5010 NF = 

5020 FOR J 



" 1 THEN 60SUB 1370: REH 
60SUB 1160: REH - PAUSE 

mtmtmmmm 

SUBROUTINE FILTER 

CHECKS FOR DUPLICATE 
POSSIBLE SEQUENCES 



END PRINT 



1 



2 THEN 



5030 
5040 
5050 
5060 
5070 
5080 
5090 
5100 
5110 
5120 
5130 
5140 
5150 
5160 
5170 
5180 
5190 
5200 
5210 
5220 
5230 
5240 
5250 
5260 
5270 
5280 
5290 
5300 
5310 



RETURN 
IF KK < 2 THEN RETURN 
FOR K = 1 TO KK - 1 

60T0 5070 

1 TO NJ 
IF NF = 1 SOTO 5050 
IF CM) < > SEQ(K,J) THEN NF = 1 
NEXT J 

IF NF = THEN FLAG » 
NEXT K 

REH FLAG=1 IF SEQUENCE 
REH DIFFERS FR0H PREVIOUS SEQUENCES 
REH 
RETURN 

reh mtmtmmmm 

REH i SUBROUTINE DASHLINE 

REH 

PRINT ' 

RETURN 

reh mtmtmmmm 

SUBROUTINE CORRECT 



PROVIDES FOR CORRECTIONS 
TO INPUT DATA 



'ENTER JOB •'! INPUT J 

"N0H ENTER NEW JOB DESCRIPTION AND" 
"TIHES FOR ALL HACHINE OPERATIONS." 
"SEPARATE NAHE AND TIHES WITH SLASHES" 
"(/)" 



REH 

REH 

REH 

REH 

REH 

PRINT 

PRINT 

PRINT 

PRINT 

PRINT 

PRINT 

PRINT 

PRINT 

INPUT HI 
5320 I « 1 

5330 IF HID* (WI,I,i) < > "/" THEN 1 = 1 + 1: GOTO 5330 
5340 IL = I - 1: IF IL > 6 THEN IL = 6 
5350 JIM) = LEFT* (HI. ID 
5360 HI s HIDI (HI, I + 1) 
5370 H = NS 
5380 I = 1 

5390 IF HIDI (HI, 1,1) 
5400 IF HIDI (HI, 1,1) 
5410 N(J.H) = VAL ( LEFT* (HI, I 
5420 HI * HIDI (Nt,I ♦ 1) 
5430 H = H ♦ 1 
5440 GOTO 5380 

5450 IF LEH ( LEFTI (HI, I - D) 
5460 HM.H) * VAL ( LEFTI (HI, I 
5470 RETURN 

5480 reh mtmtmmmm 

5490 REH SUBROUTINE REPEAT 
5500 REH 
5510 FLA6 = 
5520 PRINT 

PRINT "DO YOU HISH TO SCHEDULE MORE?" 

PRINT "Y OR N"i SOTO 5560 

PRINT "Y OR H, PLEASE" 

IHPUT AHI 

IF ANI ' "H" THEN RETURH 

IF AHI ( > "Y" THEH GOTO 5550 

PRINT : PRINT : PRINT "DO YOU HISH TO H0DIFY EXISTING DATA?" 



i) < > 



GOTO 5450 
7" THEH I 
1)> 



I + 1: GOTO 5390 



' GOTO 5470 
1)1 



5530 
5540 
5550 
5560 
5570 
5580 
5590 



Listing 1 continued on page 568 



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m'A 




I 



'«,«• 



I » 



O Dysan 

^/corporation 



Solve your dtoc problem*, buy 100% aurfacc 
tested Dyian rtelmm AD ocdera tMpped 
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EXCHANGES 

100 Foothill Blvd. 
San Luis Obispo. CA 
93401. (InCal. call 
(805) 543-1037.) 



Circle 341 on Inquiry card. 



S-100 COLOR GRAPHICS! 



THE ORIGINAL TMS9918A GRAPHICS BOARD 

• Field-proven board meets IEEE-696 standard; fully socketed 
with solder masks, silkscreen and gold contact lingers. 

• Prioritized display with backdrop and pattern planes plus 32 
sprite planes; each pixel in a plane can be colored or transparent 

• Three graphics and one text display mode; maximum graphics 
resolution is 256H x 192V in 16 colors. 

• Composite video output 

• On-boarrj 16K RAM is separate Irom system memory 

• Vertical retrace interrupt tor real time clock capability 

• 0-4 wait slates for use with fast MPUs. 

• All board options are DIP swiich selectable. 

• Professional duality documentation with BASIC demonstration 
programs and Tl's TMS9918A manual 

• Exclusive Graphics Editor 
available on 8" SSSD 
CP/M-compatible diskette. 



rllcToDynamfci 

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Memphis. TN 38119 



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ORDER DESK: 

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Technical Inquiries; 

19011-682-4054 



'Price includes MICROSPRITE wilh documentation Graphics 
Editor diskette- S9.95. Manual - $19.95. Bare board - $59 95 
UPS ground -S200. IPS air-$4.00. COD-SI .50. Foreign 
add $15 00. VISA S MC welcome, TN add 6%. 

DEALER AND OEM INQUIRIES INVITED 



Circle 296 on Inquiry card. 



Smith-Corona TP- 1 Daisy Wheel Printer 

0* $44Q00 

UNBELIEVABLE! 

• fully-formed characters • serial or parallel inter. ace 

• compatible wuh most • choice ol 10 or 12 CPI 

microcomputers models 

Also for your TP- 1 letter quality printer — 
the Smith-Corona Tractor Feed 

1 Adjustable tractor widths 



$13495 



or continuous iorm 
Quick, easy fi 




Circle 184 on inquiry card. 



Listing 1 continued: 

5600 PRINT "Y OR N" 

5610 INPUT AN* 

5620 IF AN* ' "V THEN FLAG = 1: RETURN 

5630 IF AN* -- "N" GOTO 5660 

5640 PRINT "Y OR N, PLEASE!" 

5650 GOTO 5610 

5660 PRINT : PRINT j PRINT "THEN, A NEW PROBLEM IS ASSUMED" 

5670 FOR T = 1 TO 2500s NEXT T 

5680 FLA6 ■ 2 

5690 RETURN 

5700 reh ttmmmmmm 

5710 REH SUBROUTINE MACHINE TIME 

5720 REM 

5730 REM CALCULATES CUMULATIVE 

5740 REH TIHE ON EACH HACHINE 

5750 REH AS HELL AS TOTAL MACHINE 



TIHE. 



1 



= TO NH + 

Oi NEXT N 
= 1 TO NH 
» 1 TO NJ 

HT(H) + H(J,H) 



OUTPUT 



5760 REH 

5770 REH 

5790 FOR N 

5790 HT(N) = 

5800 FOR H 

5810 FOR J 

5920 HT(H) = 

5930 NEXT J 

5940 HTfNN + 1) = HTINH + 1) + HT(M) 

5950 NEXT H 

5960 RETURN 

5970 rem mtmtmmmm 

5990 REM : SUBROUTINE SCHEDULE 

5890 REH 

5900 REH ARRANGES DISPLAY OF 

5910 REH HACHINE SCHEDULE 

5920 REH 

5930 IF DISPLAY » 1 THEN RETURN 

5940 NS = 1 

5950 IF KK < > THEN HOME 

IF NS = 1 60T0 6000 

HOME 

PRINT TAB( 12);"SCHEDULE(C0NT.)" 

GOTO 6010 

PRINT TAB! 16); "SCHEDULE" 

60SUB 5130 

PEEK (37) + 1 
CV 



5960 
5970 
5980 
5990 
6000 
6010 
6020 CV 
6030 CS 



"JOB" 



NM 



6040 VTAB CV: PRINT 

6050 NF ■ NS + 3 

6060 IF NF > NH THEN NF = 

6070 FOR N = NS TO NF 

6080 VTAB CV 

6090 CH • 3 + (1 + 2 * (N - NS)) t SP + INT ((7 - LEN (N*(N))> / 2) 

6100 HTAB CH: PRINT Ht(N> 

6110 NEXT N 

6120 CV = CV + 2: VTAB CV: PRINT " I" 

6130 FOR N * NS TO NF 

6140 VTAB CV 

6150 CH = 3 + 

6160 GAP = SP 

6170 IF NH > 

6180 PRINT " 

6190 NEXT N 

6200 VTAB (CV + 1) 

6210 GOSUB 5130: REM 

6220 FOR N = CS TO CV 

6230 HTAB 5: VTAB N 

6240 PRINT "»" 

6250 NEXT N 

6260 VTAB (CV ♦ 2) 

6270 FOR J = 1 TO NJ 

6280 FOR N = NS TO NF 

6290 SKN) 

6300 S2(N) = 

6310 NEXT N 

6320 H » 1 

6330 K2 » 4: 

6340 IF C(J) < 

6350 CV = PEEK 



(2 t (N - NS) * 1) I SP: HTAB CH 
- 3 

= 5 THEN GAP = SP - 2 
IN"; SPC( GAP); "OUT" 



-DASHLINE 



SP 
SP 



IF NJ 



LEN 
LEN 



STRI 
STR* 



INT (T1(J,N)))) 
INT (T2(J,N)))) 



> 6 THEN K2 = 2 
10 THEN H = 2 
(37) 



Listing 1 continued on page 570 



McGraw-Hill Bookstore 

The Professionals' Information Center _^^^_ 



An Introduction 









From Basics to Matrixing . . . From 
Children to Professionals . . . 
COMPUTER KNOWLEDGE IS FOR EVERYONE 

1. Science & Engineering Programs for the Timex/Sinclair 1000 by Cass Lewart. 
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2. A Guide to the IBM Personal Computer by Walter Sikoniwiz. A comprehensive 
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3. Learn Basic: A Guide to Programming the Texas Instruments Compact Computer 
40 by David Thomas. 28 short, easy-to-follow lessons. 224 pp. $9.95 

4. Micro-Processors An Introduction by Paul Kimberley. Principles and jargon of 
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5. Your First Personal Computer How to Buy and Use It by Charles Buffington. 
What to look for and what to look out for... informal, nontechnical. $8.95 

6. BASICS A Guide to the Timex/Sinclair 1000 (2K) by H. Mullish. Teaches you to 
program for personal finance, household, graphics, games. 160 pp. $9.95 

7. Hands-On BASIC for the Apple II by Herbert Peckham. A guided approach with 
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8. Hands-On BASIC for the IBM Personal Computer by H. D. Peckham. Learn the 
machine; master BASIC; use applications including graphics. 352 pp. $19.95 

9. Apple PASCAL A Hands-On Approach by Luerhmann & Peckham. Every step is 
clearly and understandably presented. 384 pp. $19.95 

10. Learning with LOGO by D. H. Watt. The computer language for children; covers 
programming and activities; pictures and examples. 256 pp. $19.95 

11. Top-Down BASIC for the TRS-80 Color Computer by K. Skier. Advanced 
programming skills; 11 color BASIC programs. 256 pp. $14.95 

12. Top-Down Assembly Language Programming For Your 6502 Personal 
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13. Introduction to Visicalc Matrixing for Apple & IBM by H. Anbarlian. Designed 
for software Spreadsheet users. 252 pp. $22.95 

All above titles published by McGraw-Hill, inc. 




BYTE September 1983 569 



BREAKTHROUGH 



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'# ws t IMMEDIATE \ *°<>bpk 



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MODEMS 



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originate or answer Modem 

•Other models are available upon request 




ORDER TODAY: 1-800-323 2666 
or 312-459-8866 



i.e. 



Circle 230 on inquiry card. 



Programmable 
Communications 
Translator 

The PCT-100 is a configurable in-line 
rs-232 protocol and data translator, 
the pct-100 can provide: 

* Terminal or printer emulation 

* DEC OR IBM SYSTEM compatibility 

* Macro-function keys 

* "Type-ahead" and data buffering 

* Baud rate conversion 

* HANDSHAKE PROTOCOL TRANSLATION 
(E.G. CTS/RTS. XON/XOFF) 

the pct-100 is configured using a 
built-in Communications Translation 
Language. Programs can be easily 
entered 8 edited from any ascii device. 

PCT-100-PCB (PCB ONLY) * 289 

PCT-100- ASM (PCB W/ CASE)..$ 339 
PCT-512-M0D (POWER SUPPLY).! 59 



J\HSQ 



VISA' 



Method Systems Incorporated 

19751 South Lakeshore Boulevard 

Euclid, Ohio V»119 

(216) 531-040* 



Circle 282 on inquiry card. 



maxell 

Floppy Discs 

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1-800-328-DISC 

Dealer inquiries invited. C.O.D.'s and 
charge cards accepted. 
All orders shipped from stock, 
within 24 hours. Call toll FREE. 



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North Hills Corporation 

3564 Rolling View Dr. 

While Bear Lake. MN 55110 

1-800 328-DI.SC 

MNCall Collect 1-612-770-0485 



Circle 323 on inquiry card. 



Listing 1 continued: 

6360 PRINT TAB( H)iC(J) 

6370 FOR N = NS TO NF 

6380 VTAB 1CV + 1) 

6390 CH = 5 + 2 t (N - NS) 1 SP 

6400 HTAB CH 

6410 PRINT SPC( Sl(NJ)l INT (T1(J,N) ♦ 0.5); SPC( S2(N))i INT (T2(J,H) + 0.5) 

6420 NEXT N 

6430 CV = CV + K2; VTAB CV 

6440 NEXT J 

6450 SOSUB 1160) REN - PAUSE ROUTINE 

6460 IF NF ' NH 60T0 6490 

6470 NS = NF + 1 

6480 60T0 5950 

6490 RETURN 

6500 ren mmmmmtmt 

6510 REN SUBROUTINE IDLE TINE 
6520 REN 

6530 REN CALCULATES CUMULATIVE 
6540 REN TOTAL OF TINE MACHINES 
6550 REN ARE IDLE. 
6560 REH 

6570 P = 10. IS = 0.5 
6580 OT = NH t T2(NJ,NH) 
6590 IF OT > BT THEN BT = OT 
6600 TL - LEN ( STRt ( INT (OTD) 
6610 IT(KK) = ( INT ((OT - NTINM +1)) I P + 0)1 / P 
THEN RETURN 



6620 
6630 
6640 
6650 
6660 
6670 
6680 
6690 
6700 
6710 
6720 
6730 
6740 
6750 
6760 
6770 



IF FLA6 

HONE 

IF TTY = 1 THEN 60SUB 1250: REN -PRINT ENABLE 

PRINT 

PRINT TAB( 3): "PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS FOR" 

IF KK < > GOTO 6700 

PRINT TAB( 10); "INITIAL SEQUENCE" 

GOTO 6740 

IF NM < > 2 SOTO 6730 

PRINT TAB( lOlj'OPTIHAL SEQUENCE" 

60T0 6740 

PRINT TAB( 12); 

60SUB 5130: REN 

PRINT : PRINT 

PRINT "TOTAL FACILITY PROCESSING TIME " 

PRINT "= ■lOTl" "iUNITI 

LEN ( STR* ( INT (MT(NM +1)))) 



'"THIS SEQUENCE" 
DASHLINE 



6780 SI = TL 

6790 PRINT 

6800 PRINT "TOTAL MACHINE PROCESSING TIME ■ 

6810 PRINT ■■ "} SPC( S1)|HT(NH + 1); SPC( DjUNITI 

6820 PRINT 

6830 81 « TL - LEN < STR* ( INT (IT(KK)))) 

6840 PRINT "IDLE MACHINE TIME ' 

6850 PRINT "= ■; SPCI SD)IT(KK); SPC( DjUNITI 

6860 PRINT 

6870 IF TTY = 1 THEN G0SUB 1370: REM - PRINT INHIBIT 

6880 RETURN 

6890 reh mmummmm 

6900 REH SUBROUTINE SHORTEST SEQUENCE 

6910 REH 

6920 REH SELECTS SHORTEST SEQUENCES 

6930 REH OF THOSE SEQUENCES 

6940 REH SUGGESTED BY JOHNSON 

6950 REH AL60RITHH. 

6960 REH 

6970 FOR N = TO NH - 1 

6980 IF IT(N) < BT THEN BT = IT(N) 

6990 NEXT N 

7000 IS = - 1 

7010 KK = 

7020 IF IT(KK) = BT THEN IS = KK 

7030 IF KK > « (NH - 1) 60T0 7050 

7040 KK » KK + 1: GOTO 7020 

7050 KL(0) = IS 

7060 L * 1 

7070 FOR N » TO IS - 1 

7080 IF IT IN) < > BT GOTO 7110 

7090 KL(L) « N 

7100 L * L + 1 

7110 NEXT N 

7120 LH ■ L - 1 

Listing 1 continued on page 572 







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Parallel Port Module $75.00 

Serial Port Module $95.00 

Clock Calendar Module $75.00 

Games Adapter Module $59.00 

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GAME I/O MODULE. Compatible 
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DIRECT-CONNECT MODEM 
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Lemon Surge Protector , . . . $49.95 

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|415| 826-4752 
(714) 261-1000 
(213) 947-9505 
Valley (213) 906-7000 
(415) 838-2233 
(714| 730-7227 
(415| 945-8011 
* 

(312) 964-4612 
(800] 228-5525 
(716) 924-2544 
(315) 336-0266 
(512)258-1062 



(608) 845-7110 

(416J 249-8601 

01-935-0480 



PRODUCTS AND PRICES NOT AVAILABLE AT 
ALL STORES 



■CALL FOR NUMBER 



Circle 566 on inquiry card. 



BYTE September 1983 571 




KayproJIv/ilrj Wordstar 
• Juki 6100 (18cps) letter quality 
• Interface cable 
• Free shipping in U.S. 

Just Arrived! Kaypro 10 

For Complete Selection and ^JJJ 
]Lowest Prices — Free Catalog 

COMPUTERS 



and more 



2420 University Ave., Suite 3, To Order 
San Diego, Ca. 92104 (619)291-1442 



Circle 108 on Inquiry card. 



Apple ll/lle® 

Robotic Development 
Package ^. 

fi 




2 Axis 

Stepper Motor System 

• A6T/D Plug-In Interface ftfl __ 

• R2 D23 Dual Axis Driver X.^hS 

• (2) Size 23 Motors VMUVI 

• Positioning Command with Ramping 
from Applesoft® BASIC 



ROGERS LABS (714)751-0442 

2710 S. Croddy Way, Santa Ana, CA 92704 



Circle 384 on Inquiry card. 



Apple ll/lle® 

Industrial Control 
Plug-In Boards 

(SOFTWARE INCLUDED) 




Opto-lsolated 16/32 I/O Board 

$295 



Individually Configurable 
Compatible with SSR Modules 
Opto-lsolated Interrupt Inputs 



2 Axis Stepper Motor Interface 

• Positioning Control 01 f"IC 

• Pulse Counting/Timing \ I Mil 

• Frequency Measurements ™ */** 



ROGERS LABS (714)751-0442 

271 S. Croddy Way, Santa Ana, CA 92704 



Circle 385 on inquiry card. 



Listing 1 continued: 

7130 RETURN 

ren mmmmmmmm 

PARALLEL DRIVER ROUTINE 



7140 

7150 REM 

7160 REN 

7170 REN 

7180 REN 

7190 REN 

7200 REN 

7210 REN 

7220 REN 

7230 REN 

7240 REN 

7250 REN 

7260 REN 

7270 REN 

7280 REN 

7290 REN 

7300 REN 

7310 REN 

7320 REN 

7330 REN 

7340 REN 

7350 REN 

7360 REN 

7370 REN 

7380 REN 

7390 REN 

7400 REN 

7410 REN 

7420 REN 

7430 REN 

7440 RESTORE 

7450 FOR N » 

7460 NP = 768 + 

7470 READ P 
POKE NP,P 
NEXT N 

DATA 169,255,141.162,192,169 

128,141,160,192,169, 60 

141,161,192,141,163,192 

169, 27,133, 54,169, 3 

133, 55, 96,141, 88, 3 

32,240,253,173, 88, 3 

201,141,208, 12,173, 87 

3,141, 89, 3,169, 13 

32, 61, 3, 96, 32, 61 

3,206, 89, 3,240,236 

96, 73, 0,141,162,192 

169, 60,141,163,192, 73 

8,141,163,192,173,163 

192, 41,128,240,249,173 

162,192, 96,132,141, 8 



FOR USE WITH EPSON PRINTER, 
AND SSH/AI0 BOARD INSTALLED 
IN APPLE SLOT 12. 

TO INITIALIZE THE DRIVER, 
RUN THIS SUBROUTINE) 
CALL (768) 

TO ENABLE THE PRINTER: 
PRINT CHR«(17) 
POKE 33,33 

THE POKE C0HHAND ALLOWS LINE 
LEN6THS 6REATER THAN 40. IT 
IS NOT RE0UIRED FOR SHORTER 
LINES. 

TO DISABLE THE PRINTER: 
PRINT CHRK19) 
POKE 33,40 

THE POKE RETURNS THE APPLE 
TO A FULL SCREEN. 

TO EXIT THE PRINTER DRIVER: 
PRI0 



TO 89 
N 



7480 
7490 
7500 
7510 
7520 
7530 
7540 
7550 
7560 
7570 
7580 
7590 
7600 
7610 
7620 
7630 
7640 
7650 
7660 
7670 
7680 
7690 
7700 
7710 
7720 
7730 
7740 
7750 
7760 
7770 
7780 
7790 
7800 
7810 
7820 
7830 



DATA 

DATA 

DATA 

DATA 

DATA 

DATA 

DATA 

DATA 

DATA 

DATA 

DATA 

DATA 

DATA 

DATA 

REN 

REN 

REN 

REN 

REN 

REN 

RETURN 

REN 

REN 

REN 

HONE : 

PRINT 

PRINT 

PRINT 

PRINT 

PRINT 

PRINT 

PRINT 

IF PASS 



DRIVER IS SET UP FOR A 
132 CHARACTER LINE. 
FOR A DIFFERENT LENGTH LINE 
POKE 855.NL WHERE NL IS 
IS THE DESIRED LINE LENGTH. 

mtmtmmmm 

SUBROUTINE DISPLAY 

PRINT : PRINT 

TAB! 3); "BECAUSE THERE ARE N0RE THAN' 
TAB! 3)|"F0UR HACHINES, SEVERAL SCREENS' 
TAB! 3); "OF INFORMATION WILL BE PRESENTED' 
TAB( 3)i"F0R EACH OF THE VARIOUS DISPLAYS.' 
TAB! 3) ) "PLEASE FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS' 
TAB( 3) | "AT THE B0TT0N OF EACH DISPLAY- 
TAB! 3) I "TO 6ET SUBSEQUENT SCREENS" 
1 GOTO 7870 



7840 PASS * 1 

7850 80SUB 1160: REN - PAUSE 

7860 RETURN 

7870 FOR T = 1 TO 2500 

7880 NEXT T 

7890 RETURN 



*V/./// 



i m)i 




THE BEST WW 
TO GIVE THEM 

THE PICTURE. 



An exact copy. Fax is the only system that sends it 
most anywhere in the world. Speed. Economy. Confidentiality. 
Fax puts it together like no other system can. 

All you need to send hard copy overseas is a 
telephone and a facsimile machine. Tne same machine you 
may already be using domestically. The price of a Fax 
transmission is the price of a call. And our 1 -minute overseas 
minimum makes it more economical than ever. See the chart 
for sample rates. 

Send signed documents. Graphs. Pictures. Fax 
transmits an exact duplicate from your original. Sending them 
requires no special training or personnel. Send them any time. 



Many terminals can receive without an operator. Send 
them with Fax. It's the only way for hard copy to travel. 

For a free brochure, call toll free 1 800 874-8000 or write : 
FaxRacts, RQ B^x^7^a£_Br^s^cl^J_0881_6-0397_ 

Times and costs to transmit a 400-word page to Europe. 4 ' 



TRANSMISSION I 
TIMES** 



| 1 MINUTE 
3 MINUTES 

,6 MINUTES 



Std. Tel Rate 
(7am-1pm) 



COST 

Dis. Tel Rate 
(1pm-6pm) 



1 



Econ. Tel Rate 
(6pm-7am) 



$2.37 
$5.03 
$9.02 



$1.78 
$3.78 
$6.78 



$1.42 
$3.02 
$5.42 



♦Similar attractive rates to other areas. 
♦♦Transmission times vary depending on type of equipment used. 



J 




Circle 41 on inquiry card. 



BYTE September 1983 573 



Circle 458 on inquiry card. 





WON 
THE PRICE WAR 

In every battle, we came up the victors. Not only in price, 
but in service and support as well. 

1-800-257-5217 



Call to order: 



in NJ 609-424-4700) 



We cony: 

Intertec Data Systems 
Corvus Concept 
Corvus Hard Disk 
C. Itoh Printers 




NETWORKING EXPERTS 

TriStar Data Systems 
2 Keystone Avenue 
Cherry Hill, NJ 08003 
609-424-4700 
215-629-1289 



WE SERVICE WHAT WE SELL 




for 8080, Z80 



A Run-Time Library 
for Whitesmiths' C 2.1 



i Fast execution 
iROMable 
I No royalties 

I Fully reentrant 
machine support 

I CP/M file support 

i Error checking 

I Usable with our AMX 
Multitasking Executive 



Benchmarks 

Lint to ASCII conv. 

2. Long to ASCII conv. 

3. Long random number 
generator 

4. Double 20 x 20 matrix 
multiply 

5. File copy (16kb) 



■ with Real-Time C 
D without 



. -. 

El 



4 Mhz Z80. 8" SD diskette. Times may vary with processor, disks, etc. 



Real-Time C 

manual only 
source code 



$ 95 
$ 25 
$950 



Intel mnemonic $ 50 
to A-Natural converter 



AMX and Real-Time C are trademarks of KADAK Products Lid. 
A-Nalural isTM ol Whitesmiths Ltd. CP/M isTM ol Digital Research Corp. 
Z80isTMolZilogCorp. 



KADAK Products Ltd. 

206-1847 W. Broadway Avenue 
Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6J 1Y5 

Telephone: (604) 734-2796 
Telex: 04-55670 



ir 



Text continued from page 558: 
byte system (cassette). It is worth- 
while to make a few comments re- 
garding program flow, limitations, 
and operations. 

We set up the conversational, in- 
teractive program for as many as 15 
jobs with as many as 20 machine 
operations. In principle, more 
machine operations could be used, 
and, indeed, more jobs could be add- 
ed if the DIM statements were 
changed. However, due to the Ap- 
ple's vertical display limitation, the 
various schedules would be confus- 
ing in these instances. 

We marked the program subrou- 
tines with asterisks in listing 1 and in- 
cluded a brief description of 
subroutine operation at the begin- 
ning of each subroutine listing. Also, 
within the listing, each call to a 
subroutine indicates, by a following 
REM statement, what the called sub- 
routine does. 

Basically, the program flow consists 
of data input (beginning at line 2090) 
with a following sequence for correct- 
ing errors (line 5120). Performance 
characteristics including total facility 
processing time, total actual machine 
time, and idle time are calculated for 
the initial job order before the pro- 
gram begins the search for better 
sequences. 

The subroutine at line 4180 is the 
Johnson Two-Machine Quick and 
Clean Algorithm. (A "clean" algo- 
rithm is guaranteed to generate an 
optimal solution; see reference 10.) 
The algorithm as coded has a slight 
bias: In case of a tie between jobs for 
the smallest operations time, the job 
later in the initial order is the one 
assigned first. Similarly, if a job that 
is ready for assignment has equal 
times on Machine A and Machine B, 
it is scheduled as early as possible. 
According to strict application of the 
Johnson algorithm, equal times may 
be decided arbitrarily because the 
resulting total facility processing time 
will remain the same. Should you 
care to modify the selection criteria, 
you must manipulate lines 4340 
through 4350. Alternatively, if you 
change the input data by a fractional 
amount, the program might produce 
a different schedule that presents an 
option to the programmed tie- 



574 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 247 on inquiry card. 



The Micromint 
Collection 



Micromint. Supporting the varied projects that appear in Steve Ciarcia's monthly 
article in BYTE magazine, "Garcia s Circuit Cellar." Offering a wide range of 
computers and peripherals supporting the needs of the hobbyist as well as 
worldwide corporate clients. 



MPX-16 MICROCOMPUTER 
IBM PC COMPATIBLE 




The MPX-16 is Steve Ciarcia's most ambitious protect 
to date The computer runs all application software 
written lor the IBM PC and is IBM PC bus compatible- 
Can be used with video monitor & IBM keyboard wrlh 
optional adapter 

Buy the MPX-16 in the form that best meets your 
budget As a bare board, as a wave-soldered board 
that contains all components less the IC's, as an 
assembled and tested circuit board or as a complete 
system 

As featured on the cover of "BYTE" magazine. Also 
featured in "Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar" November, 
December 198! 4 January 1983. 

• Runs all application programs written tor the IBM 
PC (simply boot up the system and slip in a disk 
lormatted lor the IBM PC) 

• IBM PC bus compatible + 9 expansion slots. 

• Intel 8088 16-bil microprocessor. 

• Optional Intel 8087 math coprocessor. 

• 256K bytes on-board memory 

• Up to one megabyte ol system memory. 

• Up to 64K bytes ot system ROM/EPROM. 

• Two RS-232C serial I/O ports. 

• Three parallel I/O ports 

• Disk controller lor 5W" or 8" drives. 

• Sixteen levels of vectored interrupts. 

MPX-16 Microcomputer circuit board assembled 

W/S4K RAM, CP/M-86 or MS-DOS SI, 895. 

MPX-16 as above with 256K RAM 2,135. 

MPX-16 Semi-Kit (wave soldered circuit 

board w/all components) less IC's 595. 

Complete kit ol IC's W256K RAM 595. 

MPX-16 Unpopulated (bare) pc board 300. 

CP/M-86 Operating System 200. 

MS-DOS optionally available 

MPX-16 Switching Power Supply including 

cable harness for 2 disk drives 300. 

MPX-16 Technical Reference Manual 50. 

MPX-16 Metal Enclosure with cutouts for 

two WC full height drives 300. 

Tandon TM 100-2 double density drive 300. 

Telev/deo Model 910 Serial Terminal 675. 

IBM PC Keyboard Interface Adapter 100. 

Serial terminal cable 35. 

Parallel primer cable 35. 

Shipping and handling additional on MPX- 16 orders. 



B BASIC SYSTEM 
ONTROLLER NEW!!! 

eplaces 18 Basic Computer Controller 




As featured in Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, 
BYTE magazine. July & August 1981. 

• Uses Zifog Z8671 single chip microcomputer. 

• On board tiny BASIC interpreter. 

• 2 parallel ports plus serial I/O port. 

• Just connect a CRT terminal and write control pro- 
grams in BASIC. 

• 2K bytes of RAM. up to 4K bytes of ROM. 

• Baud rales 110-9600 BPS. 

• Data and address buses available for 124K memory 
and I/O expansion. 

• Consumes only 1.5 watts at +5. +12& -12. 

• Cross Assemblers for various computers. 

BCCT1 Assembled & Tested $149. 

New Low Price 



1M PC is a irademark of International Business Machines. Inc 
P M86 is a trademark of Oipilal Research Inc 
'S-DOS is a Irademark of Microsoft Inc 
8 la a trademark of Zllog Inc. 



Z8 MEMORY, I/O EXPANSION, | Z8 CROSS ASSEMBLERS 
CASSETTE INTERFACE 



From Allen Ashley 

TRS-SD Model I or III J75. 

CP/M 2.2 8" or Northstar SW 150. 

From Micro Resources 

CP/M 2.2 8" or APPLE 5V4" 75. 



E-Z COLOR GRAPHICS 
INTERFACE 




• Add up to 8K ol memory plus 3 parallel ports. 

• Cassette Interface— 300 baud K.C. Standard. 
BCC03 W/4K Assembled & Tested $140. 



Z8 ANALOG TO DIGITAL 
CONVERTER NEW!!! 




• Uses Analog Devices 7581 8 channel 8 bit IC. 

• Adds Process Control capability to the Z8. 

• 1000 samples per second. 

BCC13 Assembled & Tested S140. 



Z8 EPROM PROGRAMMER 




• Transfer BASIC or Assembly Language application 
programs Irom RAM to 2716 or 2732 EPROM 

• Requires Z8 Expansion Board for operation. 
BCC07 Assembled & Tested S145. 



Z8 SERIAL EXPANSION BOARD 




• Adds additional RS 232C and opto-isolated 20 ma 
current loop serial port to the Z8. 

• Runs at 75 to 19.200 baud in all protocols. 
BCC08 Assembled & Tested $160. 



Z8 16K MEMORY EXPANSION 
BOARD NEW!!! 



• Add 16K of additional memory. RAM or EPROM. to 
your Z8 System Controller in any multiple 

• Uses 2016. 6116, 2716 or 2732 memory types. 
BCC14 w/8K Assembled 8 Tested $120. 



Z8 FIVE SLOT MOTHER BOARD 




SPEECH SYNTHESIZERS 



MICROVOX TEXT-TO-SPEECH 
SYNTHESIZER 



MB02 Assembled & Tested $69. 




As featured in Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar 
BYTE Magazine September, October 1982. 

Microvox is a second generation professional voice 
quality text-to-speech synthesizer that is easily inter- 
faced to any computer, modem, RS-232C serial 
or parallel output device and provides speech of 
unbelievable clarity. 

• Unlimited vocabulary. 

• 64 programmable inflection levels. 

• 6K text-to-speech algorithm. 

• Full ASCII character set recognition and echo. 

• RS232C and parallel output. 

• 1000 character buffer, 3000 optional. 

• Adjustable baud rates (75-96001 

• Spelling output mode. 

• 7 octave music and sound effects. 

• On board audio amplifier & power supply. 

• X-On/X-Off handshaking. 

M V01 Assembled with 1K buffer $299. 

MV02 Complete Kit with 1K buffer 219. 

Add $15.00 for 3K buffer option. 



SWEET-TALKER VOICE 
SYNTHESIZER 




As featured in Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar 
BYTE Magazine. September 1981 

Tr\e Sweet-Talker Voice Synthesizer allows you to add 
speech ot unlimited vocabulary to your Apple II or any 
computer with a parallel printer port at very low cost. 

• Utilizes Votrax SC-01A speech synthesizer. 

• Unlimited vocabulary 

• Text-to-Speech Algorithm on disk for Apple II . 

• Contains 64 phonemes accessed by 6-bit code. 

• Four levels of programmable inflection 

• On board audio amplifier & volume control. 
ST02 Apple II plug-In. Assembled & Tested 

with Text-to-Speech Algorithm on 3.3 disk . . 141. 
NEW LOW PRICE!!! 

ST01 Parallel Port Version, Assembled 99. 

New Low Price 



VOTRAX SC-OIA PHONETIC 
SPEECH SYNTHESIZER 



The SC-01A Speech Synthesizer is a completely sell- 
contained solid state device that phonetically synthes- 
izes continuous speech of unlimited vocabulary Used 
in Microvox and Sweet-Talker 

SC01A Quantity 1-99 S52. ea. 

100 + 40. ea. 

1000 + 30. ea. 




As featured in Ciarcia 's Circuit Cellar 
BYTE Magazine. August 1982 

Add color graphics, animation & 3-D effects to your 
S-100. TRS-80 Model I and III S Apple II at low cost. 
The Super Editor software package includes a pattern 
editor, sprite editor, slide show, and demo scenes all 
in BASIC Can be used with Cotor Monitor or TV set 
and rt modulator 

• Resolution— 256 X 192 Pixels. 

• 16 colors including Black & Transparent. 

• 16K Bytes on board I/O mapped video memory. 

• Advanced Tl TMS9918A Color Video Processor. 

• 32 SPRITES facilitates 3-D effect. 

• Composite Video output 

• Krell & Terrapin have LOGO software packages to 
support Ihe E-Z Color Boards 

Apple II E-Z Color plug-in board 
with Super Editor on 3.3 disk. 

EZOi Assembled & Tested $150. 

EZ02 Complete Kit 125. 

NEW! I S-100 E-Z Color Graphics board with sound 
generator, Atari type joy stick interlace, plus MBasic 
CP/M Super Editor Software on 8" disk. 

EZ04 Assembled & Tested $289. 

TRS-80 Model I or Model III E-Z Color w/ Super Edi- 
tor software, power supply and enclosure 

Assembled & Tested $249. 

Complete Kit 219. 



300 BAUD ANSWER/ ORIGINATE 
MODEM KIT NEW!!! 




As featured in Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar 
BYTE Magazine. March 1983 

The newest item to Micromint's growing list of 
products is this 300 Baud Modem. It is crystal 
controlled, uses the Tl TMS 99532 IC. contains just 
25 parts and can be used with an acoustic coupler or 
in a direct connect mode. 

MD04 Complete Kit $60. 

MD05 Transformer for Direct Conned Mode 9. 

AC01 Acoustic Coupler Kit 18. 



TRIPLE VOLTAGE 
POWER SUPPLIES 



+5v (a 300 ma. + / - 12v (n 25 ma. 

UPS01 Assembled & Tested $35. 

UPS02 Complete Kit 27. 

+ 5v (§ 1 Amp. + 12v (h .5 Amp. - 12v (a 50 ma. 

UPS03 Assembled & Tested 60. 

UPS04 Complete Kit 50. 



MICROMINT INC. 561 Willow Avenue. 
Cedarhurst, NY 11516 
To Order: Call Toll Free 1-800-645-3479 
For Information Call: 1-516-374-6793 
Call: Monday-Friday, 9-5 PM 




Circle 291 on inquiry card. 



BYTE September 1983 575 



Circle 311 on inquiry card. 




The Racal-Vadic 212 PA 
costs a little more than the 
Hayes Smartmodem 1200 
for 8 good reasons. Look: 



FEATURES 



VA212PA HAYES 1200 



Front- panel operation 

Dial-tone and call- progress detection 

Permanent telephone-number storage 

Automatic redial and linking 

Security feature 

Synchronous operation 

Built-in telephone jack 

Complete diagnostic test features 



YES 


NO 


YES 


NO 


YES 


NO 


YES 


NO 


YES 


NO 


YES 


NO 


YES 


NO 


YES 


NO 



Buy, lease or rent the Racal-Vadic 212 PA 
from MTI and get more for your money. 

We are authorized distributors of Racal -Vadic's full line of 

modems and acoustic couplers. Plus you'll find MTI is the one 

source for all the terminals, peripherals, systems, applications 

expertise and service you'll ever need. At great prices. Call us. 

New York: 516/621-6200, 212/767-0677, 518/449-5959 

Outside N.Y.S.: 800/645-6530 

New Jersey: 201/227-5552 

Ohio: 216/464-6688 



mti 

systems corp. 



"QED" Discounts 
VISA & MasterCard 



Applications Specialists & Distributors, New York, New Jersey and Ohio. 

DEC, Intel, Lear Siegler, Texas Instruments, Dataproducts, Diablo, 3Com, 

Hazeltine, Racal-Vadic, Digital Engineering, MICOM, Cipher, U.S. Design, 

Protocol Computers, MicroPro, Microsoft, Polygon and Select. 



P^ 



GET IBM-PC Capacity at a Fraction of IBM'S Price! 

New NETR ONICS 1 6 Bit EXPLORER 88-PC Kit 
Starts at Just ^^fe -Accepts All IBM Peripherals. 



It's true! Now you can enjoy the power of the 
Intel BOBS— the same microprocessor which 
powers the IBM-PC— and run any program com 
piled for the IBM-PC. .starting at only $399.95! 

Take this easy, low cost way to learn 16-bit 
technology! Two-board system features: 

1. 8098 mother board with 5-slot expansion 
bus; accepts any hardware designed for 
IBM-PC; and 

2. 64K memory hoard, expandable to 256K; 
with IBM compatible RS232 communica- 
cations pari. 

I Any disk-operating system which works an the 
IBM will work directly on the EXPLORER 88-PC. 
I and all programs compiled tor the IBM will run 
on It. 

I The system monitor ROM included in the Starter 

■ system features a user-lriendly operating system 
that allows easy program generation and debug- 
Iglng. The commands include display/modify 
memory.. .display/modify registers.. .input/output 
I data to 1/0 ports.. .block moves. ..single-step 
trace mode. ..go/run with optional breakpoint 
■ and register reports... cassette load/save with file 
labels. ..plus a complete system test program 
I that tests and reports condition of ROM, RAM. 
cassette Interface, timer, DMA controller, inter- 
Irupt controller, and the communications port. 
These test programs not only allow easy debug- 
I ging ol software but they serve as hardware and 

■ software learning tools. 

I The EXPLORER 88-PC STARTER KIT includes a 

■ mother board, memory/I/O board, al components 
needed, sockets for IC's used, one 62-pin bus 
■ connector and complete assembly/test instruc- 
tions. All you need is a soldering iron, solder, a 
■ power supply, and a standard RS232 terminal 
(Nelronics has 2 low-cost ones lo choose from). 
I Explorer 88-PC Starter Kit. .,$399.95 

1+ 10.00 p&i 
D (wired & tested, add S 100.00) 
IDExtra 62-pin connectors at $4.25 ea. 
+ 1.00 p&l. 
■ Use your own terminal with the EXPLORER 88-PC 
I or, if you plan to expand it to be fully IBM corn- 
el patlble, we offer our IBM compatible keyboard 
| and an IBM compatible color graphics board 

■ (only available wired and tested). 



G IBM compatible keyboard. ..$299.95 

+ 10.00 pAi. 
D IBM compatible color board... S299. 95 

■♦■ 10.00 p&i. 
D Additional ROM required. ..$35.00. 

Set your own pace! Invest and learn, at the rate 

YOU want! Add to your EXPLORER 88-PC: 
Deluxe heavy-duty steel cabinet that houses 
either two 5V<" floppies or a 5%" hard disk 
wilh one (loopy. This cabinet features a 
brush-finish front panel and a wood-grained 
sleeve. 

D EXPLORER 88-PC Cabinet. ..$199.95 
+ 18.00 p&i. 

A heavy-duty open frame power supply 
with fan that can be used in your own cabi 
net or installed into the Nelronics cabinet Is 

available as follows: 

G1D amp power supply for system + 2 flop- 
pies. ..$149. 95 + 8.00 p&i. 

DAs above ■•- extra power for 1 hard disk... 
$169.95 + 8.00 p&i. 

OlBM compatible disk controller board. Con- 
trols four 5V«" floppy drives (w/2 drive 
cable). Available wired and tested only... 
$250.00 + 8.00 p&i. 

□ Monitors and BIOS source listings: available 
on either disk or hard copy al $35.00. 
Please specify format and system required 

DINTEL 8066/B086 user manual.. .$15. 00 
+ 1.50 p&i. 

DTHE 80B6 BOOK by RECTOR & ALEX 
$16.00 + 1.50 p&i. 



£&B 



D Special IBM compatible system: with key- 
board, color graphics board, floppy disk 
controller, 64K RAM, cabinet, standard 
power supply and a single 5 V» " floppy drive... 
$1899.95+ 25.00 p&i. 

IBM compatible hard disks, built-in modern 

board, eprom burner, print buffer system plus 

more will be available shortly. 



Over 100 EXCLUSIVE Products and Kits- 
including the 'Speak Easy' universal voice 
synthesizer, a Diagnostic card with built-in 
logic probe for the IBM-PC, terminals, moni- 
tors, the ELF and EXPLORER 85 computers, 
and much more, are described in our up- 
comina catalog. It's yours FHEE If you check 



For Canadian orders! 
|j please double the amount! 

of p&i shown. IBM-PC is a! 
,J registered trademark of| 

"~"< Corporation. 




stands lor "postage and insurance" 



CALL TOLL FREE 1 800 243 7428 for Charge Card Orders. 
In Conn., call 203-354-9375, Conn. res. add sales tax. 

TO ORDER BY MAIL, CHECK BOXES FOR PRODUCTS DESIRED AND MAIL ENTIRE AD TO: 

l5k\ NETRONIC5 R&D LTD. 

333 Litchfield Fid., New Milford. CT 06776 



□ Amount enclosed 
Accl Ho 


OR 


Charge my D VISA 
Exp. Dale 


QMASTERCAI 


PRINT NAME 


Adriress 


(My 


Slate 


—ZIP 



breaking rules. 

If there are only two machines, the 
program exercises the Johnson 
algorithm, determines the optimum 
sequence, prepares the machine 
loading schedule, and calculates the 
performance characteristics of the op- 
timum sequence. If there are more 
than two machines, the program 
searches through the M - 1 two- 
machine problems according to the 
procedures outlined in the Method 
section (page 555). 

When the search is completed, you 
are presented the best (i.e., having 
the shortest total facility processing 
time) sequence (or sequences) for 
consideration. Again, performance 
characteristics are computed, and the 
machine loading schedule (to the 
nearest whole time unit) is available 
for examination and rumination. At 
this point, the manager can either 
work on a new series of jobs or return 
to modify the data of the original set 
of jobs. The latter permits the 
manager to test the sensitivity of the 
recommended job sequence to small 
changes in expected process times for 
various jobs. An examination of alter- 
native job sequences with similar 
performance characteristics provides 
an opportunity for the manager to ex- 
plicitly consider other factors, such as 
priority jobs or machine maintenance 
requirements. 

Note that the program has an op- 
tional print capability. In particular, 
it is set up to allow printed output us- 
ing an Epson printer and an SSM 
AIO board. Obviously, modifications 
to the printer driver at lines 7060 
through 7620 are necessary for other 
printers and interfaces. 

Partial output for the paint shop ex- 
ample is shown in listing 2. Two job 
sequences (Rabbit, Cobra, Corvette, 
Daytona, then Turbo-ZX; Rabbit, 
Cobra, Daytona, Corvette, then 
Turbo-ZX) have the minimum idle 
time (290 hours) of those sequences 
that were examined. Both represent 
equally good job process sequences, 
and the corresponding loading 
schedules are determined by the pro- 
gram. Although the machine loading 
schedules are presented only as 
video output, the output for the two 
good sequences is shown in tables 3 



576 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



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Listing 2: A partial listing of the output from the program in listing 1 using the paint shop example. The initial sequence and four possible 
sequences are shown. The two sequences with the least amount of idle machine time (290 hours) are then listed as good job sequences. 



INITIAL 


SEQUENCE 




ORDER 


JOB NAME 


FINISH TIME 


1 


CORVET 


2h 


2 


DAYTON 


49 


3 


TURBOZ 


57 


4 


RABBIT 


60 


5 


COBRA 


79 



PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS FOR 
INITIAL SEQUENCE 



TOTAL FACILITY PROCESSING TIME 
= 474 HOURS 



TOTAL MACHINE PROCESSING TIME 
= 130 HOURS 



IDLE MACHINE TIME 
- 344 HOURS 



A POSSIBLE SEQUENCE IS: 

ORDER JOB NAME FINISH TIME 



1 


COBRA 


27 


2 


RABBIT 


30 


3 


DAYTON 


54 


4 


CORVET 


64 


5 


TURBOZ 


75 



PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS FOR 
THIS SEQUENCE 



TOTAL FACILITY PROCESSING TIME 
= 450 HOURS 



TOTAL MACHINE PROCESSING TIME 
= 130 HOURS 



IDLE MACHINE TIME 
= 320 HOURS 



A POSSIBLE SEQUENCE IS: 
ORDER JOB NAME FINISH TIME 
1 



RABBIT 


9 


COBRA 


28 


DAYTON 


49 


CORVET 


59 


TURBOZ 


70 



PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS FOR 
THIS SEQUENCE 



TOTAL FACILITY PROCESSING TIME 
= 420 HOURS 



TOTAL MACHINE PROCESSING TIME 
= 130 HOURS 



IDLE MACHINE TIME 
= 290 HOURS 



A POSSIBLE SEQUENCE IS: 

ORDER JOB NAME FINISH TIME 



1 



RABBIT 


9 


COBRA 


2B 


CORVET 


39 


DAYTON 


61 


TURBOZ 


70 



PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS FOR 
THIS SEQUENCE 



TOTAL FACILITY PROCESSING TIME 
» 420 HOURS 



TOTAL MACHINE PROCESSING TIME 
= 130 HOURS 



IDLE MACHINE TIME 
= 290 HOURS 



A POSSIBLE SEQUENCE IS: 

ORDER JOB NAME FINISH TIME 



RABBIT 


9 


CORVET 


27 


COBRA 


44 


DAYTON 


65 


TURBOZ 


74 



PERFORMANCE CHARACTER I ST I CS FOR 
THIS SEQUENCE 



TOTAL FACILITY PROCESSING TIME 
= 444 HOURS 



TOTAL MACHINE PROCESSING TIME 
= 130 HOURS 



IDLE MACHINE TIME 
=314 HOURS 



A GOOD JOB SEQUENCE IS: 

ORDER JOB NAME FINISH TIME 



1 



RABBIT 


9 


COBRA 


28 


CORVET 


39 


DAYTON 


61 


TURBOZ 


70 



PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS FOR- 
TH IS SEQUENCE 



TOTAL FACILITY PROCESSING TIME 
= 420 HOURS 

TOTAL MACHINE PROCESSING TIME 
= 130 HOURS 

IDLE MACHINE TIME 
= 290 HOURS 

A GOOD JOB SEQUENCE IS: 

ORDER JOB NAME FINISH TIME 



RABBIT 


9 


COBRA 


28 


DAYTON 


49 


CORVET 


59 


TURBOZ 


70 



PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS FOR 
THIS SEQUENCE 



TOTAL FACILITY PROCESSING TIME 
=■ 420 HOURS 



TOTAL MACHINE PROCESSING TIME 
= 130 HOURS 



IDLE MACHINE TIME 
= 290 HOURS 




Through the Trap Door 

March 1979— $35 



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September 1977— $35 



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The prints shown at left are beautiful Collector Edition Byte Covers, 
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Visa and MasterCard orders may call 1-504-272-7266. 



Please send . 



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578 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



Circle 449 on inquiry card. 



Job 



Rabbit 

Cobra 

Corvette 

Daytona 

Turbo-ZX 



First Alternative Sequence for Schedule of Operations 



Major 
Body Work 
n Out 


Trim 

Removal 

In Out 


In 


Paint 
Strip 
Out 


In 


Body 
Finish 
Out 


In 


Paint 
Out 


Reassembly 
In Out 






16 



1 
2 
6 
16 




1 
2 
6 
9 
18 


1 

2 

7 

13 

18 


1 

7 

13 

17 

20 


1 

7 

23 

35 

55 


7 
23 
35 
55 
65 


7 
23 
35 
55 
65 


8 
27 
37 
59 
68 


8 9 
27 28 
37 39 
59 61 
68 70 



Table 3: A schedule for the first good job sequence in listing 2. Note that the Rabbit is finished by the ninth hour, and all cars are finished 
after 70 hours. 



Job 



Rabbit 

Cobra 

Daytona 

Corvette 

Turbo-ZX 



Second Alternative Sequence for Schedule of Operations 



Major 
Body Work 
In Out 


Trim 

Removal 

In Out 


In 


Paint 
Strip 
Out 


In 


Body 
Finish 
Out 


In 


Paint 
Out 


Reassembly 
In Out 






16 



1 
2 
5 
16 




1 
2 
5 
9 
18 


1 

2 

7 

11 

18 


1 

7 

11 

17 

20 


1 

7 

23 

43 

55 


7 
23 
43 
55 
65 


7 
23 
43 
55 
65 


8 
27 
47 
57 
68 


8 9 
27 28 
47 49 
57 59 
68 70 



Table 4: A schedule for the second good job sequence in listing 2. Here the Daytona and the Corvette have switched places, but again 
all cars are finished after 70 hours. This schedule could be used if the Daytona had a higher priority than the Corvette. 



and 4. You can use the start and 
finish times for each job at the 
machine stations to identify idle 
times. You can plan the reassigning 
of idle employees and the scheduling 
of equipment maintenance during 
idle periods. 

Now you can use other criteria to 
distinguish between the two se- 
quences. For example, suppose the 
owner of the Ferrari Daytona was a 
valued customer and required the 
finished car as soon as possible. The 
Daytona could be delivered 12 hours 
earlier using the second good se- 
quence. The Corvette job then suffers 
a 20-hour delay but the total process- 
ing time remains at 420 hours. 

Conclusions 

We have presented a microcom- 
puter-based scheduling algorithm 
that can be helpful in identifying job 
sequences that minimize total facili- 
ty processing times. Analyses to de- 
termine the effects on schedules and 
performance characteristics of 



changes in the machine operations 
time are easily obtained. In taking 
this approach to the flow-shop prob- 
lem, we assumed that processing se- 
quences were identical for all jobs, 
process times for each job on each 
machine were able to be determined, 
and all jobs arrived simultaneously. 
We developed this approach as an aid 
in managerial decision making, 
which is the goal of applied opera- 
tions researchers. ■ 



References 

Berresford, G. C, Rockett, A. M., and 
Stevenson, J. C. "Khachiyan's Algorithm: 
Parts I and II," August 1980 BYTE, pages 
198-208, and September 1980, pages 
242-255. 

Conway, R. W., Maxwell, W. L, and Miller, 
L. W. Theory of Scheduling. Reading, MA: 
Addison-Wesley, 1967, page 84. 
Dudek, R. A., and Ghare, R M. "Make-Span 
Sequencing on M-Machines," Journal of In- 
dustrial Engineering, vol. 18, no. 2 (January 
1967), pages 131-134. 
Gorney, L. "Queuing Theory," April 1979 
BYTE, pages 132-140 (Part 1), and May 
1979, pages 176-181 (Part 2). 



5. Hesse, R., and Woolsey, R. E. D. Applied 
Management Science, Chicago: Science 
Research Associates, 1980, chapter 2. 

6. Ignizio, J. R, and Gupta, J. N. D. Operations 
Research in Decision Making. New York: 
Crane-Russak Co., 1975, chapter 7. 

7. Johnson, S. M. "Optimal Two and Three 
Stage Production Schedules with Set-Up 
Times Included," Naval Research Logistics 
Quarterly, vol. 1, 1954, pages 61-68. 

8. Perry, R. R., and Pfeffer, H., 'The Infamous 
Traveling-Salesman Problem: A Practical 
Approach," July 1981 BYTE, pages 
252-290. 

9. Shore, M. L. "Shortest Paths," Creative Com- 
puting, November 1980, pages 108-113. 

10. Woolsey, R. E. Q, and Swanson, H. S., 
Operations Research for Immediate Ap- 
plication: A Quick and Dirty Manual. New 
York: Harper & Row, 1975. 



Walter A. Stark Jr. (275 Kimberly, White 
Rock, Los Alamos, NM 87544) currently 
manages the isotope heat source research and 
development at a Los Alamos National 
Laboratory nuclear-processing facility. Richard 
A. Reid (The University of New Mexico, 
Robert O. Anderson Schools of Management, 
Albuquerque, NM 87131) teaches operations 
management and quantitative analysis. 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 579 



When it comes to products de- 
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put your faith in the Panasonic 
Peripheral family. 

Correspondence-Quality 
Matrix Printers 

Our new high speed (as fast as 
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Six-Color Digital Plotters 

New Panasonic Plotters combine 
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These versatile microprocessor- 
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Circle 349 on Inquiry card. 



What's New? 



Always a Trainer, ET-100 Has Desfgn/Test Capability 



Heathkit/Zenith Educa- 
tional Systems' 16-bit 
ET-100 Learning Com- 
puter can be upgraded to 
a full, 192K-byte disk- 
based computer, yet it's 
always capable of func- 
tioning as a trainer. This 
multipurpose computer 
can serve as an electronic 
base for designing and 
testing prototype circuits 
because it has a unique, 
top-mounted solderless 
breadboard for unlimited 
experimentation. Together 
with its companion ad- 
vanced microprocessor 
course, the ET-100 is quite 
probably the first complete 
16-bit microprocessor 
training system produced 
for mass distribution. 

ET-100's breadboard 
has solderless connector 
blocks that provide easy 
and direct access to ad- 
dress, control, data, and 
I/O lines. Four voltage sup- 
plies for powering experi- 
ments and a parallel port 
are also provided. It can be 
used for conducting exper- 
iments, building and test- 
ing circuits, and tinkering 
with the computer's inter- 
nal functions. A dust cover 



protects the breadboard 
when it's not in use and 
serves as a convenient 
video-display platform. 
Even when it's fully up- 
graded, you can return the 
ET-100 to the training 
mode by removing the dust 
cover and entering a simple 
keyboard command. 

An 8088-based com- 
puter, the basic ET-100 
has 16K bytes of RAM, 
cassette and RS-232C 



ports, composite video 
output, and 30K bytes of 
ROM containing a CP/M- 
86 assembler, screen 
editor, and a graphics 
debugger. A detached, 
95-key keyboard gener- 
ates the 96-character 
ASCII set. ASCII characters 
can be displayed in 24 by 
80 format on a high-reso- 
lution monitor or in a 20 
by 40 format on a stan- 
dard home television. Six- 




teen function keys and a 
numeric keypad are pro- 
vided. 

The ET-100 advanced 
microprocessor training 
course is designed to teach 
the fundamentals of 1 6-bit 
microprocessor technol- 
ogy to both beginners and 
veteran 8-bit program- 
mers. It treats 16-bit 
technology as a standard 
for today's microproces- 
sors rather than as an ex- 
tension of 8-bit com- 
puting. The course pro- 
ceeds step by step from 
the basics of 16-bit tech- 
nology to such advanced 
topics as data handling, in- 
terfacing, and software 
programming. A variety of 
experiments and self-tests 
are provided. It's available 
in versions for classrooms 
and self-instruction. Suc- 
cessful completion of the 
home-study course entitles 
you to eight Continuing 
Education Units. 

An upgrade package 
converts the ET-100 into a 
complete disk-based com- 
puter capable of running 
16-bit software under 
such Z-l 00 operating sys- 
tems as Z-DOS. The pack- 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 581 



What's New? 



age contains 1 28K bytes 
of RAM, a floppy-disk con- 
troller, a 48-tpi double- 
sided double-density 
320K-byte floppy-disk 
drive, two RS-232 ports, a 
programmable timer, a 
Centronics parallel port, 
and a 64K-byte video 



board with bit-mapped 
graphics. Color graphics, a 
second disk dive, and 64K 
bytes of RAM are also 
available. Nine other 
courses are planned. 

The only peripherals re- 
quired are a video monitor 
and a cassette tape re- 



corder. In kit form, the 
ET-100 costs S999.95. 
Factory-assembled and 
tested, it's SI 499.95. The 
complete self-instruction 
course is S99.95 The up- 
grade kit is priced at 
SI 299.95 or SI 999.95, as- 
sembled and tested. For 



full information, write to 
Heathkit/Zenith Educa- 
tional Systems, Heath Co., 
Department 150-125, 
Benton Harbor, Ml 49022. 
Circle 650 on inquiry card. 



Dual-Processor Multiuser System Eyes Business Market 



At CP/M '83 East in 
Boston later this month, 
Compupro will unveil the 
Multipro Model MP 10, a 
four-user microcomputer 
capable of simultaneous 
8/16-bit program execu- 
tion yet priced at less than 
SI 800 per workstation. 
The Model MP 10 is aimed 
at businesses seeking to 
run their databases on a 
system more powerful 
than a personal computer 
network. It supports com- 
munications and word 
and data processing 
through a shared data- 
base, which, in turn, pro- 
vides access to informa- 
tion more rapidly than 
through a network. 



In a standard MP 10 
configuration, each work- 
station has access to a 
dedicated 64K-byte Z80B 
processor for 8-bit pro- 
grams. The central proces- 
sor, an 8-MHz 8088, and 
its I megabyte of main 
memory are dynamically 
allocated to each user, 
with the Z80B functioning 
as a terminal handler for 
running 16-bit tasks. The 
multiprocessor design is 
said to make all system 
resources potentially 
available to each worksta- 
tion at any time while 
allowing operators to run 
an 8- or 16-bit program. 
Concurrent operation is 
provided under a Compu- 



pro-enhanced MP/M oper- 
ating system. 

Key hardware features 
include five serial ports, a 
modem connector, a Cen- 
tronics-type printer port, 
384K bytes of solid-state 
disk memory, and dual 
5'/4 -inch floppy-disk drives 
with 1 .6 megabytes of for- 
matted storage capacity. 
The case measures 7 by 1 7 
by 21 inches. Bundled 
with the MP 10 are a 
menu-driven electronic 
spreadsheet, a word pro- 
cessor, and database-man- 
agement software. 

Mass storage options in- 
clude an external 2.4- 
megabyte dual 8-inch 
floppy-disk drive subsys- 



tem and an internal 5'/4- 
inch Winchester hard-disk 
drive with 40 megabytes 
of storage. Other options 
include an 8-MHz 8087 
coprocessor, up to 4 
megabytes of solid-state 
disk emulator, and a net- 
work interface. 

The MP 1 is the first in 
a series of high-perfor- 
mance business com- 
puters departing from 
Compupro's traditional 
S-l 00 bus architecture. Its 
base price is S4995, ex- 
cluding terminals. For full 
details, contact Compu- 
pro, 3506 Breakwater 
Court, Hayward, CA 
94545, (415) 786-0909. 
Circle 651 on inquiry card. 




582 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 






What's New? 



PORTABLE COMPUTERS 




Nlcad Batteries Power 
Portable for Half a Day 



Self-contained recharge- 
able nicad batteries power 
the UDI-500 portable com- 
puter for up to 12 hours. 
Mass storage is provided 
by dual 3/2 -inch 322K- 
byte micro disks that fea- 
ture DMA data transfer 
and automatic power 
down to conserve power. 
The UDI-500 comes with 
two CMOS central proces- 
sors and two DOSes: the 
Z80 with CP/M 2.2 and the 
RCA 1805 with MicroDOS. 
Standard features include 
64K byes of RAM, 2K bytes 
of video RAM, an acces- 
sory slot for a 300-bit-per- 
second (bps) modem, an 8- 
line by 40-character LCD 
display, a 59-key keyboard 
with 6 soft function keys, a 
Centronics-type parallel 
connector, and an RS- 
232C serial port with data 
rates ranging from 50 to 
19,200 bps. The UDI-500 
measures 11 by 13 by 3 / 8 
inches and weighs 12% 
pounds. 

Some of the software 



packages available for the 
UDI-500 are BASIC-80, 
CBASIC, a spreadsheet, 
and a text processor. Hard- 
ware options include 
double-sided 737K-byte 
disk drives, a 1200-bps 
modem, up to 256K bytes 
of RAM, and an internal 
AC power supply. For 
more information, contact 
Universal Data Inc., M-15, 
3960 Ortonville Rd., Clark- 
ston, Ml 48016, (800) 521- 
1056; in Michigan, (313) 
625-0158. 
Circle 652 on inquiry card. 



Notebook Computer 

Casio has introduced the 
Model FP-200 notebook 
computer. Containing 8K 
bytes of RAM and 32K 
bytes of ROM, the FP-200 
offers a 20-column by 8- 
line display that can handle 
both data and graphic in- 
formation. It has a full-sized 



QWERTY keyboard with 
an integral keypad and an 
RS-232C port for communi- 
cations. A Centronics 
parallel port lets you use 
the FP-200 with a printer 
or plotter, and its I/O port 
provides for future expan- 
sion. A cassette port allows 
you to load and store pro- 
grams. RAM memory is ex- 
pandable to 32K bytes. 

The retail price of the 
FP-200 is S499. Contact 
Casio Inc., 1 5 Gardner Rd., 
Fairfield, NJ 07006, (201) 
575-7400. 
Circle 653 on inquiry card. 




1 6-Bit Portable 

Bundled with 

Software 

The 16-bit 8088-based 
portable Columbia VP is 
bundled with 1 5 business 
and professional applica- 
tions packages, including 
MS-DOS, MS-BASIC, com- 
munications, accounting, 
and the Perfect Writer and 
Perfect Filer. This I28K- 
byte IBM PC-compatible 
weighs 30 pounds and 
comes with two 5/4 -inch 
half-height floppy-disk 
drives handling 320K bytes 
of data. Its green-phos- 
phor, 9-inch display offers 
full graphics capabilities: 
640 by 200 or 320 by 200 
pixels in an 80- or 
40-column by 25-line for- 
mat. The VP's 83-key key- 
board is IBM-standard. 



Interfaces include parallel 
and serial ports, eight-level 
priority interrupt and DMA 
controllers, and an IBM PC- 
compatible expansion slot. 
RAM memory is expand- 
able to 256K bytes, and a 
socket for an 8087 copro- 
cessor is provided. 

The Columbia VP costs 
S2995. For additional infor- 
mation, contact Columbia 
Data Products Inc., 9150 
Rumsey Rd., Columbia, 
MD 21045, (301) 992- 
3400. 
Circle 654 on inquiry card. 



Your Passport to 
Portable Computing 

The Anderson Jacobson 
Passport comes with 256K 
bytes of RAM, two 320K- 
byte disk drives, and a 
7-inch amber screen. The 
IBM PC-compatible Pass- 
port uses an Intel 8088 
microprocessor operating 
at 4.77 MHz. It offers 20K 
bytes of display RAM and 
8K bytes of ROM for diag- 
nostics and general I/O 
routines. The 84-key de- 
tachable keyboard has 10 
function keys and a numer- 
ic pad. The alphanumeric 
screen format is 25 by 80. 
Greek, foreign language, 
mathematics, and line- 
drawing symbols are 
among the 256 characters 
available. Display attributes 
include underline, blink, in- 
tensify, reverse video, sub- 
script, and superscript. A 
parallel printer port is pro- 
vided, and the Passport's 
RS-232C port offers pro- 
grammable asynchronous 
data rates ranging from 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 583 



What's New? 



110 to 19,200 bps and 
synchronous bysnc and 
bit-oriented protocols 
1 1 00,000 bps maximum) . A 
built-in, 300-bps Bell 
103J-compatible modem 
with auto-answer capabil- 
ities is standard. The 
20-pound Passport is sup- 
plied with MS-DOS, Multi- 
plan, text editing, com- 
munications, relational 
database, and executive 
desk software. 

Two versions are avail- 
able. The first, which costs 



approximately S4500, has 
two disk drives, parallel 
and serial ports, battery- 
backed time and date 
clock, the modem, and 
software. The second ver- 
sion is a single-disk model 
with dual I/O ports and 
operating system software. 
It's priced in the low-S3000 
range. For complete par- 
ticulars, contact Anderson 
Jacobson Inc., 52 1 Charot 
Ave., San Jose, CA 95131, 
(408) 286-7960. 
Circle 655 on inquiry card. 




Portable Computer with 

The Teletote I may be 
the first portable computer 
with network capabilities. 
An optional RS-422A net- 
work port is all that's 
needed to link the Teletote 
I with a Televideo network 
for access to shared files, 
printers, and electronic 
mail. 

The basic Teletote has a 
9-inch video display with 
640 by 240 high-quality 
graphics resolution and 
24-line by 80-character for- 
mat. Mass storage is in the 
form of a single 368. 6K- 
byte (formatted) 5/4 -inch 
floppy-disk drive. Addi- 



Network Capabilities 

tional hardware includes a 
Zilog Z80A, 64K bytes of 
RAM, a mouse port for 
quick cursor manipulation, 
two RS-232C printer/ 
modem ports, and tele- 
phone connections. Sup- 
plied software is made up 
of the CP/M operating sys- 
tem, the GSX-80 graphics 
extension, and word pro- 
cessing, spreadsheet, and 
graphics packages. The 
25-pound Teletote is soft- 
ware- and media-compat- 
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video TS803 desktop com- 
puter. 
Teletote 's RAM memory 



is expandable to I28K 
bytes and a second floppy- 
disk unit is available for 
S449. The network option 
costs S495. A mouse costs 
$99. The Teletote I costs 
S 1 499. A two-drive ver- 
sion is priced at SI 899. 
Contact Televideo Systems 
Inc., 1 1 10 Morse Ave., 
Sunnyvale, CA 94086, 
(408) 745-7760. 
Circle 656 on inquiry card. 



Desktop 

Performance In 

Portable 

The Jonos C2100 por- 
table computer is said to of- 
fer the performance char- 
acteristics typically asso- 
ciated with desktop com- 
puters. This 25-pound ma- 
chine, built around a Z80A 
central processor, comes 
with 64K bytes of dual- 
ported RAM, two RS-232C 
ports, and a pair of 3Vi- 
inch 322K-byte (formatted) 
Sony micro-floppy-disk 
drives. Its 92-key detach- 
able keyboard features an 
IBM Selectric-style layout 
and a full numeric cluster 
as well as an entry key and 
10 function keys. A 9-inch 
P-3 1 phosphor screen pro- 
vides a 25-line by 80-char- 
acter format. For expan- 
sion, an integral compart- 
ment for a third disk drive 
and five STD bus card slots 
are available. The basic 
unit comes with such soft- 
ware as CP/M, Spellbinder, 
Multiplan, and BASIC-80. It 
costs S3995 from Jonos 
Ltd., 920-C East Orange- 
thorpe, Anaheim, CA 
92801, (714) 999-6661. 
Circle 657 on inquiry card. 




PC-5000 Runs on 

Batteries or AC 

Power 

Sharp Electronics' PC- 
5000 portable computer 
operates from a recharge- 
able built-in battery or from 
an AC adapter. The basic 
1 1 -pound PC-5000 comes 
with 1 28K bytes of RAM, a 
typewriter-style keyboard, 
128K bytes of bubble- 
memory storage, and an 
8-line by 80-character LCD 
display with a bit-mapped 
graphics capacity of 640 by 
80 dots. A character set 
containing 256 characters 
and symbols is provided. 
The unit is programmed in 
BASIC. 

A wide assortment of 
options are available, in- 
cluding a high-density dot- 
matrix thermal impact 
printer, a 10-key modem/ 
auto-dialer, disk drives, and 
three-octave sound capa- 
bilities. Initial software offer- 
ings on bubble-memory 
software cartridges include 
a word processor, spread- 
sheets, a database man- 
ager, and an executive 
planner. The basic PC- 
5000 costs $2500. For full 
details, contact Sharp Elec- 
tronics Corp., Systems Divi- 
sion, 10 Sharp Plaza, POB 
588, Paramus, NJ 07652. 
Circle 658 on inquiry card. 



584 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



What's New? 




20 Megabytes 
Storage In 

The Star-Lite HD20 is an 
S-l 00 bus portable com- 
puter with a built-in 
20-megabyte hard-disk 
drive. A Z80A computer 
running CP/M 2.2, the 
HD20 has 64K bytes of 
RAM, 183K bytes of floppy- 
disk storage, a 9-inch 24 by 
80 green screen, and a de- 
tached keyboard with 26 
user-programmable func- 
tion keys. Display attributes 
include half-intensity, 
underlining, blinking, and 
reverse video. Single serial 
and Centronics-type paral- 
lel ports are provided. 



of Hard-Disk 
Portable 

Three S-l 00 bus slots are 
opened for expansion. 
Bundled with the HD20 is 
word processing, spread- 
sheet, modem, and ac- 
counting software. It 
weighs 34 pounds and 
measures 7% by I6 3 / 8 by 
1614 inches. 

The suggested retail 
price for the HD20 is 
S4995. Further information 
is available from Computer- 
shop Inc., 139 First St., 
Cambridge, MA 02 1 4 1 , 
(617) 661-3723. 
Circle 659 on inquiry card. 



Computer with 

The Teleram 3000 por- 
table computer weighs 9 
pounds and is small 
enough to rest comfortably 
in your lap. Principal specifi- 
cations are 64K bytes of 
RAM, 4K bytes of ROM, 
I28K or 256K bytes of 
nonvolatile bubble mem- 
ory, an RS-232C interface, 
and a flat-panel LCD 
display with a 4-line by 
80-character format. The 



Bubble Memory 

3000 has a typewriter-style 
keyboard with numeric 
and cursor keypad and 1 6 
software programmable 
function keys. The CP/M 
2.2 operating system is 
standard. It's powered by 
internal rechargeable bat- 
teries. 

Options include floppy- 
disk drives, a text/graphics 
display, networking, and 
communication interfaces. 



The basic Teleram costs 
$2495. With 256K bytes of 
bubble memory, it's 
S2995. For details, contact 
Teleram Communications 
Corp., 2 Corporate Park 
Dr., White Plains, NY 
10604, (914) 694-9270. 
Circle 660 on inquiry card. 



SKS Unveils Line of 
8/ 16-Blt Portables 

SKS Computers has in- 
troduced a modularized 8/ 
16-bit line of portable 
microcomputers. In an 8-bit 
Z80A configuration, the 
desktop-compatible SKS 
2502 Nano comes with 
dual 400K-byte 5 'A -inch 
floppy-disk drives, 80K 
bytes of RAM, a keyboard 
controller, two RS-232C 
serial ports, and CP/M. Its 
display is a 9-inch green 
screen with a 1 6 or 24 by 
80 format with reverse 
video/magnified character 
attributes. Priced at S2495, 
Nano is supplied with such 
software as interpreted 
CBASIC and Perfect Writer. 
With the addition of a 
16-bit 80186 processor, a 
parallel port, or a 5/4 -inch 
Winchester hard-disk drive, 
the Nano becomes a dual- 
processor 8/16 portable 
computer with 1 28K bytes 
of RAM. This version costs 
$3295, including MS-DOS. 

The SKS 252 Pico is also 
available. This portable in- 
corporates the same fea- 
tures as the Nano, except 
that it carries two 3/2 -inch 
200K-byte micro-floppy- 
disk drives. The 8-bit ver- 
sion costs $2595; the 8/ 
16-bit version is $3395. 
Contact SKS Computers 



Inc., 4091 Leap Rd., Hil- 

liard, OH 43026, (614) 

876-8668. 

Circle 661 on inquiry card. 



Large Memory, Math 
Processor In Portable 

The Sord M23P portable 
computer weighs 19 
pounds and can be tucked 
into carry-on luggage. A 
Z80A-based computer, the 
M23P has an Am951! 
arithmetic processor, 128K 
bytes of RAM, and two 
3/2 -inch 290K-byte micro- 
floppy-disk drives. Two 75- 
to 19,200-bps RS-232C 
serial ports, a Centronics- 
compatible parallel port, 
and three bus slots com- 
pose the M23P's I/O sec- 
tion. With the addition of 
an acoustic coupler, the 
M23P can send or retrieve 
data. Featured software in- 
cludes Sord's Pan Informa- 
tion Processing System 
(PIPS), which has simplified 
commands for making 
tables, classifying data, 
searching, arranging infor- 
mation, performing calcu- 
lations, and creating 
graphs. BASIC, UCSD Pas- 
cal, FORTRAN, a word 
processor, and an assem- 
bly-language debugger are 
standard. When eguipped 
with a 1 2-inch green or a 
14-inch color monitor, the 
M23P offers a 25 by 80 dis- 
play format. Color cap- 
acities include 640- by 
256-dot graphics and 8 col- 
ors. 

Options include the 
SB-80 operating system 
and a dot-matrix or daisy- 
wheel printer. The list price 
is $2185. Add $195 for the 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 585 



What's New? 



green monitor and S795 
for the color monitor. Con- 
tact Sord Computer of 
America Inc., do Mitsui 
{USA) Inc., 200 Park Ave., 
New York, NY 10166, 
(212)878-4403. 
Circle 662 on inquiry card. 



PORTABLE 

PC-RELATED 

PRODUCTS 



Check and Budget 
Program for HX-20 

Data-Check, a check 
and budget program for the 
Epson HX-20, has been an- 
nounced by Dataccount. 
This program maintains a 
checking account with 
budgets and reconciliation 
and allows up to 20 user- 
defined categories. Budget 
reports include analysis of 
month- and year-to-date 
performance. Transactions 
can be summarized by 
category, and Data-Check 
can print balances and 
outstanding transactions. 
When used with the 
HX-20's microcassette 
drive, this program also 
provides extensive file-han- 
dling abilities. It can accom- 
modate 1 25 transactions 
with the 16K-byte HX-20 
and 1000 transactions 
with the 32K-byte version. 
Data-Check resides in 
RAM, so you can access its 
features at any time. 

This program is also 
available for the Radio 
Shack Model 100 and the 
NEC 8201. For full details, 
contact Dataccount Inc., 
Suite 820, 516 Southeast 



Morrison St., POB 14706, 

Portland, OR 97214, (503) 

232-0490. 

Circle 663 on inquiry card. 



Magazine for Kaypro 
Users 

Pro = Files is a bimonthly 
magazine for users of Kay- 
pro computers. Written for 
both the novice and the ex- 
perienced Kaypro user. 
Pro = Files has a full range 
of departments, features, 
and news on Kaypro-re- 
lated and industry topics. 
Regular departments in- 
clude letters to the editor, a 
question-and-answer col- 
umn, technical tips, and 
short summaries of new 
products and applications. 

Pro = Files will be 
distributed free of charge 
for one year to new Kay- 
pro owners. Subscriptions 
for current owners began 
with the premiere issue, 
June 1983. Details are 
available from Kaypro 
Corp., 533 Stevens Ave., 
Solana Beach, CA 92075, 
(619) 481-3424. 
Circle 664 on inquiry card. 



Stand for Portables 

A stand from Icarus 
Systems lets you adjust the 
viewing angle of your por- 
table computer console up 
to 25 degrees. The stand is 
constructed of heavy- 
gauge aluminum alloy and 
is painted with a scratch- 
resistant, baked urethane 
enamel. Currently, versions 



are available for the Com- 
paq, Kaypro II, Osborne 
Executive, and Zorba. The 
retail price is S69.95, plus 
shipping. Dealer inquiries 
are invited. Contact Icarus 
Systems, Suite 14-325, 
2303 North 44th St., Phoe- 
nix, AZ 85008, (602) 945- 
3993. 
Circle 665 on inquiry card. 



Software and 

EPROM Programmer 

for HHC 

Quasar has announced 
snap-in software capsules 
and an EPROM program- 
mer for its HHC (hand-held 
computer). The software 
capsules include a pro- 
grammer's aid, statistics 
and budget programs, and 
a poker/blackjack game. 
Prices range from S25 to 
S80. The EPROM program- 
mer can be used to custom 
program capsules for the 
system. It costs S295. For 
full details, contact Quasar 
Co., 9401 West Grand 
Ave., Franklin Park, IL 
60131, (312) 625-0020. 
Circle 666 on inquiry card. 



Computer Backpack 

The Compupak back- 
pack makes it possible to 
transport portable comput- 
ers on foot for blocks or 
miles. The water-proof ny- 
lon pack is similar to the 
type used by cross-country 
backpackers. Its frame is 
made of welded aluminum 
with crossbar reinforcing 



and padded shoulder straps 
and waist belt. 

Compupak will accom- 
modate most portable 
computers. It costs S 1 39, 
plus S 10 shipping. It's avail- 
able from Sage Designs, 
6035 Ocean View Dr., 
Oakland, CA 94618, (415) 
654-1619. 
Circle 667 on inquiry card. 

PRINTERS 



Wide-Carriage 
Printers 

Two versions of the MT 
180 wide-carriage printer 
are available from Man- 
nesmann Tally. The MT 
1 801 features high-speed 
1 32-column printing for ac- 
counting, report, or spread- 
sheet preparation. The MT 
1 80L has letter-quality cap- 
abilities. When in the letter- 
quality mode, these dot- 
matrix printers operate at 
40 cps. For report prepara- 
tion, they run at 1 60 cps. 

Both versions feature a 
15-inch carriage and 132- 
character print line. A user- 
selectable compressed print 
option provides up to 264 
columns of data on a single 
line. Output formats, such 
as right-margin justification, 
automatic centering, print 
pitch, and proportional 
spacing, can be set directly 
from front-panel controls or 
through the computer. 
These printers come with 
internal software that in- 
tegrates text with graphics 
printing in the same docu- 
ment. A single lever con- 
trols switching from single 
cut-sheet to tractor feed. 
Both serial and parallel in- 



586 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



What's New? 



terfaces are standard. 

The MT 1801 and the 
180L will work with such 
16-bit computers as the 
IBM Personal Computer 
and the DEC Rainbow and 
with 8-bit computers, in- 
cluding the Apple II and 



Osborne. The MT 1801 
costs $998, and the 180L is 
priced at $ 1098. For more 
information, contact Man- 
nesmann Tally Corp., 8301 
South 180th St., Kent, WA 
98032, (206) 251-5503. 
Circle 668 on inquiry card. 




Under-$700 

Comrex International 
has announced an under- 
$700 daisy-wheel printer 
capable of producing letter- 
quality copy. The Comriter 
CR-II features such word- 
processing functions as 
superscript, subscript, back- 
space, underline, boldface, 
double strike, and propor- 
tional spacing. Its 5K-byte 
buffer, capable of storing 
up to three pages of data, 
lets you reproduce original 
and multiple copies of a 
document stored in it. The 
average print speed is 12 
cps (approximately 1 40 
words per minute). Print 



Daisy-Wheel 

motion is bidirectional and 
logic seeking. The print 
wheel is ASCII-standard 
with 96 petals. The ribbon 
is a Brother-compatible cas- 
sette-type. Centronics and 
RS-232C interfaces are 
available. 

Options include tractor 
feed, color print ribbons, a 
cut-sheet feeder, and inter- 
changeable print wheels 
compatible with the Com- 
riter CR-I. For more infor- 
mation, contact Comrex 
International Inc., 3701 
Skypark Dr., Torrance, CA 
90505, (213) 373-0280. 
Circle 669 on inquiry card. 




Dual-Interface Letter-Quality Printer 



The TP-II, a letter-quality, 
dual-interface printer has 
been introduced by Smith- 
Corona. The TP-II daisy- 
wheel printer has a 10/12 
pitch 93-character ASCII 
print wheel with reverse 
slash, brackets, approx- 
imate sign, vertical line, up- 
arrow, and greater- and 
less-than symbols. TP-II can 
accommodate X/On, X/ 
Off, ETX/ACK, and hard- 
ware handshake protocols. 
A self-test switch, auto- 



matic underscore, pro- 
grammable margins and 
tabs, and a 256-character 
buffer are standard. It uses 
ribbon cassettes, and RS- 
232C and Centronics ports 
are built in. 

A tractor feed attach- 
ment is available for S 149. 
The TP-II costs $895. For 
details, contact Smith- 
Corona, 65 Locust Ave., 
New Canaan, CT 06840, 
(203) 972-1471. 
Circle 670 on inquiry card. 



Petite Alphanumeric 
Printer 

Syntest Corporation's 
SP-400 alphanumeric ma- 
trix printer measures a mere 
8 by 4.45 by 2.7 inches. 
Capable of producing 
high-quality 40-column 
printouts on thermal paper, 
the SP-400 has switch-se- 
lectable data rates from 50 
to 9600 bps and selectable 
stop bits and parity. Input is 
RS-232C or 20-mA loop. A 
40-character buffer and a 
LED for low paper indica- 
tion are standard. Printing 
speed is 1 line per second. 




The SP-400 is $285 in 
quantity. The single-unit 
price is $365. Both prices 
include power supply. 
Contact Syntest Corp., 1 69 
Millham St., Marlboro, MA 
01752, (617) 481-7827. 
Circle 671 on inquiry card. 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 587 



What's New? 




High-Speed 

Electrosensltive 

Printer 

Axiom Corporation's 
Model EX 1620 is an elec- 
trosensitive printer capable 
of 960-cps operation. This 
speed is made possible by a 
"Quick-print" mode that 
prints two characters with 
a single pass of the print 
head. In its normal mode, 
the EX 1 620 produces near 
letter-quality characters at 
240 cps. When used with 
a microcomputer, the con- 
tents of a large program, 
such as Visicalc, can be 
dumped into the printer's 
8K-byte buffer, freeing the 
computer for other tasks. 
The EX 1620 can operate 
as a high-speed, high-reso- 
lution graphics printer with 
a density of 144 dots per 
inch (both horizontal and 
vertical). In addition to an 
optional 64 extra char- 
acters and special symbols, 
the full 96-character ASCII 
set can be printed on 8'/i- 
inch-wide paper. Standard 
interfaces include parallel, 
RS-232C, and 20-mA serial 
with busy and X/On X/Off 
protocols. 

The EX 1620 costs S795. 
Quantity discounts are 
available. Contact Axiom 
Corp., 1014 Griswold 
Ave., San Fernando, CA 
91340, (213J 365-9521. 
Circle 672 on inquiry card. 



SOFTWARE 




Organize and Store Text by Menu 



Questext III version 3.5 is 
a general-purpose system 
for organizing, communi- 
cating, and storing textual 
information by menu. Pro- 
duced by Information Re- 
duction Research, Ques- 
text is suitable for such ap- 
plications as computer- 
aided instruction, electronic 
publishing, executive 
scheduling, and classroom 
blackboarding. It's entirely 
menu-driven and said to be 
learnable in one session. 

Questext organizes text 
into tree-like menu struc- 
tures and executes ma- 
chine code. Standard fea- 
tures include easy up- 
dating, cursor editing, error 
trapping, simple English- 
language commands, Help 
and Show facilities, and file 
controls. Print capabilities 
include screen, text, and 
outline dumping, contin- 
uous or page formats, and 
variable indentation. Ques- 
text can read and write text 
compatible with Wordstar. 



Questext runs on the 
IBM Personal Computer, 
Osborne 1, Xerox 820, 
Morrow Micro Decision, 
Apple II CP/M, Kaypro, and 
56K-byte CP/M systems. 
An 8-inch single-density 
disk is offered. A 24-line by 
80-column ASCII terminal is 
required. A full system cap- 
able of accommodating 99 
lines per menu, up to 6000 
screens, and 32,700 rec- 
ords costs S299.95, in- 
cluding a self-teaching disk 
with sample applications. 
A mini version with 6 lines 
per menu, up to 40 screens, 
and 500 records is avail- 
able for S49.95. The man- 
ual alone is S29.95. Origi- 
nal equipment manufac- 
turer and dealer inquiries 
are welcome. For further in- 
formation, contact Informa- 
tion Reduction Research, 
1538 Main St., Concord, 
MA 01742, (617) 369- 
5719. 
Circle 673 on inquiry card. 



Arcade Game 
for Apple lie 

Mission: Escapel is an 
arcade-type game for 64K- 
byte Apple Me computers 
from Micro-Sparc. Volcanic 
eruptions have blasted as- 
teroids into orbit around 
the 1 2 planets in the Appel 
galaxy. You must pilot your 
shuttlecraft through the as- 
teroids to save the inhabi- 
tants from certain destruc- 
tion. Mission: Escapel of- 
fers 1 2 levels of difficulty. It 
costs S 29.95 and is avail- 
able from Micro-Sparc Inc., 
10 Lewis St., Lincoln, MA 
01773, (617) 259-9710. 
Circle 674 on inquiry card. 



Educational 
Software Available 

Edusoft offers 1 7 educa- 
tional software packages 
for Apple, Atari, and Radio 
Shack TRS-80 users. For 
young children, Alphabet 
Song and Count provide 
practice in learning the 
ABCs and numbers. Ele- 
mentary school students 
can gain mathematics mas- 
tery with Addition, Multipli- 
cation, and Division Drills, 
and older students can ex- 
plore computer program- 
ming through the Simulat- 
ed Computer program. For 
teachers, Edusoft offers 
Gradebook. 

Most Edusoft programs 
cost $24.95. For a free 
catalog, contact Edusoft, 
POB 2560, Berkeley, CA 
94702, (800) 227-2778; in 
California, (415) 548-2304. 
Circle 675 on inquiry card. 



588 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



What's New? 




Get the Draw 

Micro-Labs' Draw is a 
graphics and text-editing 
package for creating pic- 
tures or designing graphics 
screens on Radio Shack 
TRS-80 Model Ills equipped 
with the Grafyx Solution 
Board. Containing nearly 
10,000 instructions, this 
machine-language pro- 
gram lets you set, clear, or 
complement points, lines, 
circles, or boxes. Point sizes 
can be changed at any 
time, the entire screen can 
be reversed or shifted in 



on Graphics 

any direction, and sections 
of the screen can be filled 
in with patterns. When a 
picture is completed, it can 
be saved on disk or tape or 
printed. Draw uses single- 
letter commands. 

Draw costs S39.95, 
which includes 12 high- 
resolution pictures and a 
manual. Contact Micro- 
Labs Inc., 902 Pinecrest, 
Richardson, TX 75080, 
(214) 235-0915. 
Circle 676 on inquiry card. 



Modula-2 Compiler for CP/M 



A Modula-2 compiler for 
60K-byte CP/M systems 
will be available from JRT 
Systems on October 1 . De- 
rived from Pascal, Mod- 
ula-2 lets you develop large 
programs made up of small 
modules that are kept in a 
program library. You can 
modify any module with- 
out affecting its relationship 
to the rest of the program 
because each module is 
divided into a definition 
part and an implementa- 
tion part. Modula-2 fea- 
tures type checking be- 
tween separately compiled 
program segments and 



low-level facilities for direct 
access to hardware and for 
circumventing strong type 
checking. It has multipro- 
gramming abilities and pro- 
cedure variables for pro- 
gram control. 

Modula-2 was designed 
by Niklaus With, creator 
of the Pascal language. Its 
suggested retail price is 
S100. An IBM Personal 
Computer version is in de- 
velopment. Contact JRT 
Systems Inc., 45 Camino 
Alto, Mill Valley, CA 
94941, (415) 388-9670. 
Circle 677 on inquiry card. 




Project Grapher Without 

The Harvard Project 
Manager lets IBM PC users 
develop project plans 
graphically without requir- 
ing special graphics hard- 
ware. HPM, based on CPM 
(Critical Path Method) and 
PERT (Program Evaluation 
and Review Technique), 
employs the PC character 
set to construct the graph- 
ical elements for project 
management. It takes user- 
specified tasks, subprojects, 
and job milestones and 
draws a project "road- 
map" on the PC's video 
display. Projects can be 
depicted as a bar chart 
showing when each task 
begins and ends. Task 
duration units can range 
from minutes or years. 
Costs are user-specified. As 
the project definition is re- 
fined, HPM continually re- 
calculates and displays 
total project costs and dur- 
ation. The project's critical 
path is displayed at all 
times. Other features in- 
clude dynamic partitioning 
of the display screen into 
several functional win- 
dows, temporary displays 



Additional Hardware 

of information, two-dimen- 
sional scrolling, and the 
ability to produce high-res- 
olution hard copy. 

HPM will also run on 
such IBM PC-compatible 
machines as the Compaq 
and Hyperion. The sug- 
gested price is S3 95. Con- 
tact Harvard Software Inc., 
Harvard, MA 0145/, (617) 
456-3400. 
Circle 678 on inquiry card. 



Keyboard 
Programmer 

AS-Key is a keyboard 
software package that lets 
you program special keys 
on the North Star Advan- 
tage. With AS-Key, you 
can define the 107 special- 
key combinations on the 
Advantage as any stan- 
dard ASCII character or se- 
quence of characters. Eight 
local functions are pro- 
vided, including the ability 
to send keyboard mes- 
sages to a printer for the 
setting of special modes. 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 589 



What's New? 






AS-Key, which costs 
S250, works with CP/M 
2.2 or MS-DOS. It's distrib- 
uted to North Star dealers 
through Northern Lights 
Computers, 1832 2nd St., 
Berkeley, CA 94710, (415) 
540-6162. 
Circle 679 on inquiry card. 



Utilities for IBM PC 
Programmers 

Power Pac I, the first in a 
series of IBM PC utility 
packages from Monument 
Computer Service, contains 
three programs: Formatted 
Lister, Diskmod, and BASIC 
Variable Cross-Reference. 
Formatted Lister lets you 
define headings, page 
numbers, margins, and line 
spacing for BASIC source- 
code listings. Diskmod pro- 
vides a means for reading 
and inspecting disk sectors 
and has a full-screen editor 
that allows you to modify 
disk data in either hexa- 
decimal or ASCII code. 
With BASIC Variable Cross- 
Reference, you can prepare 
listings of linejump refer- 
ences and lists of variables 
and their use within pro- 
grams. Also, it can analyze 
up to 10 programs simulta- 
neously and prepare docu- 
mented listings and internal 
programming references. 

Minimum requirements 
are 64K bytes of memory 
and a printer. Power Pac I 
costs S79.95. For details, 
contact Monument Com- 
puter Service, Village Data 
Center, POB 603, Joshua 
Tree, CA 92252, (619) 
365-6668. 
Circle 680 on inquiry card. 



PERIPHERALS 




Mlcrogrlds Offer 

Microgrid digitizer sys- 
tems are plug and I/O com- 
patible with other Summa- 
graphics digitizers, includ- 
ing ID, Supergrid, and 
Summagrid. Six tablets, 
ranging in size from 1 2 by 
12 inches to 42 by 60 in- 
ches, compose this series. 
Each features resolution of 
up to 1000 points per inch, 
±0.0 10-inch accuracy, a 
single controller/interface 
board, a single-board 
printed-circuit grid, dual RS- 
232C interfaces, and an 
8-bit parallel interface. A 
choice of transducers is of- 
fered so that the Microgrid 
can be tailored to meet 
specific applications needs. 
Transparent self-test and in- 
teractive terminal diagnos- 
tics are built in. 

Options include a 1 -but- 
ton stylus or 3-, 4-, or 
16-button cursors. For 
price and product informa- 



Hlgh Resolution 

tion, contact Summa- 
graphics Corp., 35 Brent- 
wood Ave., POB 781 , Fair- 
field, CT 06430, (203) 
384-1344. 
Circle 681 on inquiry card. 



Buffer Gobbles Data 
as Fast as It Comes 

Consolink's Micro- 
spooler accepts informa- 
tion as fast as your com- 
puter can output and holds 
it in memory until your 
printer is ready. With this 
device, you can store sen- 
tences, paragraphs, and 
data from different pro- 
grams, compile them, and 
print a finished document. 
Microspooler can function 
as an interface between 
noncompatible computers 



and printers because it's 
available in any combina- 
tion of parallel and serial 
\/0 ports. Other standard 
features include multiple- 
copy functions, and a 
pause button. Micro- 
spooler will also receive 
data from a telephone mo- 
dem or a remote input ter- 
minal. 




The basic Microspooler 
contains I6K bytes of 
memory and an LED dis- 
play that indicates the 
amount of memory in use 
and how much data is yet 
to be printed. Options in- 
clude memory expansion 
of up to 64K bytes and 
serial interfacing capabil- 
ities. The suggested retail 
price for the parallel-to-par- 
allel interface unit is SI 99. 
For full particulars, contact 
Consolink, 1840 Industrial 
Circle, Longmont, CO 
80501, (800) 525-6705; in 
Colorado, (303) 651-2014. 
Circle 682 on inquiry card. 



590 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 






What's New? 




IEEE-488 Line 

A 64 digital line output 
module that's IEEE-488 
bus-compatible is available 
from Connecticut Micro- 
computer. Busster B64 ac- 
cepts commands and data 
from any computer with 
an IEEE-488 interface. This 
unit processes information 
through its IEEE port and 
then activates 1 to 64 digi- 
tal TTL-level lines, effective- 
ly increasing a computer's 



Output Module 

interfacing capabilities 
while reducing overhead. 
Busster can be pro- 
grammed through BASIC 
commands from the host 
computer. Available from 
stock, Busster B64 costs 
S495. Contact Connecticut 
Microcomputer, 36 Del 
Mar Dr., Brookfield, CT 
06084, (203) 775-4595. 
Circle 683 on inquiry card. 




EPROM Emulator/Programmer 



You can program or 
emulate such chips as the 
2758, 2716, 2732, 2732A, 
27128, and 68764 with 
Mateo's Emprom- 1 EPROM 
emulator/programmer 
board. The Emprom- 1 
does not use system mem- 
ory space. It uses only 
eight I/O ports. An 8-inch 
single-sided single-density 
disk controls all program- 
ming and emulation func- 
tions. Programming is ac- 
complished by an on- 



board or an external zero- 
insertion force socket. Pro- 
gramming voltages are de- 
veloped on the card, and 
personality changes are 
software-switched. A rib- 
bon cable connects the 
Emprom- 1 and the target 
processor. 

Options include a buf- 
fered emulation cable and 
an adapter module for em- 
lating multiple EPROMs. 
The software disk will run 
with CP/M, MP/M, or 



CDOS. Contact Mateo, 

427 Perrymont, San Jose, 

CA 95125, (408) 998- 

1655. 

Circle 684 on inquiry card. 



VIC-20 Expansion 
Device 

The RAMmaster 32 for 
the Commodore VIC-20 
has been announced by 
Mosaic Electronics. RAM- 
master expands the VIC's 
memory to 37K bytes and 
features a built-in expan- 
sion port, pause and write- 
protect switches, and a re- 
locatable memory block. A 
disabler switch that permits 
cartridge removal without 
turning off the computer is 
standard. 

The suggested retail 
price for RAMmaster is less 
than S 1 50. Further infor- 
mation is available from 
Mosaic Electronics, POB 
708, Oregon City, OR 
97045, (800) 547-2807; in 
Oregon, (503) 655-9574. 
Circle 685 on inquiry card. 



Digital Oscilloscope, 

Data Acquisition for 

Apple 

Applescope from RC 
Electronics contains all the 
hardware and software 
necessary to convert your 
Apple or Franklin into a 
multipurpose digital-stor- 
age oscilloscope and data- 
acquisition system. System 
highlights include the abili- 



ty to acquire consecutive 
points on a single sweep, 
shiftable trigger position 
within a signal sweep, 
automatic test and mea- 
surement, waveform stor- 
age and retrieval on a flop- 
py disk, hard-copy output, 
real-time voltage measure- 
ment, external trigger, 4- 
channel software support, 
pretrigger viewing, single 
sweep or continuous trace, 
and addition, subtraction, 
inversion, multiplication, 
and conversion of input 
waveforms. It uses the dis- 
play monitor to graph digi- 
tized input signals on a 
280- by 1 60-dot grid. Three 
lines of text at the bottom 
of the screen display status. 
Applescope can acquire 
and store several screen 
displays for each sweep 
(up to 64 in the DMA 
mode) and permits the 
screen to be scrolled 
through the acquired sig- 
nal trace. 

System hardware in- 
cludes an A/D converter, 
DMA controller, buffer 
memory, and program- 
mable timing logic. Two 
versions are offered: the 
D2, a two-board, dual- 
channel 8-bit system, and 
the HR14, a 14-bit single- 
channel system with 1 2-bit 
absolute accuracy. Options 
include probes and speci- 
alized software packages. 
The Applescope D2 costs 
S795. The HR14 begins at 
S995 per channel. Com- 
plete Applescope packages 
start at S4895, including a 
computer. For full ordering 
and product specifications, 
contact RC Electronics Inc., 
5386-D Hollister Ave., San- 
ta Barbara, CA 93 1 1 1 , 
(805) 964-6708. 
Circle 686 on inquiry card. 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 591 



What's New? 




Switch Lets 8 Units Interact Simultaneously 



Digital Laboratories mar- 
kets a line-controlled gener- 
al-purpose switch that lets 
up to 8 nonmedia-compat- 
ible modems, printers, 
monitors, ROM program- 
mers, and computers share 
resources. The Micro-Ma- 
trix II allows multiple con- 
versions and broadcasting 
between any combination 
of RS-232C- and 20-mA- 
compatible devices. This 
Z80-based unit stores up to 
16 frequently used 8 by 8 
connection matrices, which 
can be accessed and 
routed by simple codes. It 
can be operated by a stan- 
dard video terminal or 
through computer control. 
Software modification be- 
tween computers is not re- 
quired. 

The Micro-Matrix II costs 
$995. For more informa- 



tion, contact Digital Labor- 
atories Inc., 600 Pleasant 
St., Watertown, MA 
02171, (617) 924-1680. 
Circle 687 on inquiry card. 



Nine Display Formats 
for the Apple 

Videx's Ultraterm video 
card gives your Apple II 
Plus, lie, or III a high-quality 
8- by 1 2-dot character ma- 
trix with a flicker-free dis- 
play. Nine software-select- 
able formats allow as many 
as 4096 characters to be 
displayed. Format modes 
include 40 by 24, 80 by 24, 
80 by 32 with interlacing, 
128 by 32 for expanded 
spreadsheet visuals, and 
160 by 24. Video attri- 



butes, also software-selec- 
table, include bright, dim, 
standard or alternate char- 
acter sets, normal, and in- 
verse. 

Ultraterm costs $379. Its 
interlaced mode requires a 
monitor with high-persis- 
tence phosphor. Contact 
Videx Inc., 897 Northwest 
Grant, Corvallis, OR 
97330, (503) 758-0521. 
Circle 688 on inquiry card. 



Voice-Recognition 
System for Apple 

An Apple-compatible 
voice-recognition board 
that lets you input com- 
mands and repetitive data 
through a microphone is 
available from Voice Re- 
cognition Systems. When 
AVIM (Apple Voice Input 
Module) receives your ver- 
bal commands, it responds 
with any sequence of pre- 
programmed keystrokes 
you wish. Its resident 8K 
bytes of memory can store 
up to 80 voice-command/ 
keyboard response sets, 
and additional command 
sets can be stored on disk. 
It's supplied with a menu- 
driven utility for creating 
commands. The utility disk 
is also preprogrammed 
with command vocabu- 
laries for Visicalc, Word- 
star, List Handler, BASIC, 
and seven other programs. 
AVIM connects through 
any RS-232C port. Among 
AVIM's pertinent hard- 
ware specifications are a 
Motorola 6803 synthesizer, 
proprietary analog chips for 
signal processing, and a 
16-channel audio-spec- 



trum analyzer that deter- 
mines strategies for voice- 
pattern recognition and 
storage. 

Options include a re- 
mote FM microphone for 
cordless operation, appli- 
ance on/off relays, and a 
number of software pack- 
ages. The retail price is 
$950. A $75 adapter is re- 
quired for the Apple He. 
IBM Personal Computer 
and S-l 00 bus versions are 
in development. For full de- 
tails, contact Voice Recog- 
nition Systems, 550 Battery 
St., San Francisco, CA 
941 1 1, (415) 788-2007. 
Circle 689 on inquiry card. 



Multifunction 

Subsystem Adds 

Speech 

The CMJ-IF multifunc- 
tion subsystem plugs into 
the cartridge slot on the 
Radio Shack TRS-80 Color 
Computer or the TDP-1 00. 
Available from Magnum 
Distributing, the CMJ-IF ex- 
pands your computer by 
providing a speech synthe- 
sizer accessible from BASIC, 
two parallel ports, 4K or 8K 
bytes of EPROM or ROM 
space, two counter/timers, 
a serial communications 
port, and an extender port 
for accessing a disk con- 
troller or ROM pack with- 
out disconnecting the sub- 
system. CMJ-IF is priced at 
less than $200. For addi- 
tional information, contact 
Magnum Distributing Inc., 
1 000 South Dixie Highway 
#3, Pompano Beach, FL 
33060, (305) 785-2002. 
Circle 690 on inquiry card. 



592 September 1983 © BYTE Publications In 



If they can 

make it here, 

they'll make it 

anywhere. 



Circle 520 on inquiry card. 





When's the last time you saw "digging a well" or "installing 
bio-gas digesters"on someone's resume? Working in the 
Peace Corps is not your average everyday job. But it sure has 
trained volunteers to cope with the unexpected — including 
any company's everyday problems, once the volunteers have 
come home. 

Whatever it takes to be Peace Corps volunteers, it's a 
way of working that develops a resourcefulness and a degree 
of self-reliance that volunteers use ^.f'^i* [IP***" 'A ' \ 
long after they've come home. Any- jj| Mm Xfl~>- JkiL ' 
place they work. On any job they're 
given. And they all have a unique , 
understanding of different cultures j 
in developing countries. lURXIMtil&Bii&MQk,--) -L- ¥ 

Hire a former Peace Corps volunteer, and put that 
experience to work on your "toughest job." Call Peace Corps 
toll-free, 800-424-8580 (ext. 76) to tell them about job 
possibilities for returned volunteers. Or if you know of those 
who might like to volunteer, use the same phone number 
(ext. 93) to put their experience to work where it can do 
a world of good. 

Peace Corps 

The toughest job you'll ever love. 

A Public Service of This Publication 



Gxncfl 



THE 
CHURCH 

Information Management 
System 




Your Software Guardian "•' 



n 



MODULES 

[Y| Membership 
L - - Module 

[21 Stewardship 
L - ' Module 



Communications 
and Cataloging 
Module 

Spiritual Growth 
Module 



5 Outreach Module 

6] Church Discovery 
Module 

Demo Packages 

available for 
Modules 1 , 2, 3 



written in.. 



dBASE II™ 

8 and 16 BIT.CP/M compatible 



DEALER INQUIRIES 
WELCOME 

1-800-ADAM222 

(1-800-232-6222) 



Qi 



User Lovin' 
Software ™ 



MEqA 

InFormatIon SySTEMS 

P.O. Box 450125 

Atlanta, Georgia 30345 

(404) 329-0091 

Your Software Guardian, ADAM II & 

User Lovin' Software are trademarks of 

Omega Information Systems 



BYTE September 1983 593 






What's New? 



MASS STORAGE 




HP-Compatible 

The Series 3000 line of 
Winchester hard-disk sub- 
systems from Bering Indus- 
tries is designed for Hew- 
lett-Packard computers. 
This 12-member family of- 
fers storage capacities of 5. 
10, and 15 megabytes and 
an average transfer rate of 
174,000 bytes per second. 
The 8085 microprocessor 
and the 2900 bit-slice chip 
are integrated with the 
controller, and a 5-bit error- 
correction-code circuit is 
built in for added data in- 
tegrity. Storage can be 
partitioned into formatted 
blocks. 

The Series 300 is hard- 
ware-, software-, and 
media-compatible with 
such HP technical and per- 
sonal computers as the 
HP 1000, Series 80, and 
64000 development sys- 
tems. Connection is via the 
HP-IB; no hardware or soft- 
ware modifications are re- 
quired. 

The Series 3000 can be 
equipped with a variety of 
options, including integral 
3'/2-, 5J4-, or 8-inch floppy- 
disk drives. Other options 



Winchesters 

include a multiport feature, 
an intelligent controller for 
local backup, and disk- 
sharing capabilities. Series 
3000 prices range from 
S 2860 to $4260. For com- 
plete product descriptions, 
contact Bering Industries 
Inc., 747 East Brokaw Rd., 
San Jose, CA 95 1 1 2, (408) 
298-8552. 
Circle 691 on inquiry card. 



Disk Subsystems 
for OEM Market 

PH-Associates' Mark line 
of disk subsystems for 
OEMs have a 30-millisec- 
ond average access time. 
Capacities of 20, 33, and 
46 megabytes are avail- 
able. Said to be identical in 
size to the standard 5/4- 
inch floppy-disk drive, 
these subsystems come 
with a smart controller fea- 
turing intelligent formatting 
and automatic sectoring. 
The transfer rate is 5 mega- 
bits per second, and the 
line interfaces to S-100, 
280, Apple, IBM Personal 
Computer, Radio Shack 



TRS-80, and many 8-bit 
parallel computers. 

The Mark is available as 
a complete subsystem as- 
sembled into either a stand- 
alone or rack-mountable 
chassis or it can be inte- 
grated into an existing 
chassis. OEM quantity one 
prices begin at $3000. 
Contract PH-Associates, 
8720 Old Courthouse Rd., 
Vienna, VA 22180, (703) 
281-5762. 
Circle 692 on inquiry card. 



Dual-Mode 

Streaming Tape 

Backup 

The 20-megabyte Sys- 
gen Image streaming cas- 
sette-tape backup for the 
IBM PC XT gives you a 
choice of two backup 
modes: Preserve and File- 
save. Preserve saves a 
volume of disk data and re- 
stores it on another disk. It 
has a catalog utility that 
lists all the files by tapefile 
identification, and size. 
Filesave allows individual 
files or groups of files to be 
saved from hard disk to the 
tape, and vice versa. Its 
catalog utility lets you see 
all the files on tape, a spec- 
ific range of files, or a par- 
ticular file. 

Image provides complete 
archival backup of hard- 
disk information at the rate 
of 2.5 megabytes per sec- 
ond. Compatible with 
CP/M-86 and PC-DOS, this 
subsystem comes with a 
controller, electronics, and 
drive mechanics. Word 
processing, database man- 
agement, spreadsheet, and 
other demonstration soft- 
ware are supplied with Im- 



age. It costs $995, which 
includes interface card, 
cables, and the software. 
Contact Sysgen, 47853 
Warm Springs Blvd., Fre- 
mont, CA 94539, (415) 
490-6770. 
Circle 693 on inquiry card. 




Intelligent Drives 
for Atari 400/800 

Trak's single-density AT- 
D I and double-density AT- 
D2 intelligent drive systems 
work with Atari 400/800 
computers. These drives 
feature an onboard micro- 
processor, programmed 
memory, and a digital track 
counter. Standard controls 
include a pressure-sensitive 
control panel that provides 
information on system ac- 
tivity through read/write in- 
dicators, a touch-sensitive 
write-protect switch for se- 
curing data, and an intelli- 
gent controller interface for 
a Centronics-type parallel 
printer. 

These drives have half- 
height mechanisms with 
steel-band head position- 
ing and direct-drive beltless 
DC motors. Track-to-track 
access time is 5 millisec- 
onds. The AT-D2 costs 
$499. For full details, con- 
tact Trak Microcomputer 
Corp., 1511 Ogden Ave., 



594 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



U Hand well 

4962 EL CAMINO REAL. SUITE 119 • LOS ALTOS. CA 94022 
141 51 962-9265 • TLX 1 71947 HANDWELL LTOS 



7400 



7400 

7401 

7402 

7403 

7404 

7405 

7406 

7407 

7408 

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7411 

7412 

7413 

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7417 

7420 

7421 

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7423 

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7432 

7437 

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7442 

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7447 

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7450 

7451 

7453 

7454 

7459 

7460 

7470 

7472 

7473 

7474 

7475 

7476 

7479 

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7482 

7483 

7485 

7486 

7489 

7490 

7491 

7492 

7493 

7494 

7495 

7496 

7497 

74100 

74107 

74109 

74116 

74121 

74122 

74123 



19 
22 
22 
22 
22 
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35 
35 
26 
23 
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29 
29 
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29 
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34 
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1 75 
39 
57 
45 
45 
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74125 
74126 
74128 
74132 
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74139 
74141 
74142 
74143 
74144 
74145 
74147 
74148 
74150 
74151 
74152 
74153 
74154 
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74156 
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74159 
74160 
74161 
74162 
74163 
74164 
74165 
74166 
74167 
74170 
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74173 
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74175 
74176 
74177 
74179 
74180 
74181 
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74184 
74185 
74186 
74188 
74190 
74191 
74192 
74193 
74194 
74195 
74196 
74197 
74198 
74199 
74221 
74251 
74273 
74276 
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74285 
74290 
74298 
74365 
74366 
74367 
74368 
74390 
74393 
74490 



.39 

.44 

59 

69 

75 

.95 

79 

2.95 

2.95 

2.95 

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1.95 

1.20 

1.09 

67 

67 

67 

1.19 

78 

78 

.69 

1.65 

2.49 



.89 

.87 

.87 

87 

1.20 

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1 69 

4.75 

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.85 

.75 

75 

1 34 

.75 

1 75 

75 

2.25 

2.25 

995 

3.90 

1.15 

1.15 

85 

85 

.85 

68 

85 

85 

1.39 

1.39 

1 19 

95 

1.05 

1.89 

75 

1.40 

3 90 

3.90 

1.25 

.95 

68 



74LS00 



J 



74S00 



74LS00 


26 


74LS162 


1 05 


74LS01 


28 


74LS163 


) 05 


74LS02 


28 


74LS164 


i 19 


74LS03 


28 


74LS165 


89 


74LS04 


35 


74LS166 


2 48 


74LS05 


28 


74LS168 


1 15 


74LS08 


28 


74LS169 


1 15 


74LS09 


35 


74LS170 


1 99 


74LS10 


28 


74LS173 


89 


74LS11 


39 


74LS174 


39 


74LS12 


33 


74LS175 


89 


74LS13 


47 


74LS181 


2 20 


74LS14 


95 


74LS190 


1 15 


74LS15 


33 


74LS191 


1 15 


74LS20 


26 


74LSI92 


98 


74US21 


33 


"MLS 1 93 


98 


74LS22 


33 


74LS194 


1 15 


74LS26 


33 


74LS195 


95 


74LS27 


33 


74LS196 


89 


74LS28 


33 


74LS197 


89 


74LS30 


26 


74LS221 


1 15 


74LS32 


33 


74LS240 


1 69 


74LS33 


55 


74LS242 


1 69 


74LS37 


45 


74LS243 


1 69 


74LS38 


39 


74LS244 


i 49 


74LS40 


26 


74LS245 


2 20 


74LS42 


79 


74LS247 


1 10 


74LS47 


79 


74LS248 


1 10 


74LS48 


95 


74LS249 


1 19 


74LS51 


26 


74LS251 


1 40 


74LS54 


29 


74LS253 


1 40 


74LS55 


29 


74LS257 


85 


74LS73 


45 


74LS258 


98 


74LS74 


42 


74LS259 


2 95 


74LS75 


59 


74LS260 


65 


74LS76 


45 


74LS261 


2 49 


74L.S78 


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74LS266 


59 


74LS83A 


79 


74LS273 


i 75 


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1 19 


74LS275 


4 40 


74LS86 


45 


74LS279 


59 


74LS90 


57 


74LS283 


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74LS92 


75 


74LS290 


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74LS93 


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74LS293 


99 


74LS95 


88 


74LS295 


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74LS96 


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74LS124 


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74LS365 


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74LS125 


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74LS366 


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79 


74LS368 


69 


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74LS373 


1 89 


74LS138 


85 


74LS374 


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l 95 


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79 


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79 


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i 95 


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75 


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74S02 

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74S112 

74S113 

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74S139 

74S139 

74S140 

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74S158 

74S160 

74S174 

74S175 

74S188 

74S194 

74S195 

74S196 

74S240 

74S241 

74S242 

74S243 

74S244 

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74S257 

74S258 

74S260 

74S280 

74S287 

74S288 

74S373 

74S374 

74S387 

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74S472 

74S473 

74S474 

74S475 

74S570 

74S571 

74S572 

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39 

43 

45 

52 

52 

49 

49 

42 

42 

42 

42 

42 

42 

49 

1 19 

49 

42 

46 

46 

69 

72 

72 

72 

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54 

66 

1 15 

1 69 

1 29 

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1 29 

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1 49 

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2 55 

3 10 
3 10 
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7 95 
7 95 

7 95 
9 95 
995 
5.75 
5.75 

8 95 
8 95 
2 90 
2 90 



LINEAR 



LM301CN 

LM304H 

LM305H 

LM306H 

LM307CN 

LM308CN 

LM309K 

LM310CN 

LM311D/CN 

LM312H 

LM317T 

LM318CN 

LM319N/H 

LM320K-XX' 

LM320T-XX' 

LM320H-XX' 

LM323K 

LM324N 

LM337K 

LM338K 

LM339N 

LM340K-XX 1 

LM340T-XX- 

LM340H-XX' 

LM344H 

LM348N 

LM350K 

LM358CN 

LM360N 

LM372N 

LM376N 

LM377N 

LM380CN/N 

LM381N 

LM383T 

LM386N 

LM387N 

LM390N 

NE555V 

NE556N 

NE561T 

NE565N/H 

NE566H/V 

NE567V/H 

NE592N 

LM702H 

LM709N/H 

LM710N/H 

LM711N/H 

LM715N 

LM723N.'H 

LM733N/H 

LM739N 

LM741CN/H 

LM741CN-14 

LM474N7H 

LM748N/H 

LM760CN 

LM1310N 

LM1458CN/N 

MC1488N 

MC1489N 

LM1496N 

78H05K 

78M06 

78MG 



35 
1.98 
1.89 
3.25 

.29 

.98 
1 49 
1.25 

.89 
1.75 
1.70 
1.49 
1 25 
1.35 
1.39 
1 25 
4.95 

.95 
5.95 
6.95 

95 
1 75 
1 25 
1 25 
1 95 
1.20 
5.60 

.98 
1 49 
1.95 
3.75 
2.75 
1 25 
1.79 
1.95 
1.25 
1 40 
1.95 

39 

98 
1995 
1.25 

1 75 
1.50 

2 75 
1.99 

29 
75 
.39 

1 95 
.65 
98 

1.15 
33 
19 
.75 
.39 

2 95 
1.90 

49 

99 

99 

89 

5.95 

1 49 

1 49 



CRYSTALS 




16 RAM CARD 

$4900 



Compatiblewilh: 
DOS3.3.CP/M, 
Visicalc, PASCAL 
1YR. WARRANTY 



Applell/lle 

Compatible $222 00 
Disk Drive 

CONTROLLER 
CARD $75 00 



IBM MEMORY 
EXPANSION KIT 

IBM 64K $52.95 
(9Pcs64KRAM) 



HighQuaiity 
Diskettes 

5 1 /4"SS/DD17/Box 
5V4"SS/DD27/Box 



80 Column Ca rd 

CallFor 
SuperLowPrice 



POWER SUPPLY 

VEP550A $40 00 

5V/6A, 12V/1A, -5V/1A 



VEP550B 
5V/7A, 12V/1A, 
VEP560A 



$4500 

-5V/1A 
$ 50 oo 

5V/1A, 



5V/7A, 12V/2A 
-12V/.5V 

3 MONTHS WARRANTY 



80 Column Dot Matrix 
Printer 

CP-80byC.T.I. 
80cps parallel interface 
graphics printing compatible 
with EPSON MX80FT 

SALE PRICE $324 95 



I 



TERMS: For shipping include S2 (or UPS Ground or S3 
for UPS Blue Label Air. Items over 5 pounds require 
additional shipping charges. $10 minimum order. 



lu Hand well n 

4962 EL CAMINO REAL, SUITE 119 • LOS ALTOS, CA 94022 
(415) 962-9265 • TLX: 171947 HANDWELL LTOS 



Circle 508 on inquiry card. 



BYTE September 1983 595 



What's New? 



Downers Grove, IL 605 1 5, 
(800) 323-4853; in Illinois, 
|312) 968-1716. 
Circle 694 on inquiry card. 



Portable Minicassette 
for Field Work 

The LG-P compact por- 
table minicassette system 
is manufactured by Ana- 
log & Digital Peripherals. 
This microprocessor-con- 
trolled unit is designed for 
field and factory personnel 
needing means for loading 
and storing programs at a 
remote site. Standard fea- 
tures include 96K bytes of 
storage per tape, multiple 
files/tape abilities, switch- 
selectable data rates of 
1 50 to 9600 bps, double- 
buffered I/O, terminal and 
modem ports, and auto- 
matic error checking and 
retry. It has a self-con- 
tained operating system, a 
transparent standby mode 
between terminal and 
modem, and the ability to 
handle ASCII or binary 
codes. Its manual controls 
are read and write block or 
file, stop, skip, and back- 
wards. 

The LG-P comes in a 
shock-mounted briefcase 
measuring 7 3 A by 5 by 
9'/2 inches. Standard RS- 
232C and 20-mA current 
loop interfaces are offered. 
The single-unit price is 
S639. Quantity discounts 
are available. Contact 
Analog & Digital Peripher- 
als Inc., 815 Diana Dr., 
Tory, OH 45373, (513) 
339-2241. 
Circle 695 on inquiry card. 



FOREIGN 










35 



Canadian Payroll System 



Arctic Data Corpor- 
ation's Canadian payroll 
accounting system works 
with computers running 
CP/M and OS65/U oper- 
ating systems. This pack- 
age uses menu-driven 
prompts to guide operators 
through all phases of instal- 
lation, operation, and re- 
port generation. It can print 
payroll summaries, input 
registers, employee lists, 
and payroll stubs. It sup- 
ports up to nine user-de- 
fined deductions and four 
rate categories per em- 
ployee. Payrolls can be cal- 
culated concurrently for 
hourly, salaried, and piece- 
work paid employees. Sala- 
ried personnel files can be 
password protected. Fur- 
ther facilities permit issuing 
cash advances, bonuses, 
and lump-sum payments. 
This system can handle 
government-supplied 
forms. Union and job 
costing versions are avail- 
able. Dealers and inter- 
ested end users can receive 
complete details from Arc- 



tic Data Corp., 1839 1st 

Ave., Prince George, British 

Columbia, V2L 2Y8, 

Canada. 

Circle 696 on inquiry card. 



Remote Line Monitor 

The RLM 2000 remote 
line monitor from RAD 
Computers Ltd. permits 
EIA status and line data 
streams to be transmitted 
from remote data links to a 
central site for analysis. 
This system is made up of 
a master unit at a central 
site and a slave unit that 
can be connected over 
communication lines and 
controlled by the master. 
The slave scans the trans- 
mit and receive leads, Tx 
and Rx clocks, and control 
signals. It transmits data to 
the master via low-speed 
channels using an error- 
checking algorithm for 
data integrity. The master 
unit receives and stores 
data in its 1 K- to 1 6K-byte 
memory. Data is then re- 



stored and transferred to 
monitoring equipment for 
analysis. The slave is pro- 
grammed through a stan- 
dard ASCII terminal con- 
nected to the master. 

Other products from 
RAD include short-haul 
modems and automatic 
cable testers. For more in- 
formation, contact RAD 
Computers Ltd., 8 Hane- 
choshet St., Ramat- 
Hachayal, Tel Aviv 697 1 0, 
Israel; tel: (03 1 494511; 
Telex: 35517. 
Circle 697 on inquiry card. 



Winchesters and 
Floppies Standard 

The Orion VI series of 
microcomputers from Dy-4 
Systems offers two types of 
Winchester hard-disk 
drives combined with an 
8-inch double-sided dou- 
ble-density floppy-disk 
drive. The Orion Vl-A 
comes with a 35.6-mega- 
byte (formatted) 8-inch 
Winchester, and the Orion 
Vl-B is equipped with a 5-, 
1 0-, or 20.8-megabyte 5 'A - 
inch Winchester. Both sys- 
tems feature STD bus archi- 
tecture, a Z80A micropro- 
cessor, 64K bytes of RAM. 
4K bytes of EPROM, and 
CP/M. 

A 12-slot card-cage op- 
tion for the Vl-B allows for 
up to 9 user card slots. Ad- 
ditional options include RS- 
232C and parallel ports, 
color graphics, and float- 
ing-point mathematics. 
Contact Dy-4 Systems Inc., 
888 Lady Ellen Place, Ot- 
tawa, Ontario K1Z 5M1, 
Canada, (613) 728-3711. 
Circle 698 on inquiry card. 



596 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



ANADEX 

List 

DP9501 $1725 

BMC 

List 

PB 101,1 6 cps,2K Buffer $1100 

pb 104 Silver Reed Copy 849 

BROTHER 

List 

HR-1A.17CPS $ 999 

C. ITOH 

List 

Gorriia-Banana, 50cps $ 249 

Prowriter8510, 120cps 495 

Prowriter I1 1550(15") 995 

Prowriteriserial 745 

Prowtirer II Serial 995 

StarwriterF-l0,40pu 1895 

8600BP.180CPS 1295 

PrintmasterF-10-55 1995 

COMREX 

List 

CR-1 S1199 

CR-11,12cps,5KBuffer 599 

Tractor, CR-2 129 

DIABLO 

List 

620 $1195 

630R-155 2340 

630KSR 3325 



ecu 

$1395 



ecu 

S 649 
599 



ecu 

$ 675 



ecu 

S 194 
349 
649 
499 
695 

1129 
999 

1405 



ecu 

$ 675 

499 

99 



ecu 

S 925 
1790 
2495 



EPSON 

List CCU 

RX-80(120cps) $499 Call 

MX-80FTI80CPS) 525 Call 

FX-80(160cps) 699 Call 

FX-100 (15" Carriage) 899 Call 

IDS 

List ecu 

Microprism80w/color $1048 S 799 

MANESMAN-TALLY 

List ecu 

160L(160CPS) $1075 $ 615 

180U160CPS) 1495 849 

NEC 

List ecu 

PC8023AI100CPS) $ 619 S 375 

PC8025 (15" Carriage) 975 699 

NEC DOT MATRIX 

List CCU 

Nec8023 $ 619 $ 375 

IMec8025 975 699 

NEC 3500 SERIES 

List CCU 

Nec3510 $1895 $1495 

Nec3515 1890 1490 

Nec3520KSR 2625 1995 

Mec3530 1995 1645 

Nec3550 2295 1850 



NEC 7700 SERIES 

List 

Nee 7710 S2595 

Nec7715 2625 

I\lec7720 3258 

Nec7725 3325 

Mec7730 2595 

NEW OKIDATA 

List 

Microline92P(160cps) $699 

Microiine92S(i60cps) 799 

Microline93P(160cps, 15") 1249 

Microline93S(160cps, 15). 1349 

OKIDATA 

List 

Microline82A(Par. &serial) S 549 
Microline83A (15" carriage) 899 

Microline84P(200cps) 1395 

Microline84S(200cps) 1495 

OUME SPRINT 

List 

1140+ $1681 

STAR MICRONICS 

List 

CeminiiOX(l20cpsi $ 399 

Ceminil5(100cps) 599 

Gemini 15X 699 

TOSHIBA 

List 

P1350 $2195 

Tractor 295 



CCU 

S1950 
1995 
2550 
2595 
1995 



CCU 

S 499 
599 
799 
899 



CCU 

$ 379 
629 
929 
999 



CCU 

S1495 



CCU 

$ 294 
389 
489 



CCU 

$1499 
219 



AU PRODUCTS HAVE 
FACTORY WARRANTY 



4BP* 



*h3&, 



PB101 

I6cps 

i-Directional 
32 Characters Per Line 
K Buffer 



;t$1100 CCU $649 



COMREX II 

CRII 

• 5K Buffer 

• 12cps 

• Letter Quality 

• Best buy for the money 

List$ 599 CCU $499 



MICROTEK 

Dumpling CX 

• Same as Crappler + 

• Full Graphic interface 

• works w/ Apple & Franklin 

• includes Card & Cable 

• 2 year warranty 

List$ 129 CCU $89 



OKIDATA 

Microline 93A 

160 cps 

• 15" Carriage- 

• very Close to Letter 
Quality 

List $1249 CCU $799 




ORANGE MICRO 

Grappler+ S 119 

Grappler + l6KBufferExp.to64K 179 

BufferBoardworksw/Grappler + .... 119 



FOURTH DIMENSION 

Parallel Card & Cable Interface for Apple $ 49 



.|=l-H.]:JI4.- 

MICROTEK 

Dumpling GX Graphic Printer Interface . .$ 89 

DumplingGX16lnterfacew/l6KofBuf. . 149 

Additional Buffering 16K 15 

CABLES 

IBM to Printer $ 29 

Kaypro to Printer 29 

Osborne to Printer 29 



omputer 
Components 
Unlimited 



Circle 509 on inquiry card. 



RETAIL STORE: 

11976 Aviation Blvd. 
inglewood, CA 90304 

MAIL ORDER: 

P.O. BOX 1936 
Hawthorne, CA 90250 

(213)219-0808 
(800)847-1718 

OUTSIDE CALIFORNIA 



ALL OPTIONS 
FOR PRINTERS AVAILABLE 

Call for 

Atari & Commodore 

interfaces 

RETAIL STORE PRICING 
MAY BE HIGHER 

Man., Tues., Thurs. & Fri. 7 a.m. to 6 p.m. 
Wednesday 8 a.m. to 9 p.m. 
sat. & sun. ii a.m. to a p.m. 



an merchandise new we accept mc. visa, wire 
Transfer COD Call, Certified cneck, PO s from 
qualified firms, apo accepted snipping 






Prices SuOiect to Change 

No Surcharge for credit Cards 



What's New? 



Trade Magazine for 

Latin American 

Business 

Ejecutivo magazine is 
designed for Latin Ameri- 
can business people who 
want to know more about 
computers and informa- 
tion-processing equip- 
ment. It offers reports on 
industry trends, trade hap- 
penings, new products 
and services, and profiles 
of names in the news. 
Current circulation of this 
Spanish-language, four- 
color journal is 40,000. For 
information, contact Ms. 
M. Morelli, Ostwaldstrasse 
6, 5300 Bonn 1, West 
Germany; tel: (228J 
612807. In the the U.S., 
Johnston International, 
386 Park Ave. S, New 
York, NY 10016, (212) 
689-0120. 
Circle 699 on inquiry card. 



K-FIx Patches Kaypro 
CP/M 

Maplesoft's K-Fix version 
2.1 is designed to correct 
several unpopular traits of 
the Kaypro 11. K-Fix alters 
the Kaypro 's CP/M system 
so that it turns off the drive 
motors when they are not 
in use, extinguishes the 
drive lights except for 
when a read or write is oc- 
curring, and sets the power 
on/reset default serial data 
rate to any of the 1 6 values 
supported by the Kaypro. 

K-Fix is written in assem- 
bly language and is re- 
copyable with COPY and 
SYSGEN utilities. The distri- 
bution disk contains 
KFIX.COM, the source 
code (KFIX.ASM), and a 



boot-up message advising 
users how to proceed. It 
costs S29.95 (in Canada, 
S35), which includes a 
manual containing a fully 
commented source-code 
listing. Order K-Fix from 
Maplesoft Inc., Suite 100, 
49 Ascot Dr., Fredericton, 
New Brunswick, E3B 6G1, 
Canada. 
Circle 700 on inquiry card. 



Printer Flows 
at 37 cps 

The Flowriter RP1300 
operates at 37 cps and of- 
fers character pitches of 
10, 12, and 15 cpi and 
proportionally spaced type 
styles. This bidirectional 
printer with optimized print- 
head movement comes 
with an 8K-byte buffer, 
graphics capabilities, and 
such print enhancements 
as underline and boldface. 
Standard features include 
external forms control, 
multicolor print, self-test, 
automatic linefeed, paper 
and ribbon sensors, and a 
print wheel with the full 
96-character ASCII set and 
28 special symbols. Flo- 
writer can print an original 
plus six copies. Interfaces 
are serial RS-232C, IEEE- 
488, or Centronics parallel. 
Options include a variety 
of typefaces, tractor feed, 
and a keyboard for com- 
munications. A 60-cps ver- 
sion is available. Contact 
Appropriate Technology 
Ltd., 2-4 Canfield Place, 
London NW6 3BT, Eng- 
land; tel; 01-328 7272; 
Telex: 264538 SSE G. 
Circle 701 on inquiry card. 



PUBLICATIONS 




Visicalc Subject of 

Two recent releases from 
Osborne/McGraw-Hill fo- 
cus on Visicorp's Visicalc 
spreadsheet program. 54 
Visicalc Models: Finance- 
Statistics-Mathematics by 
Robert H. Flast is a collec- 
tion of ready-to-run Visicalc 
programs that address com- 
mon business, mathema- 
tics, and statistical problems. 
It's written for both begin- 
ners and seasoned Visicalc 
users. The price is S 15.95. 

in The Visicalc Program 



Two New Works 

Made Easy, David M. 
Castlewitz presents a series 
of hands-on lessons that in- 
troduce users to Visicalc 's 
program format and com- 
mands. Numerous ex- 
amples and exercises help 
even first-time users achieve 
desired results. It costs 
SI 2.95. Contact Osborne/- 
McGraw-Hill, 2600 Tenth 
St., Berkeley, CA 94710, 
(415) 548-2805. 
Circle 702 on inquiry card. 



Guide to 

Purported to provide all 
the operational require- 
ments needed to wrest the 
best from your Osborne 1 , 
Using the Osborne Per- 
sonal Computer is a Van 
Nostrand Reinhold publica- 
tion. Author Kenniston W. 
Lord offers easy-to-use ap- 
plications that can save 
business people time and 
money. Methods of enter- 
ing, sorting, and presenting 
information are explained, 
and graphics techniques 



Osborne 

for business reports are de- 
scribed. Discussions cover 
data and programs run- 
ning under the CP/M oper- 
ating system and explain 
how printer graphics are 
used. Other topics ad- 
dressed include defining 
media files and reading 
and writing to magnetic 
media. Numerous projects 
are provided to further 
refine programming skills. 
Using the Osborne Per- 
sonal Computer contains 



598 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



■\ r 



DISPLAYED VIDEO IS DRIVING DOWN 
PRICES ON DISKS! FREE SHIPPING! 





TEC'S NEW HALF-HIGH 40 TRACK DISK DRIVE 
1//CASE & POWER SUPPLY AT AN INCREDIBLE 
LOW PRICE! $195.00!!!!! 

IEW! TRUE HALF HEIGHT DRIVES! 1 5/8 INCH 
NOT 2 INCH OR 2 7/16 INCH! DIRECT DRIVE! 
NO DRIVE BELT! 3MS TRACK TO TRACK! 

EAC's New Slimline 40 Track w/case & power supply $235.00 

andon 40 Track TM-1001 w/case & power supply $220.00 

(DOUBLE SIDED 40 TRACK DRIVES ADD $75.00) 

lugart New Slimline Double Sided 40 Track w/case & P.S $299.00 

mgart New Slimline Double Sided 80 Track w/case & P.S $379.00 

mdon Single Sided Slimline 8" Disk Drive w/dual case & P.S. . . . $545.00 
indon Double Sided Slimline 8" Disk Drive w/dual case & P.S.. . . $625.00 
vo Drive 5 1/4" Cable (for most computers) $23.99 

(WITH GOLD PLATED CONNECTORS) 

A Color Computer 1st Drive Only $389.00 

ONE YEAR WARRANTY ON TEAC & SHUGART DRIVES/180 DAYS ON TEC & TANDON 

!yes Smart Modem 300 Baud $225.00 1200 Baud $525.00 

xtel I Double Density Board $89.00 

/'s Line Filter W/Surge Supression $45.00 

ikette File Box "Holds 70 Diskettes" $29.95 



PRINTER PRICES 



SO FT w/Graphtrax Plus. 
UOO w/Graphtrax Plus . 
80 w/Graphtrax Plus. . 
80 w/Graphtrax Plus. . 
100 w/Graphtrax Plus. 



$459.00 Gemini 10 $349.00 

$659.00 Gemini 15 $479.00 

$389.00 Citoh Prowriter 8510 $395.00 

$569.00 Starwriter F10 $1 169.00 

$779.00 Smith Corona TP1 $595.00 



iter Cable 10' long w/gold plated connectors starting at . 



$25.99 



DV'S EXCLUSIVE "YOU CANT LOSE" 
SIX MONTH WARRANTY! 




"NO YOU'RE NOT SEEING THINGS, THAT'S FOUR 

INTERNAL DRIVES IN A MODEL 4, WITH UP TO 4 MEG, 

DISK STORAGE AVAILABLE NOW! 

DV IS DRIVING DOWN PRICES ON DISK! 

DISPLAYED VIDEO is now offering TRS-80' MODEL 4 with TANDON/ 
TEC/TEAC disk drives, one of the most reliable disk drive systems on 
the market, for INCREDIBLY low prices. 

MODEL 4 with 64K dual 40 track double density disk drives, complete 
system with TRSDOS 6.0 and 1 BOX OF DISKETTES 

PLUG IT IN AND GO $1599.00/128K... $1679.00 

MODEL 4 with 64K dual 40/40 track double density disk drives, complete 
systems with TRSDOS 6.0 and 1 BOX OF DISKETTES 

PLUG IT IN AND GO $1899.00/128K $1979.00 

MODEL 4 with 64K dual 80 track double density disk drives, complete 
systems with TRSDOS 6.0 and 1 BOX OF DISKETTES 

PLUG IT IN AND GO $1899.00/128K... $1979.00 

MODEL 4 with 64K dual 80/80 track double density disk drives, complete 
systems with TRSDOS 6.0 and 1 BOX OF DISKETTES 

PLUG IT IN AND GO $2199.00/128K... $2279.00 

MODEL 4 with 64K four 40 track double density internal disk drives, 
complete systems with TRSDOS 6.0 and 1 BOX OF DISKETTES 

PLUG IT IN AND GO $2299.00/128K... $2379.00 

MODEL 4 with 64K four internal drives of any configuration available to 

achieve up to 4 meg of disk storage CALL 

MODEL III/4 Internal Two Drive Kit: Includes controller board, dual drive 
mounting bracket, dual power supply, all hardware cable; and connectors 

(gold plated) & TEC Drive $399.00 

4 DRIVE KIT MINUS DRIVE $349.00 

MODEL 100 8K $679.00 24K $839.00 

DV'S MODEL I DOUBLE DENSITY BOARDS $89.00 



'islt our retail location at: 

. 1 1 Marshall Street 
Jtchfield, MI 49252 
313) 426-5086 
313) 482-4424 
517) 542-3280 
517) 542-3939 
517) 542-3947 



WE CARRY TRS-80, EM, LNW, EPSON & FRANKLIN COMPUTERS 

IMMEDIATE DELIVERY 
rp^a DISPLAYED (ffiT\ DV'S SIX MONTH 

yggLKi IW ) PARTS AND LABOR WARRANTY 

— ^ « V Authorized Dealership at: § \ \ 
111 Marshall Street, Litchfield, Michigan 49252 PI 42 

To Order Cal) (313) 426-5086; (313) 482-4424; (517) 542-3280 
(517) 542-3939; (517) 542-3947 
OR WRITE: 
Displayed Video, 111 Marshall St., Litchfield, MI 49252 Circle 152 on Inquiry card. 

'TRS-80 is a trademark of the Tandy Corporation Prices subject to change without notice. 



What's New? 



15 illustrations and 336 
pages. It's available in 
either cloth or paperback 
for S20.45 and S 13.95, re- 
spectively. Contact Van 
Nostrand Reinhold, 1 35 
West 50th St., New York, 
NY 10020, |212) 265- 
8700. 
Circle 703 on inquiry card. 



Business Accessories 
Described 

Microsoftware Solu- 
tions, a free catalog of pro- 
grams, books, accessories, 
and games for business 
computer users, is pro- 
duced by Career Aids. This 
catalog describes more 
than 100 products in such 
diverse categories as train- 
ing, word processing, ac- 
counting, job scheduling, 
file management, graphics, 
and medical/legal office. 
Product descriptions in- 
clude information on mem- 
ory requirements, printer 
needs and formats, and 
comparison tables. A glos- 
sary of technical terms 
helps you sort through the 
jargon. 

All the programs listed in 
Microsoftware Solutions 
are available from and sup- 
ported by Career Aids. A 
telephone hotline service 
provides you with assis- 
tance in selecting software 
for particular applications 
or with information and 
advice. For a copy, contact 
Career Aids/Microsoftware 
Solutions, 8950 Lurline 
Ave., Chatsworth, CA 
91311, (213) 341-8279. 
Circle 704 on inquiry card. 



Components Catalog 

A free, illustrated 80- 
page catalog of semicon- 
ductors, memories, micro- 
processors, and passive 
electronic components is 
available from Active Elec- 
tronics. Also covered are 
computer systems and peri- 
pherals. Contact Active 
Electronics, POB 8000, 
Westborough, MA 01 581, 
(800) 343-0874; in Massa- 
chusetts, (617) 366-0500. 
Circle 705 on inquiry card. 



Online Data 
Directory 

Profiles of 29 1 online ser- 
vices are contained in a 52- 
page directory produced 
by Data Decisions. Online 
Services covers databases 
in 15 categories, such as 
distribution, education, 
banking and finance, medi- 
cal/health, government, 
and agriculture. Service 
reports provide information 
on the primary function of 
the company, application 
and industry emphasis, ap- 
plication languages and 
program development aids 
supported, and access 
schemes permitted. Other 
features include a quick- 
reference and summary in- 
dex classifying the listings 
by industry and a miscella- 
neous section of databases. 

Online Services costs 
S 29.95. Order Report 10- 
CL from Data Decisions, 
20 Brace Rd., Cherry Hill, 
NJ 08034, (609) 429- 
7100. 
Circle 706 on inquiry card. 



SYSTEMS 




Single-Board 
Automatically 

The ID-80 from Ad- 
vanced Data Processing 
Systems automatically 
boots a control program or 
DOS when powered up. 
This single-board computer 
comes with a floppy-disk 
controller, two RS-232C 
serial ports, three parallel 
ports, and 64K bytes of dy- 
namic RAM. It features an 
onboard terminal that uses 
VT-52 control codes and 
outputs composite video in 
an 80-column by 24-row 
format. Characters are 
formed in a 9 by 12 matrix, 
and custom fonts are user- 
programmable. A semi- 
graphics mode allows the 
generation of 32 graphics 
characters. For storage, the 
ID-80 can handle two 
single- or double-density, 
single- or double-sided 
5/4 -inch floppy-disk drives 
or up to four single- or 
double-sided, single-den- 
sity 8-inch drives. A 2K- 



Computer 
Boots DOS 

byte character generator 
and 2K bytes of video 
memory are standard. 

In single units, the ID-80 
costs S598. For further in- 
formation, contact Ad- 
vanced Data Processing 
Systems, POB 10417, San 
Jose, CA 95137, (408) 
446-9332. 
Circle 707 on inquiry card. 



Unlsystem-PC Is PC- 
compatible 

Compatible with the IBM 
Personal Computer, the 
Unisystem-PC is produced 
by International Systems 
Marketing. This 16-bit 
8088-based machine is 
outfitted with 256K bytes 
of memory, dual 720K-byte 
floppy-disk drives, 8K bytes 
of EPROM, two RS-232C 



600 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



DIGITAL RESEARCH COMPUTERS 

(214) 271-3538 



32K S-100 EPROM CARD 
PRICE CUT! 





USES 2716s 

Blank PC Board - $34 

ASSEMBLED & TESTED 
ADD $30 

SPECIAL: 2716 EPROM's (450 NS) Are S4.95 Ea. Wilh Above Kit. 



KIT FEATURES 

1 Uses +5V only 2716 (2Kx8) EPROM's 

2 Allows up to 32K of software on line 1 

3 IEEE S-100 Compatible 

4 Addressable as two independent 16K 
blocks 

5 Cromemco extended or Northstarbank 
select 

6 On board wait stale circuitry if needed 



7 Any or all EPROM locations can be 
disabled 

8 Double sided PC board solder-masked 
silk-screened 

9 Gold plated contacl fingers 

10 Unselected EPROM's automatically 
powered down (or low power 

11 Fully buffered and bypassed 

12 Easy and quick io assemble 



64K S100 STATIC RAM 

$ 229°° 

NEW! 

LOW POWER! 
RAM OR EPROM! 



BLANK PC BOARD 
WITH DOCUMENTATION 
$55 




SUPPORT ICs + CAPS 
$17.50 

FULL SOCKET SET 
$14.50 

FULLY SUPPORTS THE 

NEW IEEE 696 S100 

STANDARD 

(AS PROPOSED) 

FOR 56K KIT $199 



ASSEMBLED AND 
TESTED ADD $50 



FEATURES: 

* Uses new 2K «8 (TMM 2016 orHM 6116) RAM«. 

* Fully supports IEEE 696 24 BIT Extended 
Addressing. 

* 64K draws only approximately 500 MA. 

* 200 NS RAMs are standard. (TOSHIBA makes 
TMM 2016s as fast as 100 NS. FOR YOUR HIGH 
SPEED APPLICATIONS.) 

* SUPPORTS PHANTOM (BOTH LOWER 32K 
AND ENTIRE BOARD). 

* 2716 EPROMs may be Installed In any ot top 48K. 

* Any ol the top 8K (E000 H AND ABOVE) may 
be disabled to provide windows to eliminate 
any possible conflicts with your system monitor, 
disk controller, etc. 

* Perfect for small systems since BOTH RAM and 
EPROM may co-exist on the same board. 

* BOARD may be partially populated as 56K. 



256K S-100 SOLID STATE DISK SIMULATOR! 

WE CALL THIS BOARD THE "UGHT-SPEED-100" BECAUSE IT OFFERS 
AN ASTOUNDING INCREASE IN YOUR COMPUTER'S PERFORMANCE 
WHEN COMPARED TO A MECHANICAL FLOPPY DISK DRIVE. 

FEATURES: 
* 256K on board, using + 5V 64K 

DRAMS. 

Uses new Intel 6203-1 LSI Memory 

Controller. 

Requires only 4 Dip Switch Selectable 

I/O Ports. 

Runs on 8080 or Z80 S100 machines. 
jH* Up to 6 LS-100 boards can be run 
'^j together for 2 Meg. of On Line Solid 

State Disk Storage. 

Provisions for Battery back-up. 

Software to mate the LS-100 to your 

CP/M* 2.2 DOS Is supplied. 

The LS-100 provides an increase in 

speed of up to 7 to 10 times on Disk 

Intensive Software. 

Compare our price! You could pay 

up to 3 times as much for similar 

boards. 



64K SS-50 STATIC RAM 



$1790 



(48K KIT) 




NEW! 

LOW POWER! 
RAM OR EPROMI 




BLANK PC BOARD 

WITH 
DOCUMENTATION 

$52 



BLANK PCB 

(WITH CP/M* 2.2 

PATCHES ON DISK) 



s 69 



95 



$39900 

#LS-100 (FULL 256K KIT) 



SUPPORT ICs + CAPS 
$18.00 

FULL SOCKET SET 
$15.00 

56K Kit $219 
64K Kit $249 



THE NEW ZRT-80 

CRT TERMINAL BOARD! 

A LOW COST Z-80 BASED SINGLE BOARD THAT ONLY NEEDS AN 
ASCII KEYBOARD, POWER SUPPLY, AND VIDEO MONITOR TO MAKE A 
COMPLETE CRT TERMINAL. USE AS A COMPUTER CONSOLE, OR 
WITH A MODEM FOR USE WITH ANY OF THE PHONE-LINE COMPUTER 
SERVICES. 
FEATURES: 

* Uses a Z80A and 6845 CRT 
Controller for powerful video 
capabilities. 

* RS232 at 16 BAUD Rales from 75 
to 19,200. 

* 24 x 60 standard format (60 Hz). 

* Optional formats from 24 x 80 
{50 Hz) to 64 lines x 96 characters 
(60 Hz). 

* Higher density formats require up to 
3 additional 2K x 8 6116 RAMS. 

* Uses N.S. INS 8250 BAUD Rate Gen.] 
and USART combo IC. 

* 3 Terminal Emulation Modes which 
are Dip Switch selectable. These 
include the LSI-ADM3A, the Heath 
H-19. and the Beehive. 

* Composite or Split Video. 

* Any polarity of video or sync. 

* Inverse Video Capability. 

* Small Size: 6.5 x 9 inches. 



ASSEMBLED AND 
TESTED ADD $50 



FEATURES: 

* Uses new 2K x 8 (TMM 2016 or HM 6116) RAMs. 

* Fully supports Extended Addressing. 

* 64K draws only approximately 500 MA. 

* 200 NS RAMs are standard. (TOSHIBA makes 
TMM 2016s as last as 100 NS. FOR YOUR HIGH 
SPEED APPLICATIONS.) 

* Board is configured as 3-16K blocks and 8-2K 
blocks (within any 64K block) for maximum 
flexibility. 

* 2716 EPROMs may be Installed anywhere on 
Board. 

* Top 16K may be disabled In 2K blocks to avoid 
any I/O conflicts. 

* One Board supports both RAM and EPROM. 

* RAM supports 2MHZ operation at no extra 
chargel 

* Board may be partially populated In 16K 
Increments. 



32K S100 EPROM/STATIC RAM 



mm® 

i'.S iC'-V-,--'-: vi.lX ',—.'_•> 



# ZRT-80 



WITH 8 IN. 
SOURCE DISK! 



BLANK PCB WITH 2716 
CHAR. ROM, 2732 MON. ROM 


$5995 




SOURCE DISKETTE 


-ADD $10 


SET OF 2 CRYSTALS 


ADD $7.50 



$129 



95 



NEW! 



FOUR FUNCTION BOARD! 



FULL 

EPROM KIT 

(80.00 



A&T EPROM 
AOO $35.00 




I NEW! 



We took our very popular 32K S100 EPROM Card and added 
additional logic to create a more versatile EPROM/RAM Board. 

FEATURES: 



BLANK 
PC BOARD 
WITH DATA 

S39.9S 



SUPPORT 

ICS 

PLUS CAPS 

$23.00 



FULL 

SOCKET SET 
S18 



(COMPLETE KIT, 
2K VIDEO RAM) 



Digital Research Computers 

P.O. BOX 461565 • GARLAND, TEXAS 75046 • (214) 271-3538 



* This one board can be used in any one of tour ways: 

A. As a 32K 2716 EPROM Board 

B. As a 32K 2732 EPROM Board (Using Every Other Socket) 

C. As a mixed 32K 2716 EPROM/2K x 8 RAM Board 

D. As a 32K Static RAM Board 

* Uses New 2K x 8 (TMM2016 or HM6116, RAM's 

* Fully Supports IEEE 696 Buss Standard (As Proposed) 

* Supports 24 Bit Extended Adressing 

* 200 NS (FASTI) RAMS are standard on the RAM Kit 

* Supports both Cromemco and North Star Bank Select 

* Supports Phantom 

* On Board wait State Generator 

* Every 2K Block may be disabled 

* Addressed as two separate 16K Blocks on any 64K Boundary 

* Perfect for MP/M" Systems 

* RAM Kit Is very low power (300 MA typical) 



32K STATIC RAM KIT —$129.95 

For BAM Kit A&T - Add S40 



TERMS: Add $2.00 postage. We pay balance. Orders under $15 add 75« 
handling. No COD. We accept Visa and MasterCharge. Tex. Res. add 5% 
Tax. Foreign orders (except Canada) add 20% P & H. Orders over $50, add 
85C for insurance. 



*TM OF DIGITAL RESEARCH INC. (CALIF.) 



WE ARE NOT ASSOCIATED WITH DIGITAL RESEARCH INC. (CALIF.) THE SUPPLIERS OF CPM SOFTWARE 



What's New? 



ports, a parallel printer port, 
and a video monitor with a 
25 by 80 format. Video at- 
tributes include uppercase 
and lowercase characters, 
underline, blink, reverse im- 
age, and high-intensity 
characters. Eight levels of 
interrupts are provided. 
Word processing, commu- 
nications, and electronic 
spreadsheet software are 
standard. The operating 
system is MS-DOS. 

Up to 1 megabyte of in- 
ternal memory, a color 
graphics monitor, and an 
8087 coprocessor are 
among the options. The 
Unisystem-PC begins at 
S2595. Details are available 
from International Systems 
Marketing Inc., Jackson 
Place South, Suite 6, 932 
Hungerford Dr., Rockville, 
MD 20850, (301) 279- 
5775. 
Circle 708 on inquiry card. 



Encore 8- or 1 6-Blt 
Performance 

Ithaca Intersystems' En- 
core can be configured as 
either an 8- or 16-bit sys- 
tem with a variety of stor- 
age devices. The 8-bit Z80B 
Encore runs Digital Re- 
search's CP/M or MP/M II 
operating systems, and the 
1 6-bit Z8000 system is pro- 
vided with Microsoft Xenix. 
Standard features include a 
10-slot motherboard, modi- 
fied S-l 00 circuit boards, 
and two or more mass- 
storage units. The storage 
options offered are 5!4- 
and 8-inch floppy-disk 
drives and 5/4 -inch hard- 



disk drives with capacities 
of up to 31 megabytes. 
Prices for 8-bit Encores 
begin at S4995. Complete 
details are available from 
Ithaca Intersystems Inc., 
200 East Buffalo, POB 9 1 , 
Ithaca, NY 14851, (607) 
273-2500. 
Circle 709 on inquiry card. 



True 

Three-dimensional 

Modeling System 

The CS-5 three-dimen- 
sional, solid-modeling 
graphics system has been 
announced by Cubic Sys- 
tems. Highlighting the 
CS-5, which can operate as 
a terminal or as a stand- 
alone system, are two 5 1 2 
by 5 1 2 by 16 frame buffers 
with 4096 displayable col- 
ors from a palette of 16.8 
million. Standard features 
include true three-dimen- 
sional modeling through 
the application of ortho- 
gonal or perspective pro- 
jections, slipping, anti- 
aliasing, and shaded sur- 
faces with smooth shading 
and hidden line or surface 
removal. System functions 
are accessible through self- 
contained user-friendly 
menu structures from the 
keyboard, high-level lan- 
guage programs, or by re- 
mote processor control. 

A base price of less than 
$9000 has been set. For or- 
dering information and de- 
tails on optional equip- 
ment, contact Cubic Sys- 
tems, 2372 Ellsworth St., 
Berkeley, CA 94704, (415) 
540-5733. 
Circle 710 on inquiry card. 



COMMUNICATIONS 




Intelligent Communication Controller 



Intek's Diplomat is a 
Z80-based peripheral con- 
troller for intelligent com- 
munication between 
microcomputers, peripher- 
als, and printers. A soft- 
ware-controlled switch- 
box, Diplomat can accom- 
modate a group of devices, 
regardless of whether serial 
or parallel, providing that at 
least one of the units is 
computer input. Technical 
features include 16K bytes 
of RAM, 16 data rates (8 
hardware- and 8 software- 
selectable) from 50 to 
19,200 bps, an internal 
printer driver, automatic bi- 
directional printing with 
optimized throughput, 
sheet-feeder and graphics 
modes, word-processing 
features, and RS-232C, 
Centronics parallel, Qume, 
and Diablo interfaces. Its 
switch-selectable protocols 
are NEC 7710, Diablo 630, 
IBM PC/Epson, Qume 
Sprint 5, and Atari. Other 
specifications include vec- 
tor plotting, remote diag- 
nostics, reprint of up to 
8000 copies, clear error, 
adjustable tabbing, and an 
audible alarm. 

Options include 64K 
bytes of memory. Retail 



prices range from $595 to 
$895, depending on the 
amount of memory and 
desired configuration. Con- 
tact Intek, 780 Charcot 
Ave., San Jose, CA 95 1 3 1 , 
(408) 946-9041. 
Circle 7 II on inquiry card. 



Interactive 
Investment Network 

ElectroNews Inc. is i. 
computer-accessed interac- 
tive news and advisory ser 
vice. This service produce: 
up-to-the-minute report: 
on such financial subject: 
as securities, preciou: 
metals, real estate, interes 
rates, and inflation as wel 
as advice from leading fi 
nancial and investment ex 
perts. Subscribers are abli 
to interact with the system 
posing questions that hel[ 
them make personal in 
vestment strategies. 

ElectroNews is broad 
cast daily on the GTE Tele 
net Telemail system, whicl 
is accessed through a loci 
telephone call in 250 citie: 
A year's subscription cost 
$ 1 78. Connection fees ar 
charged. For full detail: 



602 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



/C\ Alspa Computer, Inc. 



Price-performance leader. Includes Z80A, 8" ds/dd drives, 3 
serial + 1 parallel port. Winchester port, networking. Prices 
start below $1500. DEALER / OEM inquiries invited. 

""Tplwwfoiinimlii^MciiTfs 

6502 7.45 10/6.95 

6502A/6512A 8.40 10/7.95 

6520 PIA 5.15 10/4.90 

6522 VIA 6.45 10/6.10 

6532 7,90 10/7.40 

2114-L200 2.45 

2716 EPROM 4.90 

2532 EPROM 6.90 

6116 2KX8CM0SRAM 6.90 

4116 RAM 
Zero Insertion Force 24 pin Socket (Scanbe) 



50/6.55 100/6.15 

50/7.35 100/6.90 

50/4.45 100/4,15 

50/5.75 100/5.45 

50/7.00 100/6.60 

25/2.30 100/2.15 

5/4.50 10/4.00 

5/6.75 10/6.45 

5/6.75 10/6.45 

'. for 14 

2.00 




Hewlett Packard 

Write or call forprices. 

Anchor 
Automation 
Signalman 
Modems 

FREE SOURCE MEMBERSHIP WITH SIGNALMAN 

All Signalman Modems are Direct Connect, and include cables 
to connect to your computer and to the telephone. Signalman 
Modems provide the best price- performance values, and start 
at less than S 1 00. Dealer and OEM Inquiries invited 

Mark I RS232 (99) 59 

Mark II lor Atari 850 (99) 79 

Mark IV lor CBM/PET with software (1 69) 89 

Mark V for Osborne (software available) (1 29) 79 
Mark VI for IBM Personal Computer (279) 1 75 

Mark VII Auto Dial/Auto Answer (159) 89 

Mark VIII Bell 21 2 Auto Dial/Answer (399) 299 



DC HAYES Smartmodem 
DC Hayes Smartmodem 1200 



219 

545 




PROM QUEEN for VIC 
Apple Emulator for Commodore 64 
Screenmaker 80 COLUMN CARD for C64 
Solid Oak 2 Level Stand for C64 or VIC 

C64/VIC Switch (networking) 

BACKUP V1.0 tape copier for C64 or VIC 

CARDBOARD/6 Motherboard - VIC 
CARDAPTER/1 Atari VCS Adapter - VIC 
CARDPRINT Printer Interface - C64/VIC 
CARDB0ARD/3S Motherboard - VIC 
CARDCO C64/VIC Calculator Keypad 
CARDRAM/16 RAM Expansion - VIC 
Complete CARDCO Line in stock 
CIE and VIE IEEE Interfaces in stock 
BASM Compiler/Assembler lor C64 



170 
89 

145 
29 

125 
20 

64 
69 
64 
32 
32 
64 



89 



APPLE— FRANKLIN ITEMS 

KRAFT Apple Joystick 40 

16K RAM Card for Apple 59 

Solid Oak 2 Level Stand for Apple 29 

Serial Card for Apple 99 

MPC RAM/80 column card for HE IAP/TXT1 139 

Z80 Softcard and CP/M (Microsoft) 235 

RANA Elite I with Controller 389 

Parallel Printer Interface/Cable 79 

Apple Dumpling (Microtek) Printer Interface 115 

Apple Dumpling with 16K Buffer 160 

Grappler + Interface 140 
Kraft Products for Apple in stock 

DC Hayes Micromodem II 299 

PFS: File 100 

PFS: Report 100 

Videx 80 Column Card 209 
Hayden Software for Apple 20% OFF 

PIE Writer Word Processor 120 



H commodore 

See us for Personal, Business, and Educational 
requirements. Educational Discounts available. 

PETSCAN I $245 base price 

Allows you to connect up to 30 CBM/PET Computers to 
shared disk drives and printers. Completely transparent to the 
user. Perfect for schools or multiple word processing con- 
figurations. Base configuration supports 2 computers. Addi- 
tional computer hookups $100 each. 



COMPACK/STCP 



$115 



Intelligent Terminal Package for PET, CBM, C64 

Includes ACIA Hardware/ STCP Software 

VE-2 TEEE to Parallel Interface 110 

Includes case, power supply, full 8-bit transmission, and 
switch selectable character conversion to ASCII. 

VIDEO ENHANCER for Commodore 64 89 

Realize video quality equal or better than composite monitor 
using standard color TV. 

SCREENMAKER 80 1 Column Adapter for C64 145 

Provides big screen capability for business applications. 



VIC 20 Products 

BACKUP V1.0 20 

VIC RAM Cards in stock 
VIC SuperExpander 52 
VIC 16KRAM 
Thorn EMI Software 
HES Software 
VIC Omega Race 
Spiders of Mars (UMI) 
Programmers Aid 

VICTORY Software 
Street Sweepers (VIC) 1 2 



95 



32 
39 
45 



Night Rider (VIC) 
Annihilates 
Adventure Pack II 
Educational Pack I 
Strategy Pack I 



11 
16 
16 
11 
16 



VIC Sargon II Chess 
VIC GORF 
Meteor Run (UMI) 
VIC Radar Ratrace 
Amok (UMI) 
Snakman 
Rubik's Cube 
Programmers Reference 
FflOGGER 

VIC Adventure Series 
for VIC and C64 
Kongo Kong (VIC) 
Cosmic Debris (VIC) 
Adventure Pack I 
Metamorphosis 
Trek 
Grave Robbers 



32 
32 
39 
24 
20 
15 
13 
15 
25 



PAPER CLIP Word Processor 109 

ORACLE Data Base Batteries Included 125 

Commodore 64 Programmers Reference Guide 16 

MicroChess for C64— 8 levels of play 19 

Computers First Book ol PET/CBM 1 1 

C64 or VIC SWITCH 125 

POWER ROM Utilities for PET/CBM 78 

WordPro 3+/64 69 

WordPro 4+ - 8032, disk, printer 295 
SPELLMASTER spelling checker for WordPro 

VISICALC for PET, ATARI, or Apple 1 89 

PET-TRAX PET to Epson Graphics Software 40 

SM-KIT enhanced PET/CBM ROM Utilities 40 

Programmers Toolkit - PET ROM Utilities 35 

EASY CALC for C64 65 

PET Spacemaker II ROM Switch 36 

COPYWRITER Word Processor for C64 69 

2 Meter PET to IEEE or IEEE to IEEE Cable 40 

Dust Cover for PET, CBM, 4040, or 8050 8 
CmC Interfaces (ADA1800, ADA1450, SADI in stock) 

Programming the PET/CBM (Compute!) — R. West 20 

Compute! First Book of VIC 1 1 

HES MODEM with Software 65 
HES Software and Hardware in stock 
UMI products in slock 

RexRIe for PET/CBM/ CB4 $110 

Database, Report Writer with calculations, Mailing Lists. 

FORTH for PET/C64 lull FIG model— Cargill/Riley $50 
Metacompiler for FORTH for independent object code 30 



KMMM PASCAL for PET/CBM/C64 

EARL lor PET/CBM Disk-based ASSEMBLER 



79 
65 



Super Graphics — BASIC Language Extensions 45 

Fast machine language graphics routines for PET/CBM 

RAM/ROM for PET/CBM 4KS75 8K $90 

DISK ICU - Recovery System for PET/CBM 40 




DISK 
SPECIALS 

Scotch (3M) 5" ss/dd 
Scotch (3M) 5" ds/dd 
Scotch (3M) 8" ss/sd 
Scotch (3M) 8" ss/dd 

We stock VERBATIM DISKS 

Write for Dealer and OEM prices. 

Sentinal 5" ss/dd 10/1.90 50/1.85 100/1.80 

Sentinal 5" ds/dd 10/2.55 50/2.50 100/2.45 

We stock Dysan disks 



10/2.20 50/2.00 100/1.95 
10/3.05 50/2.80 100/2.75 
10/2.30 50/2.10 100/2.06 
10/2.85 50/2.70 100/2.65 



Wabash 5" ss/sd 
Wabash 5" ss/dd 
Wabash 8" ss/sd 



10/1.65 50/1.60 100/1.55 
10/1.95 50/1.90 100/1.85 
10/2.00 50/1.95 100/1.85 



We stock MAXELL DISKS 

Write for dealer and OEM prices. 

Disk Storage Pages 1 for $5 Hub Rings 50 for S6 
Disk Library Cases 8"— 3.00 5"— 2,25 
Head Cleaning Kits 1 1 



CASSETTE TAPES- 

C-10 
C-30 



-AGFA PE-611 PREMIUM 

10/ .61 50/58 100/ .50 
10/85 50/ .82 100/ .70 



DATASHIELD BACKUP POWER SOURCE 265 

Battery back up Uninterruptible Power Supply with surge and 
noise filtering. The answer to your power problems. 

Zenith ZVM-121 Green Phosphor Monitor 98 
Zenith new color and monochrome monitors in stock 

Peachtext 5000 Software Package 219 
PFS Software for IBM and Apple in stock 

VOTRAX Personal Speech System 280 

VOTRAX Type-N-Talk 160 
VOICE BOX Speech Synthesizer (Apple or Atari) 

CompuServe Subscription (5 hours free) 32 

Dynax (Brother) DX-1 5 Daisy Wheel Printer 469 

Prowriter Parallel Printer 379 

Panasonic 1D90 Printer with Correspondence Mode 319 

USI CompuMOD 4 R F Modulator 39 

Daisywriter 2000 with 48K buffer + cable 1 1 50 
Many printers available (Gemini-Star, Brother, OKI, etc.) 
We Stock AMDEK Monitors 

AmdekDXY- 100 Plotter 590 
A P Products 15% OFF 

Watanabe Intelligent Plotter 990 6-pen 1290 

BROOKS 6 Outlet Surge Suppressor/Noise Filter 54 
We stock Electrohome Monitors 

SynertekSYM-1 Microcomputer 189 

ALL BOOK and SOFTWARE PRICES DISCOUNTED 



Panasonic 12" Monitor (20 MHz) with audio 
Panasonic CT-160 Dual Mode Color Monitor 



135 
259 



USI Video Monitors— Green or AMBER 20 MHz hi-res. 
Dealer and OEM inquiries invited 

TgftiZH I data 

I systems 

HERO 1 Robot (factory assembled) 2145 

Z29 Terminal (DEC and ADM compatible) 680 

ZT-1 Intelligent Communications Terminal 369 

ZT-10 Intel. Terminal with Serial Port 340 

Zl 00 1 6-bit/B-bit Systems in stock CALL 

We stock entire Zenith line. 




ATARr 

SPECIALS 

WE STOCK ENTIRE LINE— write for prices. 

Software for Atari in stock 



215-822-7727 

252 Bethlehem Pike 
Colmar, PA 18915 



Circle 6 on inquiry card. 



A B Computers 



WRITE FOR CATALOG. Add $1.50 per order for United Parcel. 
We pay balance of UPS surface shipping charges on all prepaid orders 
(add extra for mail, APO/FPO. air). Prices include cash discount. 
Regular prices slightly higher. Prices subject to change. 



BYTE September 1983 603 



What's New? 



contact ElectroNews Inc., 
POB 148, Leesburg, VA 
22075. (703) 592-3770. 
Circle 712 on inquiry card. 



Modem with 
Processor-Controlled 

Auto-Dial 

Bytcom's Autodial 
2 1 2AD is a full-featured Bell 
2 1 2A-compatible modem 
with a microprocessor- 
based auto-dial circuit. It 
provides to 300 bps and 
1 200 bps full-duplex trans- 
mission of data over a 
switched network. Its non- 
volatile memory can store 
nine 40-digit telephone 
numbers and names and 
can be activated by ter- 
minal key or computer 
control. System features in- 
clude integral voice/data 
transfer switch; software 
disconnect; remote boot 
capabilities; 16-character 
answer back; redial, link- 
ing, and continuous redial 
until connected; secondary 
dial-tone detect for PBX 
dialing; a help menu; and 
interchangeable Touch- 
Tone, Pulse, or blind dial- 
ing within a stored number 
sequence to allow pulse- 
circuit users to dial over 
MCI and Sprint lines. The 
terminal interface is RS- 
232C, and the telephone 
line interface is RJ II or 
RJ45. 

The Autodial 212AD 
modem costs S595. Con- 
tact Bytcom, Suite H, 2 1 69 
Francisco Blvd., San Rafael, 
CA 94901, (800) 227- 
3254; in California, (415) 
485-0700. 
Circle 713 on inquiry card. 



MISCELLANEOUS 



Mouse Scampers 
Across Any Surface 

Measurement Systems' 
Series 1 22 Mouse for cursor 
control features optical en- 
coders that operate on any 
surface. Independently 
driven X,Y encoders offer 
low friction and minimal 
torque requirements, 
which eases operator con- 
trol and minimizes the pos- 
sibility of loose materials in- 
terfering with normal oper- 
ation. Standard counts per 
inch of motion range from 
20 to 200. The Series 122 
Mouse is available with 
quadrature square wave 
output, scaled pulse out- 
put, variable pulse rate, or 
with coded digital such as 
RS-232C. Contact Mea- 
surement Systems Inc., 121 
Water St., Norwalk, CT 
06854. 
Circle 714 on inquiry card. 



Computer Cleaning 
Aids 

A line of computer 
cleaning products is mar- 
keted by Automation Facil- 
ities Corporation. The line 
includes a disk-drive clean- 
ing kit, a compressed-air 
sprayduster, anti-static 
sprays, solvents, presat- 
urated cleaning pads, and 
lint-free wiping materials. 
For a product catalog, con- 
tact Automation Facilities 
Corp., 391 6 State St., Santa 
Barbara, CA 93105, (805) 
687-7040. 
Circle 715 on inquiry card. 



Microprocessor 

Handles Keyboard 

Functions 

A single microcomputer 
controller handles all the 
functions of the 8000 Series 
keyboard. This 95-key sys- 
tem offers a standard 53- 
key typewriter arrange- 
ment, a left-hand 10-key 
function keypad, and 13 
numeric keys on the right- 
hand side. Across its top 
are 19 special-function 
keys. All keycaps are non- 
glare two-shot molded 
sculptured style. Four ver- 
sions of the 8000 Series are 
available, with prices be- 
ginning at S 1 70. Contact 
George Risk Industries Inc., 
GRI Plaza, Kimball, NE 
69145, (308) 235-4645. 
Circle 716 on inquiry card. 



Card Cage Ready 
for Projects 

The MB6AF-PS6 is an 
STD bus-compatible modu- 
lar card-cage assembly 
from Computer Dynamics. 
It consists of an integral six- 
slot motherboard, cage, 
power supply, and fan. 
The bottom plate is remov- 
able for flat mounting with- 
in an enclosure. The con- 
nectors feature gold-plated 
contacts, and the chassis is 
made of anodized alumin- 



um with nylon card guides 
spaced at 0.5 inches. 

In single units, the 
MB6AF-PS6 costs S395. 
Contact Computer Dy- 
namics Inc., 105 South 
Main St.. Greer, SC 29651, 
(803) 877-7471. 
Circle 717 on inquiry card. 



Suppressor Responds 

In Less Than 

60 Picoseconds 

The Power Sentry-2 tran- 
sient suppressor and line 
conditioner from Sur- 
geonics responds to volt- 
age transients in less than 
60 picoseconds. It comes 
with a built-in RF filter 
that's designed to attenu- 
ate RF noise and dissipate 
high-speed, high-energy 
transients for increased reli- 
ability. Key specifications 
include energy dissipation 
of more than 1 . 1 mega- 
watts, 156 V RMS (220 
peak) + 10% clamping 
voltage by means of a 
two-stage system, and a 
nominal line voltage of 1 20 
V, single phase at 50 or 60 
Hz. Further details are avail- 
able from Surgeonics Ltd., 
1 55 Kisco Ave., Mount Kis- 
co, NY 10549, (914) 241- 
3202. 
Circle 718 on inquiry card. 



Where Do New Products Items Come From7 

The information printed in the new products pages of BYTE is 
obtained from "new product" or "press release" copy sent by the 
promoters of new products. If in our judgment the information 
might be of interest to the personal computing experimenters and 
homebrewers who read BYTE, we print it in some form. We 
openly solicit releases and photos from manufacturers and sup- 
pliers to this marketplace. The information is printed more or less 
as a first-in first-out queue, subject to occasional priority modifica- 
tions. While we would not knowingly print untrue or inaccurate 
data, or data from unreliable companies, our capacity to evaluate 
the products and companies appearing in the "What's New?" 
feature is necessarily limited. We therefore cannot be responsible 
for product quality or company performance. 



604 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



VIDEO TERMINAL BOARD 82-018 



This is a complete stand alone Video Terminal board. 
All that is needed besides this board is a parallel 
ASCII keyboard, standard NTSC monitor, and a 
power supply. It displays 80 columns by 25 lines of 
UPPER and lower case characters. Data is transfer- 
red by RS232 at rates of 110 baud to 9600 baud — 
switch selectable. The UART is controlled (parity etc.) 
by a 5 pos. dip switch. 

Complete source listing is included in the documen- 
tation. Both the character generator and the CRT pro- 
gram are in 2716 EPROMS to allow easy modification 
to your needs. 

This board uses a 6502 Microprocessor and a 6545-1 
CRT controller. The 6502 runs during the horz. and 
vert, blanking (45% of the time). The serial input port 
is interrupt driven. A 1500 character silo is used to 
store data until the 6502 can display it. 




Features 

• 6502 Microprocessor 

• 6545-1 CRT controller 

• 2716 EPROM char. gen. 

• 2716 EPROM program 

• 4K RAM (6116) 



• 2K EPROM 2716 

• RS232 I/O for direct 
connection to computer 
or modem. 

• 80 columns x 25 line display 



• Size 6.2" x 7.2" 

• Output for speaker (bell) 



• Power 



+ 5 700Ma. 

+ 12 50Ma. 
-12 50Ma. 



BAUD RATE 

GENERATOR 
110-9600 



PARALLEL 
KEYBOARD 

INPUT 

(TTL) 



VIDEO TERMINAL 
82-018 



UART 



VIDEO 
DISPLAY 
CIRCUIT 



COMPOSITE 
VIDEO 



SPEAKER 
(BELL) 



OUT IN 

RS232 I/O 



+ 5 +12 



-12 GND. 



This board is available assembled and tested, or bare board with the two EPROMS 
and crystal. 

Assembled and tested #82-01 8A $199.95 

Bare board with EPROMS and crystal #82-01 8B $ 89.95 

Both versions come with complete documentation. 



JTohiv Bell Eivgiiveeriivg, live 



ALL PRODUCTS ARE AVAILABLE FROM JOHN BELL ENGINEERING, INC. • 1014 CENTER ST., SAN CARLOS, CA 94070 
ADD SALES TAX IN CALIFORNIA • ADD 5% SHIPPING & HANDLING 3% FOR ORDERS OVER $100 

10% OUTSIDE U.S.A. 
ADD $1.50 FOR C.O.D. 



SEND $1.00 FOR CATALOG 



(415)592-8411 

WILL CALL HOURS: 9am 



#249 



4pm 



Circle 51 on Inquiry card. 



BYTE September 1983 605 



Circle 419 on inquiry card. 



CHECK SUNTRONICS NEW LOW PRICES 



He Compatible Products 



General Products- cont. 



Video Monitors 




$7Q95 

AFDC-1 Floppy Disk Drive Controller ... # J 
Runs DOS 3.3 with any standard Shugart com- 
patible 5'/4" Disk Drive. (2 Drives Each Card) 




$i 



oo 




ASCII KEYBOARD A&T OS/ 

Plug in compatible with Apple II, has shiftlock, 
underscore, I I and back slash characters. 

Apple Prototype Board. 

Double Sided glass with 
gold plated Apple and 
General Purpose termin- 
als. Contains matrix of 17 
x 63 solder plated donuts 

on . 15" x.1" spacing. Great for 14, 16, and 24 pin IC's. 

SUN-722 7.95 

Apprate PROM Blaster 119.00 

"ALS" 80 Column Card 159.00 

"ALS" Z-CARD (280 CPU) 149.00 

API Apple Parallel Printer Interface card. 
Centronics Compatible $45.00 



General Products 



Mitsubishi Disk Drives, 5W and 8 Slim 

5%" Thin DSDD 40 Track 310.00 

8" Thin DSDD 77 Track 450.00 




* • # * • 




SAMWOO GREEN 9" 18MHz $115.00 

SAMWOO AMBER 9" 18MHz 1 19.00 

SAMWOO GREEN 12" 12MHz 124.00 

SAMWOO AMBER 12" 12MHz 127.00 

Composite video I/O. 750 lines resolution. 75 10K ohm 
impedance. Note: Please add $7.50 shipping and hand- 
ling for the video monitors. 

Assembled Connectors and Cables 

Centronics Type Cable Assemblies 36 pin flat cable 
with male to male or male to female connectors. 

4 ft— $24.95 6 ft— $27.95 
RS232 Cable Assemblies 25 pin flat cable with male 
to male or male to female connectors. 

5 ft— $29.95 10 ft— $35.95 

Assemble Your Own Cables 

Ribbon Card Edge 

Cable Connector 

Price'fl. Price 

$2.46 
4.80 
5.93 
6.90 
7.58 



$0.50 
0.65 
0.83 
1.00 
1.30 



Cond, 

20 

26 

34 

40 

50 
IDS DB-25P 
IDS DB-25S 

Super Sale 

P/N 8-24 

2716 (450nSI 3.80 

2732 !450nS) 4.15 

2532 (450nS) 5.95 

2764 (28 pinl 5.95 



IDS 


Header 


Socket 


(w/w) 


Price 


Price 


$3.06 


$4.24 


3.87 


4.68 


6.30 


5.25 


7.20 


5.95 


7.50 


6.20 



Connector $5.95 

Connector $6.25 



25up P/N 8-24 25up 

3.55 6116P-3 (150nS) 6.10 5.75 

3.98 2114L-2 (200nS) 1.62 1.62 

5.95 4164 Call Call 

5.95 Z80ACPU 4.99 4.99 



SUNTRONICS CO., inc. 

12621 Crenshaw Blvd., Hawthorne, CA 90250 



CALIFORNIA 



213-644-1149 



S-100 Products 




STORE HOURS: MON FRl 

SATURDAY 



9:00am to 6:00pm 
10:00am lo b:00pm 



(for Tech Info and Calif, orders) 

Mail Order—Minimum Order : $10. Send Check oi 
MasterCard [please include expiration date). Add 
pound to your order California residents add 6' 



S-100 

MEMORY 

BOARD 



$ IE C00 

64KSM A&T without RAM lv)J 

64KSM A&T with 64k RAM (32-6116's) 339.00 

S-100 Board Uses 6MH2 6116's. V4A max. power. Bank 
Select plus Extended Addressing allow for multi- 
memory board set-up. 4 independant 16K Blocks make 
easy use with multi-user systems. Any 2K RAM may be 
replaced by 2716 EPROM. 

SBC-880 Z80A CPU, A&T $169.00 

SBC 880 Z80A CPU, Kit 149.00 

4MHz Z80A CPU boards with Serial Parallel Ports 

UFDC-1 Floppy Controller, A&T 245.00 

UFDC-1 Floppy Controller, Kit 225.00 

The UFDC-1 Floppy Controller uses the WD1795 chip 
which runs either and/or 8"/5'/4" Disk Drives. 

CLOCK CALENDAR A&T 115.00 

CLOCK CALENDAR Kit 95.00 

This S-100 Clock Calendar Board has 4 interrupts. Time, 
Day of Week and Battery Backup. 

S-100 Prototype Board 

Double Sided glass with 
gold plated, numbered 
S-100 terminals. Matrix of 
25 x 78 solder plated do- 
nuts on .15" x.1 "spacing. 
Locations for headers and 

regulators. Great for 14, 16, and 24 pin IC's. 

SUN-721 12.95 

Mother Boards & Card Cages 

SLOTS Bare Bd KIT A&T w/CAGE 

6 $12.00 $37.00 $52.00 $77.00 

8 16.00 48.00 73.00 108.00 

12 22.00 68.00 103.00 143.00 

10MHz, No termination. Includes power indicator and 
wiring for muffin fan. Uses OKI connector for solderless 
installation and removal of power & reset lines. 

OUTSIDE CALIFORNIA TOLL FREE 1'S0U~421-5775 

(Order Desk Only) 

Money Order 10: P.O. BOX 1957 Dept B, HAWTHORNE. CA 90250. Visa or 
$2 00 postage and handling lor fiisl 3 pounds plus ijOloi each additional 
Id sales lax 




SUNNY LOW LOW COST 



(LINEAR & SWITCHING) 
FOR S-100, DISK DRIVES 




S-100 & DISK POWER SUPPLIES 

ITEM +5V OVP 



12 SLOT & 2 FLOPPY 

(1 Floppy & 1 Hard Disk) 

6 SLOT & 2 FLOPPY 



5A 



NO. 806 & NO. 516 Mainframes Kit 1, 2 & 3 for S-100 R 2 ,R3<or 2 Drives(FloppySHard) 

OPEN FRAME, ASSY. & TESTED, 6 OUTPUTS, ADJU. & FUSES PROTECT. 
-5V +24V(OR -i- 12V) +8V ±16V SIZE W x D x H PRICE 



1A 



5-7A PEAK 



13A 



3A 



10" X 6" X 5" 



105.95 



3 
S4 6 SLOT & 2 FLOPPY 4A 1A 4-5A PEAK 8A 3A 8%" X 5" x 4%" 95.95 

DISK POWER SUPPLIES: open frame, assy. & tested, regulated, adjustable & fuses protect. 

ITEM IDEAL FOR +5VOVP ^5V +24V(or+12V) +8VUnreg. +12V SIZEWxDxH PRICE 




R 2 x 8" SLIMLINE 2.5A 

R 1 2 x 8" or 2 x 5'/4 M DISK 4A 1A 3A - 5A Peak 2A 

R 2 [3x8" (or 5V4") FLOPPY] 6A 1A 6A - 8A Peak 

R 3 [or 1x Floppy & 1x HardJ 6A 1A 6A - 8A Peak 1A 

AC & DC POWER CABLES WITH CONNECTOR FOR 2 DRIVES 8.00 

S-100 POWER SUPPLY KITS (open frame with base plate, 3 hrs. assy, time) 

ITEM (IDEAL FOR) +8V -8V +16V -16V +28V SIZE: WxDxH PRICE 



5" x 4"x4" 

8" x 4" x 3 3 /4" 

10" X 4%" X 3%" 

9" x 6'/4" x 4%" 



51.95 
56.95 
71.95 
85.95 



S^forS-IOOS^Dnves 



KIT 1 


15 CARDS 


15A 




2.5A 


2.5A 


... 


12"x5"x4%" 


54.95 




KIT 2 


20 CARDS 


25A 


— 


3A 


3A 


... 


12"x5"x4 7 /e" 


61.95 


DEALER g 


KIT 3 


DISK SYSTEM 


15A 


1A 


3A 


3A 


5A 


131/2" X 5" x 4 7 /e" 


69.95 


INQUIRIES 3 
INVITED 



SHIPPING FOR EA. PWR SUPPLY: $5.50 IN CALIF.; 
$8.00 IN OTHER STATES;$18.00 IN CANADA. 
FOR EA. TRANSFORMER: $5.00 IN ALL STATES; 
$12.00 IN CANADA. CALIF. RESIDENTS ADD 
6.5% SALES TAX. 



6 SLOT MAINFRAME assy. & tested only $399.95 + shipping $is.oo 

EACH MAINFRAME (ITEM NO. 806 OR 516) CONTAINS: EMI FILTER • FUSE HOLDER • AC POWER CORD • POWER SWITCH & INDICATOR • 
RESET SWITCH « 4VS" COOLING FAN • S-100 BUS 6 SLOT CARD CAGE • (1 10/220 VAC, 50/60 HZ.) POWER SUPPLY FOR DISK DRIVES & S-100 
SLOTS • 2 EA. DC POWER CABLES WITH CONNECTOR AND MOUNTING HARDWARE FOR DISK DRIVES • 9 EA. CUT-OUTS; 7 FOR DB25 
CONNECTOR, 1 FOR 50 PIN CONNECTOR & 1 FOR CENTRONICS • CUSTOM FINISH S, LOGO-LESS • COMPACT SIZE • LIGHTWEIGHT, 28 LBS. 
ITEM #806 FOR 2 EA. 8" THINLINE FLOPPY (TANDON TM848-1 & 848-2 OR EQUIV.), OR ONE HARD DISK, POWER SUPPLY:+8V/8A, ± 16V/3A. 
i 5V/5A OVP, -5V/1A & 24V/5A. SIZE: 12"(W) x 19.5'(D) x 9.8"(H). 

ITEM #516 FOR 2 EA. SVt" FLOPPY (TANDON TM-100 - 1, 2, 3, 4 OR EQUIV.). OR ONE 5%" FLOPPY & ONE 5'/4 ,f WINCHESTER HARD DISK 
(TANDON TM 600-2, 3 OR EQUIV.), POWER SUPPLY: +8V/8A, + 16V/3A OVP, +5V/6A OVP, + 12V/6A. 8A PEAK. SIZE: 13.75"(W) x 19.5"(D) x 7"(H). 



No. 806 & 

No. 516 Mainframes 



<-P 



MAILING ADDRESS: 
lir«i.'.m j 'ii| P.O. BOX 4296 

TORRANCE, CA 90510 

TELEX: 182558 



606 BYTE September 1983 



SUNNY INTERNATIONAL 

(TRANSFORMERS MANUFACTURER) 
(213) 328-2425 MON-SAT 9-6 



SHIPPING ADDRESS: 
22129V2 S. VERMONT AVE [ 
TORRANCE, CA 90502 



Circle 418 on inquiry card. 



IBM PC 256K 

320 KB DS/DD DISK DRIVE 

FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER 

COLOR CARD 

ALL FOR $2499 




If i l |* r l i .f i i »• « i r f i i 'VV i; *VH\ 




LOTUS 1-2-3 SOFTWARE $359 

SUPER CALC II $199 

MULTIPLAN $199 

VISICALC $199 



WORDSTAR $329 
MAILMERGE $179 



WORD PERFECT $349 
EASY WRITER $129 



DISK DRIVES FOR IBM PC 

DOUBLE SIDED DOUBLE DENSITY 

320 KB $225 

PGS COLOR MONITOR 

HX-12 $499 

AMDEK, NEC MONITORS AVAILABLE 

DRIVE FOR APPLE II + and He 
ONLY $219 

PRINTERS 

BROTHER HR-1 $750 BROTHER HR-15 $499 

OKIDATA 82A $499 83A $699 84A $999 

93A $959 

GEMINI-10 $359 GEMINI 15 $529 

NEC 3510 $1399 3550 $1799 

7710 $1975 
EPSON RX80 $379 FX80 $599 

MX80/FT $449 MX100 $649 



MEMORY BOARDS 

AST COMBO CARD 64K 

MULTIFUNCTION $299 I/O PLUS $199 

QUADRAM 256K MULTIFUNCTION $399 

HERCULES CARD $499 

QCS BIG BLUE CARD $479 

APPLE He STARTER SYSTEM 
$1599 

HARD DISK FOR IBM PC 
5MB $1399 10MB $1599 15MB $2199 

HAYES 
SMARTMODEM 300 $239 
SMARTMODEM 1200 $559 

KAYPRO DEC DIABLO DAVONG 

MAYNARD LNW TAXAN BMC 

C ITOH EPD TELEVIDEO TANDON 

MP1 SHUGART 

AND MUCH MORE AVAILABLE! 

CALL! 



SEND ORDERS AND INQUIRES TO: 

COMPUTER POST INC. 
22102 CLARENDON ST. SUT #1 
WOODLAND HILLS, CA 91367 
(213)999-1041 



DELIVERIES TWO TO FOUR WEEKS AVERAGE 
ALL SHIPMENTS ARE CASHIERS CHECK ONLY. 
PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. 
SHIPPING AND HANDLING EXTRA 



Circle 573 on inquiry card. 



BYTE September 1983 607 




SBC 8671 

Basic 
Controller 




Features: Zilog Z8671 microprocessor with 2K 
basic Interpreter. Sockets for 48K of on board 
user memory. 48 parallel I/O lines, RS 232 & 
20MA current loop serial communications, 
and more . . . now only 

Custom & Oem ver- 
sions also available 

*Z8 Is a Trademark ol Zilog Corp. 



nun unii 

$285?? 



£a 



Lehmann & Associates 

P.O. Box 566, Maumee, Ohio 
(419)8910667 



TeleVideo DEALERS 

• Fast Dump/Roslnre 

over 600k per disk (60 

• TypB Ahead with Print Screen 

64 Cheracter Type Ahead Buffer ISO 

• 3270 & 2780/3760 Bisync Communications 

from Phone 1 & Batech 1700 & $300 

• TurboDOS for TeleVideo Start at »225 

• BIOS & Formatting for 602H 

use all 20 MB 1150 

• 8" Disk Drive for 802 Computer 

Drive S Software *1,100 

• RM Cobol™ for TurboDOS 

Full System 1525 

RunTime $175 

• Standby Power System 

200VA400VA-800VA As low at 1363 

RM/COBOL is a registered trademark of 

Ryan-McFarland Corp. 

CP/M' is registered trademark ol Digital Research, Inc. 

TurboDOS is a registered trademark of Software 2000, Inc. 

PLUS OTHER GOOD TELEVIDEO STUFF! 

COGITATE, Inc. 

SPECIALISTS IN UNIQUE TELEVIDEO SOFTWARE 

24000 Telegraph Road, Southfield, Ml 48034 
(313)352-2345 

VISA/MASTER CARD Accepted 



MEMOREX 

FLEXIBLE DISCS 



WE WILL NOT BE UNDER- 
SOLD!! Call Free (800)235-4137 

for prices and information. Dealer 
inquiries invited and C.O.D.'s 
accepted. 

VISA 




PACIFIC 
EXCHANGES 

100 Foothill Blvd. 
San Luis Obispo, CA 
93401. InCal. call 
(800)592-5935 or 
(805)543-1037 



Circle 258 on inquiry card. 



Circle 75 on inquiry card. 



Circle 341 on Inquiry card. 



TIME SAVING - MONEY SAVING 

PRINTER BUFFER 




spooL-z-a 

Srrol-Z-Q i> pttfel for ujc with all parallel (Ci-nmirms star,- 
J.irJt printer* induJinR Radm Shack primers. Spntil-Z-Q is 
stanJ-alnne. ii Joesn'i steal power frum the computer tir printer. 
The many advanced features include automatic internal space 
character compression, copy and self-test Functions, and a special 
^^1-™-^!!*^'' mode. 

SIZES AND EXPANSION 

Spool-Z-Q comes in 12K. 64K, and 128K character sites. Anv 
Spool-Z-Q can he user expanded to 64 or 12SK by 
chips — the sockets are already Installed. Thetc at 
fool with either, Spool-Z.Q knotvs how much mei 
svithnui heme told. 

15 DAY TRIAL PERIOD 

You may try Spool-Z-Q with your system am 
completely satisfied, return it within 15 days for 
refund. 

FACTORY DIRECT PRICES 
(Shipping Included) 

32K - (219 
64K - t249 
12SK - »309 
Cable to printer - 127 
We accept Maeter Card, Vlaa, AMEX 



plugging in 

jumpers to 
is installed 



JVB ELECTRONICS 
ie01 Fulton Ave.. Suite 1 
Sacramento. CA 96825 
1916) 483-0709 

ndC.O.D. 



Wasting Money! We Have the World's Most 
Cost Effective Development System. 



3** 



• Includes Hexklt 1.0, a powerful 
100% machine code editor/ 
debugger utility program that 
makes coding for 8-bit Micros a 
snap. 

• Program from Commodore 
VIC- 20 keyboard Into built-in 
4K ROM emulator 

• Jumper to target ROM socket 

• Test programs In circuit 

• Built-in EPROM programmer 
and power supply 

• Burns & rum EPROMS for 
the Commodore VIC-20. too 

• Comprehensive manuals 

• Fits EXPANSION PORT 

PROMQUEEN CARTRIDGE ONLY $199 

Send for Free Brochure 

Distributed in U.S. by Arbutut Total Soft, Inc., ..;■;);> Meridian. Suite 214. 

Bfllllngnam, WA 98226. Phone 800-426-1263. In Washington 206-733-0404 
Distributed In Canada by IBC/DlitrlbutJon Cinidi, 4047 Gamble St. 

Vancouver, BC V5Z 2x9, Ptiona 604-879-7812 



VISA AND MASTERCARD ACCEPTED 

QL commodore approved product 



Prices 
PROMQUEEN 64 
8K board with 1 EPROM 

16K board with 1 EPROM 
BK board with 1 EPROM-G64 



J2M.O0 
$29.95 
139.95 

J39.95 



CAN 
J30B.OO 
$38.96 
$49.95 
$49.96 



PICK'EM 

PREDICTS NFL GAMES 

COMPLETE WITH POINT SPREAD 

EASY TO USE 

APPLE - DOS 3.3/APPLESOFT (5'/e") 
IBM PC - PC/MS DOS (5WSS/DD) 
TRS-80 III - TRSDOS (5W) or CASSETTE 
ATARI - ATARI BASIC and 5'/»" DISK (32K) 

or CASSETTE (16K) 
HEATH/ZENITH - HDOS or CP/M i5V>") 
TIMEX/SINCLAIR - 16K RAM/CASSETTE 



CAVES OF ZULU 

Animated Adventure Fun 
(16K TIMEX/SINCLAIR ONLY) 



EACH ONLY $19.95 

Add $2.00 S/H per order 

(CA residents add appropriate sales tax) 



^M ... PR 



STUART SOFTWARE 

25381 - G Alicia Parkway 

Suite 316 mmmm 

Laguna Hills, CA 92653 -J2^ 
(714) 855-4753 

Dealer Inquiries Invited 



Circle 245 on inquiry card. 



Circle 35 on inquiry card. 



Circle 416 on inquiry card, 



NEW! NAPLPS 

A NAPLPS Graphics 

Implementation 

Assembler/Interpreter 

a Implements NAPLPS, a powerful 
new graphics standard 

* Can create graphic figures and 
characters of any size, color and 
shape 

•t* Easy to use 

a Provides easy introduction to 

graphics, yet versatile in its 

applications 

* Written in C 

* Documentation and source code 
listing provided 

* $119 

CSC/1010 Turner Way, Seattle, 
WA 98112 (206) 328-0100 




8051-Based 

Single-Board Computer with 

Monitor/Debugger 

• Versatile - 4 28-pin byte-wide 
sockets; monitor will program 
EEPROMs. 

• Affordable -just $335 

• Perfect for System Development 
and Educational Applications 



[J 



Binary Technology 



P O BOX A-59 • HANOVER NH 03755 • 603 643-2881 



TTT «*£ 



YOUR NAMEJiERI^ 



Ol 



PERSONALIZED 
~ COMPUTER PAPER 

Printed with your name, club, any- 
thing. Paper is white 20# stock and 
fits all printers using 9 1 /2x1 1 continu- 
ous paper [8 1 /2x1 1 when detached], 
500 sheets S14.95, 1000 
sheets S24.95. We pay ship- 
ping. Texas orders add 5/3% tax. 
Select ink color: red, blue, brown, 
gray, or canary. Specify namefs] up 
to 30 letters S. spaces. Enclose 
check or money order. No COD's. 
Allow 3 weeks. Faster delivery with 
M/C, Visa phone orders. Write or 
phone Personalized Computer 
Paper B, Box 20539/San Antonio, 
Tx. 78220/ [512] 227-0585. 



Circle 123 on Inquiry card. 



Circle 54 on inquiry card. 



Circle 366 on inquiry card. 



MICROSOFT 



ALD.S. 82.99 

APPLESOFT COMPILER 1 1 6.99 

BASIC COMPILER (APPLE, IBM) 259.99 

FLIGHT SIMULATOR (IBM) 34.99 

MOUSE WITH WORD SCall 

MULITPLAN (ALL FORMATS) 1 69.99 

PREMIUM PAK(APPLE) 499.99 

SOFTCARD (APPLE) 229.99 

TYPING TUTOR II (APPLE) 1 6.99 





Novation 


^gggB 


[ APPLE CAT II 


295.99 I 


APPLE CAT 21 2 (UPGRADE KIT) 319.99 | 


AUTO CAT 21 2 


579.99 1 


D-CAT 


159.99 1 


EXPANSION MODULE 


34.99 I 


INFONE (EXECUTIVE) 


779.99 1 


J-CAT 


109.99 I 


SMART CAT 103 


169.99 1 


SMART CAT 103/2 12 


429.99 1 



QUADRAM® 



APIC (APPLE III PARALLEL) 
E-RAM (APPLE) 
512+ (64 K) 
IPICdBM PARALLEL) 
MICROFAZER 
QUADBOARD64K 
QUADCHROME MONITOR 
QUADCOLOR I 
QUADLINK 



129.99 
129.99 
269.99 
89.99 
SCall 
279.99 
529.99 
269.99 
622.99 





flgcippkz 




ALS CPM 3.0 


329.99 I 




ARCADE MACHINE 


39.99 I 




BANK ST. WRITER 


44.99 I 




BPI (GL, AP, AR, INV) ea. 


299.99 I 




CHOPLIFTER 


23.99 




COPY II PLUS 


22.99 I 




DEADLINE 


32.99 I 




FINGERPRINT 


44.99 1 




GRAPPLER + 


119.99 I 




HAYES MICROMODEM 


269.99 I 




HAYES 1 200 BAUD 


519.99 I 




MAGICALC 


139.99 I 




MAGIC WINDOW II 


169.99 1 




MTN AD/DA 


259.99 1 




MTN CLOCK 


189.99 I 




MTN CPS 


149.99 1 




MTN MUSIC SYSTEM 


289.99 I 




PAYMARL/CASE REV 7 


19.99 I 




PIE WRITER 


109.99 I 




STATE OF THE ART 


SCall I 




TG JOYSTICK 


46.99 1 




VISICORP 


SCall I 




WILDCARD 


109.99 1 




WIZARDRY 


35.99 1 




ZAXXON 


34.99 1 




ZORKI II III 


24.99 1 



KENSINGTON 
MICROWARE 




SYSTEM SAVER 

• Surge Suppression 

• Dual Outlet 

» U.L Listed $ k 

► Fits Apple 
Stand 



65 



I BROTHER/DTC RIBBONS 2.99 
DYSAN104/1DSS/DDOO) 44.99 
DYSAN104/2DDS/DD(10) 44.99 
FLIP FILE (STORES 75) 17.99 

LIBRARYCASE(STORESIO) 1.99 
MX 80 RIBBON 5.99 

MX 100 RIBBON 9.99 

PAPER(8'/!X11-1000SHTS) 16.99 
POWERSTRIPW/SURGE 24.99 
TP/ RIBBONS 5.99 

I VERBATIM SS/DD (10) 25.99 

1 VERBATIM SS/DD (100) 239.99 



Bgg^aas 



ALPHA PLOT 
APPLE MECHANIC 
BEAGLE BAG 
DOS BOSS 
DOUBLE TAKE 
FLEX TEXT 
FRAME-UP 
PRONTO DOS 
TIP DISK #1 
TYPEFACES 
UTILITY CITY 



24.99 
1 9.99 
19.99 
15.99 
24.99 
19.99 
19.99 
19.99 
14.99 
1 4.99 
19.99 



:.y 


fCjan- 


1 JOYSTICK 

JOYSTICK (AT) 

PADDLES 
| QUICK-VIS 


44.99 1 
14.99 
31.99 I 
14.99 | 




USi 


1 Pi 1 9" GREEN 
Pi 2 12" GREEN 
Pi 3 12" AMBER 

I Pi 4 9" AMBER 


99.99 1 
139.99 I 
149.99 I 
12099J 



| 


D 


tal 


1 


■Fontinen 


1 HOMEACCT(A,AT,TRS80) 


44.99 1 


HOME ACCT(OSB) 


59.99 1 


HOME ACCT (IBM) 


99.99 1 


FCM (APPLE) 


65.99 I 


FCM(IBM) 


84.99 


PROP. MANAGEMENT 


299.99 I 


CPA(GL, AP. AR, PAY) 


165.99 I 


TAX ADVANTAGE 


39.99 


ATARI SOFTWARE 1 983 


14.99 I 


APPLE SOFTWARE 1983 


14.99 


| APPLE GRAPHICS 


14 99 | 




CHARACTER ROMS 24.99 

ENHANCER II 99.99 

FUNCTION STRIP 56.99 

INVERSE VIDEO 19.99 

PSIO 169.99 

SOFTSWITCH 24.99 

ULTRATERM 299.99 

VIDEOTERM 199.99 

VIDEOTERM UTILITIES 24.99 

VIDEOTERMW/SS&INV 229.99 

VISICALC MEM EXPAND 59.99 

VISICALC PRE BOOT 32.99 







j^ 


5 ====== 


SB — '• 


APPLE PANIC 


23.99 1 


CDEX TUTORIALS 


59.99 1 


CONCURRENTCP/M86 


252.99 1 


COPY II PC 


25.99 1 


CPM 86 


44.99 I 


CROSSTALK 


149.99 I 


d BASE II 


449.99 1 


DEADLINE 


32.99 1 


EASY FILER 


289.99 1 


EASY WRITER II 


259.99 1 


HAYES SMARTCOM II 


89.99 1 


HAYES 1200B MODEM 


479.99 1 


INFOSTAR 


289.99 1 


LOTUS 1-2-3 


349.99 1 


MILLIONAIRE 


49.99 1 


MONTE CARLO 64K 


359.99 1 


PFS FILE 


99.99 1 


PFS REPORT 


89.99 1 


PLANTRONICS COLOR+ 


389.99 1 


O-BASE 


139.99 1 


TEMPLE OF APSHAI 


26.99 1 


TK SOLVER 


139.99 1 


VISIWORD 


299.99 1 


VOLKSWRITER 


149,99 I 


WORDSTAR 


289.99 I 


ZORKI, II, III 


24.99 1 



8SORCIM EDUCATIONAL 



SPELLGARD 
SUPERCALC 
SUPERCALCII 
SUPERWRITER 



1 29.99 
129.99 
179.99 
179.99 



:sf?7{^?? 



ACCELETATOR 529.99 

NEPTUNE (80 col + RAM) 199.99 

SATURN 128K (APPLE) 399.99 

I TITAN 64K (IBM) 549.99 



BUMBLE GAMES 29.99 

DLM SCall 

EDUWARE SCall 

FACEMAKER(A, IBM) 24.99 

GAMESHOW(MASTER) 29.99 

GERTRUDE'S PUZZLES 29.99 

| JUGGLES' RAINBOW 21.99 

KINDERCOMP(AJBM) 20.99 

MATH BLASTER (IBM) 34.99 

MICRO MOTHER GOOSE 29.99 

ROCKYS BOOTS 34.99 

SNOOPER TROOPS( A IBM) 29.99 

STORY MACHINE 24.99 

WORD ATTACK (IBM) 34.99 



SMITH CORONA 



Letter Quality Printer 

499" 



TRACTOR FEED 



PRINTERS 



BROTHER HR1 

EPSON (ALL MODELS) 

GEMINI 10X 

GEMINI 15 

OKIDATA82A 

OKIDATA 92 



D99.99 

SCall 
299.99 
429.99 
379.99 
529.99 




380 Z 

48K BUFFER; 32 CPS; 

GRAPHICS, DAISY WHEEL 
TRACTOR 



1099.99 



No Charge For Credit Cards 
Prices Subject To Change 
Software Sales Are Final 
Min. $4.00 Shipping Charge 
Purchase Orders Call First 



MON-FRI 8A 




COMPUTER 

DISCOUNT 

PRODUCTS 



Circle 92 on inquiry card. 



MAIL ORDERS & RETAIL STORE 

860 S. Winchester Blvd. 
San Jose, CA95128 

(408) 985-0400 



BYTE September 1983 609 



■^hCS 



IEEE-696 S-100 monochrome 



IEEE - 696 S~ 100 MONOCHROME / COLOR S005 



IEEE-696 S-100 



EIGHT COLOR 



- 3 x 612 x 612 Pixel 

- a Color RGB 

- Two board system 

MULTIBUS EIGHT COLOR 

- 3 x 1024 x 1024 Pixel 

- Eight color ROB 

- Single board ayitam 

IBM-PC 

MONOCHROME - l . 512 x 612 Pixal 

- 1 x 1024 x 1024 Pixel 
COLOR - 3 x 612 x 612 

- 3 x 1024 x 1024 Pixel 



(436 
SOUS 
S1286 
S1BB6 



re ftiy, R L?... 



Hardware zoom. Programmsbl 
Display Resolution. Windowing, Multi-Controller 
Capability. NEC UPO7220 Graphic Controller 

ULTRA-RES Trademark CSO Incorporated Star' 

MULTIBUS Trademark Intel Corporation 

C.S.D. Incorporated 

P.O. Box 263 Sudbury. Mataachuselts 017T6 
(S17) 443-2760 



Circle 60 on inquiry card. 





1200 


baud MODEMS 


BAUD 


SIGNALMAN. . . with cables, free hour on 


SOURCE' 




300 BAUD direct connect 


$ 69 


300 BAUD AUTO DIAL/ANS 


$119 


300/1200 AUTO DIAL/ANS 


$319 


'Hayes Compatible 




US ROBOTICS 'Hayes Compatible' 


300/1200 AUTO DIAL/ANS 




'Password' with cables, spkr 


$339 


'Auto 212' dlxe 


..$419 


matrix PRINTERS 


LETTER 
QUALITY 


GEMINI lOx 120 cps graphics 


$319 


PROWRITER 120 cps hi density 


$389 


JUKI daisy wheel 18 cps 


$589 


SILVER REED wide carriage 18 cps 


$689 


cp/m COMPUTERS 


IBM 


Eagle 11 SCALL Col 


jmbia P.C. 


Televideo C 


orona P.C. 




Eagle P.C. 


IMAGE COMFITERS 




P.O. Box 1164, Cardiff, CA 92007 


CALL TO ORDER: 




619 436-7669 mmm At>Bfc| 
619 436-8317 mmm W! 


VISA/MC 
ADD 3% 



T L 



Relocatable 

Threaded 

Language 



$15* 



R.TL is a new language which retains the 
speed and extensibility of Forth but adds many 
additional advantages as a result of its more 
structured dictionary. Names, code, and vari- 
ables are all stored in separate areas for easy 
generation of headerless, romable code. All 
code is relocatable. RTL supports local vari- 
ables, multitasking, redirected I/O, and even 
allows definitions to be changed retroactively. 
All source code is included, Versions are cur- 
rently available or under development for 
68000, 6809, 8080, 280, 8086, 8088, and 
6502. 

RTL Programming Aids 

10844 Deerwood S£ 
Lowell, Ml 4933 1 
(616)897-5672 



DATA SWITCH IN KIT FORM 




MODEL 1200 RS 232 Bidirectional Data Switch 

with 3-2' Extension Cafalei in Kit Form 
Model 1200 gives the terminal or micropro- 
cessor user a second interface for a Printer, Plot- 
ter, Modem. Operates at any speed, requires no 
external power, white providing 2 RS-232 inter- 
faces from the terminal or microprocessor. Built 
in data cables save money. The Kit consists of 
3-RS-232 Male connectors with all pins, 
switch, cable, pre-drilled Enclosure, all neces- 
sary hardware, and assembly instructions. 

To order: Specify #1 200 Kit $99.50 

Assembled & Tested: Specify #1 200 . 9 1 29.00 

CALL Terminal Data Corp. 
11878 Coakley Circle, Rockville, MD 1301) 8817666 



NOW MAKE SOLID 

CONNECTIONS.... 

Male or Female 



RS 232 GENDER REVERSERS 

$19.95 each 

American Made 

Order either 
two male or two 
female connectors with 
all 25 pins inter- 
connected. Both Gender Reversers 
just $34.95, plus $1 .75 shipping 
& handling, (IL res. add 5% sales 
tax); we accept MC or VISA. 
Ask for FREE illustrated catalog of 
problem solving equipment. 
Phone: 815-539-5827. 
Make checks payable to: 




1 

B'B electronics 



electronics 



P.O. Box 475 B • Mendola, IL 61342 



Circle 45 on Inquiry card. 



FAST 
Factory 
Floppy Disc 
Drive 



ir 

Specialists in the repair of: 

Shugart 
Tandon 
PerSci 

:i, Inc. 

12624 Daphne Avenue 
Hawthorne. CA 90250 
(213) 777-7536 
TWX 910-321-4448 




Circle 219 on inquiry card. 



Circle 443 on inquiry card. 



Circle 354 on inquiry card. 



WANTED 



Experienced hacker to work in development 
lab with every facility you can think of, 
located in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida. 

The person we are looking for must: 

Be familiar with CP/M at the BIOS 
Customization level. 

Have some experience in microcommunica- 
tions (programs like XMODEM and the like). 

Be good at: - 8080 assembler 

- Microsoft BASIC 

- PASCAL 

Hardware experience is desirable. 

Equal Opportunity Employer M/F Handicapped 

Please forward resumes to: 

Personnel Head, CLI, 

P.O. Box 821 

Pompano Beach, FL 33060 




Scotch' 



DISKETTES 



CaU Toll-Free 
1-800-328- DISC for prices and infor- 
mation. Dealer inquiries invited. 
C.O.D. and charge cards accepted. 
All orders shipped from stock, within 24 
hours. Call toll FREE 




North Hills Corporation 

3564 Rolling View Dr. 

White Bear Lake, MN 55110 

1-800-328-DISC 

MNCall Collect 1-612-770-0485 



SUPER-FAST! 

Relocating Macro 

ASSEMBLER 
$169.95 

Directly generates COM, HEX. orREL files. 
Flexible REL format allows external oytes and 
words with complete math operations on ihem 
(Microsoft format optional). Features Zilog 
mnemonics with nested macros, conditionals 
and include files. Unique one-pass design 
generates compact intermediate code which is 
then processed to resolve forward references, 
yielding tremendous time savings Complete 
listing, symbol table and cross-reference output 
may be sent to any device. The perfect tool for 
assembly language programming. Linker in- 
cluded. Manual only — S30 Fot Z80 CP/M and 
TRS-80. 



-S-/_K_ 



Systems- 



1622 NORTH MAIN ST. • BUTLER. PA 16001 • (412) 2 



g S3 U S Dlhorl S7 PA ' SS CbeC* WO VISA M C C O D 
irndlr, .iviiil,-i!)li> Otrnlei iiurl OEM. nqi s invited 

3 m ins-ao TMs oi Zilog. Digital Research randy Corp 



Circle 71 on Inquiry card. 



Circle 324 on Inquiry card. 



Circle 403 on inquiry card. 



Apple Country Ltd. has your Number for 

ROCK BOTTOM PRICES 



1S&.J 



1-800-222-2602 



MONITORS 

AMDEK COLOR I PLUS 299.95 

AMDEK COLOR II 439.95 

AMDEK COLOR II PLUS 449.95 

AMDEK COLOR III 369.95 

AMDEK COLOR IV 749.95 

AMDEK VIDEO 300 (GREEN) 134.95 

AMDEK VIDEO 300 (AMBER) 149.95 

AMDEK VIDEO 310 (AMBER) 164.95 

BMC 12AU 12" GREEN 89.95 

BMC 12EUN 12" GREEN 139.95 

BMC AU9191U 13" COLOR 299.95 

BMC 1401 13" RGB COLOR 349.95 

BMC AU9191MU 13" RGB IBM 629.95 

COMMODORE COLOR MONITOR 269.95 

COMREX 13" COLOR W/SOUND 294.95 

COMREX 12" HI-RES AMBER 149.95 

COMREX 12" HI-RES GREEN 139.95 

COMREX 12" HI-RES YELLOW 144.95 

ELECTROHOME 9" GREEN 129.95 

ELECTROHOME 12" GREEN 149.95 

ELECTROHOME 13" RGB IBM 379.95 

ELECTROHOME 13"RGB COLOR 369.95 

GORILLA 12" GREEN 89.95 

NEC 12" GREEN SCREEN 154.95 

NEC 12" ECONO GREEN 109.95 

NEC 12" LO-RES COLOR 299.95 

NEC 12" AMBER SCREEN 164.95 

NEC 12" COLOR - IBM 539.95 

PRINCETON GRAPHICS HX-12 499.95 

SAKATA 13" COLOR 264.95 

SAKATA 13" RGB COLOR 519.95 

SAKATA SUPER RGB MONITOR 719.95 

SAKATA 13" GREEN 104.95 

TAXAN 12" GREEN 114.95 

TAXAN 12" AMBER 119.95 

TAXAN RGB VISION I 294.95 

TAXAN RGB VISION III 494.95 

ZENITH 12" GREEN 99.95 

ZENITH RGB COLOR MONITOR 579.95 

USI 9" AMBER MONITOR 129.95 

USI 9" GREEN MONITOR 119.95 

USI 12" GREEN MONITOR 139.95 

USI 14" LO-RES COLOR 289.95 



MODEMS 

ANCHOR MARK I (RS-232) 79.95 

ANCHOR MARK II (ATARI) 79.95 
ANCHOR MARK III (TI99/4A) 99.95 

ANCHOR MARK V (OSBORNE) 94.95 

ANCHOR MARK VI (IBM PC) 199.95 

SNCHOR MARK VII (RS-232) 109.95 

NOVATION J-CAT 104.95 

NOVATION 212 AUTO CAT 579.95 

SMARTCAT 212 (1200 BAUD) 429.95 

SMARTMODEM 300 BAUD 194.95 

SMARTMODEM 1200 BAUD 499.95 

SMARTMODEM 1200B - IBM 449.95 



PRINTERS 



DIGITAL PLOTTER 1074.95 



1319.95 

1549.95 

1429.95 

2199.95 

144.95 

1799.95 

729.95 

1129.95 

1784.95 

LOW! I 

LOW! I 

LOW! I 

LOW! 

LOW! 

LOW! 

189.95 

479.95 

1299.95 

1499.95 

549.95 

779.95 

1289.95 



ANADEX DP-9501A 
ANADEX DP-9925A 
ANADEX DP-9629A 
ANADEX WP-6000 
ANADEX WP-6000 TRACTOR 
CENTRONICS 352DP 
COMREX CR-1 DAISY WHEEL 
DAISEYWRITER 2000 
DIABLO 630R155 
EPSON FX-80 W/TRACTOR 
EPSON RX-80 
EPSON FX-100 F/T 
GEMINI 10X 
GEMINI 15 
GEMINI STX-80 
GORILLA BANANA PRINTER 
IDS MICROPRISM 
IDS PRISM 132 
IDS PRISM 132C - COLOR 
JUKI 6100 PRINTER (P) 
MANNESMANN TALLY MT160L 
MANNESMANN TALLY MT1602 
MANNESMANN TALLY MT1802 1499.95 
NEC 3550 SPINWRITER-IBM 1754.95 
NEC 8023 PRINTER 459.95 

NEC 8025 120 CPS 136 COL 719.95 
OKIDATA MICROLINE 80 
OKIDATA PACEMARK 2350P 
OKIDATA PACEMARK 2350S 
OKIDATA PACEMARK 24 10P 
OKIDATA PACEMARK 24 10S 
OKIDATA TRACTOR 80,82,92 
OKIDATA 82A W/GRAPHICS 449.95 
OKIDATA 83A W/GRAPHICS 699.95 
OKIDATA 84P 1049.95 

OKIDATA 84S 1129.95 

OKIDATA 92 494.95 

OKIDATA 93P 929.95 

OKIDATA 93S 994.95 

OLYMPIA TYPEWRITER/PRINT 819.95 
PANASONIC KX-P1090 419.95 
PRINTMASTER (DAISY) 1549.95 
PROWRITER I PRINTER 344.95 
PROWRITER II PRINTER 619.95 
C ITOH COLOR PRINT/PLOT 499.95 
C ITOH 8600BP 979.95 

QUME SPRINT 11/40+ 1399.95 
SILVER-REED DAISY WHEEL 799.95 
SMITH CORONA TP- 1 499.95 
STARWRITER DAISY WHEEL 1099.95 
TOSHIBA P-1350 1649.95 

TRANSTAR 315 COLOR 449.95 
TRANSTAR 130 18CPS 729.95 
TRANSTAR 140 40CPS 1229.95 
EPSON SERIAL (RS-232) 134.95 
GRAFITTI CARD 84.95 

GRAPPLER + 119.95 

MICROBUFFER U 16K 194.95 
PKASO INTERFACE 129.95 

WIZARD BPO 16K 129.95 

WIZARD SOB 16K 179.95 

OTHER PRINTERS AVAILABLE 



COMPUTERS 

COMMODORE 64 

COMMODORE 154 1 DRIVE 

ATARI 600XL 

ATARI 800XL 

ATARI 800 399.95-$100=$299.95 

ATARI 1200 514.95-$100=$414.95 

IBM PC & XT LOW! I 

COLUMBIA VP PORTABLE 2349.95 

COLUMBIA COMPLETE SYS. 2649.95 

IBM-PC COMPATIBLE SYSTEM 
128K, 2-DS/DD DRIVES, KEYBOARD 
AND COMPLETE SOFTWARE PACKAGE 

CORVUS CONCEPT MC68000 $4999 

256K, 8" FLOPPY DRIVE 

COMPLETE SOFTWARE PACKAGE 

BI-DIRECTIONAL 8-1/2X11 SCREEN 

CORVUS CONCEPT 512K $5895 

CORONA DESKTOP PC LOWI ! 

IBM-PC COMPATIBLE SYSTEM 

128K 2-DS/DD DRIVES, KEYBOARD 

COMPLETE SOFTWARE PACKAGE 

CORONA PORTABLE PC LOW! ! 

EAGLE PC 128K SYSTEM 2249.95 

KAYPRO II 1399.95 

NEC APC-H01 $2495 

NEC APC-H02 $2995 

NEC APC-H03 $3749 

NEC APC-WPS1 $4995 

NEC APC-WPS2 $5695 

PIED PIPER I 1074.95 

Z-80 PORTABLE COMPUTER 

INCLUDES 64K RAM & 1MB DRIVE 

SOFTWARE INCLUDES: 

CP/M & PERFECT SERIES 

TELEVIDEO 16-BIT DESKTOP 

128K 8088 5MBZ DUAL 360K DRIVES 

INCLUDES CP/M $3499.95 

TELEVIDEO 910 TERMINAL 594.95 

TELEVIDEO 925 TERMINAL 789.95 

TELEVIDEO 950 TERMINAL 989.95 

TELEVIDEO 970 TERMINAL 1199.95 

XEROX 820-11 $2899 

ZENITH Z-120 ALL-IN-ONE 

BUILT-IN GREEN SCREEN 

DUAL DRIVES SPECIAL $2999.95 

APPLE //e NOW AVAILABLE 
PLEASE CALL FOR OUR LOW PRICE 

FRANKLIN ACE 1000 W/COLOR LOWI 1 

DISKETTES 

ELEPHANT DISKETTES SS/SD 16.95 
ELEPHANT DISKETTES SS/DD 19.95 
ELEPHANT DISKETTES DS/DD 25.95 



EASY-80 80 COL VIDEO CARD 

FULLY VIDEX COMPATIBLE 

WORKS WITH WORDSTAR, dBASE, 

SUPER-TEXT-PRO, BASIC, CP/M, 

PASCAL. SPECIAL 

4TH DIMENSION DRIVE+CTRL 289.95 

4TH DIMENSION DRIVE-ONLY 199.95 

HAYES MICROMODEM II 259.95 

KENSINGTON SYSTEM SAVER 64.95 

RANA ELITE I W/CTRL-CARD 359.95 

RANA ELITE II W/CTRL 509.95 

RANA ELITE III W/CTRL 649.95 

SOFTCARD (Z-80 CARD) 234.95 

MICRO-SCI A2 W/CTRL-CARD 319.95 

ASCII EXPRESS PRO 89.95 

BPI GENERAL ACCOUNTING 294.95 

DATASTAR ( REQ Z-80) 194.95 

dBASE II (REQ. Z-80) 449.95 

INFOSTAR (REQ Z-80) 319.95 

REPORTSTAR (REQ Z-80) 239.95 

SENSIBLE SPELLER 84.95 

SPELLSTAR (REQ Z-80) 164.95 

SUPERCALC (REQ Z-80) 189.95 

SUPER-TEXT PRO 40/80 69.95 

VISICALC 3.3 174.95 

WORDSTAR W/APPLICARD 324.95 



LOTUS 1-2-3 LOW!! 

dBASE II 429.95 

FRIDAY 199.95 

HOME ACCOUNTANT PLUS 99.95 
QUADLINK APPLE EMULATOR 489.95 

SMARTCOM II 89.95 

MICROSOFT MOUSE 134.95 

PEACHTEXT 5000 SER.9 259.95 

PERFECT WRITER 189.95 

VISICALC 256K 179.95 

CBASIC COMPILER 399.95 
MULTI-TOOL WORD W/MOUSE 339.95 

VERSAFOkM 259.95 

Q-BASE 139.95 

WORDSTAR 3.24 343.95 

INFOSTAR 349.95 

COMMODORE 64 

CALC RESULT ADVANCED 119.95 

CARDCO PARALLEL INTERFACE 64.95 

CHOPLIF'IER 

DATA20 ZHO VIUEuPAK 

DATASETTE RECORDER 

FORT APOCALYSE 

FROGGER 27.9 

HES MODEM 1 b4.9 

HOME ACCOUNTAN I • 59 . 9 

JAWBREAKER 21 .j 

JUMP MAN 2 7.9 

GR1DRUNNER 27.9 

PHAROH'S CURSE 24. J' 

HESMON 

SCRIPT 64 

VANILLA PILOT 

VIC/64 SWITCH 



We will try to meet or beat any advertised price! 
CALL US. . . WE CAN HELP! 1-800-222-2602 

For technical assistance, order status and California calls (619) 765-0239 

Apple Country, Ltd., P.O. Box 1099. 2602 Washington St., Julian, Calif. 92036 ^, 

Terms: We accept American Express. No extra charge for Visa /MasterCard, Cashier's Check, ,^^/C*". 

personal check (allow 2 weeks to clear) Shipping & Handling: 5% (5 5 min.); APO FPO Alaska if •'/*'•'• 

Hawaii & Monitors 5% (S10 min.) Foreign orders 15% ($15 min.) All items are new with -M , %*S»l 

manufacturer's warranty. Prices are subject to availability & change without notice. Purchase order L N /*"V-' 
must include check. California residents add 6% sales tax. Send $1 (good toward first purchase) for ^- — * 
new fall catalog. 

Apple Country, Ltd. is a DISCOUNT MAIL ORDER HOUSE for the micro computer industry ' 
and is a California corporation not affiliated with Apple Computer Inc. Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc. 



Circle 31 on Inquiry card. 



+EQUQSQ 



PC-LINK 

DEC VT1 00® TERMINAL 

EMULATOR 

• A full featured DEC VT1 00 s terminal 
emulator on IBM PC/XT. 

• Transfer text files between host and IBM 
PC/XT. 

• Very easy to use. Complete user 
documentation. 

• To use PC-LINK program, the PC needs to 
have at least one disk drive, IBM DOS 
IBM monochrome or color display, a 
RS232 port, telephone modem or direct 
connect. 

• Support baud rate up to 1 200 baud. 

• $60.00 +$5.00 for shipping & handling. 

SCREENWARE CORPORATION 

P.O. BOX 3662 

NASHUA, NH 03061-3662 



■ 



VISA 



Tel. 603-888-4074 



I r 

The Statistician I (^ 

1 V- The At 



CPM IBM-PC 
TRS-DOS XENIX 



Multiple Regression 

Stepwise 

Ridge 

All Subsets 

Backward Elimination 
Time Series Analysis 
Descriptive Statistics 
Transformations 



" Survey Research 
" Nonparametrics 

• X-Y Plots 

• ANOVA 

" Random Samples 
' Data Base 
' Search & sort 
" Hypothesis tests 



Please call TOLL FREE 
1-800-334-0854 (Ext. 814) 



Q 



for more information 

or write: 

Quant Systems 

Box 628 

Charleston, SC 29402 

VISA-M/C Accepted 



APPLEWARE, RMC 




The Apple Users Group 
Software Librar-y Bonanza 
At truly affordable prices! 

for the first time enioy your 
Apple to its fullest capacity, 
using specially packed disks 
with over BO outstanding 

firograms each. 
not available from any other source] 
Each packed disk includes an extensive variety of 
interesting, useful and entertaining programs 
indispensable to all computerises 1 Each mixed category 
packed disk includes: 

BUSINESS > EDUCATIONAL ■ DATA BASE • GAMES 
UTILITIES • SCIENCE • MUSIC • GRAPHICS • FINANCE 

Library Disks I. II and III are mixed categories Dedicated 
disks are. 

• GAMES ■ UTILITIES ■ GRAPHICS • INTEGER • 
SCIENCE fi TECHNOLOGY. Each packed disk is 
available for only S59.9S each. 

WHY PAY MORE? 

Grder direct from this ad and Save up to S150. Buy 
Library Disks I, II and III and get a special bonus disk 
FREE over 260 programs lor SI 79 95 + S3 

shipping For the best value, receive all 9 disks featuring 
over GOO of our best programs for only G5C each 
lor a package price of only $389 Postage Paid' 
NEW Bos-rass • Professorial • E-ecutivD Package (enaWnwi 
yau to bring yuur business to its hiyhesi Iftvel of etT&encv] BKSO 
available circlp Readers Service Card lor our complete CBtfltog 

For Orders Only Call now .^■^■•fc. ■■■■I 

TOLL FREE: 1-800-327 8661 i ffWWV - vtSA 

Florida: 1 305 987 8G65 -^^W ^HH 

;ompat,ible with II. II * , lie, III Emul , tind Frankhn Ace |For 3 3 DOS) 



Circle 504 on inquiry card. 



Circle 375 on inquiry card. 



Circle 32 on inquiry card. 



of looking for reliable 
Source of Supply? 

wmmww 

from Looking??? 

about 
QUALITY?? 

DISKETTES + 
RIBBONS + 
ACCESSORIES 

Call Bob Kelly Now. . . 
Kelly Computer Supplies 

1811 Carl St. »St. Paul, MN 55113 

Toll Free ... 800 - 447 - 2929 

MN Res. Call Collect. . .612/644-9030 

MEMOREX - DISKETTES 





KEEP DIRT OFF 

With Custom Fit Covers 

Not baggy generic covers. U.S. product, 
highest quality. Choice ot colors, with 

company logo, plain, or decorator styles. 
Sewn for all personal, business com- 
puters & equip. Prices start at $13.95 

JJ^B Write or call 

J—MFF^ 1 f° r brochu re today! 

Miami Valley M_J I C /"" 
Technical *W # fc **tu 
Services Corp 

P.O. Box 24449 Dept. ■ Dayton, Ohio 45424 
(513)236-9923 



PROMPT DELIVERY! and 

TRY TO BEAT THESE IC PRICES: 





DYNAMIC RAM 




64K 


200 ns 


$5.25 


64K 


150 ns 


5.45 


64K 


120 ns 


6.00 


16K 


200 ns 
EPROM 


1.49 


2764 


250 ns 


$6.35 


2732 


450 ns 


3.89 


2716 


450 ns 


3.19 


2532 


450 ns 
STATIC RAM 


4.60 


6264 P- 15 


150 ns 


$38.00 


6116P-3 


150 ns 


5.00 


2114 


200 ns 
Z80A FAMILY 


1.55 


CPU. CTC 


. or PIO 


$3.39 


DART 




7.99 


DMA or SIO'O 


12.50 



MasierCafd VISA or UPS CASH COD 
Factory New, Prime Parts 

MICROPROCESSORS UNLIMITED 

24,000 Soulh Peoria Ave 
BEGGS. OK 74421 

(918)267-4961 

I Pncai subject in change Can lor volume pncos Subject lo ava.iaOte quanliiies Shjpp.ni) & 
BBitia Cash duOKinl prices shown PleaseeipecthflherpricosonSO'noruinsilui.lo 
In shortages 



Circle 352 on Inquiry card. 



Circle 139 on inquiry card. 



Circle 301 on inquiry card. 



ompuPro 



SYSTEMS 



All systems configured, assembled and tested. 
Full service dealer. 

SYSTEM 81 6/A $4260. 

128K, Retail $5495 

SYSTEM 81 6/B $51 50. 

256K, Retail $6995 

SYSTEM 81 6/C $6660. 

384K, MP/M 8-16, Retail $8995 

MORROW MICRO DECISION" 

MD1 $843. MD2S1148. MD3S1670 
(terminal $500 additional) 

Call for deep discounts on boards/drives. 
Located in Northern Virginia 

ONETCO 



OFFICE NETWORKS COfiPOfWON 

(703)690-3312 

Authorized CompuPro and Morrow Dealer. 



THE BURNER I/O 

S100/IEEE696 

Has a complete EPROM programmer. Iwo serial ports, 
one parallel I/O port with handshaking and memory 
management. 

Programmer features: • Programs 2704. 2708. 2508, 
2758, 2716,2516, TMS2716. 2732, 2732A, 2764 • CP/M 
compatible software supplied In EPROM that can be 
easily written on a diskette EPROM selection is done 
with software Does not use programming modules 
• Programmer is totally I/O mapped • Programming 
socket is zero insertion force type • Programming 
voltages generated on board 

I/O Features: • 2 fully independent RS-232 serial 
ports ■ Baud rate Generators are independently 
programmablefrom50to19200baud • Independents 
bitoutput.inputandstatusflags ■ 4directsenselmes 
Memory management features: • Controls address 
lines A16-A23 • Is disabled with standard ADSB' 
signal 

Opllons: • Complete board with programmer, I/O and 
memory management $354 95 • Programmer only. 
$21995 • l/Oonly,{2S » P) $21995 • Prog and I/O. 
$329.95 • Memory management only $109 95. 
Memory management may be added to programmer 
or I/O for $25 00 All combinations are assembled and 
tested. Delivery Stock Shipping: UPS surface $3.00. 
UPSairS5.00 

EXTENDED PROCESSING 

3861 Woodcreek Lane, San Jose. Ca. 951 17 

(408)249-3248 




Circle 333 on inquiry card. 



Circle 180 on inquiry card. 



HAVE YOU TRIED THE 

DYSAN® 

QUALITY 
DIFFERENCE? 



DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED 

5 /4 PRICE/10 

104/1 1 SIDE/SCL DENS $35.00 

104/1D 1 SIDE/DBL DENS $37.00 

104/2D 2 SIDES/DBL DENS $43.90 

204/1D 1 SIDE/QUAD 96 TP1 $43.90 

204/2D 2 SIDES/QUAD 96 TPI $51.30 

8" 

3740/1 1 SIDE/SCL DENS $36.50 

3740/1D 1 SIDE/DBL DENS $45.20 

3740/2D 2 SIDES/DBL DENS $52.70 

Checks-VISA-MC-C.O.D./Add S2 Shipping 
call or write for our discount catalog. 

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS 

27204 Harper Ave., St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081 
Phone: (313) 777-7780 



THE DYSAN DISKETTE STANDARD 
AT AN AFFORDABLE PRICE 



Circle 266 on Inquiry card. 



Our Prices Will Get Your Attention, 

Our Service Will Keep It. 
Our Customers Agree. 



a word from 
a customer ... 



m ,u-<l ™ ,npm tilt' » 



, have .i 
or ttere" 



roncnrti , 
, re celve« « T "" St 

1 .^* SX 



„„J to BM r< „.civrrt 

, |HSt » : " ,t ,,,„ 1 haV rr 

,c»i «"* • hCT , ... ti~ - - me 




.«hw i" ** yB 



.1 « wrt '" . hart the prl»t«* „ rPC iatlve of *• 

. „. as «U " S «««■■" a»' reC ,,„ „„« I" 

, had ordered !•*• ron tin"° to 

a«erthad lved ann «U 

, ice that 1 »»«• r "- 



the tut»re. 



aincerels 



::,:- 



II 



■ .•■:'■ 



GUARANTEE 

. PROVEN PRODUCTS • SYSTEM DESIGN HELP 
. BENCH TESTING AND CONFIGURING 
. TECHNICAL SUPPORT STAFF • SERVICE AFER SALE: 
800-854-7635 TECHNICAL SERVICE SUPPORT 
We will pay the freight — both ways — for repair 
on verified returns within 30 days of sale. 

TERMS AND CONDITIONS 

Prices change daily. Call for current pricing & availability. Prices 
based on prepaid cash orders. We accept: cashiers checks, money 
orders, bank wires, or personal checks (10 days to clear). C.O.D. — 
standard charges plus 2% handling for orders outside California. 
MasterCard & VISA — 5% handling. California residents add state & 
local sales tax. 



Ill* 






CALL US TOLL-FREE: 



800-854-7635 



IN CALIFORNIA CALL: 



(619) 562-7571 



NEW ITEM! Checks and 
I Forms For Your Software. 
Ask for Lori: 1 -800-42 1 - 1 746 

\ 

We cany: north star • zenith • 

MORROW • EAGLE • COLUMBIA • 
TELEVTDEO • C-ITOH • TOSHIBA • 
DIABLO • SILVER REED • NEC 3500 & 
7700 SERIES • STAR MICRONICS • 
MANNESMANN TALLY* AND MORE... 



SOFTWARE 



$H£ 



FOR FOLLOWING SYSTEMS: 

Altos CP/M5V • Apple DOS8c CP/M • Atari • CP/M- 
86 Display Writer • Cromemco CP/M 5%" • DEC VT- 
180 CP/M 5%" • Eagle CP/M 5V ■ Heath Z-90 CP/M 
SVt" ■ IBM PC CP/M 86 • IBM PC DOS • NEC CP/M 
5V ■ Northstar Advantage & Horizon CP/M 5V • 
Osborne CP/M 5'/i" • Otrona CP/M 514" • Software 
for 8086 Computers • Standard CP/M 8" • TRS-80 
Cassette Models I & III • TRS-80 Diskette Models l& III 
• TRS-80 Model II CP/M ■ Televideo CP/M 5V ■ 
Vic 20 • Xerox 820 CP/M 5%" • Call for Cunent Pricing 




PRODUCTS AND PRICING EXAMPLES: 
TELEVIDEO SYSTEMS: TS-802 Single User Com- 
puter $2632 • TS-806 Multiuser System $5050 ■ 910 
Plus Terminal $573 • 950 Terminal $921 • ZENITH. 
ZTX-1 Auto Dial Personal Terminal $341 • 2-29 Term- 
inal $683 ■ OKIDATA OK-82A with Tractor Feed 
$486 • Okigraph I for 82A& 83A $45 • 2K Buffer/Ser- 
ial BD $119 • OK Microline 83A $713 • MANNES- 
MAN TALLY: MT1600's Serial & Parallel $1441 • 
NOVATION: J-CAT Modem $110 • ORANGE 
MICRO: Grappler $1 25 • Plus Much More . .. ! 

These prices prepared 7/83 
Prices change daily — 



call tor current pricing [ |4BMj!Jh ] 
and shipping charges I ^WW F, 



AUTOMATED EQUIPMENT, INC. 

8775 Olive Lane, Suites l& J • Santee.CA 92071 



BYTE September 1983 613 



Printer Cables 



Parallel — 



& 



.00* 



S3* 



.00* 



ALTOS 

ATTACHE 

ATARI 

CENTRONICS 

COLUMBIA 

EAGLE 

IBM-PC 

KAY PRO 

OSBORNE 

SANYO 

TI-99 



93s 



Oo* 



$35 



Oo* 



— SERIAL — 

ATTACHE COM. 

RS232 (DB25P) 

(9 conductor 1-8, 20) 



WORSWICK INDUSTRIES 

4030 Wabaska Dr. 

San Diego, CA 92107 

619-222-3366 



NEW ELIZA FORMATS! 



Crealed al MIT in 1966. ELIZA has become Ihe world's most celebrated 
artificial intelligence demonstration program ELIZA is a non-directive 
psychotherapist who analyzes each slalement as you type it in and Ihen 
responds with her own comment or question-and her remarks are 
often amazingly appropriate 1 

Designed lo run on a laroo mainframe. ELIZA has never before been 
available to personal computer users except in greatly stripped down 
versions lacking Ihe sophistication which made Ihe original program so 
fascinating 

Now, our new microcompuler version possessing the FULL power and 
range ol expression of the original is being ottered al the introductory 
price ol only S25. And il you want to find out how she does it (or leach 
her to do morel, we will include the complete SOURCE PROGRAM for 
only $20 additional 

Order your copy ol ELIZA today and you If never again wonder how to 
respond when you hear someone say. Okay, lets see what this com- 
puter ol yours can actually do'' 

ELIZA IS AVAILABLE IN THE FOLLOWING FORMATS: 

f '_>'. inch disk lor the 48K Apple II. II Plus, lie or III 
125 lor Protected Version— $45 lor Applesoll Source Version 



Please add $2 00 shipping and handling lo all orders 
(California residents please add 6% sales tax) 

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH GROUP 

^^^^^ 921 Norlh La Jolla Avenue, Dept E 
■■■■■■■ Los Angeles. CA 90046 

Ijttd 1213)656-7368 12131 654-2214 

!■■■■■■■ MC, VISA and checks accepted 



t^ffl^^ 



CHIPS 



'&DALE U 



THE INFLATION FIGHTERS! 

4116 250ns8/«9.5O 100+ 1.05 ea. 

4116 200ns 8/$ 10.00 100+ 11.05 ea. 

4116 1 50ns 8/5 1 1 .50 1 00 ■■ II .25 ea. 

4116 120ns 8/614.50 100+ S1.50ca. 

4116 120ns 67815.50 100+ S 1 .50 ea. 

21 14L 300ns 8/S10.50 

21 14L 200ns 8/S 12.00 
■4164 200ns $4.65 ea. 
•4164 150ns $5.10 en. 
•6116 150ns 84.00 ea. 
•61 16 200ns S3. 85 en. 
•61 16LP 150ns S4.75 ea. 
'1791 Disk Controller 820.00 

1777 Disk Controller SI 7.50 

280A, Z80ACTC, Z80A PIO 83.00 ea. 

8255 84.25 

2716-1 5V 350ns 6/S4.25 ea.S5.00 ea. 

2716 5V 450ns 83.00 ea. 
•2732 5V 450ns S3.85 ea. 
•2532 5V 450ns 84.25 ea. 
•2764 5V 300ns 28 pin $9.00 ea. 
•2764 5V 24 pin CALL 
•2564 5V CALL 

••8087 CALL 

68000 CALL 

Allow up to 3 wks. for personal checks to clear. Please include 
phone number. Prices subject to change without notice. Shipping £j 
Handling for Chips $3.50. FOB Bellevue. WA. lor all else. Wash, 
residents add 6.5% Sales Tax. 

CHIPS & DALE 1-206-451-9770 

10655 N.E. 4th St., Suite 400 
Bellevue, WA 98004 



Circle 491 on inquiry card. 



Circle 37 on inquiry card. 



Circle 68 on inquiry card. 



CY232 Network Controller 

AND PARALLEL-SERIAL INTERFACE 
will connect any RS232CRT or computer 
to any 8-bit parallel TTL I/O port 
and works with one pun or 
up to 255 parallel pons 
in srveral network 
configurations. 




t" ANNIVERSARY 

CHRISTMAS SPECIAL 

■k DRAWING FOR A FREE • 



opple IL 



GARDEN OF EDEN 

COMPUTERS 

13147 Cedar 8tro9t 

Westminster, CA 92683 

MAIL ORDERS ONLY 

714-894-9528 

24 Hours*? Days 

Hayes Smartmodem 

1^1200 BD RS 233 $479.0C^ 




FOR DETAILS & OUR FREE PRICE LIST 
CALL, WRITE OR USE R/S# 



$$ Printers $$ 


SSWEWILLNOTBEUNDERSO 

Special Sale 
Communications Par 

Hayes Smartmodem 300/1 200 

Hayes Micromodem II 

Apple Cat II 


-DS$ 

t 

$499 
279 
282 
129 
89 
139 

289 
436 
575 
75 
239 
269 


J Cat 






DISK DRIVES 




Rana Elite III 




Slim Teac 5V*" (1 yr. warr.) 


THE COMPUTER STORE 

Dept. 345 

3941 -B South Bristol St. 

Santa Ana, CA 92704 

714-261-1383 

ORDERS ONLY: 1800) 824-222 7 



Circle 122 on inquiry card. 



Circle 189 on inquiry card. 



Circle 102 on inquiry card. 



ScreenWiz 

FULL SCREEN CONTROL 



An assembler subprogram you call from your 
programs to handle screen input/output as 
IBM mainframes do. 
Define full screen format specifications 
outside your program, and call ScreenWiz to 
retrieve the formats, and do all the I/O for you. 

• One command input/displays a full screen 

• Use all of your CRT video attributes 

• Define up to 24 function keys 

• Define templates for display and input. 

• Validate input while keying. Insert and 
delete characters to correct fields 

• Tab fields forward and backward 

• Draw figures using vertical field displays 

• Save memory as only one format needs to 
be in memory at one time. Make the 
constants to display virtual, and they don't 
use any memory at all. 

• Build help screens. Call them with one 
function key then return to where you were. 

Available now for moat popular — 

BASIC \ IBMPCandCP/M $99 

COBOL I Apple II CP/M $75 

FORTRAN I Shipping $ 4 

PASCAL J Source code included 
Dealer Inquiries welcome 

inTERDHTfi SYSTEMS INC 

42 Ellindale, Toronto, Ont. Canada M2J 1B5 visa M/C 
(416) 493-8675 (call collect to order) Am. Express 



BASF 

DISKETTES 



01 



BASF Diskettes at compe- 
titive price. Call TOLL FREE 
(800) 235-4137 for prices and 
information. Visa and Master 
Card accepted. 



PACIFIC 
EXCHANGES 

KH) Foothill Blvd 
San L uis Obispo. CA 
93401 dnCal ca 
(HOnl r i4;i-l():i7l 




EPSON® 

RIBBON 
CARTRIDGES 

MX 70/80 

$5.25.. 

$60. 00 /doi 




MX 100 

*9.95„ 

$108.<>0/ K» 



Circle 232 on inquiry card. 



Circle 341 on inquiry card. 



EPSON 

MX100-ZIP 
PACK-IRELOADi 

$6.50 EA 

$72. 00 /do Z . 

plus other major brand names 
available 
DWICHT COMPANY, INC. 

15565 Northland Drive 
Suite 804 west 
Southfield, Ml 48075 
(313)569-3218 



Circle 158 on inquiry card. 



Prices the Competition Can't Touch 

wn specials mn Personal Computer Monitors 



Advanced Operating Systems 

The Programmer 5129 

Applied Software 

Versaform $249 

AshtonTate 

dBase II (CP/M86) $419 

dBase II (MS DOS) $419 

Continental Software 

The Home Accountant Plus J 95 

1st Class Mall $ 79 

Computer Sotware 
Technology 

Word/PC $ 49 

Davidson & Associates 

Speed Reader $ 49 

Datamost 

Heal Estate Investment Program $ 79 

Write-On $ 85 

Comprehensive Software 

PCTutor $ S5 

Eagle Software 

Money Decisions $129 

Howard Software 

Real Estate Analyzer II $159 

Tax Preparer 1983 $159 

Innovative Software 

T.I. M. Ill $299 

IUS 

Easy Filer $239 

Easy Writer II $209 

Easy Planner $159 

Accounts Receivable $369 

Accounts Payable $369 

General Ledger $369 

Financial Management Series $899 

Micro Lab 

The Tax Manager $159 

Micro Pro 

Wordstar $299 

Mailmerge $159 

Spellstar $109 

Inlostar $299 

Reportstar $209 

North American 
Business Systems 

Answer $159 

PBL Corporation 

Personal Investor $ 89 

Peachtree 

General Ledger !$329 

Accounts Receivable $329 

Accounts Payable $329 

Peach Pak (GUAR/AP) $389 

Software Publishing 

PFS Report $ 89 

PFSFIIe $ 89 

Digital Research 

Concurrent CP/M 86 $209 

C Basic 86 $125 

Pasca/MT + 86 $239 

Speed Programming Package 86 . . . .$125 
CISCobol86 $489 

Peter Norton Computing 

Norton Utilities $ 55 

Select 

Select Word Processing System $299 

Softword Systems 

Multlmate $289 

Sorclm/ISA 

Supercalc $179 

Superwriter $239 

Spellguard $125 

Southeastern 

Data Capture $ 75 

Vlslcorp 

Visicalc(256K) $165 

Desktop Plan 1 $199 

Vlsltrend/Plot $199 

Visiflle $199 

Visldex $165 

Visischedule $199 

Business Forecasting Model $ 69 

Circle 97 on inquiry card. 




Includes 64K IBM-PC with two 
320 KB floppy disk drives, 
color controller graphics card, 
monochrome monitor 



$2839 



• • Specials of the Month • • 

Verbatim Disks(S/D w/Library Case) $27 

Box of Maxell Disks (D/D) $39 

Flip n' Sort Diskette Box with Lock $18.50 

Elephant Disks Single Side/Double Density $24 

Quadboard 256K Installed $399 

Quad512+ (512K Installed) $599 

Mark VI Modem $179 

AST Megaplus II (256K Installed) $539 

Lemon Surge Protector $39 

Orange Surge Protector $95 

Corona Desktop Computer 2/320K Drives/1 28K $2995 

Corona Desktop Computer 1/320 Floppy-1/10MG $4795 

Corona Desktop Portable Computer 2/320 Drives-128K $2795 

Corona Portable Computer 2/320 Drives-10MG $4295 



Amdek 

Color II $ 679 

Color II $ 399 

Color IV (RGB Analog Input) $1029 

USI 

Amber Monitor $ 149 

Leading Edge 

Gorilla Hi-Res 12" $ 85 

Quadrant 

Quadchrome 

• Hi-Res RGB Monitor 

• Non-Glare Screen 

• 690 x 240 Resolution 

$549 
Peripherals 

Kraft Joystick $ 45 

TG Joystick $ 39 

TG Trackball $ 39 

Microsoft 64KRamcard $239 

Microsoft 256K Ramcard $589 

Hayes Smartmodem 300 $209 

Hayes Smartmodem 1200 $499 

Hayes Smartmodem 1200B $399 

Hayes Smartcom II Terminal Pk $ 72 

Anchor Automation Mark VI Modem. . .$179 
Quadram Mlcrofazerw/Power Supply . .$149 

IBM Interface Card $ 45 

Versawrlter Graphics Tablet $239 



Printers 




1095 E. Twain, Park Place— Upper Level 
(702) 796-0296, Las Vegas, Nevada 89109 

Call Toll Free 

1-800-634-6766 

Order Line Only 

Information & Order Inquiries (702) 369-5523 

Mon.-Fri. 8 A.M. to 6 P.M., Sat. 9 A.M. to 6 P.M. 

Dealers Inquiries Invited 

Ordering Information and Terms: For Fast Delivery send cashier checks, money orders or 
direct bank wires. Personal and company checks allow 3 weeks to clear. C.O.D. orders 
($3.00 minimum! and 1% ot all orders over $300. School purchase orders welcomed. Prices 
reflect a cash discount and are subject to change. Please enclose your phone number with 
any orders. Shipping: Software t$2.S0 minimum). Shipping Hardward (please call). Foreign 
orders, APO and FPO orders— $10 minimum and 15% ot all orders over $100. Nevada 
residents add 5 3 A % sales tax. All goods are new and include factory warranty. Due to our 
low prices, all sales are final. All returns must have a return authorization number. Call 
702-369-5523 to obtain one before returning goods for replacement. 



NEC 

NEC8023A $ 439 

NEC 3530 $1599 

NEC 7710 $2059 

NEC 7730 $2059 

NEC 3550 $1899 

Diablo 

Diablo 620R (25CPS) $ 949 

Diablo 630RI40CPS) $1729 

Diablo 630KSR (40CPS) $2429 

Epson 

FX80 $ 599 

FX100FT $ 799 

Smith Corona 

TP-1 Parallel $ 499 

Okidata 

ML82A $ 419 

ML83A $ 649 

ML84P $ 979 

ML84S $1089 

ML92 $ 489 

ML93 $ 869 

IDS 

Mlcroprism 80 $ 549 

Prism 132 $1399 

(with Sheetfeed & Graphics) 
Prism 132 $1589 

(with Sheetfeed, Graphics & Color) 
Prism to IBM Cable $ 48 

Citoh 

8510 Prowriter $ 365 

F10 Starwriter $1199 

FlOPrintmaster $1599 

Mannesmann Tally 

MT 160L $ 599 

MT 1802 (Parallel) $1559 

MT 1805 (Serial) $1559 

Gemini 

Gemini 10 $ 319 

Gemini 15 $ 479 

Qume 

Qume Sprint 11 + $1349 

Tractor Feed $ 175 

Printer Interface $ 79 



BYTE September 1983 615 



***'**£* 



SAGE IV computers use the 68000 CPU. 
come with UCSD p-System, PASCAL, Macro 
Assembler, Multi-user system, Word proc- 
essor, Spreadsheet, 1 year warranty. 
Available SAGE configurations include: 

1 640K floppy & 256K RAM S3 120 

2 640K floppies & 256K RAM S3760 
1 floppy, 256K RAM, 6mb Hard disk $5840 
1 floppy, ImbRAM. 18mb Hard disk S8000 
As software developers and authorized 
SAGE dealers we offer customer support. 

MARITIME SOFTWARE 
ASSOCIATES 

(503) 929-2552 

6660 Reservoir Road Corvallis, OR 97333 




Include (6.00 par board for shipping and handling. 

6331 Fairmount Ave. #701 
El Cerrito, Ca. 94530 
(415) 524-8352 



Cables 

EIA RS 232-C 



Quality cables with immediate 


delivery and low prices. 


Conductor 


Price 


1-4 


$12.00 + .1 a/ft. 


5-7 


12.50 + .27/ft. 


8-12 


1 3.50 + ,33/ft. 


13-16 


1 4.75 + .44/ft 


17-25 


17.00 + .55/ft. 



Circle 275 on inquiry card. 



Specify: Male or female connectors, length of 
cable and pins to be connected. OEM & quantity 
discounts available to qualified customers. On 
prepaid orders add $5.00 tor shipping/handling. 
We also supply connector parts, bulk 
cable, IBM, DEC Computable ACentronic 
cables. 

Communication 
Cable Company 

319 Louella Ave. Wayne, PA 19087 . 
V_ 215-964-9404 J 

Circle 78 on inquiry card. 



IBM PC, APPLE, etc. . . 



SHARING AND SWITCHING PROBLEMS? 
GILTRONIX HAS THE SOLUTION! 

Any CPU 




Q) A ^ ^ 

Printer 1 Printer 2 Modem or 

Dot Matrix Letter duality Other Peripheral 

MANUAL UNITS AUTOMATIC UNITS 

2-6 Pons OR 2-7 Ports 

Seleclo-Swilch Auto-Swilch 

Serial (RS 232|/Parallel (Centronics) 

LOW COST ADD-ONS FROM THE MAIN 
(\S\ MANUFACTURER 

C^Giltron.x 

IV'vJ 3780 Fabian Way. Palo Alio. CA 94303 
(4151 4931300 



DISK DRIVES 



TANDON 

• TIM 100-1 

Single Sided, 40 TRK. , „„ 

Single Or Double Density * 1 79 UB 

Free Shipping 

• TM 100-2 

Double Sided, 40 TRK/Side ...... 

Single Or Double Density *Z49 0U 

Free Shipping 

CDC 

• 9409 

Double Sided, 40 TRK/Side ,. „. 

Single Or Double Density »Z49 00 

Free Shipping 

Onier Toll Free 

1-800-531 -5475 (Outside Of Texas) 
(512) 250-1523 (In Texas) 

"It We Can't Ship The Next Working Day, 
We Won't Take The Order." 
MasterCard * VISA * Check 
Texas Residents Add 5% Sales Tax. 



jCompufldd 



Corp. 



13010 Research Blvd., Suite 101 
Austin, Texas 78750 



Electronic 

Circuit 

Analysis 

• AC and DC analysis 

• Very fast, optimized machine language 

• Infinite circuits on multiple passes 

• Worst case, sensitivity analysis 

• Sweep component values 

• 64 Nodes, 127 branches 

• Compare circuits 

• Log or linear sweep 

• Full file handling 

• Full editing, error trapping 

• Frequency response, magnitude and phase 

• Complete manual with examples 

• CP/M S150.00 

• Now available for MSDOS (IBM PC) $150.00 

Tatum Labs 
P.O. Box 722 
Hawleyville, CT 06440 
(203) 426-2184 



Circle 194 on inquiry card. 



Circle 84 on Inquiry card. 



Circle 432 on inquiry card. 



TdeCOMM -A Complete Versatile, User-triendly & 
Telecommunicating 

ELECTRONIC MAIL 

for 

TeleVideo* , CP/M* , MP/M™ ', TurboDOS"* based Computers. 
TeleCOMM ptpvidai ton with tin moal efficient and con -ef (active means 
ol communicating between you and your branch office, coworkers, friends 
or family via a local area network or nationwide telephone link 

• Mulu-.Singlt-uiei Cortiputtr* * Modtm Intartacai 

■ Paiiword Prolactad Trim.clkjni • Unlimited Ulan 

• Broidcenmg and Fo'wira*nQ 

■ Totally Manu-flnvsn Function! 

• Vlniiils Printing 

• Sava snd Oolite Litt.'i 



Lilted Pri 



. M9$ 



'I'Mxtsgll 
it ' Fuli Scraen Editing 

• Data: Month' Day (Year 

• Automatic Prompt for ll 

• Attracts. Video Atttibulai ITi 
Special Introductory Pricn: H2AO 



ngfV 



TeleWORD — WORD PROCESSOR 

> CPM Based & Modem Interfaced • Prompt for Incoming Electronic Mail 

• Buill-.n Operating Syilam Command! ■ Multi-UIking [Concurrent Punting) 

■■word Protected Treniactiom ■ Fully Menu-driven Functions 



• Pag. /Document Form 

• Columnar Proceiimo • Juitilicai 

• Document AiiemDIy and Marge • Calculate 

• UnWited Undo Commmd* • Mailing L 

• Screen Ediuno • Block Mr 
Special Introductory Price: H9B 

TurboDOS™-FreH Consulting & Demo. Custc 
Multiuser: M'J.I 

TclellOST' -Allows vour terminel/computer t 

computers v>a telephone links. Price: H9S 

Tckl.IST rM -MHilmo List Progrem Prims Labels. Price: H75 

International (computers & Telecommunications, Inc. 

932 Hungerford Drive. 16-B, Rockville, MD 20850 

1301) 251-0062 




BEST PRICES 
IN THE U.S. 

Call for our special dealer 
program. C.O.D.'s accepted. 
TOLL FREE (800) 652-8168 
in California (213)706-1626 




U.S. 



U.S. EXCHANGE 
5015 Kanan Rd. 
Agoura Hills, CA 91301 



U.S. Robotics Modems 

300 / 1200 baud Auto dial / Auto Answer 

New - Password $374 

New - Courier (lor Osborne) $414 

New - S100 (for S100 Systems) $374 

Auto Dial 21 2A $469 

Telpac Communications Software S 69 

Morrow Micro Decision 

Includes 64K Ram, Z80A, CP/M, Wordstar 

Spelling Checker, Logicalc, Bazic. 

Microsoft Basic. 

MD1 200K disk drive $889 

M02 2- 200K disk drives 

wilh Personal Pearl Data Base Manager $1189 
MD3 2- 384K double sided drives 

with Personal Pearl and Quest Bookeeping $1 589 

* $3 00 Long Distance Phone call credit with Purchase ' 

XL Systems 

A division of Data Information Systems, Inc. 
967 East 4800 South Suite 4C 
Salt Lake City. Utah 84117 
(801)266-0454 



Circle 226 on inquiry card. 



Circle 463 on inquiry card. 



Circle 126 on inquiry card. 



■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■I 



■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■I 



FORMULA INTERNATIONAL INC. 

»j|>* DEPT. B • 12603 CRENSHAW BOULEVARD* HAWTHORNE. CALIFORNIA 90250 • (213)973-1921 



pineCOIll BREAK THRU! 

No more copyright problems!! 100% Apple II Compatible! 




} Features: 

• Upper/lower case • Full size key- 
board with numeric key pad 

• Auto repeat keys »25 Pre-programmed 
function keys »48K RAM user memories 
can expand to 1 92K »2 W Audio AMP with 

volume control »High resolution color 
display with graphics «1 10/220V 5 AMP 
switching power supply "Guarantee to run 
on CP/M "Fully assembled and tested 



DIRECT SALE 



$549.00 



(Add 5% shipping and handling) 




VS* 



PART* 
900-0080 

$75.00 



EPROM 

PROGRAMER CARD AP-64e 

Program any 2716, 2732 or 2764 EPROMS 

• Plug to any slot of your apple* computer. 

• No extra equipment needed, completely reliable 

• Auto blankcheck, compare, read, copy, 
monitor functions. 

• Automatic verify. 

• Errors indicated on screen. 

• Burning voltage adjustable. 

• Dip switch for different EPROMS 

• No jumpers required. 

• Firmware included. 



AUTOTERM™ 
80 COLUMN CARD 



40/80 column auto-selectable 
with NORMAL/REVERSE and 
HIGHLIGHTfunctions 
capable to run PASCAL & CP/M 
SH I FT function as typewriter 



essi 




•** 




80 Column card for Apple lie® 
SPECIAL $49.95 each 
Model: 80CI IE 

"THIS CARD IS NOT 

MADE BY 

APPLE COMPUTER 




ANTI-STATIC PLASTIC 
MINI-FLOPPY DISK 
STORAGE CASE 

Holds up to 75 S'A" diskettes 
with 4 dividers 
color: smoke clear on top 
with light brown bottom 

MODEL: MINI-FILE 
$19.95 EACH 




HEAVY DUTY JOYSTICK 

FOR APPLE + OR PINECOM COMPUTERS 
Metal case with 2 fire buttons, 360 degree 
cursor control, auto centering and two fine 
trimer 

MODEL: THE COMPATIBLE II 
$34.95 



Fully assembled 
Special price 

$445.00 




THEMICRO-II 

The Apple look-alike 

and compatible computer,' 

48K RAM on board with numeric key pad, 

upper/lower case keyboard 



SORRY! ROM SET IS NOT INCLUDED! 
+Apple II & Apple He are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. U.SA. Circle 185 on Inquiry card. 



OUTSIDE CALIFORNIA f^^l 

■a PHONE ORDERS ONLY 1 -800-672-8758 CALL TOLL FREE ^ 



irk of APPLE COMPUTERS, INC. 



im Ordar $10.00 I Calif. Residents add 6.5% 
Sales Tax. Phona Orders Accaptad on VISA or MC 
ONLY, NO C.O.D's. Prices subject to changa 
without notlca. 



STORE HOURS 

MON-FRI — 10-7 

SAT - 10-6 



LSI C Compiler 

for 8080/Z80 

LSI C compiler is designed for programs with 

a small memory and a shorter CPU time. 
*The object code is compact and is faster than 

leading "C" compilers (Eratosthenes : 13.4sec) 
-frtypedef, sialic, cast and initializers are available 
♦ The compiler and the generated code run 

under CP/M™ , but also can be burnt into 

PROMs. 

Rational BASIC 

a basic interpreter for Z80 CP/M 

TEDDY 

a lull screen editor for 8U80/Z80 CP/M 

CJ» M is j tiddi-nuik ul Uinii.il Research 



fur pamphlet write: 
P.O.Box 508 STA. CRUZ 
CA. USA 95062 

fot further information cc 



LSI JAPAN CO., LTD. 

2-24-M VOVOQSHIBUYA-KU TOKYO (151) PHON£(03)379-2427 



Circle 264 on inquiry card. 



ANALOG** DIGITAL 
DIGITAL** ANALOG 

CONVERSION MODULES 

SOFTWARE 
CAIN CONTROL 



.mpiif'.-r custom boord test S-100 2tol5Wi 
onyijjtwoniinis mixoblc high and low inputs gain 
from 1 to 1024 l?N ■ implr ond hold nmp&ioi 

IJ , thi irwl i |||!,-i,-.mImI 16 channel nn< ilog la dotal 
wwi. ■•.■■.: progrommoble gain instrumentation 
-nplificr . 11 -,t, 1 ,ni,.,>ii,-i MOO- 2 to 75 khz 
conversion time mtinl &p hr)h onflow inputs - cpin 
from 1 !" IDPfl 12-bit sample and hold amplifier 



For aflditional details about the AD-100-4 ana other 
fine California Data Corporation 100% individually 
tested, high reliability products, circle the reader 
service card number below or for faster response 
write or call us. 

CALIFORNIA DATA 
CORPORATION 

3475 Old Conejo Road. Suite C-10 
Newbury Park, CA 91320 

(805) 198 3651 




"^fe 



New Sensibly-Priced Paper Tape Reader 

A new. smaller, less expensive Stand-Alone 
Paper Tape Reader Model 605 reads at 150 
CPS, has a parallel TTL output and is bi- 
directional. It stops on character, is com- 
pletely sell-contained and has automatic 
taut-tape sensing. 

The new reader has 5 volt DC and 24 volt DC 
output power available and an optional in- 
ternal clock. The desk-lop model is priced 
al $495 for one unit, a saving of about 25% 
of the price of the larger Model 612. 
Contact Louis Doshay, Addmaster Corpora- 
tion, 416 Junipero Serra Drive, San Gabriel 
91776; telephone (213) 285-1121 



Circle 11 on inquiry card. 



HEXADECIMAL DESK CLOCK 




Solid mahogany timepiece represents the 
time in base sixteen. Features include: 
handrubbed finish, gold tone characters 
and hands, and a quartz movement 
accurate to within 10 seconds per month. 
Clock measures 4 'A in. square, can 
be hung (bracket included), and runs for 
over 1 year on a standard AA battery. 
An attractive addition to the work area of 
any computer professional or hobbyist. 
Only $18.95 plus S1 .50 shipping & handling. 
PA residents add 6% sales lax 
Please allow 3-5 weeks lor delivery. 
Send check or money order lo: 

OZGTTXME 

P.O. Box 403, Ambler, PA 19002 



PC/FORTH 

Complete FORTH program development systems 
for the IBM® Personal Computer. Packages 
include interpreter/compiler with virtual memory 
management, line editor, custom screen editor, 
assembler, decompiler, utilities, file and record 
access modules, and many demonstration pro- 
grams. 150 page user manual $100.00 

Software floating point, Intel 8087 support, color 
graphics extensions, and target compiler avail- 
able at additional cost. 

Specify PC- DOS or CP/M-86^. One disk drive 
and 48 kbytes RAM required. Software supplied 
on 5'/4 inch single sided soft sectored double 
density diskettes. 

Laboratory Microsystems 

4147 BnhSovin StrMt 
Loi AngaUi, CA 90066 
(213)306-7412 



Circle 254 on inquiry card. 




Circle 61 on inquiry card. 



Circle 150 on inquiry card. 



\ferbatim 

flexible disks 

Call Free (800) 235-4137 for 

prices and information. Dealer 
inquiries invited. COD. and 
charge cards accepted. 




PACIFIC 
EXCHANGES 

100 Foothill Blvd. 
San Luis Obispo, CA 
93401. InCal. call 
(800) 592-5935 or 
(805) 543-1037. 



Circle 341 on inquiry card. 



H€ATH 

H-19/89 

OWN€RS 



EXPAND YOUR SYSTEM 

WITH THIS SINGLE 

P.C. BOARD 

• Color Graphics 
w/32 Sprites 
16K Ram 

• 6 Tone Music Stereo 
Dual Noise Gen. 
With 4 I/O Ports 

£\ n $29900 

Box 86491 Visa & 

San Diego, CA 92086 MasterCard 
(619) 267-7547 Accepted 

Circle 380 on inquiry card. 



ATTENTION BIG BOARD USERS! 
WHY USE OUTDATED TECHNOLOGY? 

INSIGHT ENTERPRISES 

IS NOW DELIVERING A NEW 

STATE-OF-THE-ART CP/M Z80-A 

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER 




On Boord video • 128K of Dynamic ram and 4K of STAHC (video mem 
ory) • DMA • SASI (hard dish interface) ■ Floppy disk controller (4 drives 
cty combination ol 5-1/4 or B") • 4 serial pons • Full Centronics 
Piinlet port ■ Expansion bus • Wide line and thin lino graphics * 
Exlended irock Duffer • Printer buffer ■ Fully inlerrupt Driven • Parallel 
or Serial keyboard * Compaci Size • (8x14 inches) 



$750.00 



Circle 224 on inquiry card. 



I VII 




IBM PC-COMPLETE SYSTEM- 
SPECIAL PRICE 

PC System includes 64K IBM PC with 320 KB Floppy 
Disk Drive, Controller, Color Graphics Card, Monitor 
$2490 



DISK DRIVES TOR IBM PC 

Tandon 100-2 

Shugart 455-2 

Teac 55-B 



$240 
$245 
$255 




MONITORS 

NEC, DYNAX AMDEK CALL 

PRINCETON GRAPHICS SYSTEMS 

Hi-Res Color $490 



PRINTERS 
C-ITOH 

GX-100 

8510 

F-10 



$240 
$460 



1550. 
F-10. 



$690 
$1290 
$1690 



OKIDATA 

82 A 

83 A 

93 A 



$440 
$690 



84A 
92A 



$975 
$575 
$970 



BROTHER 

HR-1 

HR-1S 



$750 
$570 



SMITH CORONA 

TP-1 



STAR MICRONICS 

Gemini 10 

Gemini 15 



$520 

$370 
$540 



NEC 
SPINWRITER 

7710-1 

7715-1 

7720-7 

7725-1 

7730-1 



$1950 
$2100 
$2400 
$2400 
$1950 



3510 

3515 

3530 .... 
3550 .... 
PC8023A 



$1350 
$1350 
$1550 
$1850 
$450 



HARD DISKS FOR APPLE AND IBM 
DAVONG 

5 MB $1450 

10 MB $1650 

15 MB $2250 

MEMORY BOARDS 

TAVA CORP. 
TRUMPCARD 1 

256K Ram $350 

TRUMPCARD 2 

512K RAM $550 

AST 

lO Plus. Five function Card $199 

Combo Plus 4 function card. Fully pop. 256K. . $490 

Mega Plus. Fully pop. 512K $990 

QUADRAM 

Quad Card. Fully pop. 256K $500 

BIG BLUE $470 

HERCULES Graphics Card $490 

MAYNARD SANDSTAR SERIES 

FDC 5 1/4 & 8" $220 

Multifunction Card $90 

Memory Card $180 

Ad-On Memory Module $90 

Parallel Port Module $70 

Serial Port Module $90 

Clock Calendar Module $70 

Game Adapter Module $50 

DEC RAINBOW 100 

Complete system 64KPC, Keyboard, Two Floppy Drives 

DS/DD, Monochrome Monitor $2990 

APPLE II + 

Compatible Computer with 48K Disk Drive, Controller, 

and Monitor $990 

DISK DRIVE FOR APPLE 

Slimline, or Standard $250 

PERSONAL ACCOUNTANT Software for your 
Apple lie and Apple 11+. . . $190 

APPLE He 

Computer System, Controller, Two Disk Drives, 
Monitor $1890 

631 E. First St., Tustin, CA 92680 

PRICES AND AVAILABILITY SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE 

APPLE is a trademark of Apple Computers, Inc. 
IBM is a trademark of IBM Corp. 



(714)838-9100 



Circle 574 on Inquiry card. 



BYTE September 1983 619 




NEW GENERATION OF 

INTELLIGENT PALi'EPROM 

PROGRAMMERS- FOP THE 

NEW BREED OF ENGINEERS 



• SO AMD 34 PIN PALs • 37 AND 
S3 EPROMs • POM EMULATION 



DIGITAL MEDIA 

3178 GIBRALTAR AVENUE 

COSTA MESA, CA SSBEE 

1714] 751-1373 



THE CHURCH 

Information Management System 

kDAMir 




. j" j M*mb*rshlp 
' Modulo 

2 I Stewardship 
•— ' Modul* 

3 Communications 
and Cataloging 
Modulo 

4 Spiritual Growth 
Modulo 

5 Outraaeh Modulo 

jel Church Dlscovory 
Modulo 



Your Software Guardian'" 



Demo Packages 

available for 
Modules 1,2. 3 



written In. 

d BASE II™** 

B and 16 BIT.CfVM - compaimio 



DEALER INQUIRIES WELCOME 



QlMEqA 



sonware A|ma Georgia 30Mi 

Information Systcms (404) 329-0091 




LC NETWORK 
LINE FILTER 

Model C-519-L1 EMI/RFI filter protects 
against high energy transients. . .varistor 
clamps higher voltages to safe 
levels. . .Max Rating: 15 A, 125 VAC, 
1875 Watts continuous duty. . .$97.50. 

j. W. MILLER 
DIVISION/Bell Industries 

19070 Reyes Ave., Rancho 

Dominguez, CA 90224 

(213)537-5200 



Circle 148 on inquiry card. 



Circle 336 on inquiry card. 



Circle 307 on Inquiry card. 



f 



of looking for reliable 
Source of Supply? 



from Looking??? 




about 
QUALITY?? 

DISKETTES + 
RIBBONS + 
ACCESSORIES 

Call Bob Kelly Now. . . 
Kelly Computer Supplies 

1811 Carl St. • St. Paul, MN 55113 

Toll Free ... 800 - 447 - 2929 

MN Res. Call Collect. . .612/644-9030 

3M SCOTCH DISKETTES 




Heath 
Users 



Double Your 
5y," disk storage 
capacity without adding: a drive. 

Get twice as much from your H88 or 
H89 microcomputer. Our FDC-880H 
floppy disk controller, in conjunction 
with your 5V," drives, for example, 
expands memory capacity from 256 
bytes to 512 bytes per sector. 

And it handles single and double- 
sided, single and double-density, 8" and 
by" drives — simultaneously. 



Ol 



CD R. Systems Inc. 
Controlled Data Recording Systems Inc. 
7210 Clairmont Mesa Blvd., San Diego, CA Mill 

(619) 560-1272 



DISKETTES 

3M Scotch' BRAND 



AT SUPER LOW PRICES 

WE WILL SHIP YOUR 

ORDER WITHIN 24 HOURS 

AND WE PAY THE 

SHIPPING CHARGES 



COD ACCEPTED 



DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED 

CALL TOLL FREE 
800 922-8193 

IN CALIFORNIA 
800 468-1068 



Tlyco B ui ina ■ • Form 1 
Computer Supplies 
Post Office Box 605 
Newbury Park, CA 91320 




Circle 353 on inquiry card. 



Circle 66 on inquiry card. 



Circle 434 on inquiry card. 



SMITH-CORONA TP-1 

Letter Quality • Daisy Wheel Printer 




• Serial Or 

Parallel Interlace 

• Microprocessor Electronics 

Order Toll Free: 
Free Shipping 



«469 



1-800-531-5475 (Outside 01 Texas) 
(512) 250-1523 (In Texas) 



iCompuAdd 



Corp 



13010 Research Blvd., Suite 101 
Austin, Texas 78750 



Floppy Disks 

& Printer Ribbons 







&W&& 




U.S. 

^EXCHANGE 



5015 Kanan Road 
Agoura Hills, CA 
91301 






Circle 85 on Inquiry card. 



Circle 464 on inquiry card. 



Circle 120 on inquiry card. 



TOLL-FREE 

ORDERING: 

800-222-8686 

FOR TECHNICAL SUPPORT/ 

SERVICE / IN ARIZONA: 

602-282-6299 



CCT 



CUSTOM COMPUTER 
TECHNOLOGY 

1 CRAFTSMAN COURT - BOX 4160 - SEDONA, ARIZONA 86340 

Purchase your Hardware and Software directly from an OEM/Systems Integrator. Take advantage of our buying power! We 
stock a full line of Board Level Components, Software, and Peripherals. Call for your needs. We'll give you the Lowest 
Prices, and the Technical Support and Know-How we are quickly becoming well-known for. Satisfied Customers Nation- 
wide! The Nations's Custom Systems House for Business, Education and Science. Call fora system quote. 



• FOREMOST QUALITY • ADVANCED SUPPORT • REASONABLE COST • 



OF PRIME INTEREST 

Our prime interest at CCT is service and 
support. We build and sell hundreds of 
systems per year to the serious computer 
market . We rigidly adhere to our strict policy 
of reliable machines, and reliable people 
behind them. We feel the CompuPro product 
line to be the state-of-the-art of the com- 
puter industry. 



THE CCT EXCLUSIVE WARRANTY 

With any system we build, we provide, in 
writing, an unconditional 12 month direct 
warranty on the entire system, including 
mainframe, boards, drives, power sup- 
plies, cabling and peripherals! We offer 
guaranteed 24 hour in-house repair and/or 
replacement with just a toll-free phone call. 
We can offer this, since we are so sure of 
our level of quality and reliability. It's great 
to know that in the event of a problem, 
you're not out of business waiting on ser- 
vice turnaround. We deliver! 

Our various OEM contracts with all the 
manufacturers of the components we in- 
tegrate, allow us this unprecedented flex- 
ibility. No factory O.K.'s necessary — just 
get it running — NOWI 



Wyse 100 terminal $769. 

Mitsubishi 8" DSDD drives, full or half 

height $449. 

0kidata82 $419/83 $679 

84 .. $1029/92 .. $559/93 .. $930 

Ashton-TatedBASEII $459 

Hays Modem-$259 • Diablo 620-$1 029 

MORROW MICRO DECISION 

IN CCT 

STOCK! TESTED! 

1 Drive -$899 • 2 Drive $1249 
Morrow Terminal -$499 



Our in-house cabling Department has 
cables in stock for all CompuPro boards, 
drives, power supplies, printers, ter- 
minals and modems. The highest quality 
— at reasonable prices. 

RS-232 Cable: $25 



TECH TIP CORNER 

"CompuPro CP/M86 - Replace that 
bothersome Control-S with the- space bar! 
Use DDT86, change location 1 44A from 1 3 
to20Havefun-Pat... 




CompuPro 



PROFESSIONAL LEVEL BUSINESS SYSTEMS 

STATE-OF-THE-ART QUALITY, PERFORMANCE, RELIABILITY 



PPT AM Rlftl IMPCC- 0UR 0WN In-House engineered 
I/O I HIMIMUUIMUIZO. custom compupro systems 

CCT-1 - ENTRY LEVEL S-100 BUSINESS SYSTEM 



Enclosure 2-Desk-20 Slot Mainframe 
CPU 8085/88 - 6Mhz 8085/8Mhz 8088 
Disk 1 - DMA Floppy Disk Controller 
RAM 17 -64K Static RAM- 12 Mhz 
Interfacer 4 - 3 Serial/2 Parallel I/O 



CCT Dual 8" Mitsubishi 

DSDD Drive System - 2.4 Megabytes 

CP/M 80 - 2.2 LD/M - CCT Modified 

All Cabling, Complete CCT Assembly, 

Testing, and minimum 20 Hour Burn-in 



INTRODUCTORY PRICE: 

$3,399 



RUNS ALL STANDARD 8" CP/M SOFTWARE - INCLUDES OUR EXCLUSIVE 12 MONTH DIRECT WARRANTY 

CP/M MP/M NOTE: Each copy we furnish is CCT modified for the target system. M-Drive/ Hand hard disk drivers are furnished, 
and the BIOS optimized for the fastest disk step rate, as well as terminal and printer compatibility. 

• • CCT-2* • COMING SOON • • WATCH THE FAST LANE FOR THIS ONE * • 

Designed tor large users, complex programmers, and program intensive applications. 

THE FASTEST MICROCOMPUTER IN THE WORLD!! 

1 6 Bit • 10 Mmz + • M-Drive/ H • I/O mapped on-the-bus terminal • Ultra-fast disk! 
Unreal speed — Leaves the rest of the world at the starting line 

We are the largest in the custom configuration of complete state-of-the-art S-100 systems, at package pricing, with integration, 
burn-in and programming. We custom build CompuPro systems / hard disk systems for business applications. Call for Com- 
puPro literature, CCT system configuration data and technical information. 

COMPUPRO COMPONENTS 

LIMITED SPECIALS (A&T): System 816A- $4299 System 816B- $4999 System 816C- $6499 Call for other systems 

M-Drive CP/Mw/ RAM Purch-$49 • Disk 1w/CP/M-$449 • M-Drive/ H-512K- $1299 

CPU 8085/88- $31 9 • CPU8086/87-$579/10Mhz-$659 • CPU68K-$519/10Mhz-$639 • CPU-Z-$249 

Disk 1 -$369 • Disk 2-S599 • Disk 2BE-C4L/./ • Disk 3-SOON! 

RAM17(12MH2)-$359 • RAM 16(12MHZ)-$399 • RAM 21 (128K)-$849 • RAM 22(256K)-$1899 

Interfacer 1- $229 • Interfacer 2-$249 • Interfacer 3-5 $439/3-8 $529 • Interfacer 4-S349 

System Support 1 - $299 • Enclosure 2-Desk-$599/Rack $649 20 Slot Motherboard-$21 

CP/M80-$99 • CP/M86-$150 • MP/M8-16-$769 • CP/M68K-$279 • Forth 68K-S169 

Call tor CSC Boards — New Releases — Operating System Mods/Updates 



? ? 

24 Megabyte hard/floppy 

CCT/ Fujitsu/ Mitsubishi ultra-system: 
23 meg. hard disk next to 1.2 meg. 8" 
DSDD floppy drive. Includes disk 2 board 
set, all cabling, A&T, formatting, burn-in. 
Will stand alone in any CompuPro system. 
$3699 



HARD DISK DECISIONS ? ? 

23 Megabyte subsystem 2.4 Megabyte floppy system 

CCT/ Fujitsu 23 megabyte hard disk sub- CCT/ Mitsubishi 2.4 megabyte dual DSDD 

system. Includes disk 2 board set, all 8" system. Includes all cabling, A&T, 

cabling, A&T, formatting, burn-in. Ready burn-in. Thisisthefastestsystemavailable: 
for any CompuPro system: 



$3199 



$1149 



Prices & availability subject to change. All products new, and carry full manufacturer's warranties. Call tor catalog. Free technical help 
to anyone. We can configure boards & software for your system. Plug-in and go.^Arizona Residents add sales tax. 
CompuPro Trademark — W.J. Godbout; CP/M* MP/M* Trademarks — Digital Research 



Circle 121 on inquiry card. 



BYTE September 1983 621 




wabash 

Scotch 

\ferbatim, 

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED 






. CALL COLLECT 

l( ,.., 866-3462 
1614} 231-1512 




PRINTERS 




Epson: 

Hxso »399 

fxm *569 

FXioo *769 

Star-Micronlcs: 

OtmlnHOX '309 

Gemlnl-15 '439 

Frag Shipping * Order Toll Free 

All Man/mn Mai Factory Warranty 

1-800-531-5475 (Outside Of Texas) 

( 512) 250-1523 (in Texas) 

jCompuRdd c, P . 

13010 Research Blvd., Suite 101 
Austin, Texas 78750 



SPECIAL 




Micro-SCI Disk Drive S239^ 
Quentin Disk Drive 249 
Kensington System Saver 69 
Hayei Smartmode m 300 1 99 
Hayes Smartmodem 1200 499 
Novation J-Cat 119 
Prowriter 8510 Printer 375 
Gemini 10 X 287 
Epson MX-80 F/T, W/Graftex 410 
Grappler+ 120 
Apple Dumpling GX 120 
ViewMax80Col.-2 Yr. War. 149 
ELEPHANT DISKS 19 

- NEW PRODUCT - 

Diskus Products Diskfile 

Fits under D/Drive ■ Holds 1 25 Disks 52 

^Invitations To Bid ■ Welcome. ^^^^ "^ 
Items in Stock - Ship In 24 Hrs. ^S«n 
we accept. MC, VISA. Certified MHBU 




CA. Residents 6% Tax. Shipping Lm-cm 
Mln. $2.50. First 5 pounds. *-~- ' 

| _\A/IS GOLDEN WEST SYSTEMS 

UVV3 31942 OAK HILLL LANE 
1209)539-2107 PORTERVILLE. CA 93257 



Circle 515 on inquiry card. 



Circle 86 on inquiry card. 



Circle 516 on inquiry card. 



COMPUTER SUPPLIES 

FOR ALL MAKES & MODELS 



DISKETTES 



5'/. 

S/S D/D 

MIN. ORDER 50 



RIBBONS 


DIABLO HYTYPE II 
MULTI STRIKE OR NILON 


♦3 88 


EPSON 

MX70/MX80 


*464 

$784 


EPSON 
MX 100 

MIN. ORDER 6 



LABELS • CONTINUOUS FORMS 



CALL TOLL FREE 1 800-248 2418 

IN N.Y. STATE 212-967-3433/1700 

TERMS-VISA OR MC OR COD 
DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED 

WORLDWIDE 

COMPUTER SUPPLIES 

159 MAIN ST., S.I.. N.Y. 10307 



KEYED 

FILE 

HANDLER 

FOR 

UCSD "P" System 

Pascal® for IBM PC® , 

Apple III® , Apple lie® 

Write your own Pascal® programs with 
keyed records. Read a record by key, 
insert key and write data, get next se- 
quential key, read a record by record 
number, remove key and data and 
release disk space, dynamic memory 
allocation, etc. 

ATX COMPUTER 

1-800-858-4620 (US) 
1-800-792-1063 (TX) 




SEKON 64 

1 . CPU 6502, 64K RAM. 

2. Numeric Keypad, Upper & Lower Case. 

3. Inverse Video. Auto Graphic Test. 

4. Auto Repeat, High Speed Cursor. 

5. 25 Function Keys, High Quality Case. 

6. 12K ROM expandable to 28K. 

7. Optional Atari Joystick Ports. 

8. All Gold Sockets & Slots. 

9. High Capacity 5A Power Supply. 

10. Compatible with Apple II plus. 

11. Uses most Apple lie Software. 

12. 1 full year warranty. 



^PUGMfN \ SEKON 
atn W ,1 l COMPUTER 



(213) 936- 1 577 Out of Ca. (800) 423-4302 Telex 1 81 1 21 
221 Wilshire Blvd., Ste 577. Santa Monica, CA 90403 



Circle 490 on inquiry card. 



Circle 397 on inquiry card. 



ifeir Gemini 10X 




120 CPS, 
9x9 Dot 
; Matrix, 
SB) Graphics 



• Amder 12" Monitor $129 

• 4-D Disk Drive tor Apple Me $219 

• Tandon Drive 1 00-2 320K for IBM . . . $245 

• C. Itoh Prowriter 851 1 20 cps $339 

• Dynax DX-15 Daisy Wheel 13 cps 

(2 color) $485 

• Smith Corona TP-1 Daisy Wheel 

(12 cps) $449 

• Silver Reed EXP-550 Daisy Wheel 
(16cps) $649 

• Brother HR-1 Daisy Wheel (16 cps) .$695 

• Kay Pro II Computer $1495 



MICRO MART 

8764 Complex Dr., San Diego, CA 92123 
(619) 268-0169 



NOW AVAILABLE 
LOW COST PRINTER 

For Atari-Commodore 
T.I. and Apple 



FEATURES: /~. 




• 40 OR 80 COL. /3gr7 




• 80 CPS .A-— J 




• FULL CHARACTER /*»i_ 




SETS f k 




• GRAPHICS ^=^i^ 




• LIGHT WT. 4 TO 6 LBS. ^^=5=; 




• FRICTION FEED 




ALPHACOM 42 (40 col) 


$101.00 


ALPHACOM 81 (80 col) 


$149.00 


INTERFACE for ATARI, COM- 




MODORE Tl or APPLE 


$39.00 


40 COL PAPER (per roll) 


$2.80 


80 COL. PAPER (per roll) 


$4.50 


SEE INDEX FOR OUR 2 PAGE SPREAD. 




ARBA Retail Systems Presents 

THE 

MISSING 

LINK 

THE HARDWARE 

• RS 232 fully featured cash register 
—not just a cash drawer 

THE SOFTWARE 

• 99 depts.— 65.000 item inventory 

• Detailed inventory analysis 
and reports 

• Prints price tags 

• 12 digit alpha numeric 
part number 

• Sales by employee 

• Runs under CP/M or MP/M 

THE SYSTEM . . . 

now available from 

ARBA Retail Systems 
890 E. Roosevelt Road 
Lombard, Illinois 60148 
(312) 620-8566 



Circle 517 on inquiry card. 



Circle 143 on inquiry card. 



Circle 34 on inquiry card. 



guaranteed 

LOWER PRICES! FASTER SERVICE! 



S-100 I/O Boards 



S-100 Motherboards 



S-100 Disk Controllers 




U.JlJllJIIlftlli 




The BUS PROBE — Jade 

Inexpensive S-100 Diagnostic Analyzer 

TSX-200B Bare board 

TSX-200K Kit 

TSX-200A A S T 



_ $59.95 
. $179.95 
. $199.95 



1/0-4 — SSM Microcomputer 

2 serial I/O ports plus 2 parallel I/O ports 
IOI-1010A A S T 



5245.00 



1/0-5 — SSM Microcomputer 

Two serial & 3 parallel ports. 1 10-19 2K baud 
IOI-1015A A & T $289.00 

INTERFACER 4 — CompuPro 

3 serial, 1 parallel. 1 Centronics parallel 

IOI-1840A A & T . $389.95 

IOI-1830C CSC $495.00 



S-100 Memory Boards 



64K STATIC RAM - Jade 

Uses new 2K x 8 static RAMs. fully supports IEEE 696 24 bit 
extended addressing. 200ns RAMs. lower 32K or entire 
hoard phantomable. 2716 EPROMs may be subbed for 
RAMs. any 2K segment of upper 8K may be disabled, low 
power typically less than 500ma 



MFM-99152R Rare hoard 
MFM-901.SJK Kit tan RAM 


$49.95 


MFM-32155K V>K kit 


$169.00 


MEM-56152K 56K kit 


$225.00 


MFM-641S5K MK kit 


«?«■; nn 


Asspmhlpri A Tpsfpri 


arid $30 nn 



EXPANDORAM III 

SD Systems new ExpandoRAM III is a high density S-100 
memory board utilizing the new 64K x 1 dynamic RAM 
chips It allows memory sizes of 64K, 128K or 256K all on a 
single S-100 board 

$398.95 



MEM-65064A 64K 
MEM-65128A I28K 
MEM-651192A 19?K 
MEM-65256A 256K 



$464.95 
$524.95 



ISO-BUS - Jade 

Silent, simple and on sale — a better motherboard 
6 Slot (S'/," x P/,") 

MBS-061B Bare board 

MBS-061K Kit 



MBS-061A A S T 

12 Slot f9%" x 8%") 

MBS-121B Bare board 

MBS-121K Kit 

MBS-121A A S T 



18 S/ot(14%" *8%"J 

MBS-181B Bare board 

MBS-181K Kit 

MBS-181A AST 



_ $22.95 
_ $39.95 
_ $49.95 

_ $34.95 

_ $69.95 

$89.95 

_ $54.95 

_ $99.95 

$139.95 



S-100 CPU Boards 



The BIG Z — Jade 

2 or 4 MHz switachable Z-80 CPU board with serial I/O 
accommodates 2708. 2716, or 2732 EPROM. baud rates 
from 75 to 9600 

CPU-30201B Bare board wimanual $35.00 

CPU-30201K Kit wimanual $179.00 

CPU-30201A AST $199.00 

SBC-200 - SD Systems 

4 MHz Z-80A CPU with serial & parallel I/O. 1K RAM, 8K 

ROM space, monitor PROM included 

CPU-30200A AST $298.95 



CPU-Z CompuPro 



2 or 4 MHz Z80A CPU. 24 bit addressing 

CPU-30500A ? 4 MHz AST 

CPU-30500C 3/6 MHz CSC 



$279.95 
$374.95 



8085/8088 — CompuPro 



Both 8 & 16 bit CPUs, standard 8 bit S-100 bus. up to 8 
MHz. accesses 16 Megabytes of memory 

CPU-20510A 6 MHz A T $398.95 

CPU-20510C 6 8 MHz CSC $497.95 



Eprom Erasers 



ULTRA-VIOLET EPROM ERASERS 



Inexpensive erasers for industry or home 

XME-3100A Spectronics w/o timer 

XME-3101A Spectronics with timer 

XME-3200A Logical Devices 



$69.50 
$94.95 
$49.95 



VERSAFLOPPY II - SD Systems 

Double density disk controller for any combination of 5'/," 
and 8" single or double sided, analog phase-locked loop 
data seperator. vectored interrupts. CP/M 2.2 & Oasis 

compatible control/diagnostic software PROM included. 

IOD-1160A A & T with Prom _^_^__^^_ $344.95 
SFC-55009047F CP/M 3-0 with VF-II $128.95 



2422 DISK CONTROLLER — CCS. 

5%" or 8" double density disk controller with on-board 
boot loader ROM. free CP/M 2.2 & manual set 
IOD-1300A AST wttb CP/M 2.2 $338.00 



DOUBLE D — Jade 

High reliability double density disk controller with on- 
board Z-80A. auxiliary printer port. IEEE S-100 can 
function in multi-user interrupt driven bus 

IOD-1200B Bare board S hdwr man $59.95 

IOD-1200K Kit w/hdwr S sttwr man $299.95 

IOD-1200A AST wlhdwr S sttwr man $325.00 

SFC-59002001F CP'M 2.2 with Double D $99.95 



S-100 Eprom Boards 

PROM-100 — SD Systems 

2708.2716. 2732 EPROM programmer with software 
HEM-99520A AST with software $248.95 

PB-1 — SSM Microcomputer 

2708. 2716 EPROM board with on-board programmer 

$154.95 

$219.00 



MEM-99510K Kit wimanual _ 
MEM-99510A AST wimanual 



Surge Protection 




ISOBAR 

The ISOBAR looks like a standard multi-outlet power 
strip, but contains surge suppression circuitry and built-in 
noise filters, plus a 15 amp circuit breaker 

EME-115105 4 receptacle $49.95 

EME-115100 8 receptacle $69.95 




$598.95 



Computer Products 



Circle 237 on inquiry card. 



4907 West Rosecrans Ave. Hawthorne, California 90250 

BYTE September 1983 623 



I 



OWER PRICES! 



Printers On Sale! 




Compact DAISY WHEEL PRINTER - TTX 

The new TTX Daisy wheel printer is compact, 

versatile and inexpensive— everything you have been 

waiting for in a letter quality printer 

It has a low-profile, contemporary design, and requires 

20% to 50% less desk space than most other daisywheel 

printers. Other features include dual interface(RS232and 

Centronics parallel), built-in adjustable pinfeed forms 

guide, and compatibility with Wordstar print control 

commands, including underline, bold print, super and 

sub-script, etc 

The high quality features and the low price make the TTX a 

real value leader. 

PRD-44010 TTX 1014 $599.95 



FREE! 

48K BUFFER 



Video Monitors 




380Z by D.T.C. 

Based on the same quality mechanism as the Comrex 
printer, the 380Z contains electronic enhancements that 
allow it to print at speeds up to 32 CPS. Other features 
include a 48K buffer, proportional spacing, and Diablo 
1640/1650/630 compatible protocol. Comes with 
printwheel, ribbon and users manual. Serial, parallel, and 
IEEE 488 interfaces standard. 

PRD-11300 380Z printer $1195.00 

PRA-11000 Tractor option $169.95 

PRA-11200 Cut sheet feeder $699.95 

Cable Please specify . , . $49.95 



LOWEST PRICE! 
DAISYWHEEL PRINTER 



CRII 



NEW! from Comrex! Full featured letter quality printer, 
FREE! 5K buffer. Logic seeking bi-directional printing, 
boldface, proportional spacing, double-strike, backspace, 
underlining, true super script and sub script, drop in 
daisywheel cartridge. The BEST BUY in word processing 

PRO-11101 Comrex CR-II parallel $569.95 

PRD-11102 Comrex CR-II serial $599.95 

PRA-11100 Tractor option $119.95 

PRA-11110 Cut sheet feeder $199.95 

PRINTER PALS — FMJ 

Desk top printer stand and paper rack. Fits all printers. 

PRA-99080 10" Printer pal $29.95 

PRA-99100 75" Printer pal $39.95 

PRA-99700 tor Letter Quality $49.95 



Printers From JADE 

OKIDATA 82 10" 120 cps 

OKIDATA 92 10" 160 cps with graphics 
OKIDATA 93 15" 160 cps with graphics 
OKIDATA 83 15" 120 cps with tractor _ 
OKIDATA 84 15" 200 cps with graphics 

OKIDATA 2350 15" 350 cps 

OKIDATA 2410 15" 350 cps. two color _ 

DAISYWRITER 2000 4BK daisywheel 

GEMINI 10X 120 cps 10" with graphics . 
NEW! DELTA 10 160 cps. lull graphics . 
GEMINI 15 100 cps, 15" with graphics — 

COMREX CR1 

SILVER REED 

STARWRITER F-10 



_ CALL 
_ CALL 
— CALL 
_ CALL 
_ CALL 
_ CALL 
_ CALL 
. $1395.00 
_ $319.00 
$499.95 
_ $459.00 
_ $849.95 
_ $699.95 
$1195.00 



NEW! Plug-in ROM Kit To Make OKIDATA 92/93 
Fully IBM Compatible 

PRA-43086 For OKIDATA 92 $59.95 

PRA-43087 For OKIDATA 93 $59.95 




VIDEO MONITOR — Jade 



1000 lines ultra-high resolution. 20 MHz ultra-high band 
width. 9" or 12". Amber or Green phosphor, the finest 
monitors we sell. 



VDM-740920 9" Green _ 

VDM-740910 9" Amber . 

VDM-751220 12" Green . 

VDM-751210 12" Amber 



_ $99.95 

. $129.95 

$129.95 

$139.95 



12" GREEN SCREEN — Zenith 



15MHz, 40 or 80 column 
VDM-201201 72" Green 



$114.95 



Intelligent Video Terminal 



NEW! SMART TERMINAL - TTX 

The new TTX 3000 is an intelligent, economical, full- 
feature terminal designed to be expanded into a full 
computer. It has more features and is priced lower than 
similar units from ADDS, LSI. Hazeltime. and Televideo 
In addition to all the built-in features, there is also space 
inside the unit for a 6 x 12 inch single board computer, and 
provisions for mounting two half height 5'/ 4 inch disk 
drives {and sufficient power supply current to run the 
add-ins) The detached keyboard features 95 keys, with 
numeric keypad and 1 function keys. Screen is designed 
to tilt and swivel for comfortable viewing. Emulate TV 925 



IBM PC" Add-ons 



QUADLINK Apple emulator for IBM PC 

CPX-50500A $549.95 

QUADBOARD II 2 serial ports, clock/calendar, memory 
expansion, and Quadmaster software 

MEM-40064A Quadboard II, 64K $329.95 

MEX-40256A Quadboard II, 256K $499.95 

QUADBOARD parallel port, serial port, clock/calendar, 
memory expansion, and Quadmaster software 

MEX-41064A Quadboard. 64K $329.95 

MEX-41256A Quadboard, 256K $499.95 

QUAD 512+ up to 512K memory expansion, one serial 
port. Quadmaster+ software 

MEX-42064A Quad 512+, 64K $249.95 

MEX-42256A Quad 572+, 256K $429.95 

MEX-42512A Quad 512+. 512K $649.95 

QUADCHROME High-resolution color monitor 
for IBM PC 

VDC-241301 Quadchrome RGB $649.95 

DISKETTES Highest quality, certified, double sided, 
double density, perfect for IBM PC and others 

MSM-5220103 box ol 10 $29.95 

HAYES 1200B The newest 300/1200 baud modem from 
Hayes, made to plug into one of PCs expansion slots, 
complete with software 
IOM-5550A Hayes 1200B $479.95 



Modems 



Smart Buy In MODEMS — Signalman 

1 200 and/or 300 baud, direct connect, automatic answer or 
originate selection, auto-answer/auto-dial on deluxe 
models. 9v battery allows total portability, full one year 
warranty. 

IOM-5600A 300 baud direct connect $89.95 

IOM-5610A 300 baud Deluxe $149.95 



IOM-5620A 1200/300 baud Deluxe . 
IOM-5650A 300 baud lor Osborne . 
IOM-5630A 300 baud card lor IBM 



. $369.95 
$119.95 
$199.95 



SMARTMODEM — Hayes 



Sophisticated direct-connect auto-answer/auto-dial 
modem, touch-tone or pulse dialing. RS-232C interface 
programmable 



IOM-5500A Smartmodem 1200 
IOM-S400A Smartmodem 300 _ 
IOK-1500A Hayes Cronograph 
IOM-1100A Micromodem 100 _ 
IOM-2010A Micromodem II 
IOM-2012A Terminal program for MMII . 



$514.00 
. $229.00 
. $199.00 
. $349.00 
. $299.00 
$89.95 



1200 BAUD SMART CAT — Novation 

103/21 2 Smart Cat & 103 Smart Cat, 1 200 & 300 baud, built- 
in dialer, auto re-dial if busy, auto answer/disconnect, 
direct connect. LCD readout displays mode analog/digital 
loopback self tests, usable with multi-line phones. 

IOM-5241A 300 baud 703 Smart Cat $229.95 

IOM-5251A 7200 baud 212/103 Smart Cat $549.95 

J-CAV MODEM — Novation 

1/5 the size of ordinary modems. Bell 103. manual or auto- 
answer, automatic answer/orginate. direct connect, built- 
in self-test, two LEDs and audio beeps provide status 
information. 



VDT-461201 TTX-3000 



. $469.00 



IOM-5261A Novation 



$149.95 



PLACE ORDERS TOLL FREE 



Continental U.S. 
800-421-5500 



Inside California 
800-262-1710 



For Technical Inquires 
or Customer Service call: 

213-973-7707 



We accept cash, checks, credit cards, or Purchase Orders from qualified firms and institutions. 
Minimum prepaid order $15.00 California residents add 6 1 / 2 % tax. Export customers outside the US or Canada please 
add 10% to all prices. Prices and avalllblllty iub|ael to change without notice. Shipping and handling charges 
via UPS Ground SOt/lb. UPS Air $1.00/lb minimum charge $3.00 

624 BYTE September 1983 



Circle 238 on inquiry card. 



F ASTER SERVICE! 



8 inch Slimline 
Sub-systems 



Apple II™ Accessories 



Dual Slimline Sub-Systems — Jade 

Handsome vertical cabinet with scratch resistant baked 
enamel finish, proportionally balanced air flow system, 
quiet cooling fan. rugged dual drive power supply, power 
cables, power switch, line cord, fuse holder, cooling fan, 
all necessary hardware to mount 2-8" slimline disk drives. 
Does not include signal cable. 
Ouaf 8" Slimline Cabinet 

END-000820 8are cabinet $59.95 

END-000822 A & T w/o drives $179.95 



Dual 8" Slimline Subsystems 

END-000843 Kit w/2 SS DD Drives 

END-000844 A & T w/2 SS DD Drives 

END-000845 Kit w/2 SS DD Drives 

END-000846 DS DD Drives 



. $879.00 

. $885.00 

. $1060.00 

$1179.95 



Dual Disk Sub-systems 



"" in 




DISK Sub-Systems — Jade 

Handsome metal cabinet with proportionally balanced air 
flow system, rugged dual drive power supply power cable 
kit. power switch, line cord, fuse holder, cooling fan. 
nevermar rubber feet, all necessary hardware to mount 2- 
8" disk drives, power supply, and fan. does not include 
signal cable. 
Dual 8" Sub-Assembly Cabinet 

ENO-000420 Bare cabinet $49.95 

END-000421 Cabinet kit $199.95 

END-000431 A & T $249.95 

8" Sub-Systems — Single Sided, Double Density 

END-000423 Kit w/2 Siemenns FD100-8DS $599.00 

END-000423 A & T w/2 Siemens FD100-8DS _ $625.00 
END-000433 Kit w/2 Shugart SA-801RS $999.95 




DISK DRIVE For Apple" 

Totally Apple compatible. 143,360 bytes per drive on DOS 
3.3 lull one year factory warranty, half-track capability 
reads all Apple software, plugs right into Apple controller 
as second drive. DOS 3.3. 3.2.1 Pascal. & CP/M 
compatible 

MSM-431010 $219.95 

MSM-431030 Controller only $60.00 

MSM-431040 Controller with software $99.95 

SUPER DISKETTE SPECIAL! 

We bought out a maior manufacturer's overstock, and 
we are passing the savings on to you! Single sided, double 
density, package of 10 
MMD-5121003 Apple Diskettes $18.95 



HALF-HEIGHT DRIVE For Apple™ 

Totally Apple compatible. Works with all Apple software 
and controllers Faster and quieter than most other drives, 
yet only half the size' 
MSM-581010 hall-height $229.95 



CP/M 3.0 Card For Apple'" - A.L.S. 

The most powerful card available tor your Applet 
6MHz. Z-80B. additional 64K RAM. CP/M 3.0 plus 100% 
CP'M 2.2 compatibility. C basic. CP/M graphics. 300% 
faster than any other CP/M for Apple. One year warranty 

CPX-62810A ALS CP M card $349.95 



END-000434 A & T w/2 Shugart SA-801RS $1049.00 Z-CARD tOt Apple II — A.L.S. 



8" Sub-Systems— Double Sided, Double Density 



END-000426 Kit w/2 Qume DT-8s 

END-000427 A S T w'2 Qume D-8s 

END-000436 Kit w'2 Shugart SA-851 Rs 

END-000434 A & T w/2 Shugart SA-851 Rs 



$1245.00 
. $1295.00 
. $1245.00 

$1295.00 



Disk Tubs 



DISKETTE STORAGE BOXES 

Clear Plexiglass storage boxes for up to 75 diskettes 
MMA-505 Holds 75 S%" diskettes $19.95 



Two computers in one. Z-80 & 6502. more than doubles the 
power and potential of your Apple, includes Z-80 CPU 
card CP/M 2 2 and complete manual set. Pascal 
compatible utilities are menu-driven, one year warranty. 
CPX-62800A A & T with CP/M 2.2 $159.95 

GRAPPLER PLUS - Orange Micro 

The ultimate parallel printer Graphics interface card with 
many new features, now at a new low price! 

IOP-2300A Grappler Plus $139.95 



80 COLUMN Apple Card 

80 column x 24 line video card for Apple II 
addressable 25th status line, normal/inverse or high'low 
video. 128 ASCII characters, upper and lower case. 7x9 
dot matrix with true descenders, CP/M. Pascal & Fortran 
compatible. 50/60 Hz. 40/60 column selection from 
keyboard. Best 80 column card! 

IOV-2450A Viewmax 80 $149.95 

IOV-2455A Preboot disk tor above $24.95 



16K RAM Card — for Apple II 

Expand your Apple II 64 K. use as language card, lull 1 year 

warranty. Why spend $175.00? 

MEX-16700A Save over $115.00 S49.95 



FAN/POWER CENTER For Apple™ 

Cooling fan for your overheated Apple II, II + , or lie; also 
includes power switch and two switched outlets with 
voltage protection circutry 
SYA-1520A Apple fan $59.95 



8 inch Disk Drives 



Siemens FDD 100-8 Single sided, double density 

MSF-201120 $179.00 ea 2 for $175.00 ea 

Shugart SA 801R Single sided, double density 

MSF-10801R $369.00 ea 2 for $365.00 ea 

Shugart SA-10851R Double sided, double density 

MSF-10B51R $480.00 ea 2 for $460 ea 

Qume DT-8 Double sided, double density 

MSF-750080 $480.00 ea 2 for $460.00 ea 

Tandon TM 848-1 Single sided, double density thin-line 

MSF-558481 $395.00 ea 2 for $375.00 ea 

Tandon TM 848-2 Double sided, double density thin-line 

MSF-558482 $495.00 ea 2 for $475.00 ea 

NEC FD1165 Double sided, double density thin-line 

MSF-851165 $450.00 ea 2 for $440.00 ea 

NEC FD1164 Single sided, double density thin line 
MSF-851164 $360.00 2 for $350 ea 



5 1 / 4 inch Disk Drives 



Tandon TM 100-1 Single sided, double density 48 TPI 

MSM-551001 $225.00 ea 2 for $195.00 ea 

Shugart SA 400L Single sided, double density 40 track 

MSM-10400 $234.95 ea 2 for $224.95 ea 

Tandon TM 100-2 Double sided, double density 48 TPI 

MSM-551O02 $259.00 ea 2 for $249.00 ea 

MPI B52 Double sided, double density. 48 TPI can be 
substituted for CDC 

MSM-1 55200 $275.00 ea 2 for $270.00 ea 

MPI 851 Single sided, double density 48 TPI 

MSM-1 55100 $209.00 ea 2 for $199.00 ea 

MPI B91 Single sided. Quad density 96 TPI 

MSM-1 55300 $285.00 ea 2 for $275.00 ea 



5 1 / 4 " Cabinets With Power Supply 



MMA-508 Holds 50 8" diskettes 



$24.95 



END-000216 Single cab w/power supply 
END-000226 Dual cab w/power supply _ 



$69.95 
$94.95 




Circle 238 on inquiry card. 



Computer Products 

4901 West Rosecrans Ave. Hawthorne, California 90250 

BYTE September 1983 625 




MICROPROCESSOR COMPONENTS W\ Digitaiker 



MLSOO 

74LS01 

74LS02 

74LS03 

74LS04 

74LSQ5 

74LS0B 

74LS03 

74LS10 

74LS11 

74LS12 

74LS13 

74LS14 

74LSI5 

74LS2D 

74LS21 

74LS22 

74LS26 

74LS27 

74LS2B 

74LS30 

74LS32 

7-1LS33 

74LS37 

74LS3B 

74tS40 

/4LS4? 

74L547 

74LS4B 

74LS49 

74LS51 

74LS54 

74LS55 

msn 

74LS74 
74LS75 

74LS76 
74LS78 
74LS83 
74LSB'j 
74LS86 
74LS90 



74LS92 

74LS93 
74LS95 
74LS96 
74LSI07 
74LS109 
74LS1I2 
74LS113 
74LS114 
74LS122 
74LS123 
74LSI25 
74LS126 
74LS132 
74LS133 
74LS136 
74LS130 
74LS139 
74LSI51 
74LSI53 
74LS154 
74LSI55 
74LS156 
74LS157 
74 LSI 58 
74LS160 
74LS161 
74LS162 
74LS163 
74LSI64 
74LS165 
741. Si 68 
MLS 169 
74 LSI 70 
74LS173 
74LS174 
74 LSI 75 
74LS181 
74 LSI 90 
74LS191 



74LS192 
74LSI93 

74LS194 

74LS195 
74LS197 
74LS221 
74LS240 
74LS241 
74LS242 
74LS243 
74LS244 
74LS245 
74LS247 
74LS248 
74LS249 
74LS251 
74LS253 
74LS257 
MLS258 
74I.S260 
74LS266 
74LS273 
74LS279 
74LS2B3 
74LS290 
74LS293 
74LS298 
74LS352 
74LS353 
74LS365 
MLS366 
74LS367 
MLS368 
74LS373 
74LS374 
74LS375 
74LS386 
74LS393 
/4LS399 
74LS670 
81LS95 
81LS97 



74SO0 
MS02 
74S03 
74S04 
74S05 
74S08 
74S09 
74S10 
74S11 
74S15 
74S20 
74S22 
74S30 
74S32 
74S38 
74S40 
74S51 
74S54 
74S65 
74S74 
74SB6 
74S112 
74S113 
74S114 



H 



745124 
MS 1 33 
74S134 
74S135 
74S136 
74S13B 
MS 139 
74S140 
74S151 
74S153 
MS157 
74S158 
74S160 
74S174 
74SI75 
74S188- 
74S194 
74S195 
MS196 
MS240 
74S241 
74S242 



74S243 
74S244 
74S25I 
74S253 
74S257 
74S25B 
74S260 
74S2BO 
74S2B7* 
74S288* 
74S373 
74S374 
74S387* 
MS47J- 
74S472* 
74S473' 
74S474' 
74S475* 
74S57Q* 
745571" 
74S572* 
74S573' 
74S940 
74S941 



CA3010M 

CA3013K 

CA3023H 

CA3035H 

CA3039H 

CA3046N U 

CA3059K 14 



CD4000 14 

CD4001 14 

CD4002 14 

CD40Q6 14 

CD4007 14 

CD4009 16 

C04Q10 16 

CD4011 14 

CD4012 14 

C04013 14 

CD4014 16 

CD4015 16 

CD4016 14 

CD4017 16 

CO-1018 IB 

CD4Q19 IE 

C04020 16 

CO4021 16 

CO4072 IE 

C04U23 14 

C04G24 14 

CD4025 14 

C04026 1G 

CO4037 t6 

CD4028 16 

C04029 1B 

CD4030 14 

- CD4D34 24 

L CD4D35 IS 
^^ IMprnln 



CA3D60N 
CA3O80E 
CA3081N 
CA3082N 
CA30B3N 
CA3086N 

CD404Q 
CO4041 
CD4042 
C04043 
CD4044 
CD4046 
CD4Q47 
CO404S 
CO4049 
CD4050 
C04051 
C04052 
C04053 
C04056 
CD4D59 
CD4060 
CD4066 
C0406B 
CO4069 
CD4070 
CD4071 
C04072 
CD4D73 
CO4075 
CD4076 
CO4078 
CO40S1 
C040B2 
CD4Q93 



CA3Q89N 
CA3096N 
CA3130E 
CA3140E 
CA3160H 
CA3401N 
CA360ON 



CD4098 1G 

C04506 16 

C04507 14 

CD4508 24 

CD4510 16 

CD4511 16 

CD4512 IB 

CD4514 24 

CD4515 24 

CD4516 16 

CD45J8 16 

CD4519 16 

C04520 16 

CD4526 16 

CD4528 16 

C04S29 16 

CD4543 16 

CD45G2 14 

CLH566 16 

£114583 16 

CD4584 14 

CD4723 16 

C04724 16 

MCI 4409 1G 

MC14410 16 

MC14411 24 

MCH412 16 

MC144I9 16 

MC14433 24 

MC14538 16 

MC14541 14 



CDPIB02 40 CPU 

2G5D 40 MPU 

IDM2901ADC 40 CPU— 4-bil slice (Com Temp. Br. 1 

MCS6502 40 MPU w/ Clock 

MCS6502B 40 MPU w/Clock ai3MH; 

MC6802CP 40 MPU w/Clock ana RAM 

INSBD35N-6 40 MPU-8-bit (6MH?) 

INS8D39N-6 40 CPU-Sgl cliipa-hil(12Bbls Ram) 

INS8O40N-6 40 CPU (25Btiy!es RAM) . . 



Price 

$9 95 
14.95 
1995 
9.95 
13 95 



40 CPU 

40 HMOS RAM I/O PoM-Timer 

40 HMOS EPHOU MPU 

7110. Z80A, ZBOB. Z8Q00 SERIES" 

40 CPU(MK38BDN)(780C|2MH? 

2B Counter Timet Circuit 

40 Dual Asynchronous Rec /Trans 

40 Direct Memory Access Cncuil 

40 Parallel I/O Inierlace Conlrollet 

40 Serial I/O ( FxCB and Fl*CB Bonded) 

40 Serr.il I/O IL.UksDTHB) . 

40 Strriat I/O (Lacks SYNCB) 

40 Serial I/O 

40 CPU(MK3880N-4)(780C-1)4MH2 

23 Counter Timer Circuit 

40 Dual Asynchronous Roc/Trans 

40 [llrocl Memory Access Circuit 

40 Parallel I/O Interlace Controller 

2B0ASI0/O 40 Serial I/O (TiCBand R»CB tjomjedl 

Z80AS10/1 40 Serial I/O (Lacks OTRB) 

ZB0A-SI0/2 40 Suiial I/O (lacks SYNC8I 

Z80AS10/9 40 Smiall/O . 

40 CPU (MK3880N-6) 6MHz 
28 Counter Timer Circuit 
40 Parallel I/O Interlace Controller 
4B r.PLl Segmenled 
40 CPU Non-Segmented 
40 Serial Comm Conlrollei 
40 Counter/Timor & Parallel I/O Umi 
6800/68000 SERIES 

MC6800 40 MPU 

MC6802CP 40 MPU with deck and RAM 

MC6810API 24 I2B»B Static RAM 

MC6821 40 Peripheral inter Adapt (MC6820) 

MC6B28 24 Priority interrupt Controller 

MC6B30L8 24 102<ix8-Dil ROM (MC68A30-8) 

MC6350 24 Asynchronous Comm. Adapter 

MC6852 24 Synchronous Serial Data Adapter 

MC6860 24 O-BOObps Digital MODEM 

MC6B62 24 2400bps Modulator ... 

MC6B80A 16 Duad 3-slalc Ims liars (MCBT26) 

MCG8000LB 64 MPU 16-Bil (BMH;) 

MCG848BP 40 General Purpose In! Adapter 

MCGBG52P2 40 Multi Protocol Comm Controller 

MC6B6G1PB 2B Enhanced Pron Comm Int. 

MCM087I34 24 6-1K EPROM (450ns) 

5V6522 40 Peripheral inter Adapter 

8D80A SERIES 



8155 



Z80CTC 

Z8D-DART 

Z80-DMA 

Z8O-P10 

Z8D-S10/0 

ZB0-S1O/1 

ZB0S10/2 

Z80SIO/9 

Z80A 

Z80A-CTC 

/(IDA DAIII 

ZflOA'DHA 

Z80A- 



Z8QB-CTC 

ZBuBPIO 

ZB001 

Z8002 

Z803O 

Z8036 



IN SAMOA 

TMS5501 

INS8I54 

INS82C06 

OPB2I2 

DPB2I4 

DPB216 

DP8224 

DP8226 

DP8228 

DP8238 

INSB243 

INSB24I] 

INS82-1B 

INSB247 

INSB2J8 

INSB250N 

DP8251 

DP8253 

OP8255 

0P8257 

DP8259 

DP8275 

DP8279 

DP8303 

DP8304 

DP8307 



INS177I- 

FD1791 

FD1792 

F01795 

FD1797 



US0()2!iCN 
OSO026CN 
IN81771H-1 

IHS265IH 
MM!iiiHi7fJ 
MM5B174N 
COP402N 

COPJ02MN 



40 CPU 

40 Synchronous Daia Interlace (SIRC) 

40 128 Byte HAM IG-Bill/O 

20 Octal D Flip Flop Tri-Slale (74C374) 

24 8 bit Input/Output (74S412) 

24 Priority Inienupl Control . 

16 ill-Directional Hits Driver 

16 Clock Generator/ Driver 

1G Bus Driver 

26 SystemCont /Bus Driver (74S4281 

28 System Controller (74S438I 

24 I/O Expander tor 48 Series 

18 IB-Koy Keyboard tncoder (74C922) 

20 20-Key Keyboard Encoder (74C923) 

25 Display Controller (74C911 1 
28 Display Controller (74C91 2) 
40 Asyn Comm. Element. 

28 Prog Comm IZO(USART) 

24 Prog, interval Timer . . , 

40 Prog Peripheral IZO(PPI) 

40 Prog DMA Control 

28 Prog Interrupi Control 

40 Prog CRT Coniroller 

40 Piog. Keyooaid/DiSD'ay interface 

20 fl-Bil Tii-Slale Bi-Directional Trans 

20 B-bil 6i- Directional Receiver 

20 R-tiit BI-Directional Receiver 

2D B-bil BI-Directional Receiver 

20 Dclal Latched Peripheral Driver 

20 Octal Latched Peripheral Driver 

— DISK CONTROLLERS 

40 Sinijla Density , . 

40 Smgle/DualUenstlyllnv.) 

40 Single Density Inverted 

40 Dual Densily/Side Select (Inv ) 

40 Dual Density/Side Select True 
-SPECIAL FUNCTION - 



tfi.95 
24 95 
26 95 
49.95 



B Dual MOS Clock Driver (5M2) 
8 Dual MOS Clock Driver (5MZ) 

40 Floppy Disk Controller 

28 Communication Chip 

24 Micioprocessor Real Time Clock 

16 Micro. Compatible Time Clock 

40 Microcontroller w/G4-digit RAM 
and Direct tED Drive 

40 Microprocessor w/64-digil RAM 
4 Direct LED Drive w/N Boss In) 

20 32-seg.VACFluDT Orvr (20-pinpkg ) 
8 P'og Oscillaior/DivirJerMOOH/J 



Part No 



-DYNAMIC RAMS- 



Piice 



1103 
4027 

4II6N-2 

4116N-3 

4116N-4 

J164N-I50 

4164N-200 

MM 5261 

MM5262 

MM5270 

MM52B0 

MM5290-2 

MM5290-3 

MM:>290-J 

MM529B-3 



4096x1 

I6.384x 

16.384*1 

I6.384jr1 

fi5, 536*1 

b\536..l 

1024x1 

2048x1 

40S6xi 

4096x1 

16.3B4* 

16.384x1 

16.384) 

8192x1 



I300nsi 

(250ns) 

(!50n$) 
(200ns) 
(350ns) 
(150ns) 
1200ns) 
(300ns) . . 

(385ns) 

(250ns) MK4096 

(200ns)2l07 

(150ns 

(200ns) 

(250ns) 

(200ns) 



2.49 

I 89-B/M95 
1 69 8/1295 
1 49-8/10.95 
7 95 8/59.95 
7 49-8/54.95 
.. .49-8/1.95 
.49 — 8/1.95 
4 95 
3.95 
1 89-8/14.95 
1 69-8/12.95 
1 -19 ■ 8/10.95 



2111 
2112 
2114 
2114L 

2114-2 
2114L2 
2147 



5101 

MM5257 

HM8J16P-3 

HM6H6-4 

HM6116LP-4 

7489 

74C92I 

74C929 

74C930 

74S189 

74S200 

74S206 

74S289 

825 10 

82525 



— STATIC RAMS 

256x1 |650ns) 

256x4 (450ns)8101 

1024x1 (350ns) 

1024x1 (450ns)L.P. 

?56x4 (450ns) 81 11 

256x4 (450ns) MOS 

1024x4 (450ns) 1.9J 

1024x4 (450ns) LP 2 2J 

1024x4 (200ns) 2.g 

1024*4 (200ns)L.P . . 2.4? 

4096x1 (70ns) 

1024x4 (70ns| 

4096x1 (450ns) 

1024x4 ( 450ns ) 

255x4 (450ns) CMOS 

4096x1 (45Dns)4Q44 

2048x8 (150ns)CM0S 

2048x8 (200ns) CMOS 

204B*8 (200ns)LP. CMOS 

16x4 150ns) 

256x4 |250ns)CMOS 

1024x1 |?50nsiCMOS(65Q1) 

1024x1 (250ns) CMOS (6518) 

16x4 (35ns) 93405 

256x1 (80n5) 93-110 

256x1 (60ns)93411 

16x4 (35ns|3101 

1024x1 |50ns)OC (93415) 

16x4 |50ns)O.C (74S289) 



t.49 

2.95 

2.95 

8/13 95 

8/15 95 

8/15.95 

8/ 1 7.95 

.4.95 

895 

3.95 

3 95 

4,95 

4.95 

7.95 

6.95 



3.95 
3.95 
3.95 
.1.95 
3.95 
3.95 
2 25 
3.95 
2.25 



1702A 

2708 

270B-5 

1MS2516 

TMS2!)32 

IMS? 55-1 

TMS27I6 

2716 

2716-1 

2732 

275BD 

MM2764 

MM27B4-3 

MCM6B764 

74 S IBB 

74S287 

74S2B8 

745387 

74S47I 

74S472 

74S473 

74 54 74 

74S475 

745478 

74S570 

74S571 

74S572 

74S573 

B2S23 

82S115 

82S123 

B2S126 

82S129 

825 130 

B2S1B5 

DMB/S1B0N 

DM87S181N 

DM87S184N 

DM87S185N 

[if.'.H/r.i'iijti 

l)MB/S!<jH! 



EPROMS 

24 256x8 (lus) 

24 1024x8 (450ns) 

24 1024x8 (550ns)SM0O246 

24 ?QAE*8 (450ns) 2716 

24 4096*8 |450ns)NMC2532 

28 8192*8 (450ns). 

24 2048x8 (450ns) 3 vollage 

24 2048x8 <450ns) 

24 2048x8 |350ns) 

24 4096*8 1450ns) 

24 1024*8 |450ns) single +5V 

28 8192x8 | 450ns) 

28 8t92xB | 300ns) 

24 8192x8 (450ns) 

16 32xB PROMO C (6330-1) 
16 256x4 PROMT S (6301-1) 
16 32x8 PROMTS (63311) 
PROM OC (6300-1) 
PROMT S .(6309-1 
PROMT S (6349-1) 
PROMOC (634B) 
PROMT S (DMB7S296N) 
PROM C (6340) 
024x8 PROMTS. (TBP28SB6) 
10 612x4 PROM O.C (6305) 
16 512x4 PROMT S. |6306) 
18 1024x4 PROMOC. (6352) 
IB 1024x4 PROMT S (82S137) 
1G 32xfl PROMOC (27S18) 
24 512x8 PROM 1.5.(27515) 
PROMTS (27S19I 
PROM DC (27520) 
PROMTS (27S2I) 
PROMOC (27S12I 
IB 2048*4 PROMT S (TBP24SB1) 
24 1024.8 PROMOC (82S180) 
24 1024x8 PROMT 5 (82S181) 
18 2048x4 PROMOC (825184) 
18 2048x4 PROMTS (B2SIB5) 
24 20.18x4 PROMOC (B2S190) 
24 2048*8 PROMT S (82S191) 



20 256x8 

20 512x8 

20 512x8 

24 512x8 

24 512x8 



16 32*8 
16 ?:>6x4 
16 256x4 



A0C0S04 

DACO806 

ADC0809 

ADC0B17 

DAC1000 

DAC100B 

OAC1020 

OAC1022 

DAC12P2 

Af 100 1CN 

W12MCJ 

AF122-ICJ 

LM334Z 

LM335Z 

LM399H 

AY-S-1013A 



18 8bilD/AConverlcr|DAC0B08LCN 

20 8-bil A/0 Convener (1 LSB) 

16 8-tnl D7A Convener (0 76V. lm ) 

28 8-bilA/D Converter (8-Ch. Mullt ) 

40 8-Oit A/D Convener (16-Ch. Mulh , 

24 10-bHD/AConv Micro Comp 10.05%) 

20 tO-tJit D/AConv Micro Comp (0 20 r 

16 10 PilD/AConv (0 05% Lin | 

16 10-OitD/AConv |0 20% Lin ) 

IB 12 DitD/AConv |0 20% Lin ) 

16 Universal Aclivn Filler 2.5% 

24 Touch Tone Low Band Filter 

24 Touch Tone High Band Filter 

Constant Curreni Source 

Temperature Transducer 

Temp Comp Prec Rel ( Sppm/C*) 
40 30KBiudUir1(1R1GD2) 



QUALITY COMPONENTS AT 
AFFORDABLE PRICES! 



LOW PROFILE 
(TIN) SOCKETS 



Bpln L 
14 pin L 
16 pin L 
16 pin L 
20 pin L 
22 pin L 
24 pin L 
2B pin L 
36 pin L 
40 pin L 



SOLDERTAIL (GOLD) 
STANDARD 



14 pin 
16 pin 
18 pin 
24 pin 
28 pin 
36 pin . 
40 pin : 



ST 



WW 



SOLDERTAIL 
STANDARD (TIN) 



28 pin S 
40 pin S 



WIRE WRAP SOCKETS 
(GOLD) LEVEL #3 



10 pin WW 



1.75 



\.n 



$10.00 Minimum Order — U.S. Funds Only 
California Residents Add 6Vi% Sales Tax 
Shipping — Add 5% plus $1.50 Insurance 
Send S.A.S.E. for Monthly Sales Flyer! 



Spec Sheets — 30$ each 
Send $1.00 Postage for your 
FREE 1983 JAMECO CATALOG 
Prices Subject to Change 




VISA 1 



DT1050 ™~ Applications: Teaching aids, 
appliances, clocks, automotive, telecommunica- 
tions, language translations, etc. 



words and tones have been assigned discrete addresses, making it 
possible to output single words or words concatenated Into phrases 
or even sentences. The "voice" output ol the DT1O50 Is a highly In- 
telligible malo voice. Female and children's voices can be synthesiz- 
ed. The vocabulary Is chosen so that it Is applicable to many pro- 
ducts and markets. 

The DT1050 consists of a Speech Protestor Chip, MMS4104 (40-pin) 
and two (2) Speech ROMs MM52164SSR1 and MM52164SSR2 (24-pln) 
along with a Master Word list and a recommended schematic 
diagram on the application sheet. 

DT1050 Digitaiker™ $34.95 ea. 



DT1057 — Expands the DT1050 vocabulary 
from 137 to over 260 words. Incl. 2 ROMs and specs. 
DT1057 $24.95 ea. 



Pin No. 



|jH ^ht?tW 



7045IPI 2( 

mm/m* a 

7106CPL 4( 
FE0203D 

7I06£V/Kif 4C 

7107CPL 4t 

7107£V/Kil' 41 

71 16CPL 4E 
7201IUS 

7205IPG U 

7205EV/K11" 24 

7206CJPE IE 

7206CEV/Kif 16 

7207AIPO 14 

7207AEV/KIC 14 

7215IPG 24 

7215EV/KH' 24 

72I6AIJI 26 

7216CIJI 2G 

72I6DIPI 2B 

721 71JI U 

7217AIPI 2S 

7224IPL 40 

7226AIJL 40 

7226AEV/KH* 40 

130009 1983 



CMOS Precision Timer 
Stopwatch Chip. XTL 
3'ft Digit A/0 (LCD Drive) 

3 V, Digit LCD Display for 7106 & 71 1 
IC. Circuit Board. Display 

3 1 /: Digit A/DlLEO Drivel 

IC. Circuit Board. Display 

3Vi DigiiA/DLCDDis. HLD 

Low Battery Volt Indicator 

CMOS LED Slopwaich/Timer 

Stopwatch Chip. XTL 

Tone Generator 

Tone Generator Chip. XTL 

Oscillator Conlrollor 

Freq Counter Chip. XTL . . 

4 F iinc CMOS Stopwatch CKT 
4Func Stopwatch Chip. XTL 
B Digit Univ Counter C. A 

a Digit Freq Counter C. A 
BDigilFreq Counter C C 
4 Digit LED up 'Down Counter C A 

4 Oigrl LED Up/Down Counter C C 
LCD 4ft Digit Up Counter DP.I 

6 Digit Univ Counter 

5 Function Counter Chip. XTL 



19 95 
9 0S 
1995 
34 95 

It 95 
29 95 
16 95 



13.95 
14 95 

29 95 
24.95 



NTERSIL Data Book 1135GD. 



PfiOOUC 


Tt 


74HC High Speed CMOS 


74HC0O 


14 


.75 


74HC139 












14 




74HC147 










74HC03 


14 


.75 


74HC151 


16 


f .19 


74HC257 




74HC04 


14 


69 


74HC153 


16 


.99 


NHC258 






14 


75 


74HC154 


74 


2 69 


74HC266 








.75 


74HC157 


16 


1 19 


74HC273 






14 




74 HCt 58 


IB 


1.59 


74HC2BO 










74HC160 


1lt 


1.79 


74HC373 










74HC1B1 


16 


1 79 


74HC374 










74HCI62 


16 


2 39 


74HC390 




74HC27 


14 


75 


74HC163 


16 


2 39 


74HC393 




74HC32 


14 


75 


74HC164 


14 


1 79 


74HC533 










74HC165 


Ih 


2 39 


74HC534 










74HC173 


IK 


1 59 


74HC595 




74HC58 


14 


.75 


74HC174 


16 


1.39 








14 


.75 


74HC17S 


IB 


1.39 


74HC40O2 


14 79 








74HC192 


16 


1.39 


74HC4017 




74HC75 


18 


.99 


74HC193 


IB 


1 39 


74HC4020 




74HC76 


16 


.75 


74HC194 


16 


1 59 


74HC4024 




74HC65 


If 


2.19 


74HC195 


Ifl 


1 49 


74HC4040 




74HCB6 


14 


.99 


74HC237 


16 


2 95 


74HC406O 




74HC107 


14 


.75 


74HC240 


?0 


2 75 


74HC4075 




74HC109 


16 


1.39 


74HC241 


n 


3 75 


74HC407B 




74HC112 


16 


75 


74HC242 


14 


2 79 


74HC4511 




74HC113 


14 


75 


74HC243 


14 


2 79 


74HC4514 




74HC132 


14 


B9 


74HC244 


70 


3 75 


74HC4538 




74KC137 


16 


2.95 








74HC4543 




7-1 IIC 138 


II 


1.49 


74HCU04 IS 


muiillfiied All others a 





Programmable Array Logic (PALS) 



Part No. 

PAL10H8 
PALI2H6 
PAL14H4 
PAL10L8 
PAL12L6 
PALI4L4 
PAL16LB 
PAL16P.8 
PAL16R6 
PAL16R4 



Oclal 1 (1-lnpiitAfJD-OR Gale Array (High Oulnut J 
He> 12- Input AND-OP. Gate Array (High Oulpul) 
OuarJ 14-lnput AND-OP. Gate Array (High Oulpul) 
Octal I0*lnpul ANO-0S- Invert Gate Array (Low Oulpul) 
Hex 12-lnput AND-OR-lnvert Gate Array (Low Output) 
Quad 14-lnput AND-OH- Invert Gate Array (Low Oulpul) 
Octal 16-lnpul AND-OR-lnvert Gate Array (Low Oulpul) 
Octal 16-inpui Register AND OR Gate Array 
He> 16-lnpuT Register ANO-OFt Gate Array 
OuarJ i6lnpul Register AND OR Gate Array 



130012 1982 NATIONAL PAL Data Book (i76 P > . . S5.95] 



1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002 
9/83 PHONE ORDERS WELCOME — (415) 592-8097 Telex: 176043 



/4C0O 
74C02 
74C04 
74C08 
74C10 
74C14 
74C20 
74C30 
74C32 
74C42 
74C48 
74C73 
74C74 
74C85 
74CB6 
74C89 
74C9D 
74C93 



14 1.19 



74C95 
74C107 
74C151 
74CI54 
74CI57 
74C1B0 
74C161 
74C162 
74C163 
74C164 
74C173 
74C174 
74C175 
74C192 
74C193 
74C195 



74C221 
74C240 

74C244 
74C373 
74C374 
74C90I 
74C9CI3 
74CW6 
74C911 
74C912 
74C9I5 
74C9I7 
74C922 
74C923 
74C925 
74C926 
B0C95 
B0C97 



TL071CP B 

TL072CP 6 

TL074CN 14 

TL0B1CP B 

TL082CP B 

TL0B4CN 14 

LM301CN B 

LM302H 

LM304H 

LM305H 

LM307CN 8 

LM308CN 8 

LM309K 

LM310CN B 

LM311CN B 

LM312H 

LM317T 

LM317K 

LM31BCN 8 

LM319N 14 

LM320K-5 

LM320K-12 

LM320K-15 

LM320T-5 

LM320T-12 

LM320T-15 

LM323K 

LM324N 14 

LM337T 

LM338K 

LM339N 14 

LM340K-5 

LM340K-12 

LM3J0KI5 

130003 1982 Nat 



5.95 



LM340T-5 
LM340T-12 
LM340T-15 
LM348N 1 
LM350K 
LF355N 
LF356N 
LM370N 1 
LM373N 1 
LM377N 1 
LM380N 1 
LM381N 1 
LM382N 1 
IM3S4N I 
LM3B6N-3 
TL494CN 1 
TL495CP 
NE510A 1 
NE529A 1 
HE53IV 
NE536H 
NE54DH 
NE544N 1 
NE550A 1 
[JE555V 
LM556IJ 1 
LM565N 1 
LM566CN 
LM567U 
NE570N 1 
LM703CN I 



LM709N 


14 


49 


LM710N 


14 


fifl 


LM71IN 


14 


71 


LM723N 


14 


55 


LM733N 


14 


i on 


LM739N 


14 


1 95 


LM74ICN 


6 


15 


LM747N 


14 


m 


LM748PJ 


8 


59 


LM1310N 


14 


1 49 


LM1458CN 


II 


59 


LM1488N 


14 


69 


LM1489N 


14 


m 


LM1496N 


14 


1 95 


IMtBOON 


16 


1 49 


LMI889N 


IS 


1 9ft 


LM1BD6N 


14 


7 95 


LM2002T 




1 49 


I.M31B9N 


IB 


1 59 


LM390ON 


14 


M 


LM390SCN 


8 


1 19 


LM3909N 


8 


99 


LM39I4N 


16 


3 49 


LM3915N 


IB 


3 49 


LM3916N 


18 


3 49 


RC4136N 


14 


1.25 


BC4151N8 


B 


1 95 


NE5532 


B 


7 49 


NE5534 


B 


1 R9 


ICLH038B 


14 


aw 


LM13080N 


B 


1 19 


LM136O0N 16 


1 19 


MORE AVAILABLE 



Linear Data Book 119;.? pus I .$11.95> 



626 BYTE September 1983 



Circle 239 on inquiry card. 



5Vi" HALF-HEIGHT DISK DRIVES 



# f 

COMPUTER-PERIPHERAL SWITCHERS 

Conned my number ol poriprlerjli Id a tingle I/O port — use 1 llngle printer to lup- 
pon levini microcomputer! — u» Iwo r» more printers to support a ilngla 
microcomputer — icceii i madam liom any ol soma) microcomputers — Ideal lor 
demon mating or eompirlng equipment. Trio Soiecto-SwilctiL-r. are designed Id 
eliminate Iho unnecessary plugging f- unplugging ol caOles whicn connect printers 
terminals, or modems lo various computers By using a Selecto- Switch, you achieve 
mare ellic ent system operation, Deiter utilisation ot penpnerals & computer pens. 
BlEmtnall rvrjunrjant PMrtfwan. ft reaucri service calls 5 yr iimiled warranty on all 
Setecto- Switches fJo power required. Size (inches). 10L i 7W i 3H. 2V> lbs. 

RS232 SERIAL SELECTOSWITCH 

• Swilcnes all lines of asynchronous data • Easy expansion ol 
serial pons • Connectors are female DB25 type 

P ART HO . DESCRIPTION PRICE 

GRS232-AB 2-Way Switch $139.95 

GRS232ABC 3-Way Switch 5179.95 

DB25 PARALLEL SELECTOSWITCH 

• TRS-BO. Apple, and IBM compatible • Switches 24 lines (line 
1 is ground) • Connectors are lemale DB25 type 

PAPJNO. D ESCRIPTION PRICE 

GP24AB 2-Way Switch $1 39.95 

GP24ABC 3WaySwltch $179.95 

CENTRONICS-STYLE SELECTOSWITCH 

• Switches all 36 lines • Connectors are lemale Centronics 

PART NO DE SCRIPTI ON PRICE 

GCENTAB 2-Way Switch $199.95 

GCENT-ABC 3-Way Switch $229.95 



Micro-Logic Corp. « , 
MICRO-CHARTS ' V - P|-4 

>■''"' «j fTarJ " 

• Fully decoded data • Inslant access • 2-siflea. totally comprehensive • Compact 
87; xtt in duraDle creon card plastic • Perlect lor programmers & engineers 

• Clear & concise taDies lor lull instruction set, disassembly. ASCII. Base conver- 
sion, elloci ol Hags, enmparc vs |ump. interrupt slruclure. pmoul. cycle limes, 
diagrams, sup, notes. & much more 

PART HO. REFERENCE PHICE 

ML-ZBO 280 CPU $5.95 

ML-8080A 8080A/8085A S5.95 

ML-6502 6502{65XX) $5.95 

ML-8048 8048, Relatives, Algorithms $5.95 

ML-7400 5400/7400 TTL $5.95 

BOOKS 

30001 Nnllonal CMOS Data Book (1981) S6.95 

fl>40 pagcs| 74C, CD4000, and AID Converlers 

30003 National Linear Oals Book (1982) $11.95 

(1376 pages) LM. LF, ADC, DAC, LH Series 

30008 National Memory Data Book (1980) S6.95 

(464 pages) RAMs. ROMs, PROMs, EPROMs Series 

30009 lnler5ilDataBook(1983) S9.95 

(1356 pages) Complete line. 

30010 NflllonalAudioJHfldlo Handbook (1980) S5.95 

(P40 pages) Pre-Amps, AM. FM & FM Slereo, Power Amps 

30011 National Linear Application Handbook (1980) $15.95 

(736 pages) Appllcallon Notes, Linear Briels, etc. 

30012 National PAL Data Book (19B2) $5.95 

(176 pages) Application Notes. Linear Briels, etc. 

30013 Zllog Data Book (19B3) S7.95 

(641 pages) Microprocessors and Support Chips 

210830 Intel Memory Components Handbook (1983) , . .$14.95 

(799 pages) Contains all Application Notes. Article 

Reprints. Data Sheets, and other design information 

ot Intel's RAMs, EPROMs, E'PROMs & BuDble Memories. 

210844 Inlol Microprocessor* Peripheral Handbook (1983) . $14.95 
(1027 pages) Contains Data Sheets on all of 
Intel's Microprocessors and Peripherals. 



ATARI PADDLES 

JSP (2) $2.95 pair 

ATARI DRIVER 

JSD(1) $2.95 ea. 

TV GAME SWITCH 

Used on Atari. Cosmet- 
ically blemished. 100% 
functional. 

__ TGS-1 .. $1.95ea. 

J amSco Digital Thermometer Kit 
■maa „„„, senso , 5 _ sw „ ch 

controls fO' indoorlouldoor 

extended lo 500 leet. Con- 
tinuous LED .8" hi. display. 
Range: -40"F to 199°F,-40*C 
lo 100'C. Accuracy ± 1 " 
nominal. Calibrate lor 
Fahrentiei I/Celsius. 
-*- ■ "' ' Simulated walnul case. AC 

JE300. . . I . .$39.95 jjylg^ uT $lze: 
Universal Computer Keyboard Enclosures 

DTE ' Blank Desk fop Enclosures 
are desigred lor easy modilica- 
lion High strength epoxy molded 
enrj nieces in mocha brown finish 
'-P"" Sliding rear/Bottom panel tor service/ 

* component access' Top/hotl panels 080" 
thickalum .Undine lype 1?<J0fimsl. mold tint 
color) for best paint adhesun afier modification 
vented top & bottom panels lor cooling efficiency 
Rigid construction provides unlimited applications 
"" •*" — < $0 — -/ Assembly instructions included 

DTE-B Panel Width 7.5" $24.95 

DTE-11 Panel Width 10.13" $27.95 

DTE-14 Panel Width 13.5" $29.95 

V DTE-20 Panel Width 19.25" $34.95 




FIT TWO DRIVES IN THE SAME SPACE AS ONE CONVENTIONAL S1A" DRIVE 

SHUGART SA455 



SINGLE-SIDED: 

• 48 tpl 

• 40 Tracks 

• 250Kbytes 



COMPATIBLE WITH 
TRS-BO 
IBM-PC 



slngli 



sided 



■ Single; 
double density 

• Brushfess DC 
direct-drive motor 

• Low 5W power 
consumption 

• Power req.: 
+ 12VDC St .3A 
+ 5VOC 8 .55A 

• 6 msec, track lo track 

• One year warranty 

• Size: BVW x 1%"H x 

• Weight: 3 lbs. 6 oz. 




FD55A $249.95 



DOUBLE-SIDED: 

• 48 tpl 

• 40 Tracks 

• MOKbytes 
double-sided 

• Slnglef 
double density 

• Brushless DC 
direct-drive motor 

• Power req.r 

+ 12VDC St .75A 
+ 5VDC « ,7A 

• 6 msec, track lo track 



• Size: 5.75"W x 1.63"H x 8"D 

• Weight: 3.3 lbs. 

SA455 $259.95 



Keyboard Mask for Your 
ZX81/1000* Computer 




The 


E681 


Keyboard Mask 


rovides users 


of the 


2X81 


1000 


series computer 






each 




don Ihe keybonn 


The mask ha 


urais- 


edoi 


lline around «ach keypad allowing ihe 


userlo 


leel 


nd correctly position 




ito Iho 


keyboard 









JE681 KEYBOARD MASK 



ZX81/1000* Keyboard 
Conversion Kit 




JE682 AK Keyboard Conversion Kit . S99.95 ea. 



JE682KeyboardConvi 



S9.95e 
'ZX81/1000 Is a trademark ol Slrtclalr/Tlmox 



80-Key Keyboard 




CA150C $69.95 



95-Key Keyboard 




CA154A $79.95 




CONTROL DATA KEYBOARDS 

* 7-bit Parallel ASCII 

* SPST Switching 

* FTZ Shielded Base 

* N-Key Rollover 

* 12S Character ASCII 

* Non-Slip, Non-Glare Keycaps 

* CDC752 Terminal Keyboards 

* Attractive Case 

These Control Oata Keyboards consist of a base, cover, 
the keyboard assembly, and an Interface cable. Color 
(case): Harvest gold and black. Color (keycaps): Black, 
blue, and red. Electrical requirements: + 5V @ 600mA, 
-12V @ 50mA. Size: 21 V."W x 9"D x 3Vi"H. Weight: 6 
lbs. All units brand new in original boxes, specifications 
Included. 



Keytronics 90- Key Soft-Programmable Keyboard 

WITH SECURITY KEYLOCK SWITCH 



• RFi shielded 

• Cursor controls 

• Numeric keyboard 

• B-blt Parallel 

• Solid stale switches 

• 10 user-programmable keys 
■ PosllWe TTL Logic 

• Size: 17'L * 8V, "W x 2'/,"H 




Made for Visual Technology, this keyboard lealures: a security keylock (Includes Iwo koys) to guard against 
unauthorized use; an 11-key numeric keypad; cursor controls; and 10 user-programmable keys. Electrical re- 
quirements: + 5VDC. Color (case): White Color (keycaps): Black. Complete wllh case, keyboard assembly, 
40-inch Interface cable, and schematics. Weight: 7 lbs. 

Part No. KB270 $79.95 each 



23 , "Lx5 1 . 'W.13/8'1 



MICH0 SWITCH 85-KEY KEYBOARD 



Part No. 85SD18-1 



HI-TEK 14-KEY NUMERIC KEYPAD 

SPST switching. Cha.caal grey keycaps Mounted an printed eltcult batrd . 

Part No. K-14 $9.95 Bach 




JE664 EPROM PROGRAMMER 

8K TO 64K EPROMS — 24 AND 28 PIN PACKAGES 

— PROGRAMS 2716's IN 16 SECONDS — 

— PROGRAMS 2764's IN 64 SECONDS — 

• Programs, vafldales. and checKS lor properly atase-d EPilOMi • Emuiilss PHOMi 
di EPROMs • HS23ZC Computer Interface far editing / prognm loading • Load! diU 
Into RAM by keyboard • Changes data In RAM by keyboard • Loadi RAM Irani an 
EPROM • Compass EPROMs for content dlllerencsi • Copies EPROMs ■ Power In- 
put: 115VAC, EDHz, - 10W power consumption • Enclosure: Color-coordinated, 
fight tan panels w/molded mocha brawn and pieces • Size: 15-5/B'T k bvd « 
3'/i"H • Walghl: [>■'. lbs. 

JE664-A EPROM ProgramriHir $995.00 

| Assembled & Teslecl (Includes JH1GA Module) 

JE665 -RS232C INTERFACE OPTION" ino jebh ns?^C interiacB 
Option implemenls computer access lo the JE661 e. RAM Sample software written in 
BASIC provided lor TRS-8D" Model I, Level II Compulcr Baud rate. 96011. Worn 
l(|ili It tins -odd parity. Slop bits: 2 Option may ueadaplcdlonlliirr compulers T he 
JEfifib can he interfaced lo any computer with an RS23? port Inlormalion is also pro- 
vided for interlacing to any CP/H system with an RS232 port 

JE664-ARS EPROM Prog. W/JE665 Option $1195.00 

Assembled and Tested (includes JMlfiA Module) 

EPROM JUMPER MODULES - The JE664 - S JUMPER MODULE fPerS(in,ihly 
Module) is a plug-in Module lhat pre-sets JE66-1 for proper progiamminq pulses lo 
Hie EPROM & configure EPROM sochel conneclions lor thai particular EPROM 
P/N EPROM EPROM MANUFACTURER PRICE 




AMD. Motorola, National. Intel. Tl 
ntel. Motorola, National, NEC, Tl 
Motorola, Tl( + 5.-i2. +12] 
Moiorola, Tl 

AMD. Fuplsu. NEC. Hitachi. Intel 
ruplsu. Intel 



JM64B 

JM6rtC 

JM64D 



SH 95 

$14.95 
S14.95 
514.95 

$14.95 
SI4.95 

SH.9S 
£14.95 

SI4.95 
$14.95 




HI'S Black Hole 
EPROM Eraser 

| 9 Chips - a Minutes | 

The Black Hole EPROM Eraser will completely and safely erase 9 EPROMs in less than 
8 minutes The Black Hole is s luily automatic cassette loading eraser featuring 
U-shaped 4000 to. UV lamps mounted in a special AL2AK (UV rolleciivily ol 9] 
parabolic light tunnel In operaticn, the user slips in an anti-static Bug Sox (3 ea. 
incl ) containing the EPROMs to be erased into Ihe loading slot on the front panel of 
Black Hole The rest is lully automatic Tfio Black Hole latches Ihe Bug Boi into 
place, turns on the UV lamps and starls Ms lully solid state (CMOS) UV integration 
dose timer The percentage erasu'e lime is monuored and displayed on a Iron! panel 
LEO readout At me end of the erase cycle, the Black Hole ejects tnc Bug Box con- 
taining the 9 erased EPROMs ano turns off power 
PART NO. PRICE 

ULV-008 Replacement Lamp lor ERS-008 S29.95 

ERS-008 Eraser, Auto Eject & LED Readout $249.95 



IBM MEMORY EXPANSION KIT 



SAVE HUNDREDS OF $$$ BY UPGRADING 
MEMORY BOARDS YOURSELF! 

Most ol Ihe popular memory boards allow you to add an additional 
64K, 128K, 192K, or 2S6K. The IBM64K Kit will populate these boards 
In 84K byte Increments. The kit Is simple lo Install — Just insert the 
nine 64K RAM chips In the provided sockets end set Iho Iwo groups 
ol switches. Directions are included. 

IBM64K (Nine 200ns 64K RAMs) $59.95 



EXPAND YOUR MEMORY 



TRS-80to16K, 32K, or 4BK 

■ -Modal 1 = From 4K lo 1GK Requires (I j One Kit 
Model 3 = From 4K to 48K Requires (3) Three Kits 
Color • From 4K to 16K Requires (I) One Kit 

"Model I equipped with Ecpinilon Boird up to *SK Two Kits Requited 
— One Kit Requited lot each 1GK ol Eipimlon — 

TRS-16K3 -200ns for Color & Model III S12.95 

TRS-16K4 '250ns for Model I S10.95 



TRS-BO Color 32K or 64K Conversion Kit 



Easy to install Kit comes complele with S ea -. 16-t 2 (200ns! 64K 
dynamic RAMs & conversion documentation. Converts TRS-80 color 
computers with E clrcuil boards. & all new color computers to 32K. 
M Inormodllicat ions OI32K memory will allow the use ol all the 64K of 
the dynamic RAM providing you have a FLEX DOS operating sysiem 

TRS-64K2 $54.95 



POWER SUPPLY + 5VDC ® 1 AMP REGULATED r m „ctlm Tecft 

Oulpul * 5VBC . IA titio +30VDC) teg Input 115VAC 6OH1. 2-lono |blick/beiqe| sell-enclosed 
cose, e II.. 3 cond black powet cord GV,"W 1 T"0 1 ZV."H. VJI 3 lbs Oela sheel Incl. 

Part No. PS51 194S S14.95 each 




3H 



POWER SUPPLY +5VDC Q 3 AMP REGULATED OeHw 

Input 1 15VAC. ; 7 ■ -. J (J M r . Output. 5VDC Adjuslabls (« 3 amp. 6V0C Si 2.5 amp. Adjuitibla cur- 
rent hmil. Ripple & Noise. 1MV rms. 5MV p-p — 2 mourning surlaces. UL recognized. Size: 4"W i 
-•>'.- l i 2-7/1G"H • wl 2 lbs. Data sluot included. 
PartNo.QPS-1 S29.95Bach 



POWER SUPPLY +5V0C @ 7.5 AMP, 1ZVDC @ 1,5 AMP SWITCHING 

Input: 115VAC. 50-EQHr tjj 3amp/23DVAC. BOHl rfjn 1. 6 amp. fan volt. /power supply select swit- 
ches (I15/230VACI Oulpul 5vl)C ■■■ 7 fismp. 12VDC ;., 1 6 amp 8 ft blk paw card. HVi"Wx 
13V. 'D > 3'.V'H Wt 6 lbs. 

Part No. PS94V0S $39.95 each 



5Va" Mini-Floppy Disk Drive 

FOR TRS-BO MODEL I - COLOR COMPUTER 
Features single or double ilGnsity. Recording mode FM 
single. MFM double density Seek I me: 2Smsec track to 
track Power +12VDC U06V) 1 5A max +5VDC 
(sO25V)0.8Amax. Unit as pic at right does not incl case, 
power supply, cables] 30-pg data Coot: incl Wl 3V» lbs 
Size 5Y."WxB"Dx3'/.:"H 
Pari No. Limited Quanllly! Price 

FD200 $179.95 

Slngla-slded, 40 tracks, 250K bytes capacity 

FD250 $199.95 

Double-sided, 35 tracks. 43SK byles capacity 




POWER SUPPLY 4-Ctiannsl Switching - Apple Compatible 

FOR USE AS AN EXTERNAL POWER SUPPLY FOR APPLE 

Microprocessor, mini-computer, terminal medical equipment and process control applications. In- 
put: 9Q-130VAC47-44DHr. Oulpul. tSVOCtH 5A, -BVOC® IA: +1ZVDC(n IA.-l!VDC(lr 1A. 
Line tea.. =0 2V Ripple 30mV p-p Load reg : i IV. Overcurrent protection. Ad|: SV train out- 
pultlOS 6-3/B-L i t-7/8-Wi 4-15/l6"H. Wt. IV, lbs. 

Part No. FCS-604A S69.95 each 




S10.00 Minimum Order — U.S. Funds Only 
California Residents Add 6V ; % Sales Tax 
Shipping — Add 5% plus S1.50 Insurance 
Send S.A.S.E. for Monthly Sales Flyer! 



Spec Sheets — 30c each 
Send $1.00 Postage tor your 
FREE 1983 JAMECO CATALOG 
Prices Subject to Change 




EEE 



■— "i 



ameco 



ELECTRONICS 



VISA' 



8" FLOPPY DISK DRIVE 



Shugart 801 R 
compatible 

• Single-Sided 

• 77 Tracks 

• 400/800K Bytes 
Capacity 

• Industry Standard 

The FDD100B 8" Floppy Disk Drlvo (Industry Standard) fealurrjs 
single or douh.'c density Recording mode: FM singlrj, MFM double 
density Transfer rate. 250K bHSfflM single density, 50QK bilsrsoc 
double donsily The FDDI008 is designed lo work wllh ihe single- 
sided soli sectored IBM Diskette i. or eq. disk cartridge. Power: 
115VAC Si 5O-60HZ, + 24VDC « 1.7 amps max., +5VDCri* 1.2 amps 
max. Unit as pictured above{does not Include case, power supplv, or 
cables). Size: 8.55"W x trL » 4.5"H. Weigbs 12 lbs Incl. 96-pn. 
manual. 




1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002 
9/83 PHONE ORDERS WELCOME — (415) 592-8097 Telex: 176043 



Part No. 



Price 



FDD100-8. .$1 69.95 ea.J 



Circle 239 on inquiry card. 



BYTE September 1983 627 



CaMFornja DiqiTAl 

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503 



LIBERTY $A7£ 

FREEDOM 50 Tf? 



?ms0wm 



19 


■■:C 


baud Seme 
OiS Emui.n 
n n 5 and 2 




low 


pri 


e ot only S-i 


b 




DIABLO 

« Word Processing Printer 

. *879 



Now Irom (he originator ol lha daisy wheel punier Ihe Diablo 630 Pnnl speeds lu 24 char/sec 
user selectable Pi -direction a I printing superscripts, subscripts graphics and more Plus sl.ino.ird 
RS-232 interfacing Communication speeds to i200oauiJ with n 1500 charade* iir.ni buffer 
Software program;. :>ie a b si; lute horiiontai sin-- makes repiin lorniattnij easy Over 20 fliflnreni 
print wheels are cunenily available The 620 aulnmaiit.iiiy -.evce, the prins spacirtij lor 10. 12. 15 
Chair'inchprini wheels On sue service avail, ihle world* tie D8L-62Q 5010s 



Faraday Electronics 

IBM PC COMPATIBLE 

SINGLE BORAD COMPUTER 

'479 



Tin.' Faraday model r>-I is. .1 single On, ml computer ui.il 
incorporates l.i>vi.t-i' . = 1 J - 1 ■ '. j ■-. r sMmi.i'd lea!urt."j I.-1K 
Centronics pnnler porl and two RS-232 Serial ports an 

.rn.i.niud |Lip(jract.-il}i(' to 9 slots) 

("iirii-r .j'jfful li'.it.in.". i;'.(.riirii> IBM i-e.'i.paiioW -i;yl)'..i,i' 
I I'KOM .inset .,..■. n:.i|il>- DMA (:M.iriri,-i:, ,md 2 conrite" 1 
tilt' Hoard measures 8' i by 12 RequiicsSvollsaiid 



interlace B0B7 socket uplo 3 
ners MS-DOS ana CP.M 86 cor 
'volts FAR-OJ 



MORROW DESIGNS 

Micro Decision MD1 

include S 1 oOO worm oi FREE sollwara 




ns233 sun.il pons ciuaiit 
200 Kilobyte 5'j disk 



ilU'S Standard 
sity I loppy disk 
ivo The Micro 




COLUMBIA VP 

IBM COMPATIBLE 

2247 

jmnia VP Portable s advanced de 

'Heeled in its cnniMcl/por table t-.i/e. 
nr.liiK] reliability S .in aslotinrlinfjiy 



U.S. ROBOTICS 

1200 BAUD MODEM 



419 



I9u 00 MD5-MD2 



tin- Micro Decision MD2 w 



magi ilud 

MS- L:i J:'. 



LOW COST' Despite its 

>nly38lns Ibis Stylish computer le.ilures a 9 Screen I2BKRAM with dual 320Kttnvi 

.meotara \VHi..!n:i,.n:,r-crr-, 1 ,,,i,:,;.:.Min; 1 . 1 ti.'.-,i-.'k" IDM PC it actually comes witn 
■lit TREE software :-,et.has Peitei.l Ok vVntei Srie'ier. Net Diagnostics. Colui 
-mi It) mention Home Aucouritaril P'us. and much rnoro' Besides it:. LO'iirjatiOiMy *i 

I CP/M-86 operating lystems Ihra advanced umioflera an inciedtbtytfreststatifeval) 

i'ly ol practical software FREE' 



me U S Robotics 212A/I03 modem represents a ma 
advance in 1200/300 baud mudem technology Propnul.: 
1 200 baud LSI integrated circuits allows (he U S Roboti 
2I2A modem to maintain higher reliability over margir 

The U S Robot.es 2I2A features auto dial, 
baud selection USR-212A S4I9 00 2 lbs 
Other excellent values m tin eel connect modems Sitti 
Data 1200 baud at only 363 00 




PRINTERS 

'269 




Stat Gemini 



MATRIX PRINTERS 

SurrGufmru ::.■•.■...-..-.!■ ■ in::. ., ,. .,- ;-,■■ illel STRC.I0 

Stai Geffltni 10X 120r.l...r'scc -IK 0u»ei STRGlOX 

ii.eGenn:. 15 '00 char set '5 oaper STRGtS 

atar Co«> MFT In .l.(,n & uaclv VSTCB0FT 

>ni.ii.i 82A serial a pafflDeJ B' . paper OK1-82A 

DluOataSZA serial & par I i6Uciwr sec OKI-92A 

.. ■.,-.,,•.-.-.:...,.. - n.,,„... OKI-B3A 

:. lataB-M •. . ■ IS oauer OKI-84A 

- id ■... - ■ .-"i laOcna'-sec OKi-aaso 

• ■■ mi Rrtffi p/aphhai inc &i>aciot EPSFxuo 

MXl ■■ ■■ i-Jti'Hidi 15 oap.-r EPSMXtOO 

JLC8023A W» Jia.« V paper graon<» NEC-8023A 

toudn 950>A n>gti ^lOw'th o>.i(yi<> ADX -QbOtA 

v ATOOcftar sec pa-iA ■■-- ADX-9620A 

■ . poad ■rtdtpv i DSI-IB0 
. . ■ ■ .-.•spondeocoquaMy taOciidf m-l QTX-7030 

- .-. ■ ■ • • iiaper PRO8510P 
.- ■ ■ pai*' PRO-8510S 

I ipei qr.tpt-.is PH02P 

■< rwronu P 300 n<jn speeo p-mwr 10 .m« per minute PTX-P300 

■ ... ■ .-.,-.;■ speed 600 tm«s permmute PTX-Petx) 

tint smanit I .\ 160) serial & i ■■•■ n.Och... s.<: MAN trai 

WORD PROCESSING PRINTERS 

■,■■-.■ ■;■,.- ai menace NEC 7/10 

■ .■ • ■ ; arlmteriace IMEC-7730 

. !.. ,. ■ t /<■ ,H) • ■: cnar sec 11.1' I miertai ■- SRD I XPf.OO 

3*rtnfteadEXP55i)irCh,ir <,i.i par hntertace SHD-EXP550 

D.-ii J io63040cri.ir.M-. ■'. DPL-(i30 
[>.itKo620 oroport-ofui spacnn iH)'/6ven lab 20cps DOL 020 

■■•■• '• -■-.,*■.■.- pata f.t.-IMcny bTH-HBlP 

-..-lace BTH-HRtS 

,.-«■ 40cnar sec PROFiuS 14/5 01 

.: . ■. ■ i .• • lOeAai Hi PRO'FtOP 147501 

EPSON MX80 

RIBBONS $ 6.95 



MONITORS 



2G9 0O 

.".!!( 00 

55a oo 
^29 00 
■119 00 
499 00 
G29 00 
'Hi') MO 

i'.(9-:>oo 

575 00 

695 00 

395 no 

1119CO 
122') l)[) 
i;'9!i()0 
1 595 on 
495 00 
u39 00 



1995 00 
taSiaiJl) 
595 00 
759 00 

2250(10 
879 00 
779 00 



.-, •.- :.:■ ■ ;.- • . ■.,■■■:, . 1.: tiCcnl ,I-'1SWI|( 

Nil :-■ ■•> JJ-.-pfOr •Ut.-lf con;:..' /d.)U 

1 j «:■■.. rimpovt 

USi AmDet screen 12 comoos.! moniio' 
Molurui.iJ3 opnntrjmeb'k wh-ifWimppyi v4vo 
Mi :■- .1 12 0ponl(amereQuFresnor2Sync anopower 
■ opart ii..'1'i- requires Hon sync S tZv Supply 
COLOR 



HI/.1 

Ut.'-I. 



■•.:.'<i ,n 



BMC 12A 
BMC 1 2EN 

ZTHZ12) 

NEC-JBt.'flt 

NEC-JBI2»0 

MOT BVW3 

MOT FJW I a 
CON-BWl't 

BMC 9191 

BMC-9191M 

NEC- 1203 

NEC-JC1201 

2TH -Z13-I 

COM-ti5ufl 

AMK-KHi 



139 01) 
1 09 00 
lu9 00 
129 00 
169 00 



279 00 
499 00 

ti-vt 01) 
Ci'J 00 
:,'}',()') 

t;'!Mi:i 

.129 00 



MODEMS 

, DIRECT CONNECT 
$75.00 



' 300 DSnC only .i 
i. 103AppliH]fCt 
:i,0 S lOO.iulu. 



HVS212AD 

HYS-103AD 

HYSMM2 

HYS-100 

HYSCHR232 

USR-212A 

PEN-12A0 

UDS-103LP 

UDS 103LPJ 

UDS-202LP 

UDS212LP 

NOVJCAT 

fJCJV CAT 

NOV SCI 03 

NOVSC212 

SGI.-MK1 



l,!)5 0i! 
li,!MJl! 
2 1 9 00 



..'Iff on 
'.29 00 
75 00 



1 


VISA 


1 






^2 ^S 




master charge] 




'^■p ■■ "« 



The Wyse 100 leatures die cast 
aluminum case. 1 02 key keyboard 
and non-glare 26 line green phos- 
phor video display. Split screen 
both horizontal an vertical makes 
the WY- 100 unusally user Inendly 
This unique terminal is perfect to 
enhance any business system 

79$ 




Visual " 
Visual 

■■Jviu-M 

Wyse 



330. emulates DEC. DG LSI green 
Dialogue 125 ijmori scniun two patje. tunc, keys 
Dialuuge 125i)inbci screen iw(ip<igu. lunc keys 



:]yl)'].tr(! :'21uiii3i0nki'yh 



L1B-F50 

VSL-SO 

VSL-50G 

VSL-330G 

APX-OI2SG 

APX-D125A 

WYS-100 

WYS-300 

TVI-910P 

TVI-925 

TVI-950 

TVf-970 

ZTH-229 

ADD-VPl 

ADD-VP2 



4 75 00 
659 00 
679 00 
995 00 
695 00 
685 00 
795 00 
H59 00 
595 00 
795 00 

93:. (1(1 
i;'fi9(J(i 
765 00 
585 00 
61500 



XEROX tAO 

WORD PROCESSING OjF 

KEYBOARD "' 

_.:.f 



IllSHili A i -- «' m N 
< * * X i. i. * i » » '. '": 



Back by popular demand, our Dest selling wota processing keyOoarU 
77 key keyboard manufactured by Micro switch for the Xerox Corpora- 
tion Hall elfecl keys tor Ihe utniosl reliability 

This keyboard outputs a seven bit ASCI! code along with an eighth bit 
that allows most keys to shift and double Function as special chat 
aclers. Extra latge Tab and Return keys stmtliar in layout to the IBM 
Selectnc 

17 keys are illuminated (or special word piocessmg functions. Two 
BCD thumbwheel switches are also featured MIC-77X 6 lbs Cus- 
lom enclosure option available 



SOFTWARE 



CP/M SOFTWARE 



CPIM Formats Available 

0" 3740 IBM • 8"CP/M86 

Northstar 10 Sector • Osborne 

Alios • Heath / Zeinlh 10 sector 

Telowldeo • Xerox • Atari 
Apple OOS • IBM/PC • Eagle 
Cromcmco • Commodore 64 

I B M BUSINESS SOFTWARE 



APPLE BUSINESS SOFTWARE 



■ ■.', ■■■■ 
PK'AOttt 
I'SftllttW 

■ :, ■-..'■ 



APPLES ATARI GAMES 



.' ■: v 
■ ' 
. I! 



256 KILOBYTE 

MEMORY BOARD 

<495 

• 2S6 ktloDytes nl memory uung 64K dynamic RAM 




• Error delecUon-trap capability. 

• Individual I6K block can be rslocairtd ia any 
boundry within a megabyte of RAM. 

• 2d bil addressing anil phantom mode capability. 

The California Digita!256K RAM board represents an outstanding, value mS- 100 memor, tnchnology PnceO shnhiy above 

■ ,n i,t ,ji'i.i'i,i!;iinu.lKil>n,irii.; r.in: 1-nM ■! | ■■ ■,■■■• ■:■■-■■■ .■■:!(:■: ---■ , .-.il.,r. ■ .-:- K ■ ■! iv.-iu ■•; .-.It. j ,-.!■, I* ,r.|, , :i ■ 

feature can b(.'|Litnpeiei Mi y ol Hie iiileini(it line:,, a statu.', inirt ERROR I. EI) ur IEEL i,!m- -Enf-iOR :,upiyi 24 oi 16bt1 

.utrirosoinii with mcniusy ni.ni.itjemanl 

Proper operation with Imni ii.niei eiiu.pceti systi'ms DMA i]isk coriirt r ; , .mo iLLL ij'irj re'iijut.iry Buss Masters 

assured with an on ihe board Mt generator lor memory relrr.-sii iim nq CAS k-.iHaSi r- r -■ ■. ■ ■■- ■■>■.■■ , ; i ,■. ■(. t.ij [■'.!■:.: t.i- 

delay lines 'or proper operatron over the entire operating lernperaiure range 

Tne board >S vcy reccn o uestgn using me Naiioiia Seniu-onoucioi LIP 8409 RAM Ci.-itteNi." chip Spul lermmatioti 

..--.-. . ■ ■ ■■■ ss l.rnv, i AS inii- ..■iii HAS I :. entnin.it'rn) lin ,.i^i ir.icesi.it iinijuu) Tiie tmarrl usi's two 

Sep.irale vcDIaye >eg-". - One lot Hie DRAMs .itid one lur ihe mierlace iiii|n; incre.:>:.irui ihe rtui-.e niinuiriily of Ihe ram 

array T v tiN:.ii power diss.p,ii.on is 8 walls 

imahc and application notes on Ihg use o! the 

S- 100 BOARDS 



16 BIT MICROPROCESSORS 



SINGLE BOARD COMPUTERS 



8 BIT MICROPROCESSORS 



FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLERS 



CPM OPERATING SYSTEM 

■■ liRICpW? 'iW« 

■..•i ;'.Mi.-.Hi&i.,.<nUHi. (.HI CyMfl*. Iffilt 

■■■■■• cpm; mCfNB 

HARD DISK CONTROLLERS 



EPROM BOARDS 



STATIC MEMORY BOARDS 



DYNAMIC MEMORY BOARDS 
INTERFACE BOARDS 



SPECIAL FUNCTION BOARDS 

HayflsS-IOQM*tcmMHR3WMUIfCCnfl WSMIGO la 
OlCw^pt't, :KiOia»n(UJ tui Wrtuo 01CCCKU 1J9 
Gouoo-jt t*tvtm union Muid IK [PROM (la: - 
G00ftOulSvi.'«ii'Su!]wr0M.an''P l ''. , l-j,- CHI S95lt U9 



MAINFRAMES & MOTHER BOARDS 



I B M BOARDS 



■; ■ ■ ■. .. ■■ . 



ASI 10 
Apart A51 CBtiJ 
a Brsym asI ACC 

i baud «.! PCN 

:K Stfi n,.t 

IB-IIft 

SIB i 



■ 

n MUM 



19 

! 
■■ 

■>■■ 



■■.,■.■. ■;■• . 



iVea ■ '--:■'■■■■:-■: ■ 



WAD i l. 
WW 611 

. . '. ..■■'■ 
. ■-■ •/ . '. 
.'.'.' II 



. ■ 
■ ■ 



TOLL FREE ORDER LINE 

800)421-5041 

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA 

213)679-9001 



CaMFornja DiqiTAl 

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503 



FREE* 

Plastic library case supplied with all 
| diskettes purchased from California Digital 

$ 

New Low Price 



19.95 



Pnvale laDelod 'or California Digital by one fll Ihe 

respoclod producers ol tnagnehc media Each diskette 

is certified double density ai 40 tracks To 

eilorwlod media life all diskollo are manulacturei 

reinforced hub 

Each box ol diskettes is supplied with a lice plastic 1 

library case 

Sotl sudor CAL-501 Ton sector CAL-5111 



-■ikettes 



5 l A" DISKETTES 

WITH LIBRARY CASE 



$ 






Aferbali 



26. 50 

Your Choice 

SCOTCH 
MEMOREX 
VERBATIM 



Single Side Double Density 
Sort Sector 10 Sector 16 Sector 



SCOTCH 


744D-0 


744D-10 


744D-16 


26.50 


MEMOREX 


3481 


3483 


3485 


26.50 


VERBATIM 


525-01 


525-10 


NA 


26.50 


MAXELL 


MD1 


MH1-10 


MH1-16 


29.85 


DYSAN 


104/1D 


107/10 


NA 


45.00 





Double Side Double Density 




SCOTCH 


745-0 


745-10 


745-16 


42.50 


VERBATIM 


550-01 


550-10 


NA 


42.50 


MAXELL 


MD2-D 


MH2-10D 


MH2-16D 


45.00 


DYSAN 


104/2D 


107/2D 


NA 


49.50 


DYSAN 96 


204/2D 


NA 


NA 


59.50 



EIGHT INCH DISKETTES 



Single Side Single Density 


Single Side Double Density 


SCOTCH 


7400 


29.50 


SCOTCH 


7410 


39.00 


MEMOREX 


3060 


29.50 


MEMOREX 


3090 


35.00 


DYSAN 


3740/1 


39.50 


DYSAN 


3740/0 


57.50 


Thirty Two Sector 


Double side Double Density 


SCOTCH 1 740-32 1 29.50 


SCOTCH 


7430 


47.50 


Flip & File 5' i stores SO disk INC-525 189 


MEMOREX 


3114 


39.50 


Scotch head cie 
Plastic library a 


nkitS'.&S MM 
ses5' Sfl SR 


Mck5M9 
V-LS 2.9b 


DYSAN 


3740/2D 


65.00 



POWER SUPPLIES & FANS 




S-10O supply loMd transformer, 8W30A. xi6V/5A. AC recepacie EDP-P100 1 19.00 

Calif DC swildiir..] supply lor 5''. "Winchester or 8" drive 12/24 voll&5V CAD-53010 119.00 

Po*er One CP20o linear lor r*o 8 drives 5V..24V.-12V (nolpictured) POW-206 99.00 

Aitec Switching supply 5V.-3A. 12W9A& -12W 075A. 115/230AC. AIC-1298 59.00 

5V'3A Compacl linear supply removed Iron working equipment SPC-PWt 14.95 



Dual squirrel cace Slower flanrje mounled. 115v 92walls 200 c'm 
Pamolor 4600X V i ' lan all meial conslruclion. 1 15v. 20 walls 65 dm. 
FtRl I41LV-2182 iV fan, metal conslruclion, 1 15v. 9 walls 45 dm 
Rorron Mullm Ian 41V open Irame conslruclion, 1 15v. 14 walls 65 elm 
fTfll 126LF2182 3'/." lan. Aluminum conslruclion, 1 15v 9 walls35 dm 



;-1087 
.1-4600 
-2182 
-M2A2 
[-126 



14 77 
9.95 







1 VISA 


|/4M|p\ 



MEM ORY 

16K DYNAMIC 




1.95 

4116 150ns. 



64K DYNAMIC 

6.95 

4164 150ns. 



2732 EPROM 

4.95 

450ns. 



16K STATIC 

4.95 

6116 200ns. 




2764 EPROM 

SALE '5.95 



DYNAMIC MEMORY 



1027 4K d/rvrwc 25Cns 

4116 ISOns. 16K 

Ui6300ns.16K 

1164 150ns. 64K 12Brelresh 

i 1256 150ns 256K 



:iL02 200ns tK sialic 
21L02 450ns IKstalic 
2112450ns. 2K slat* 
2iM 30Ons. 1Kx4 
-1044TMS 450ns 4K * 
5257 300ns. 4K x 1 
6116 P4 200ns 2K » 
61 16 P3 150ns 2K i B 



ICM-40272SO 
ICM-41161E0 
ICM-4 1 1 6200 
ICM-4164150 
ICM-41256150 

STATIC MEMORY 

ICM-21L02200 
ICM-2IL0245Q 
ICM-21 12450 
ICM'21 14300 
CM-4Q44450 
CM-5257300 
1CM .6116200 
1CM61 16150 



6167'2167 100ns I6K « I (20 pin) ICMS16710O 



2708-I50ns IK «8 
2716450ns 2KxS 
?7i6TMS450ns Tit-voiiage 
2732 450ns 4K i B 
2732 350ns 4K.B 
2532 450ns 4K»B 
276-1 350ns 8K18 
27128 350ns 16K .8 



lCE-2708 
1CE-27T6 
1CE-2716TMS 
JCE-2732 
ICE-27323W 
ICE 2532 
ICE -2764 
ICE-27I2S 



850 
1050 
5 95 



CONNECTORS 




DB25P 



S-100Gold 
$2.95 



5T 



$2.50 



GOLD 5- 1 00 EDGE CARD CONNECTORS 
catalog each 10-99 100+ 

lmsais-1250 CNE-IMS 2 95 2 50 2 19 
SullmsH. Rel CNE-HlOO 4 19 3 85 3 47 
S-lOOWtnavV CNE-WtO 395 3 50 3 19 
Allair -40 si CNE-1O0A 4 95 4 50 4 19 

.156" CENTER EDGECARD CONNECTORS 
22/44 Eyetal CNE-UE 2.50 2 15 195 
«/72MW0.8/tCNE'72S 660615 5 75 
36-730 Gs'l CNE-72S 5 95 5 50 5 19 
Other conneclors available" upon request 

CONNECTORS 

CND-r25P 5.65 5 25 4 15 

CNDr25S 5 95 5 59 4 50 

CNCr36P 7 95 6 75 5 90 

CNC-r36S 7 95 6 75 5 90 

CNI-DE20 4 35 3 30 2 50 

CNIOS20 2 75 I 85 1 60 

CNI-DE26 4 95 3 50 2 70 

CN1-DS26 3 50 2 40 2 15 

CNI-DE34 4 95 4 50 3 50 

CNI-OS34 4.50 3 95 3 15 

CNI-DE50 5.95 5 60 4 90 

CNI-DS50 4 95 4 60 3 80 



DB25Pmalc 
DB25S female 
57-30360 male 
57-303601 male 
20 pin edge 
20 pm socket 
26 pin edge 
26 pm socket 
34 pm edge 
34 pin socket 
50 pm edge 
50 pm socket 



'0 TYPE 


catalog 


•Mh 


10-99 


100+ 


DE9P nulo 


CND-9P 


1 60 


MO 




DE9S lomale 


CND-9S 


225 


2 (HI 


i:«) 


DE hood 


CND-9H 


1.50 


1.35 


1 20 


DAt5Pmale 


CNO-15P 


2.35 


3 10 


>>tHI 


DA 15S female 


CND-15S 


325 


n 1(1 


290 


DAI 5 hood 


CND-15H 


1.60 


1 :th 


1311 


D825P male 


CNO-25P 


2.50 


1 W> 


IBS 


OB25S lemalc 


CND-25S 


3.35 


V th 


IMS 


DB25 hood 


CND25H 


1.35 


1.15 


It 


DC37P male 


CND-37P 


4?0 


3.95 


ft Kb 


DC37S lernak 


CNO-37S 


5 35 


S./tt 


SM) 


DC37 hood 


CND-37H 


2 25 


1.95 


1 KS 


DD50P male 


CND-50P 


S50 


5.10 


4 /S 


DD50 hood 


CND-50H 


?BO 


2.40 


2 10 


HawnVamSift 


CND-2HS 


.99 


.69 


.42 



AMPHENOL / CENTRONICS TYPE 

57-30360 36/P CNC-36P 7 95 6 35 4.90 
IEEE4BB.CdorCND-24P 795 6 35 5 35 

DISK DRIVE POWER CONNECTORS 
B pm DC CNP-6DC 195 1.29 89 
8 3ACSgl/S CNP-3SS 1 69 1 09 69 
8 3ACD&VS CNP-3DS 169 109 69 
5'- 4 pin DC CNP-4DC 179 1 19 99 
3 p.n DIN recpl CNPD3P 2 59 199 159 



23" 

COMPOSITE 
MONITOR 

*159 



Ideal monitor 

for classroom 

demonstrations. 



Ever try gathonng a 

purchase a 23 high resolution m 

These units accept standard composn v- 

the Apple and IBM Attach rt your a 

screen video 

MOT-BW23 35 Lbs Monitors are open Irame and lor saloty should b 

ervtraurn lor above S3 5 OO additional CAL-ENC23 15 Lbs 




enclosed Wood grained 



BLOWOUT 

SAUL 

'179 * 

California Digilal has recently participaled ir 

the purchase ol" several thousand Siemens! 

FDD 100-8 floppy disk drives. These units are electronically and physically 

similiar to thai of Ihe Shugart 801R. All unils are new and shipped m factory 

sealed boxes Manual and power conneclors supplied lice upon requesl Your 

Choice 1 1 5 Volt. 60 Hz. or 230 Volt. 50Hz. 



in Franklon reducing import duty and Ircighl charges 



REMEX D S E W 

California Digital has iusl purchased a large quantity ol Remex RFD-JOOO 
Eight inch double sided disk drves. Remex is the only double sided disk 
drive that has an double gimbal mounted head assembly thai guaranties lower 
head (racking. This drive is mechanically solid. Remex has always been 
known for producing premiere products tor the floppy disk market. The Remex 
company is a subsidiary of the Ex-cell-o Corporation, a Fortune 500 Company. 

Eight Inch Single Sided 

One Two Ten 



SHUGART SA801R 


s 395 


385 


375 


SIEMENS FDD100-8 


179 


179 


169 


TANDON 848-1 SLIMLINE 


369 


359 


349 


Eight Inch Double Sided 


SHUGART SA851R 


525 


495 


475 


QUME DATA TRACK 8 


525 


495 


475 


MITSUBISHI M2894-63 


459 


449 


409 


REMEX RFD-4000 


219 


209 


189 


TANDON 848-2 SLIMLINE 


485 


475 


465 


SHUGART 860 THINLINE 


569 


549 


539 


Five Inch Single Sided 


SHUGART SA200 2 h Height 


169 


159 


1149 


TANDON TM 100-1 


119 


119 


Call 


Five Inch Double Sided 


SHUGART SA455 V 2 Height 


259 


249 


239 


SHUGART SA465 96TPI 


289 


279 


269 


TANDON TM 100-2 


279 


269 


259 


TANDON TM 101-4 96TPI 


369 


355 


350 


Three Inch Rigid Floppy 


HITACHI-AMDEK 


call for pricing 


Five Inch Winchesters 


SEAGATE 406 6 Megabyte 


695 


675 


650 


SEAGATE 412 12 Megabyte 


995 


960 


960 


TANDON TM-503 14 Megabyte 


895 


860 


795 


WESTERN DYNAX removable 


995 


960 


950 


Upon request, all drives are supplied 
with power connectors and manual 



SPECIAL 

TandonTM 100-1 




Recenl liquidation from a mater manufacturer of dala processing 
equipmenl allows California Digital the opportunity lo ofter these 
Tandon disk drives at a fraction of their original cost. Brand 
new, wilh 90 day guarantee. TAW-TW i 00 1 



TOLL FREE ORDER LINE 

800)421-5041 

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA 



fHcff^I:a:TiTiT 



V-/\ADS*VNCED 
T Z>-CQ/VIPUTER 
^A/pRCJDlJCTS 




MICROPROCESSORS 



16K Apple™ Ramcard 




LIST 195 
ACP 

95 



s 



59 



• Full 1 year warranty 
Top quality — gold fingers 
• Expand Apple II 48K to 64K 
Compatible with Z-80 Softcard" 

NOW AVAILABLE 

Apple Me 64K Add-in Memory . . ..„ 

with 80 Columns MAO 



s 149 9 



32K STATIC RAM 

2or4MHz 

Expandable 

Uses 

21141s 

1fiK4MHzKit M5995 

IBK<MIOA»T -., oa = ■'W 

12K4MH8KH sl ' a ^^^m^& 

< TJK A MH7. AST • 139 W 

RARF BOARD ^9 9« 




eRdA/il'Iparls 



99 95 



REPEAT OF SELL-OUT 

58 Key Unencoded Keyboard 



This ts a new 58 key lermmdi K eyhoar'! 
manufactured hy a majoi manufacturer 
II is uncoderl with SPST keys unat- 
tached to any PC board. Solid molded 
plastic 1 1" a 4" base. 



Unencoded 
Key Pad 

ie key Keypad with 
1-10 keys and tab, 
return. I ) < 1 ^tid I ). 

Onhj 3 ii. 



% 



UV "EPROM" 

ERASER 

Model 

DF-4 

$89.95 




Holds 4 FPROM'j 



Model S-52T 



16K Memory 
Expansion Kits 

for Apple/TRS-80 

8 DCS 41 16 16K 

200/i?50nS (tl O QC 

Specify compute' ^ I C- . \J O 

CAU FOR VOI UME PRICING 



CORCOM FILTER 



» 



Popular 
CORCOM 
Filter 
$495 

6 amc Tf 
ine Cord Ad-J S3 50 



<&« 



9 pes 4164 

D-RAM 

$cnoo 



50 



AMD MODEM IC 

_«^iJVP/N AM7910 
fPP^' .Volts 



Special ACP Price 



sggnn 



64K CMOS 



RAMCARD 




__6iteics 

00 «** 

Single Suonly 
Assm and Tested 



| NTE |_ 4K.STAPC 



RAMS 

Super Fast! 

Super 
Low Power! 



Pan No 2147 $1.95 ea. 



^ 



STEPPER MOTOR 

Operates bv applying 
12VDC in one direc- 
3!]1 'inn qnd then revers- 
_ sj i ing polarity (or square 
x ~:/ wavet. Uses 12VDC. 
-^/ Clock Wise Rotation. 
Rated 3 RPM at 4 
ACP ppg with a 5 d e g ree 
PRICE stepping angle. 

$Q95 

Oea. 10 for $34.95 




RS232 SIGNAL TESTER 

COEX RS232 
Line Tester 

(7) LED Indicators 

SJM95 
only tl 

Othor Styles Alsn Awailnb'P 



INTEL CODEC IC 

P/N2910A 
For Digital 

Voice 

SQ95 

For Filter P/N2912A $4 95 ea. 



• UUCb lb 




SURGE 
SUPPRESSOR 

"Surgeonics" 
Power Sentry 
IS Amps 250 Volts 

'ransipnl suppression 

Low Price Oil 



CONNECTORS 



QB25P (RS23?) 




S3 ^5 


ob?5S Female 




3 75 


Hnod 




i 26 


Sel with Hood. Sale 




7 50 


22/44 S/l KIM 




295 


43/86 S/T MOT 




650 


■sn/iorj B-ion omn 


ctot W/W 


4.95 


50, 100S-100<"or.n 


ct>r S/T 


195 



PARALLEL ALPHA NOMERIC 
PRINTER 



eSafe 

9p 19 Column Printer prints 16 numerical columns plus 3 
^^pT^^Bp^^ which have math, alpha and other notations. 

^^^ Farh wheel has 1? positions with position 1? blank 

I Position 1 1 on numerical column*; have decimal point or # Utili7PS 2,75" 
I wide adding machine 'ape ano 1 a dual color ink ribbon Input data parallel 
J with four b'lROP omparator circuit Print rate, 3 lines per second 
I Operating voltage ??-?8VDC with fypica' cycle time of 

140mS Stee 6' W - 3W H * 5 3 *>"np New $8.95 ea. 3/S25 



ZB001 $99 00 

ZB002 69 00 

Z80 9 95 

ZBOA 1 1 95 
F-fl (39501 16 95 

3650 16 95 

1B02 9 75 

B080A -175 

B0B5 14 95 



8008 1 SI -195 

2901 9 90 

2901 A 1-195 

990OJL -19 95 

6502 9 95 

6502A 1 R 95 

IM6100 29 95 

6800 11 75 



BBDOB 



1995 



6802P 14 95 

FJ035 14 95 

B039 12 95 

8073N 34 95 

8755 "9 95 

8748 49 95 

6809 1000 

ft086 49 95 

R8O0O 12995 



R116/2016S7 95 

8264-64K 5.95 

4116-2 1.99 

4116-2 fl/12.95 

2101 

2102 

2U02-2 

21102-4 

2111 

2112 

2114 

2114L-2 

2114L-4 

2125 



3 99 
79 
1 49 
1 29 
3.49 
3.49 
1.99 
3.25 
2.29 
6 99 5280 4.60 

|:HIJM:ii 



4060 4 69 

4096 399 

4115 1,49 

4200 7.95 




8155 $9.95 

8156 9.95 
8202 29.95 
8205 2.69 
8212 2.75 
8214 4.95 
8216 275 
8224 2.95 
8226 2.95 
8228 3 95 
8243 9 50 

8250 14 95 

8251 6 50 
8253 1 1 .95 
8255 4.50 
8257 9 50 



8259 $8 95 
B275 19.95 
8279 9.50 
6810 4,75 
6820 6.50 
6621 650 
6828 10.50 
6834 16.95 
6845 22.95 
6847 27 95 
6850 5 25 
6852 525 
6860 10.95 
6862 10.95 
6875 5.95 
6880 2 49 



66047 S22 95 

68488 19 95 

46505 22 95 

6520 6.95 

6522 9 95 

6530- X 24.95 

6532 17 95 

6551 19.95 

Z60-PIO 6.50 

ZBOA-PIO 9.50 

Z80-CTC 6 50 

Z80A-CTC 9.50 

ZBO-DMA 19 95 

Z80A-DMA 27.95 

Z80-SIO 24,95 

Z80A-SIO 29.95 



MOS PROMS 



27P4(BKxR|TS 
?7.'*2(4KkB)TS 
2716/2516: 5V 
(2KxR)TS 
TMS2716. 5V. 12V 
2758,5V, |450nS) 



7 95 
17 95 
350 



2708(460nS) $5 75 
?7OR(fi50nK) 5 25 
1 702A 5 75 

MM5203AQ 14 50 
MM5204CJ 9 95 



BHS3 



25(3-001 |5VHI|)per $950 
?5l.V00S|5VI1.nwH 1095 
?513-ADM3r5V|lowf" 1495 
MCMn67in ASCII SWtlodlS 15 
MCMfi674riM!iUi t W">ti'il 1395 
TrCMfi675<lAin"-'.iH>!iul '3 45 
1771-01 B UMim'toUDv 24 95 
17R1 Dual Floppy 29 95 

1791-01 Dual Floppy 3695 
1 711 -02 nihil floppy 44 95 
1 791 OD. OS Floppy 44 95 
1797 DD, D5 Floppy 54 95 
tfi9lOai.iS«ianior 189S 
?143Cloch(i(hVr.i1[}r 1895 
BiWIBhtl Binary 11 IC 

B70' in tm Binary ??on 
B7r)38p.lIS 1350 

Won Volt !o Freo, Conv 725 
B7*i0 3'*[)igii8CD 1395 



DACIOO 

B01B Fuorlmi Gcoprnlor 

»r.A02A VCO 

IWnfiGVCO 

XfWOfi Finrimn flfnpr.nw 

1R1R(1?BI^V 1?V) 

AV5t013(5V. t?V) 

Ayh10l4A/161?(5-14V) 

A¥5iOI5A/18G3|5V) 

IMH02 

IMS4Q3 

23S0IIRRT 

1B718AsIrD! 2 

M014411 1 

4707 1 

WD1941 

TOM5016 I 

INSB?50 1 



H0B16 



395 
S95 



ESSga 



- w 



LOW PROFILE 
SOCKETS (TIN) 



8 nin LP 16 15 

14 pin LP .20 19 

16 pin LP 22 21 

18 pin LP 29 28 

20 pin LP 34 32 

22 pin LP 29 27 

24 pin IP 38 37 

28 pin LP 45 44 

40 nin LP 60 59 

3L WIREWRAP 
SOCKETS (GOLD) 



8 pin 
10 pin 

16 pin 
1ft pin 
20 pm 
22 pin 
24 pin 
28 pin 
40 pm 



WW 

WW (Tin) 

WW 

WW 

WW 

WW 

WW 

WW 

WW 

WW 



1.45 
1.35 



78H05K 

78M06 

7BM.G. 

LM108AH 

LM300H 

LM301CN 

LM304H 

LM305H 

LM306H 

LM307CN 

LM308CN 

LM309K 

LM310CN 

LM311D/CN 

LM312H 

LM317T 

LM318CN 

LM319N/H 

LM320K-XX* 

LM320T-XX' 

I.M320H-XX* 

LM323K 

LM324N 

LM337K 

LM338K 

LM339N 

LM340K-XX* 

LM340T-XX" 

LM340H-XX* 

LM344H 

LM348N 

LU350K 

LW358CN 

LM360N 

LM372N 

LM376N 

LM377N 

LM380CN/N 

LM381 N 

LM383T 

LM386N 

LM387N 

LM390N 

NE531V/T 

NE555V 

NE556N 

NE561T 

NE565N/H 

NE566H/V 

NE567V/H 

NE592N 

I.M702H 

LM709N/H 

LM710N/H 

LM711N/H 

LM715N 

LM723N/H 

LM733N/H 

I M739N 

LM741CN/H 

LM741CN-14 

LM747N/H 

LM748N/H 

LM760CN 

LM1310N 

MC1330 

MC1350 

MC1358 



74S00S .39 

74502 43 

74503 45 

74504 .52 

74505 .52 
74 BOS 49 

74509 49 

74510 42 

74511 42 
74S15 42 
74S20 42 
74S22 .42 
74S30 42 
74S32 .49 
74S38 1.19 
74S40 .49 
74S51 42 
74R64 46 
74S65 46 
74S74 .69 
74S86 72 

745112 72 

745113 .72 

745114 72 



LM1414N 



S1.90 



1 49 
295 



LM1458CN/N 

MC1488N .99 

MC1489N .99 

LM1496N .89 

LM1556N 1.50 
LM1820N 



1.75 
1.70 
1.49 
125 
1.35 
1 39 



595 
695 

95 
175 
1.25 
1.25 
1.95 
1.20 
560 

.98 
1.49 
1.95 
375 
275 
1.25 
1 79 
1.95 
1.25 
1.40 
1.95 
3.75 



1.50 

2,75 



.39 
2 95 

1 90 



LM1850N 

LM1B89N 

LM2111N 

LM2900N 

LM2901N 

LM2917N 

CA3013T 

CA3018T 

CA3021T 

CA3023T 

CA3035T 

CA3039T 

CA3046N 

LM3053N 

CA3059N 

CA3060N 

CA3062N 

LM3065N 

CA3080T 

CA3081N 

CA3D82N 

CA3083N 

CA3086N 

CA3089N 

CA3096N 

CA3097N 

CA3130T 

CA3140T 

CA3146N 

CA3160T 

CA3190N 

CA3410N 

MC3423N 

MC3460N 

SG3524N 

CA3600N 

LM3900N 

LM3905N 

LM3909N 

LM3914N 

LM3915N 

LM3916N 

RC4131N 

RC4136N 

RC4151N 

RC4194TK 

RC4195TK 

ULN2001 

ULN2003 

SN75450N 

SN75451N 

SN75452N 

SN75453N 

SN75454N 

SN75491N 

SN75492N 

SN75493N 

SN75494N 

TL494CN 

TL496CP 



.95 

3.10 
1 75 
.99 
2.50 
295 
219 
1 99 
3.49 
2.99 
2.75 
1.29 



4.95 
1.49 
1.29 



2.99 
3.49 

1,99 
1.30 



3.95 
3.95 
3.39 



3.75 
3,95 
3.75 
2.95 
1.10 
3,70 
4 95 
540 
1,25 
1,50 



74S124 
74S133 
74S134 
74S135 
74S136 
74S138 
74S139 
74S140 
74S151 
74S153 
74S157 
74S158 
74S160 
74S1 74 
74S175 
74S188 
74S194 
74S195 
74S196 
74S240 
74S24 1 
74S242 
74S243 



74S244 $2.99 

74S251 1.35 

74S253 1.35 

745257 1 .29 

745258 1.29 
74S260 75 
74S280 2 79 

745287 2.99 

745288 2.55 

745373 3.10 

745374 3.10 
74S387 2.75 

745471 7.95 

745472 7 95 

745473 7.95 

745474 9.95 

745475 9.95 

745570 5 75 

745571 5 75 

745572 8 95 

745573 8.95 

745940 2.90 

745941 2.90 



DIP 
SWITCHES 



2 Position S 99 

4 Position 1 19 

5 Position 129 

6 Position 1.35 




MUFFIN® FAN 




The dependable, low 

cost, largest selling fan 
for commercial cooling 
applications. 

• 1 05c(m free air delivery 

• 4 68" sq. x 1.50" deep. 
Weighl - 17 07 

SPECIAL PURCHASE 
«^ $9.50oa 



SUPER IC CLOSEOUT SPECIALS 



1441 1 



741 S668 3/1 99 

74LS377 ?/l g9 

74LS241 2/1 99 

8259 6.95 

6561 RAM 2.95 

LM733CN 3/1 99 

I M323K 3.95 



57.95 R571A 



BIG 265? 

«?53 695 

2758 FPROM 2 95 

1802 8,95 

280A CPU 4.95 

6522 6.95 

6502 CPU 5 95 



S6.95 fiOflOA CPU 



210? RAM 
4060 RAM 
2732 
UPD410 
UPD41 1 



5027 CRT $9 95 



1 40 
6.95 
2.98 

2 98 



3.95 
3.95 
5 99 



2901 

8039 
MM5320 
9131 RAM 
EMM4402 1.99 

10415 495 

8700 A/D 2/16 95 



TOLL FREE 

800-854-8230 

TNX 

910-595-1565 



7402 
7403 
7404 
7405 
7406 
7407 
7408 
7409 
7410 
7411 
7412 
7413 
7414 
7416 
7417 
7420 
7421 
7422 
7423 
7425 
7426 
7427 
7429 
7430 
7432 
7437 
7438 
7439 
7440 
7441 
7442 
7443 
7444 
7445 
7446 
7447 
7448 
7450 
7451 
7453 
7454 
7459 
7460 
7470 
7472 
7473 
7474 



74LSO0S .26 

74LS01 .28 

74LS02 .28 

74LS03 .28 

74LS04 35 

74LS05 .28 

74LS08 .28 

74LS09 .35 

74LS10 .28 

74LS1 1 .39 

74LS12 .33 

74LS13 .47 

74LS14 95 

74LS15 .33 

74LS20 26 

74LS21 .33 

74LS22 .33 

74LS26 .33 

74LS27 .33 

74LS28 .33 

74LS30 .26 

74LS32 .33 

74LS33 .55 

74LS37 .45 

74LS38 .39 

74LS40 .26 

74LS42 .79 

74LS47 .79 

74LS48 .95 

74LS51 .26 

74LS54 .29 

74LS55 .29 

74LS73 .45 

74LS74 42 

74LS75 .59 

74LS76 .45 

74LS78 45 

74LS83A .79 

74LS85 1.19 

74LS86 45 

74LS90 .57 

74LS92 .75 

74LS93 .75 

74LS95 88 

74LS96 ,98 

74LS107 .45 

74LS109 .45 

74LS112 .43 



4000 $ .35 

4001 .35 



4007 .25 

4008 1 .39 

4009 .45 

4010 45 

401 1 .35 

4012 .25 

4013 .45 

4014 1.39 

4015 1.15 



.59 



4016 

4017 1.1 

4018 .89 

4019 45 

4020 1 10 

4021 1.19 

4022 1.15 

4023 .29 

4024 75 

4025 25 

4027 65 

4028 85 

4029 1.29 



7475 
7476 
7479 
7480 
7482 
7483 
7485 
7486 
7489 
7490 
7491 
7492 
7493 
7494 
7495 
7496 
7497 



2.90 



74100 2.90 

74107 .32 

74109 .37 

74116 1.95 

74121 .29 

74122 .39 

74123 .59 

74125 .39 

74126 44 
74128 .59 
74132 .69 
74136 .75 
74139 .95 

74141 .79 

74142 2.95 

74143 2.95 
74144 
74145 
74147 
74148 1.20 

74150 1.09 

74151 .67 

74152 .67 

74153 .67 

74154 1.19 

74155 .78 

74156 .78 

74157 .69 

74158 165 

74159 2.49 

74160 .88 



.62 



74LS113S 
74LS114 
74LS122 
74LS123 1 
74LS124 1 
74LS125 
74LS126 
74LS132 
74LS136 
74LS138 
74LS139 
74LS145 1 
74LS148 1 
74LS151 
74LS153 
74LS154 1 
74LS155 1 
74LS156 
74LS157 
74LS1 58 
74LS160 1 
74LS161 1 
74LS162 1 
74LS163 1 
74LS164 1 
74LS165 
74LS166 2 
74LS168 1 
74LS169 1 
74LS170 1 
74LS173 
74LS174 
74LS1 75 
74LS181 2 
74LS190 1 
74LS191 1 
74LS192 
74LS193 
74LS194 1 
74LS195 
74LS196 
741 .SI 97 
74LS221 1 
74LS240 1 
74LS242 1 
74LS243 1 
74LS244 1 



74161 $ .88 

74162 .89 

74163 .87 

74164 .87 

74165 .87 

741 66 1 .20 

74167 1.95 
74170 I 69 
74172 
74173 
74174 
74175 
74176 
74177 
74179 
74180 
74181 
74182 

74184 2.25 

74185 2.25 

74186 9.95 
74188 3.90 

74190 1.15 

74191 1.15 
74192 
74193 
74194 
74195 
74196 
74197 



1.75 



1.39 
1.39 



74198 
74199 
74221 
74251 

74273 1 .05 

74276 1 89 

74279 75 

74283 1 40 

74284 390 

74285 3.90 
74290 1 25 
74298 95 

74365 68 

74366 68 

74367 ,68 

74368 68 
74390 1 45 
74393 1.90 
74490 1.90 



74LS245S2 20 

74LS247 1.10 

74LS248 1.10 

74LS249 1.19 

74LS251 1.40 

74LS253 140 

74LS257 85 

74LS258 98 

74LS259 2.95 

74LS260 .65 

74LS261 2.49 

74LS266 59 

74LS273 1 75 

74LS275 4.40 

74LS279 59 

74LS283 99 

74LS290 .99 

74LS293 .99 

74LS295 1 10 

74LS298 1 19 

74LS324 1.75 

74LS347 195 

74LS348 195 

74LS352 1.19 

74LS353 1.19 

74LS363 1.49 

74LS365 69 

74LS366 .69 

74LS367 .69 

)9 74LS368 69 

B 74LS373 189 

19 74LS374 1 89 

« 74LS375 69 

>0 74LS377 1.95 

15 74LS385 1.95 

15 74LS386 .65 

18 74LS390 1 95 
ffl 74LS393 1 95 
15 74LS395 1.70 
15 74LS399 2 35 

19 74LS424 2.95 
J9 74LS668 1 75 
1 5 74LS670 2 29 
>9 81LS95 169 
i9 81LS96 169 
>9 81LS97 1.69 
19 81LS98 169 
VOLUME PRICING 

CALL 
TOLL FREE 



4037 $1.95 

4040 1.29 

4041 1 25 

4042 .95 

4043 .85 

4044 .85 

4046 175 

4047 125 

4048 99 

4049 .45 

4050 69 

4051 1 10 

4052 1 10 

4053 1 10 

4055 3.95 

4056 2 95 

4059 9.25 

4060 1 39 
4066 75 

4069 35 

4070 49 

4071 .35 

4072 35 

4073 35 

4075 35 

4076 1 29 

4077 35 

4078 .35 

4081 35 

4082 .35 
4085 195 



4094 
4098 

4099 



14408 12 95 

14409 12 95 

14410 1295 
14412 12 95 
14415 8 95 
14419 4 95 

4501 39 

4502 1 .65 

4503 69 

4505 895 

4506 .75 

4507 95 

4508 3 75 

4510 1 19 

4511 1 19 

4512 139 

4515 2 75 

4516 1 45 
4518 1 39 
4520 1 25 

4555 4.95 

4556 99 
4566 2 25 



Mall Order. P.O. Box I732S Irvine, CA 92713 

Retail: 1 3 1 OB E. Edlnger. Santa Am CA 92705 
(714) 558-8813 

542 W. Trimble, San Jose, CA 95131 
[40B| 940-7010 



TERMS. MO Cashier's Chech Bank Wtt.' IVrMm.il 

License anrj h.mJfI cafrt »sVi?.ii AMEX CBadd34) 
service charge Add .1% Bhrpptng S Kindling m %.' 50 
whichever is qreater Add 10"V lor loreiqn orders nr 
US Parcel PobI IndutteTetephonenunibBi NOCODa 
Prices subiecl lo change wilhoul notice Some items 
subiectlopiioisiile We reserve ihenghilo substitute 
manufacturer Retail puces may vary 



RYTF ^>nremhfr Wfft 



Circle 12 on inquiry card. 



AD\8\NCED 



MKAH 



PRODUCTS 

Serving Computer Professionals Since 1976 



HARDWARE 



ABM List 

BSR-X10 Interface $95 

Color to Mono I/O Module 95 

Telephone Receptionist adapt 995 
PS3276/Bisyn Emulator 1295 

AST Megaplus" Card 
P.N MG064 (64K, S. C) 395 

P/N MG064SP (64K, 2-S. P, C) 495 
P/N MG256 (256K. S, C) 695 

P/N MG256SP (256K. 2-S, P, C) 795 

•Comboplus" Card 

P/N MC-064SPC (64K. S, P. C) 395 
P/N MC-256SPC (256K. S, P. C) 695 

•Diskplus" Card 

P/N MD-064 (64K. C. S. Host) 655 

•PCI/O Plus II- Card 

P/N I/O (C, S) 165 

P/N I'O-SP (C, 2-S, P) 265 

P/N l/O-SPG (C, 2-S, P, G) 315 

COEX Extender Card 40 

Prototype Card 69 

37 Pin "D" Connector 1 9 

Snap-in Card Guides (5) 8 

CORONA Hard Disk System 

CORVUS Hard Disk System 

DAVONG (Internal) 
5 Mb Hard Disk 
12 Mb Hard Disk 
15 Mb Hard Disk 
21 Mb Hard Disk 
32 Mb Hard Disk 

MAYNARD Disk Drive Card 
Floppy Card w/Parallel 295 

Floppy Card w/Serial 325 

MOUSE SYSTEMS Mouse lor IBM 

MICROSOFT Mouse plus Multitool 

ORCHID 
Hi-Res Graphics Adaptor 395 

PERSYST Spectrum (64-256K) 
P/N SP64. (64K, Clk, S. P) 

PLANTRONICS Color plus" Card 

OUADRAM Quadboard (64-256K) 
P/N 064, 64K w/4 lunclions 395 

OuadLink Apple Card 680 

RIXON PC212A Modem I/O 596 

TANDON TM 100-1 (160K) 295 

TM 100-2 (320K) 395 

TG PRODUCTS Joystick 65 

Track Ball 65 

VISTA "Multicard"" (exp. 64-256K) 



P/N V-064 (64K. Clk, S, P) 

P/N V-256 (256K, Clk, S, P) 
•"Maxlcard"" (up to 576K) 

P/N V-576-64K 

P/N V-576-576K 
•"PC Master" (10 I/O) 
•"PC Extender" (up to 10 I/O) 
•"Diskmaster" 
•8" Thinllne Dual Floppy 
•VI 200 6.2 Cartridge Drive 
XEDEX Baby Blue CP/M 



395 
695 



495 
249 
299 



ACP 
S85 
85 
875 

1150 

285 
349 
469 
519 

285 
549 



125 

229 

259 

29 

42 

8 

5 

Call 

Call 

1475 
1775 
2250 
2540 
2950 

249 
260 

285 
Call 



375 
399 

329 
599 
449 
195 
259 



389 
199 
229 
1495 
1349 
495 



PRINTERS 


COEX 80F/T 80cps 
STAR MICRONICS - NEWI 


$349 


$249 






Gemini 10X 120cps 


399 


319 


Gemini 15 15" 


599 


469 


OTC Daisywhl W/48K Bui 
EPSON MXB0 


1450 


1049 


645 


429 


MX80F/T 


695 


499 


MX100 


895 


649 


FX60 


699 


549 


INTEGRAL DATA 






Microprism 480 


799 


689 


Pnsm 80 Color (all) 


1795 


1495 


Phsm 132 Color (all) 


1995 


1685 


BROTHER HR-1 


1195 


895 


Daisywriter 
IBM PC to EPSON Cable 


1495 


1295 


60 


45 


OKIDATA Microline 82A 


599 


459 


Microline B3A 


899 


699 


Microline 84AP 


1399 


999 


Microline 92A 


699 


549 


Microline 93A 




999 


MONITORS 



AMDEK CORP 






300 Green 12" 


$199 


$155 


310 Amber 12" 


210 


175 


Color I Composite 
Color II RGB Hi-Res 


399 


339 


899 


Call 


Color II RGB Comm'l 




Call 


Color IV RGB Analog 


1299 


Call 


NEC 12- Groen-NEW 


199 


155 


NEC 12" RGB (690x230) 


895 


799 


PRINCETON GRAPHICS 






RGB IBM Lookalike 


700 


599 


DISKETTES to. 


IBM PC 



DYSAN 5V SS SD 
DYSAN 5V<" DS SD 
IBM 5"." SS SD 
IBM 5'/." SS DD 
VERBATIM 525-01 SS 
VERBATIM 550-01 DS 
MAXELL MD1 SS 
MAXELL MD2 DS 
Flip Box 57." (80 disks) 
BULK SPECIAL SS 
With Sleeve and Box 



10/$55 
10/65 
10/60 
10/65 
10/45 
10/55 
10/50 
10/60 

10/25 
100/195 



$38 
48 
43 
47 
23 
34 
29 



MORE IBM GOODIES 


CURTIS PC Pedestal 


$80 


$64 


Extension Cable 


50 


44 


Keyboard Ext. Cable 




34 


INTEL 8087 1C 




199 


RAM EXPANSION 






16K Motherboard (16 IC'S) 




19 


64K Memory Exp. (9 IC's) 




50 


KRAFT IBM Joystick 


70 


49 


IBM Paddles 


50 


40 






SOFTWARE 



dBASE II 
$44500 

SuperCalc 

$1 29 00 

SuperCalc 2 

$1 79 00 

Multiplan 

$1 89 00 

Wordstar 

$ 299 00 

Lotus 1-2-3 

Call! 

T. K. Solver! 

Call! 

Flight Simulator 

$4500 

Context MBA 

Call! 

Computer 

Inovations 

C86C Compiler 

$369 00 

Copy II Plus 

$32 00 

Visiword 

$ 289 00 

Digital Research 

Pascal MT + 86 $295.00 

Concurrent CP/M 86 260.00 

CBASIC86 149.00 

Plus More Great 

Software Values 

In Our 

1983 Catalog! 

Send For 

Your Copy NOW. 

Circle 12 on Inquiry card. 




If You're Thinking IBM PC™, 

READ THIS! 

"COEX" 



MEMORY 

AT 

UNREAL! 

PRICES 




64 K 



w/serial 

■SS $0/ 

calendar 
exp. to 256K 



249' 



256 K- $ 399 



00 



PLUS! . . .with Purchase of either 
Memory card above 

SUPERCALC™ only $99.00 (195.00 value) 

Disk Emulator FREE 

Print Spooler FREE 

ACP PC "FEATURE OF THE MONTH" 

1. DISKMASTER". Disk Controller for IBM PC or XT adds both 5%" and 8" 

floppy drives. Complete with Software. Same card can also handle List 
the Amlyn 6.2 Mb Cartridge Add-on Subsystem $299 

2. AST "I/O Plus II'"". Popular I/O card when fully populated has (2) Serial, 

(1) Parallel. (1) Game Port and Clock Calendar. Specially priced List 

in two configurations: A. P/N I/O (Clk, S) 165 

B. P/N l/O-SP (Clk, 2-S, P) 265 

3. MS.R "SUP'R EXTENDER'"". IBM PC & XT Expansion Chassis with (6) Slots, Power 

Supply and Fan. Your price!!! only $439.00. You cannot afford to live without one. 



ACP 
$229 

ACP 
125 
229 



TRAINING for ibm pc 



• Interactive Training Disks* 

• Step by Step in English • 

• Handy Reference Guide* 



PLAN POWER-Visicalc 

PLAN POWER-Supercalc 
PLAN POWER-Multiplan 
DB POWER-dBase II 
POWER PACK-Wordstar 
ATI POWER-IBM DOS 
BASIC POWER-IBM MBASIC 



75 
75 



75 
75 



59 
59 
59 
59 
59 
59 
59 



MODEMS 


SIGNALMAN Mark I (RS232) 


$99 


$79 


HAYES Smartmodem (RS232) 


289 


225 


Smartmodem 1200 


699 


549 


IBM PC to Modem Cable 


40 


30 


SSM 1200 Baud 




529 



FLOPPY DISKS 
FOR IBM PC 

TEAC DSDD (320K) $289 

TANDON TM-100-2 $259 

SHUGART DSDD (Vb" high). . . .$279 

QUME DSDD (V 2 " high) $249 

(External Case and Power Supply 
Also Available) 



TERMS: MO. Cashier's Check. Bank Wire. Personal checks 
allow 2 weeks lor processing. Include Drivers License and credit 
card #fi Visa, AMEX. CB add 3% service charge. Add 3% 
shipping & handling or $2 50. whichever is greater. Add 10% (or 
foreign orders or US Parcel Post. Include Telephone number. NO 
CODs. Prices subject to change without notice. Some Items 
subject to prior sale We reserve the nght to substitute manu- 
facturer. Retail prices may vary. We are not an authorized IBM 
dealer. IBM" trademark ol International Business Machines. 



MAIL ORDER: P.O. Boi 17329 Irvine, CA 92713 

Retail: 1310 E. Edinger, Santa Ana, CA 92705 
(714) 558-8813 

542 W. Trimble, San Jose, CA 95131 
(408) 946-7010 



TOLL FREE 

800-854-8230 

TWX 

910-595-1565 



64 K MEMORY 



L/O IxOtU Computer 




Products, 



VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE 



2100 DE LA CRUZ BLVD. 



SANTA CLARA, CA 95050 



16K APPLE*II 
RAM CARD 



BARE BOARD 



ASSEMBLED 



14.00 
42.50 



'Apple is .) trademark " f Apple Computer, inc. 



INTERFACE 



8T26 

8T28 

8T95 

8T96 

8T97 

8T98 

DM8131 

DP8304 

DS8835 

DS8836 



1.65 

1.95 

.95 

.95 

.95 

.95 

2.90 

2.25 

1.89 

.99 



1702 

2708 

2758 

2716 

2716-1 

TMS2516 

TMS2716 

2532 

2732 

2764 

MC68764 



TMS4027 
UPD411 
MM 5280 
MK4108 
MM 5298 

4027 
4116 
4116 
4164 
4164 



EPROMS 

1ns 
450ns 
450ns 
450ns 
350ns 
450ns 
450ns 
450ns 
450ns 
450ns 
450ns 



2.95 
2.98 
5.89 
3.90 
5.90 
5.49 
7.89 
5.35 
4.90 
CALL 
34.95 



DYNAMIC RAMS 




250ns 


.79 


300ns 


2.89 


300ns 


2.89 


200ns 


1.74 


250ns 


1.74 



250ns 
200ns 
150ns 
200ns 
150ns 



2.00 
CALL 
CALL 
CALL 
CALL 



2101 

5101 

2102-1 

2102L-2 

2111 

2112 

2114 

2114L-4 

2114L-3 

2114L-2 

2147 

TMS4044-4 

TMS4044-3 

TMS4044-2 

MK4118 

TMM2016 

TMM2016 

HM61164 

HM6116-3 

HM6116-2 

Z6132 



STATIC RAMS 

450ns 
450ns 
450ns 
250nsLP 
450ns 
450ns 
450ns 
450nsLP 
300nsLP 
200nsLP 
55ns 
450ns 
300ns 
200ns 
250ns 
200ns 
150ns 
200ns 
150ns 
120ns 
300ns 

LP = LOW POWER 



1.80 
3.89 
.78 
1.44 
2.48 
2.58 
1.74 
1.84 
1.84 
1.94 
4.89 
3.15 
3.45 
3.89 
9.69 
4.15 
4.89 
5.90 
6.90 
8.95 
32.95 



RESISTORS 

</< WATT 5% CARBON FILM 

ALL STANDARD VALUES 

FROM 1 OHM TO 10 MGE OHM 

50 PCS. SAME VALUE .0200 

100 PCS. SAME VALUE .0150 

1000 PCS. SAME VALUE .0125 



APPLE ROM SET 

69 95 
AUTOSTART ROM 

3495 



6502 
6504 
6505 
6507 
6520 
6522 
6532 
6545 
6551 



6500 
1 MHz 



5.25 
6.85 
7.60 
9.85 
3.95 
4.95 
5.95 
16.95 
10.95 



6502A 
6522A 
6532A 
6545A 
6551 A 



2 MHz 



8.95 
9.95 
11.90 
27.90 
11.90 



3 MHz 

6502B 11.90 



74LS00 

74LS01 

74LS02 

74LS03 

74LS04 

74LS05 

74LS0B 

74LS10 

74LS11 

74LS12 

74LS13 

74LS14 

74LS15 

74LS20 

74LS21 

74LS22 

74LS26 

74LS27 

74LS28 

74LS30 

74LS32 

74LS33 

74LS37 

74LS38 

74LS40 

74LS42 

74LS47 

74LS48 

74LS49 

74LS51 

74LS54 

74LS55 

74LS63 

74LS73 

74LS74 

74LS75 

74LS76 

74LS78 

74LS83 

74LS85 

74LS86 

74LS90 

74LS91 

74LS92 

74LS93 

74LS95 

74LS96 

74LS107 

74LS109 

74LS112 

74LS113 

74LS114 

74LS122 



.23 
.23 
.23 
.23 
.23 
.23 
.23 
.23 
.25 
.25 
.39 
.39 
.29 
.23 
.23 
.23 
.29 
.23 
.29 
.23 
.25 
.49 
.29 
.29 
.23 
.43 
.49 
.74 
.74 
.23 
.23 
.28 
1.23 
.37 
.33 
.37 
.37 
.47 
.58 
.67 
.37 
.53 
.87 
.53 
.53 
.73 
.87 
.37 
.37 
.37 
.37 
.37 
.43 



74LS123 
74LS124 
74LS125 
74LS126 
74LS132 
74LS136 
74LS137 
74LS138 
74LS139 
74LS145 
74LS147 
74LS148 
74LS151 
74LS153 
74LS154 
74LS155 
74LS156 
74LS157 
74LS158 
74LS160 
74LS161 
74LS162 
74LS163 
74LS164 
74LS165 
74LS166 
74LS168 
74LS169 
74LS170 
74LS173 
74LS174 
74LS175 
74LS181 
74LS189 
74LS190 
74LS191 
74LS192 
74LS193 
74LS194 
74LS195 
74LS196 
74LS197 
74LS221 
74LS240 
74LS251 
74LS242 
74LS243 
74LS244 
74LS245 
74LS247 
74LS248 
74LS249 
74LS251 



.77 

2.88 

.47 

.47 

.57 

.37 

.97 

.53 

.53 

1.18 

2.47 

1.33 

.53 

.53 

1.88 

.67 

.67 

.63 

.57 

.67 

.63 

.67 

.63 

.67 

.93 

1.93 

1.73 

1.73 

1.47 

.67 

.53 

.53 

2.13 

8.93 

.87 

.87 

.77 

.77 

.67 

.67 

.77 

.77 

.87 

.93 

.59 

.97 

.97 

1.27 

1.47 

.73 

.97 

.97 

.57 



74LS253 
74LS257 
74LS258 
74LS259 
74LS260 
74LS266 
74LS273 
74LS275 
74LS279 
74LS280 
74LS283 
74LS290 
74LS293 
74LS295 
74LS298 
74LS324 
74LS352 
74LS353 
74LS363 
74LS364 
74LS365 
74LS366 
74LS367 
74LS368 
74LS373 
74LS374 
74LS377 
74LS378 
74LS379 
74LS385 
74LS386 
74LS390 
74LS393 
74LS395 
74LS399 
74LS424 
74LS447 
74LS490 
74LS668 
74LS669 
74LS670 
74LS674 
74LS682 
74LS683 
74LS684 
74LS685 
74LS688 
74LS689 

81LS95 
81LS96 
81LS97 
81 LS98 



.57 

.57 

.57 

2.73 

.57 

.53 

1.47 

3.33 

.47 

1.96 

.67 

.87 

.87 

.97 

.87 

1.73 

1.27 

1.27 

1.33 

1.93 

.47 

.47 

.43 

.43 

1.37 

1.37 

1.37 

1.17 

1.33 

1.88 

.43 

1.17 

1.17 

1.17 

1.47 

2.93 

.35 

1.93 

1.67 

1.87 

1.47 

9.63 

3.18 

3.18 

3.18 

3.18 

2.38 

3.18 

1.47 
1.47 
1.47 
1.47 



UARTS 

AY3-1014 

AY5-1013 

AY5-1015 

TR1602 

IM6402 

IM6403 

INS8250 



5.85 
3.90 
6.90 
3.90 
7.85 
8.85 
10.49 



LEDS 

JumboRed 10/1.00 
JumboGreen 6/1.00 
JumboYellow 6/1.00 



DIP SWITCHES 

4 Position .85 

5 Position .90 

6 Position .90 

7 Position .90 

8 Position .95 



XR2206 
XR2207 
XR2208 
XR2211 
XR2240 



EXAR 



3.75 
3.75 
3.90 
5.25 
3.25 



CA3010 
CA3013 
CA3023 
CA3035 
C A 3039 
CA3046 
C A 3053 
CA3059 
CA3060 
CA3065 
CA3080 
CA3081 
CA3082 
CA3083 
CA3086 
CA3089 
CA3130 
CA3140 
CA3146 
CA3160 
C A 3401 
CA3600 



RCA 



.95 
1.99 
2.75 
2.49 
1.25 
1.25 
1.45 
2.90 
2.90 
1.75 
1.10 
1.65 
1.65 
1.65 

.80 
2.10 
1.25 
1.15 
1.75 
1.15 

.59 
3.45 



VIEWMAX 80- 

A Full Function 

80-Column 
card for Apple II 

$149 9 



APPLE 
JOYSTICK 
29.95 



\95 



APPLE 

SUPER COOLING 
FANS 
49.95 

WITH SURG PROTECH 

69.95 



APPLE 

PADDLES 

9.95 



UPGRADE 

4116-200 
CALL 



\ 



its 



DoKqu 



L/VJ lYsAlJ Computer Products, Inc. 

2100 De La Cruz Blvd. 

Santa Clara, CA 95050 

(800) 538-8800 

Calif. Residents Local Phone 

(800) 848-8008 (408) 988-0697 



STORE HOURS: 

MON-FRI 8:30 A.M.-5:30 P.M. 

SAT 10:00 A.M.-3:00 P.M. 



master charge 



TERMS: For shipping include S2.00 for U. 
Ground $3.00 for UPS Blue Label Air S10.( 
minimum order. Bay Area residents add 6H% Sal 
Tax. California residents add 6":, Sales Tax. V 
reserve the right to limit quantities and substltu 
manufacturer. Prices subject to change witho 
notice. Send SASE for complete list. 



Circle 154 on inquiry card. 



APPLE II USERS 
DISK DRIVE! 

225.95 

CONTROLLER CARD 79.95 



• Includes metal cabinet 

• Color matches Apple 

• 35 tracks/single side 

• Includes cable 

• UsewithApplellcontroller 



>l 



EPROM ERASERS 

HOLDS 15 EPROMS 
ERASES IN 20 MINUTES 

59.95 



h 



2.5 MHz 




Z80-CPU 


3.35 


Z80-PIO 


3.35 


Z80-CTC 


3.35 


Z80-DMA 


12.4S 


Z80-DART 


14.9f 


Z80-SIO/O 


16.95 


Z80-SIO/1 


16.95 


Z80-S1O/2 


16.95 


Z80-SIO/9 


16.95 


4.0 MHz 




Z80A-CPU 


4.9C 


ZS0A-PIO 


4.9C 


Z80A-CTC 


4.90 


APPLE* 




;OMPATIBLE 


POWER 




SUPPLY 





Z80 

SERIES 



Z80A-DMA 


21.95 


Z80A-DART 


15.95 


2B0A-SIO/0 


20.95 


Z80A-SIO/1 


20.95 


Z80A-SIO/2 


20.95 


Z80A-S10/9 


18.95 


6.0 MHz 




Z80B-CPU 


14.95 


Z80B-PIO 


12.95 


Z80B-CTC 


12.95 


ZILOG 




Z6132 


32.95 


Z8671 


38.95 



P100-1 
P100-2 
P100-3 
P100-4 

P500-1 
P500-3 
P500-4 



WIREWRAP CARDS 

FR-4 Epoxy Glass Laminate With Gold-Plated Contact Fingers 

S-100 BUSS GENERAL PURPOSE 

Bare- No Foil Pads. . . .15.90 22/44 PIN (.156" SPACING) 

VertlcJlBUSS 2290 P 4 ^ Vertical BUSS, 4.5" x 6" .13.9C 

Single Foil Pads per Hole mIm P442 " 3 Vertical BUSS, 4.5" x 9" .14.90 
APPLE 36/72 PIN (.1 " SPACING) 

Bare- No Foil Pads 15.90 £21-3 Vertical^USS,4.5;;x6;;. J3.90 

Horizontal BUSS 22.90 P7223 Vertical BUSS, 4.5" x 9" .14.90 

Single Foil Pads per Hole23.90 



5 1 / 4 " DISKETTES 
ATHANA OR NASHUA 

SSSD 18.95 

SSDD 22.95 

DSDD 27.95 

BULK 
SSDD SOn- 
SI .65 EA 



$84.95 



ORDER TOLL FREE 

(BOO) 538-8800 
(800) 848-8008 

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS) 



LM301 

LM30B 

LM309K 

LM311 

M317T 

L.M317K 

LM318 

LM323K 

LM324 

LM337K 

LM339 

LM377 

LM380 

LM386 

LM555 

LM556 

LM565 

LM566 

LM567 

LM723 

LM733 



LINEAR 

.32 LM741 



.75 

1.25 

.64 

1.65 

1.70 

1.49 

3.75 

.59 

3.90 

.79 

2.25 

1.25 

1.00 

.38 

.65 

.95 

1.45 

.99 

.49 

.95 



LM747 

LM748 

LM1310 

MC1330 

MC1350 

MC1358 

LM1414 

LM1458 

LM1488 

LM1489 

LM1800 

LM1889 

LM3900 

LM3909 

LM3914 

LM3915 

LM3916 

75451 

75452 

75453 



.29 

.75 

.49 

2.45 

1.69 

1.25 

1.69 

1.49 

.55 

.65 

.65 

2.45 

2.45 

.59 

.95 

3.70 

3.70 

3.70 

.35 

.35 

.35 



Disc 
Controllers 



1771 

1791 

1793 

1795 

1797 

6843 

8272 

UPD765 

1691 



15.95 
27.95 
29.95 
49.95 
49.95 
32.95 
39.00 
34.95 
17.95 



9000 SERIES 


CLOCK CIRCUITS 




CRYSTALS 




6 




.95 


MM5314 




4.90 


32.768 KHz 


1.90 


6.144 


2.69 






2.39 


MM5369 




3.90 


1.00H2 


4.50 


6.5536 


2.69 






3.69 


MM5375 




4.90 


1.8432 


4.50 


8.0 


2.69 






8.95 


MM58167 




8.90 


ZO 


3.90 


10.0 


2.69 






.69 


MM58174 




10.95 


2.097152 


3.90 


12.0 


2.69 






1.39 








2.4576 


2.69 


14.31818 


2.69 


12 




1.79 


MSM5832 




6.90 


3.2768 

3.579545 

4.0 


2.69 
2.69 
2.69 


15.0 
16.0 
17.430 


2.69 
2.69 
2.69 
















VOLTAGE 






5.0 


2.69 


18.0 


2.69 






REGULATORS 






5.0688 


2.69 


18.432 


2.69 


7805T 




.75 7908T 




.85 


5.185 


2.69 


20.0 


2.69 


7808T 




.75 791 2T 




.85 


5.7143 


2.69 


22.1184 


2.69 


7812T 




.75 791 5T 
.75 7924T 




.85 

.95 


6.0 


2.69 






7815T 










7824T 




.85 








8(00 








7905K 




1.39 


8035 


4.95 


8251 


4.39 


7805K 




1.29 791 2K 




1.39 


8039 


5.95 


8253 


6.89 


7812K 




1.29 791 5K 
1.29 7924K 




1.39 
1.39 


8080A 
8085A 


3.89 
5.89 


8253-5 
8255 


7.89 
4.39 


7815K 


7824K 




1.29 T = 


TO-220 




8086 


24.95 


8255-5 


5.19 


7905T 




.85 K 


= TO-3 




8088 
8155 
8156 


34.95 
7.75 
8.75 


8257 
8259 
8272 


7.89 
6.85 
39.00 






















8185 


29.00 


8275 


29.00 






CONNECTORS 






8202 


27.95 


8279 


8.89 


RS2: 


Male 


3.00 




8205 


3.45 


8279-5 


9.89 


RS232 


Female 


3.50 




8212 


1.79 


8282 


6.49 


RS232 


Female Right Angle 


4.95 




8214 


3.75 


8283 


6.49 


RS232 


Hood 


1.20 




8216 


1.69 


8284 


5.49 




30 pin 


Edge 


2.49 




8224 


2.19 


B286 


6.49 




44 pin 


Edge 


2.49 




8226 


1.79 


8287 


6.49 




50 pin 


Edge 


2.69 




8228 


3.34 


8288 


24.95 




86 pin 


Edge 


3.90 




8237 


19.00 


8289 


39.00 


100 pin 


ST 


3.90 




8238 


4.39 


8741 


34.95 


100 pin 


W7W 


4.90 




8243 


4.39 


8748 


14.95 














8250 


10.49 


8755 


29.95 



oKqu 



IC Sockets 



8 PIN 
14 PIN 
16 PIN 
18 PIN 
20 PIN 
22 PIN 
24 PIN 
28 PIN 
40 PIN 



IC SOCKETS 
ST 

.10 
.12 
.15 
.20 
.25 
.25 
.25 
.35 
.40 

ST = Soldertail 
W/W = Wirewrap 



W/W 

.49 

.50 

.57 

.85 

.99 

1.30 

1.40 

1.50 

1.80 



6800 

6802 

6808 

6809 

6809E 

6810 

6820 

6821 

6828 

6840 

6843 

6844 

6845 

6847 

6850 

6852 

6860 

6862 

6875 

6880 

6883 



6800 
1 MHz 



68 BOO 

68B02 

68B09 

68B09E 

6810 

6810 

68B45 

68B50 

68000 



2 MHz 



3 MHz 



4.75 

7.89 

8.45 

11.95 

17.95 

2.89 

3.50 

2.95 

13.95 

7.95 

32.95 

24.95 

13.95 

11.95 

3.20 

3.50 

9.89 

11.90 

6.89 

1.80 

22.95 

9.95 
21.95 
28.95 
28.95 

7.89 
11.95 
33.95 
11.95 

57.95 




5 1 /4" FLOPPY DISKS 

FLIP FILE 

CAPACITY 75 EA 

19.95 




\J IVWAiJ Computer Products, Inc. 
2100 De La Cruz Blvd. 
Santa Clara, CA 95050 
(800) 538-8800 
alif. Residents Local Phone 

00)848-8008 (408)988-0697 



STORE HOURS: 

MON-FRI 8:30 A.M.-5:30 P.M. 

SAT 10:00 A.M.-3:00 P.M. 



"^■Vor'^Miiiri^T.^ 




VtSA 







master charge 



TERMS: For shipping include $2.00 for UPS 
Ground. S3. 00 for UPS Blue Label Air. $10.00 
minimum order. Bay Area residents add 6/2% Sales 
Tax. California residents add 6% Sales Tax. We 
reserve the right to limit quantities and substitute 
manufacturer. Prices subject to change without 
notice. Send SASE for complete list. 



Circle 154 on inquiry card. 



BYTE September 1983 633 



Eastern States Save on Freight — 

MINIMUM SHIPPING $3.00 ■ NO SURCHARGE ON VISA/MASTERCARD 



Toll Free 1-800-545-2633 - Continental U.S. 



DISK DRIVES 



DISK DRIVE CABINETS DISK SUB ASSEMBLY 



SHUGART 

5V."SA400(35TRp60K 150.00 

5V.'SA400L(40TR)190K 175.00 

8" SA801R(SS/DD) 1.2 MG 359.00 

8" SA851R(DS/DD)2.4 MG 479.00 

OUME 

8" DT8(842) 490.00 

MITSUBISHI 
BV4" M-4853 V, size 410.00 

96 TPI same as TM 10O-4 
5V." M-4854 V. size 439.00 

1.6 MG w/8" electronics formats 

same as IBM 1 & 2D 8" std 

8" M-2894-63(110V) 399.00 

STD 8" DS/DD 1.2 MG 

M-2894-63(SS/DD)220V 449.00 

8" M-2996« 439.00 

Thinline 8" DS/DD 1.2 MG 



DISKETTE STORAGE 



ADVANCE ACCESS 

AA-5% (Holds 82 Disks) 17.00 

AA-8 (Holds 82 Disksl 26.00 

Smoked Plexiglass Disk Tubs 

LIBRARY CASES 

CAS-5V." 2.50 

CAS-8" 3.00 

Color Bursl (Pack ol 5) 12.00 

Colors Available: color burst asst., 
beige, black, blue, red, gray 



DATA CABLES 



8"DSC88-2SKT-for 2-8" drvs 

w/skt. conn 16.95 

5V."DSC55-2SKT-for 1-5 V." 

dvs w/skt. conn 15.00 

RS232MM-5' (male lo male) 19.00 

IBM lo PAR 32.00 

Osborne lo PAR 32.00 

Kaypro lo PAR 32.00 

OKI-Data Serial 24.00 



REMEX 

5V4" RFD 480-DS/DD (For IBM-PC) 235.00 

TANDON 

5V."TM100-1 SS/DD160K 150.00 

5V."TM100-2 FORIBM-PC 239.00 

DS/DD 1320 K) 
8"TM848-2(DS/DD)1.2MG 450.00 

PERTEC 

514" FD200-S 160 K 139.00 

SS/DD 4077? 
5*/<" FD25O-5320K 195.00 

DS/DD 40TR 

SIEMAN'S 

8" FD100-8 (SS/DD) 110V 801 R 179.00 

8" FD100-8 (SS/DD) 220V Compatible . . 199.00 

MPI 

5%"B-51 40TR SS/DD 180 K 175.00 



DISKETTES 



COLOR CODE YOUR FILES 

Diskettes by 3M with lifetime warranty, 5 
colors. Prices are tor package of 10. 

5V."Sgl side/dbl den 21.00/10 

5 V." Dbl side/dbl den 26.00/10 

5V4" 10 sector 22.00/10 

5V." 16 sector 22.00/10 

8" Sgl side/dbl den 29.00/10 

6" Dbl side/dbl den 39.00/10 



8" CABINETS 

8" DDC88V28 w/PS vertical 

tor 2-8" drives 300.00 

8" DDC88T-1 w/PS vertical-tor 2 

or 4-8" thinline drives ...300.00 
8" ODC88T-2 w/PS vertical tor 2 

8" thinline drives 225.00 

8" DDC8V w/PS vertical for 1 

8" drive 249.00 

8" DDC88H w/PS horizontal 

for 2-8" drives 300.00 

5 Vt" CABINETS 

5'/." DDC5H w/PS horizontal-tor 
1-5 '/«" drive 59.00 

5 V." DDC55V w/PS vertical-for 
2-5% drives 89.00 



OUR BEST BUY'S 

S" SUB ASSEMBLY 

DDS +0 2EA SS/DD Siemens FD100-8 
Drives w/Cabinet 595.00 

DDS +2 2EA DS/DD Mitsubishi 
M2894-63 w/cabinet 1,075.00 

DDS +4 2EA DS/DD 8" Thinline 

Drives w/Cabinet 1,150.00 

Specify — Vertical or Horizontal Cabinet 

SV," SUB ASSEMBLY 
DDS + 5 1 EA SS/DD Shugart 

SA400 Drive 200.00 

DDS +6 2EA SS/DD Shugart 

SA400 Drive 369.00 



VIDEO DISPLAY MONITORS 



GREEN 



BMC12AV(15MHZ)80Col/12" 80.00 

DynaxGM 120(20 MHZ) Hi-Res/80 Col/12" . 129.00 

Sanyo DMZ 112(15 MHZ) 64 Col/12" 80.00 

SakalaSC-100 (18 MHZ) 80 Col/12" 119.00 

USIPI-2(18MH2)Hi-Res/9" 129.00 

USI PU (18 MHZ) Hi-Res/12" 139.00 

Zenith ZM121 (18 MHZ) Hi-Res/80 Col/12".. . 94.00 



AMBER 



DynaxAM121 (20 MHZI Hi-Res/80 Col/12" . 13H.00 

USIPI-1(18MHZ)Hi-Res/80Col/9" 13».00 

USI PI-3 (18 MHZ) Hi-Res/80 Col/12" 14B.0O 



COLOR 



PARTS 



MODEMS 



Anchor 89.00 

Hayes Smart 300 199.00 

Hayes Smart 1 200 499.00 

Multi-TechMT212AD(1200/300) 499.00 

Novation J-Cat 300 119.00 

Novation Apple Cat 269.00 

SSM AMC -300 (For Apple) Auto Dial . . 259.00 
U.S. Robotics 212A Auto Dial 469.00 



E-PROM ERASERS 



QUV-T8/1 (hobby) 49.95 

QUV-T8/2 (Industrial version) 68.95 

QUV-T8/2(w/timer& safely switch) 97.50 



TR1602B 

2114L2 

TMS2532 

271615V) 



2.50 aa. 

S1.50ti. 

15.95 H. 

13.95 M. 



TMS2716I54 12V) 13.95 m. 

TMS2732 S4.S5aa. 

TMS4164(200NS) S5.9Saa. 

TMSl 164f200N5) . 14.75 on. 



MANY OTHERS IN STOCK 



CONNECTORS 



RS232 Connectors 

SOLDER TYPE 
DB2SP 2.50 

DB25S 3.00 

DB25Hood 1.00 

S-100 

Connectors 10 for 25.00 
DE9P 2.00 

FLAT RIBBON TYPE 
IDC25P 6.25 

IDC25S 6.60 

lOC25Hood . 1.60 



lOC'OSKT 
IDC16SKT 
IDC20SKT 
IDCJ6SKI 
IOC34SKT 

IDCWSiCT 



Amdek 1-12" CompositefFor Apple) . ... 299.00 
BMC 9191-12" Composite (For Apple) , . . 269.00 

Sakata SC-100-13" Composite (For All) 279.00 

Amdek ll-12"-RGB (For IBM-PC) w/audio . 479.00 

Princeton HX-12-RGB (For IBM-PC) 489.00 

SakataSC-200-RGBfForAII) 489.00 



AC SURGE ELIMINATORS 



Lemon (6AC outlets-3 prong) . . . 44.00 
Lime (5'-3 prong pwr cord w/on-off 

switch 69.00 

Orange-Ac surge + EMI filter 

(6 outlets) 100.00 

Peach (6 outlets) 70.00 



SOFTWARE 



BCard Edge 



CEC26 
CEC34 
CtCM 



FOR 
APPLE 



ASHTONTATE 

DBASE II 

$409.00 



FOR 
IBM 



S-100 PRODUCTS 



GIGANTIC REDUCTIONS 
IN PRICE! 



CARD CAGES/MOTHER BOARDS 



MAINFRAMES 



SIERRA DATA 



'IEEE-696-No termination required 









w/card 


bare card 


Slots 


Bare Bd 


A + T 


cage 


cage 


4 


15.00 


40.00 


60.00 


20.00 


6 


20.00 


48.00 


70.00 


22.00 


8 


25.00 


69.00 


100.00 


31.00 


12 


30.00 


99.00 


140.00 


41.00 


18 


45.00 


150.00 


200.00 


50.00 


22 


60.00 


185.00 





75.00 



All card cages will accommodate a 4" fan 
Add $20.00 lor 1 tan-Add $30.00 lor 2 fans 



For 2 Standard 8" Drives 

MF + DD6(6slotM/B) 699.00 

MF + DD8 (8 slot M/B) 749.00 

MF + DD12 (12 Slot M/B) 799.00 

For 2 Thinline 8" Drives 

IMF + DD6C (Cadillac version) 500.00 

IMF + DD6F (Ford version) 350.00 

For 2-5%" Disk Drives 
MF + MD12(12slotM/B) 575.00 

Standard Plain Front 

MF + 12 (12 slot M/B) 500.00 

MF + 22 (22 slot M/B) 600.00 

All mainframes except IMF + DD6F have EMI filter, 2 
AC outlets, 15 ea. DB25, 2 ea. 50 pin, 2 ea. 34 pin, 1 
ea. Centronic cutouts, power supply for 8" MF 
( - 5V1 A/ + 5V6A/ + 8V16A/ ± 16V3A/ + 24V6A) 



t*J4* i 



SOS-SBC- lOO'ZaOHmni) 

2 5enal2par/lloppy cor 
SDS SBC 100S-4mfti slave/7 sei.i 

2car/64kram 
SDS-ZSlOM-4 serial perl I/O bd 
SDS MUX-RS23? multiplanar bd 
SDS HDIMMaid disk Bd lor m.cr< 
SOS CPM/B105 co'ti lot SBC 100 



SOS-T 



irlorri 



tess.oo 
tses.oo 

1135.00 
S135.DO 
1139.00 
1150 00 
I 1A45.00 



BOARD SETS 



Baal Bara Board Sat Available 
QTC-SBC 3/4 CPU 
QTC-EXP + III 256K Memory bd 
QTCFDC 5/8 Floppy disk controller 
BaraBoardSal S1S0.00 

21 Paris available 

31 Monitor 1 BIOS ava. table Aaa 13000 



CLOCK/CALENDAR 



S-100 Clock/Calendar by OT/Computime 
CCSBBBareBd 4S.00 



COMPUPRO 



S-100-all assembled and tested 

Disk I w/CPM 399.00 

System 816A 4,000.00 

20 Slot MB 210.00 

CPU 8085/B8 389.00 

Ram17-64K 410.00 

Ram21-128K 900.00 

Disk II 610.0C 

System Support I 350. 0C 

Interface 4 350.0C 

Ram 16 400.0C 

CPU 8086/8087 599.01 

Active Terminator 50.0( 

Enclosure 2 (desk) 675.01 

CALL FOR OTHERS 



CPUMEMI/O 



CCS-A Assembled and Tested . $95.00 



OTC SBC 2/4BB 1 
OTC SBC 21* A A . 
OTC 2 . B0BB I si 



OTC EXP • III 64K A • T (64K/2b6K o 

IfOTaebl/O* 2Ser3Pa'Bfl"-Btl 
I/O Tncn HO • ? St' 3 Par A i T 
./O Tocri ADA Con«t1n Bd 
I/O Tech Dual GP1B Inle'lace Bd 

I/O Teens Ram 128K Sialic iBeii 




634 BYTE September 1983 



Circle 197 on inquiry card. 



Western States Save on SALES TAX 

CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS SAVE 6% SALES TAX 



I YEARS (1976) EXPERIENCE IN COMPUTER MAIL ORDER BUSINESS 



PRINTERS 



BROTHER 

HR-1A Par-UCPS Daisy Wheel 695.00 

HR-1ASerial-17CPSDaisyWheel 785.00 

DAISYWRITER 
Daisywriler 2000-16K Buffer/ 

200CPS/40CPS LTR/Par 1,025.00 

Daisywriler 2000-48K Buffer/ 

200CPS/40CPS LTR/Par 1,050.00 

Daisywriter Cable 32.00 

DIABLO 

620(25CPS/Serial) 940.00 

630(40CPS/Multi-IF) 1,899.00 

DYNAX 
Dynax-15 Par-13CPS Daisy Wheel 

2 color PTG-3x buff 475.00 

Dyanx 15 Serial-13CPS Daisy Wheel 525.00 

C, ITOH 

Gorilla 209.00 

Pro-writer I (8510A) Par 120 CPS 365.00 

Pro-writerl(8510A)Serial120CPS 529.00 

Pro-writer II Parallel-15" 669.00 

8600 (180CPS) Par or Serial- 

18 PIN 90 CPS LTR 1,099.00 

F-10 40CPS/Diablo/Par or Serial 1,149.00 

F-10 55CPS/Diablo/Par or Serial 1,425.00 

EPSON — CALL 

JUKI 

6100-18CPS/Diablo Compatible Par/Daisy. . . . 565.00 
MANNESMAN-TALLY 

160L(160CPC-40CPS LTR 10") 635.00 

180L(160CPS-40CPS LTR 15") 869.00 

MPI 

MPI-99G (9") Par 499.00 

MPI 150 Bl (15") Par 2K Buff 

w/Graphics 675.00 

MPI 150 Al (15") Par 4K Buff 

w/Graphics 799.00 

MPI 150 Al (15") Par 16K Buff 

w/Graphics 899.00 

NEC 

NEC7715(w/Diablo Emulation) 2,025.00 

NEC8O23A(1O0CPSPar-Graphics) 419.00 

Serial Card 139.00 

OKI-DATA 

Microline 82A(SER & PAR-120CPS 10") 389.00 

Microline 83A(SER & PAR-120CPS 15") 629.00 

Microline 92 (PAR-160CPS-LTR-10") 519.00 

Microline 93 (PAR-160CPS-LTR-15") 899.00 

Microline 84P(PAR-200CPS-LTR-15") 969.00 

Microline 84S(SER-200CPS-LTR-15") 1,059.00 

STAR MICRONICS 
Gemini 10X {new version) 

(PAP.-120CPS-10") 299.00 

Gemini 15-(15" carriage) 399.00 

SEIKOSHA 

GP100-30CPS-Par 199.00 

SILVER REED 

EXP 550P17CPS Daisy Wheel-PAR 670.00 

EXP550S-17CPS Daisy Wheel-Serial 690.00 

TOSHIBA 
P-1350 (192CPS-120CPSLTR 

PAR or Serial) 1,500.00 

P-350(100CPS-PAR-15") 399.00 

ALL RIBBONS AVAILABLE 

TB-4A Extender BD w/Logic Probe 80.00 

ICB-10 8 Channel Low Voltage 

Controller BD 180.00 

ZB-1 ZIF Extender Test BD 130.00 



PRINTER ACCESSORIES 



DIABLO 

Diablo 620-uni-Direct Tractor 110.00 

Diablo 620-Sheet Feeder 720.00 

Diablo 630-Bi-Direct Tractor 275.00 

Diable 630-Tractor Sound Cover 29.00 

Diablo 630-SGL Sheet Feeder 775.00 

JUKI 6100 

Serial Interface 55.00 

Bi-Dir Tractor 125.00 

Uni-Dir Tractor 90.00 

MANNESMAN-TALLY 

Factory Quick Tear 230.00 

Auto Front Feed 1,150.00 

NEC 

Thimbles 15.00 

Vertical Tractor 219.00 

Horizontal 152.00 

Bi-Dir. Tractor 260.00 

Cut Sheet Feeder 1,100.00 

OKIDATA 

84 Cut Sheet Feeder 515.00 

82/92 Tractor 55.00 

Serial Inlf. w/2K Buffer(For 82A) 125.00 

Serial Intt. w/2K Butler (For 92 & 93) 1 10.00 

Okigraph I 82A or 83A Graphics ROM 35.00 

Okigraph II 82A or 83A Disk lor Apple 55.00 

STARMICRONICS 

Serial Intf Bd 70.00 

Serial Intt. Bd w/2K Buffer 120.00 

Commodore 64 Intf . Bd 72.00 

TOSHIBA 

P-1350 Cut Sheet Feeder 1,125.00 

P-1350 Bi-Dir. Tractor 210.00 



OUR SALTIEST DEALS 



IBM Add-On Drive 

* Direct Drive * Quiet (Teac Equiv.) * 

•320 K/48 TPI * 5ms Track to Track * 

REMEX RFD 480 235.00 



DISKETTES 

SEPTEMBER SPECIAL 
SV, "Soft Sector 18.00/10 

SS/DD S Yr. Warranty 
QtyMOOfor 150.00 



I/O PORT CONVERTERS 

SPC-Serial to Parallel Converter 99.00 

"Allows the use of any port 

•Baud to 19. 2K * Handshake Signals 

PSC-Parallel to Serial 99.00 

AST 

Combo Plus (SPC 64K) 299.00 

Mega Plus (SC 64K) 299.00 

I/O Plus (SO 125.00 

MAYNARD 

Floppy Controller 155.00 

Floppy Controller (Serial) 225.00 

Floppy Controller (PAR) 205.00 

QUADRAM 

Quadboard 64K 289.00/459.00 

Quadboard II 64K/256K 289.00/459.00 

Quad Link (Allows IBM PC to use Apple II 

Software) 569.00 

KEYTRONICS 

Enhance your PC-with a superior keyboard 200.00 

KRAFT 

Joy Stick 65.00 

64K UPGRADE KIT - 48.00 

RANA 

Add-on 320K Drive and Case 269.00 



IBM ACCESSORIES 



APPLE/FRANKLIN ACCESSORIES 



ALS 

CPM 3.0 Card 319.00 

ASTAR 

RF Modulator 19.00 

EVERTEK 

EV16K06K Addon Memory) 45.00 

GENERIC 

Disk Controller for II E 60.00 

80 Column Video (Videx Compatible) 99.00 

KENSINGTON 

System Saver/Fan & Surge Protector 69.00 

KRAFT 

Joystick for II E 52.00 

MICRO-MAX 

ViewMax80Col/64KMem(lll) 149.00 

Micro-Max 80 COI/128K Mem (II) 169.00 

MICROTEK 
Dumpling 64K/lntertace and Graphics 

64K Buffer 235.00 

Dumpling GX-P/Par Interface Card 

and Cable 99.00 

Parallel Interface Board 61.00 

Memory 12BK 299.00 

ORANGE MICRO 

Grappler & Graphics Interface 121.00 

Buffer Bd W/16K Buffer Exp 139.00 

Grappler + 16K Butter Exp 179.00 

TG PRODUCTS 

Joystick 41.00 

Paddles 29.00 

Selecta Port 39.00 

VISTA 

A800 Floppy Controller for 8" Drives 300.00 

A-800-1 Cable 27.00 

OT/COMPUTIME 
CCA-A Clock/Calendar 100.00 

APPLE DISK DRIVES 

Micro-Sci A-2 (35TR) 225.00 

Micro-Sci A-40 (40TR) 269.00 

Micro-Sci A-70 (Quad) 329.00 

Micro-Sci Controller 70.00 

Rana Elite I 259.00 

Rana Elite II 409.00 

Rana Elite III 529.00 

Rana Controller 85.00 

"THINLINE" >A size163K40TR 225.00 

Apple II E Starter 1,625.00 

Columbia PC CALL 

Compupro System 816A 4,000.00 

Eagle PC-2 (16BIT) 2 ea. 320 K 

FD/64K RAM 2,700.00 

Eagle 1620 3,400.00 

Eagle PC-XL 3,500.00 

Franklin 1000 895.00 

Franklin 1200 Starter 1,625.00 

Kaypro II (w/2400 software) 1,495.00 

NEC PC800/A 750.00 

Pied Piper ■ 1 ea 256 K FD/64K 1,139.00 

SanyoMBC 1000 (W/S2.000 software) 1,495.00 

Televideo TS-803 1,900.00 

Televideo TS-1603 2,475.00 

Teletote I (new) w/software by Televideo 1,695.00 

THY US FOR OTHERS 



TERMINALS 



ADDS 

Viewpoint-A! (White) 540.00 

Viewpoint-A2 (Green) 599.00 

Viewpoint-3A + (Green) 540.00 

Viewpoint 60-Same as Televideo 925 715.00 

Viewpoint 90-Same as Televideo 950 (132 Col) 925.00 

Viewpoint Color 995.00 

TELEVIDEO 

TV910 529.00 

TV910 + 585.00 

TV925 715.00 

TV950 925.00 

TV970 1,095.00 

RG1000/TV60 Graphics Upgrade for 925/950 . . 1.100.00 
WYSE 

WYSE-100 725.00 

WYSE-300 (Color) 1,125.00 



Retail Sales 

123 East 200 South 

Salt Lake City, Utah 84111 

Retail Hours 

Monday-Friday 10 AM to 6 PM 
Saturday 10 AM to 5 PM 



The Great Salt Lake 

Computer Company, Inc. 



Mail Orders 

P.O. Box 3150 

Salt Lake City, Utah 84110 

Mail Orders 

Monday-Friday 8 AM to 6 PM 
(sometimes much later) 
Saturday 10 AM to 5 PM 



Circle 197 on inquiry card. 



BYTE September 1983 635 



omr^i i tor 

Components B 'C SUMMER 
Unlimited Making room for 



SPECIALS OF THE MONTH 



OKIDATA 

Microline 93A 

• 160 cps 
15" Carriage 
very Close to Letter 
Quality 
$ 799 

BMC 
PB101 

• 16 CPS 
Bi-Directional 

132 Characters Per Line 

• 2K Buffer 

$ 649 

COMREX II 

CRN 

• 5K Buffer 

• 12 CPS 

• Letter Quality 
Best buy for the money 
$ 499 



MICROTEK 

Dumpling ex 

• SameasCrappler + 

• Full Graphic interface 
Works w/Apple & Franklin 

• includes Card & Cable 

• 2 year warranty 
$89 



See Page 597 

for more 

Printer specials 



Ouentin Research 

- Fully Compatible w/Apple 
Faster than Apple Disk Drive 
• More Storage 

1 for $209 

2 for $410 

5 1 /4" Diskettes 

100 for ONLY $250 

Dbl. Side/Dbl. Density 

• 5 year warranty 

• Reinforced Hub 

Sgl./Side Dbl. /Density 
100 for $150 



Tandon for ibmpc 

• TM 100-2 A 

• 320K of Storage 

• Manual Included 

1 for $225 

2 for $440 

Hayes 1200B for IBM 

' Smart Com II Included 

• Made for IBM 
. • w/lBM Software 

ONLY $449 



verbatim 

5V«" Diskettes 

Free Plastic Case 

Part No. 525-01 

' Sgl. Side/Dbl. Density 

10 for $26 

Shugart 

- 801 R 8" Drive 
Single Side/Double Density 

1 for $355 

2 for $700 



IBMPC 

IBM 256K 
Keyboard 
2, 320K Disk Drives 
• Amber Monitor 
• Color Card 

$2895 

Call for other configurations 



Franklin 
Starter System 

Franklin Ace 1000 w/64K 
• Amber Monitor 
Disk Drive (Slimline) & 
Controller 



CALL 800-847-1718 

For weekly Specials 

we Offer More Than 



$1195 



Commodore 

• Commode 64 
1525 Graphic Printer 
» 1541 Disk Drive (1) 
1701 Color Monitor 

$999 

Super 5 

• 1/2 Height Drive 
Fully Apple Compatible 

• 1 Year Warranty 

1 for $209 

2 for $400 



USI 

12" Amber Monitor 

Composite Video 

(20 MHz) Hi-Res 

ONLY $139 
Taxan (Amber) $139 



Circle 80 on inquiry card. 

Dealer inquiries Invited 
• Quantity Discounts 
Available 



Low Prices!!! 



New Fall inventory 



0% to 40o/ 



PERSONAL & PORTABLE 
SYSTEMS 



Franklin 

Ace1000w/color Call 

Ace1200w/Drive Call 

Apple 

HE S1050 

HE Starter System 1495 

IBM 

IBMPC64K Keyboard, 1 Drive S1995 

IBMPCXT 4595 

Call for all Configurations 

Kaypro 

Kayproll S1450 

Kaypro4 1850 

KayprolO 2595 

Columbia 

1600-1 2 320K Drives S2395 

Eagle 

Eaglell S1895 

Corona 

Portable 1 Drive S1995 

DeskTopComputer 2295 

Advanced Logic Systems 

Cpm3.0Card S 299 

ZCardCPMCard 139 

Astar 

RF Modulator S 18 

Gibson 

LightpenforApplell&IIE S 249 

Kensington 

System Saver/ Fan & Surge S 69 

Micro Max 

Viewmax80Ew/64KofRamExp.tol28K . S 149 

Micro Soft Products 

softcardw/cpm S 239 

l6KCard 65 

premium Pack 469 

Micro Tek 

Ram 16 16K card S 45 

Call for Other Microtek pricing 

Kraft 

Joystick S 42 

Joystick (IBM) 45 

videx 

Videoterm S 209 

CCS 
Serial Interface S 119 

TC Products 

Joystick S 39 

paddles 28 

Selecta Port 38 



MODEMS 



Hayes Micro Computer 

300 Baud Smart Modem S 199 

1200 Baud Smart Modem 475 

Micro Modem II 259 

Micro Modem II w/Terminal Package 279 

Novation 

J-Cat300Baud S 119 

AppleCatll 269 



IBM PC 
Accessories 



Ast Research 

IO+ Serial ports Clock Calender S 119 

Combo+ 64KSerial,Parralel&c/c 269 

Mega + 64KSerialc/c 269 

Mega Pak 256 

Expands Mega + to512K 289 

Maynard 

FDC Disk Controller S 155 

FDC/ PP Disk Controller w/ par. port 205 

FDC/SPDiskControllerw/ser.port 225 

Ouadram 

Ouad Link S 495 

Tandon 

TM 100-2 (320K Drivel S 225 

1 /2 Disk Drive 

Slimline Disk Drive S 219 

Expansion Ram 

4164.200NS 6ea.9forS 50 

USI 

MultiDisplayCard S 340 



5%"&8" 
DISK DRIVES 



siemans 

FDD100-8D8"Sgl/DblDen S 169 

Mitsubishi 

2894-63 Dbl/Dbl Den S 389 

Shugart 

SA801RSgl/DblDen S 355 

SA851R Dbl/Dbl Den 469 

Tandon 

TM100-1160K S 160 

TM100-2320K 225 

TM 101 -4 quad Density 339 

TM 848-1 Sgl/Dbl Den 359 

TM848-2Dbl/DblDen 435 

We Will Beat All 
Competitor Prices on Disk Drives 



Commodore Corner 



64Computer S 229 

1541DiskDrive S 269 

1525 Graphic Printer 259 

1701 14"ColorMonitor 279 

Data 20 

Z80Card S 259 

80ColumnCard 159 



DISK DRIVES 
FOR APPLE & FRANKLIN 



Super 5 

Sup-5 S 209 

Controller 69 

5%" Disks verbatim 

525-01 Sgl./Dbl.w/plasticcase S 26 

550-01 Dbl./DbLw/plasticcase 35 

Rana systems 

Elite I S 249 

Elite II 399 

Elite III 499 

•Add S79 for Controller 

Micro Sci 

A-2 S 219 

•Add S70 for Controller 

Ouentin Research 

AppleMate S 209 

Controller 60 



800-847-1718 

OUTSIDE CALIFORNIA 

NEW RETAIL STORE: 

11976 Aviation Blvd. 
inglewood, CA 90304 

MAIL ORDER: 

P.O. Box 1936 
Hawthorne, CA 90250 



VIDEO DISPLAY 
MONITORS 



USI 

P1 1 (9"AmberHiRes> S 130 

PI 2 (9"Creen HiResl 120 

Pi 3 (l2"AmberHiRes) 139 

PI 4 d2"CreenHiResl 130 

BMC 

12AU d2"Creen) S 79 

9191 Color Composite 249 

EUNI20MHZ) 134 

zenith 

ZVM123 (12"Creen) (New) S 95 

Amdek 

300A S 149 

310A 169 

Colon Composite 289 

ColorllRCB 429 

Princton Graphics 

PCSHX12w/IBMCable S 475 

Taxan 

12 "Amber S 139 



LOW PRICED 

Hi Quality 

DISKETTES 



BY*" Disks 

SglSide/Dbl Density S17abox 

DblSide/Dbl Density 27a box 

8" Disks 

SglSide/Dbl Density S28abox 

DblSide/Dbl Density 34abox 

All Disks come w/Reinforced Hub, 
5 yr warranty and not bulk packed. 

Advanced Access 

Smoked Plexiglass Diskette Tub Holds 80 . S 19 
8 "Version 26 



DISK DRIVE CABINETS 


5 Va" Cabinets 

SglCabinetw/pwr. supply 

DualCabinetsw/pwrsupply 

8" Cabinets 

SglCabinetsw/fan&pwr. supply . 
Dual Cabinetsw/fan & pwr. supply 


S 55 
85 

209 
259 



All Products Have 90 Day 
toSYr. warranty 



if you don't see 

what you are 

looking for, 

give us a call, we 

have much more 

available 

Circle 80 on inquiry card. 

No Surcharge for Credit Cards 



Technical & Customer Service 
(213)219-0808 

All merchandise new. We accept MC. Visa, Wire 
Transfer, COD Call, Certified Check, P.O. s from 
qualified firms, APO accepted. Shipping: 
Minimum S3. 50 first 5 pounds. Tax: California Res. 
Only add 6VM» sales tax. 

Prices Subject to Change 
Mon., Tues, Thurs. & Fri. 7 a.m. to 6 p.m. 
Wednesday 8 a.m. to 9 p.m. 
Sat. & Sun. 11 a.m. to 4 D.m, 



TBI QT jlf^x. 



MICRO 
SALES 



•k MADE IN USA * BUY FACTORY DIRECT * 



DUAL DRIVE SUBSYSTEMS 





§ 



a|fc\ DISK DRIVE «4>, 
BLOWOUT SALE 



£> 




THE LOWEST PRICES IN BYTE! 

8" Shugart 801R SS/DD - Slashed $355.00 

8" Shugart 851R Double Sided 1.2 Meg! 457.00 

8" Qume Datalrak-8 DS/DD "THE BEST" 479.00 

8" Mitsubishi Full Height Double Sided 1 Year P+L 445.00 

8" Mitsubishi Thinline DS/DD 1 Year Parts + Labor 465.00 

8" Tandon 848-1 Slimline SS/DD 600K BYTES 355.00 

8" Tandon 848-2 Slimline Double Sided 1.2 Meg 475.00 

8" Siemens 100-8 SS/DD ON SALE NOW!!! 169.00 

5ft" Mitsubishi Full height 96T.P.I DS/DD 750K 295.00 

5'/<" Mistubishi Slimline 96T.P.I. DS/DD 750K 315.00 

5ft" Tandon TM-100-1 SS/DD 48T.P.1 168K 199.00 

5ft" Tandon TM-100-2 1.B.M. PC Add-on! 259.00 

5ft " Tandon TM 100-4 DS/DD 96T.P.1. 750K 369.00 



* 



HORIZONTAL OR VERTICAL 

Fully Assembled and Tested Units 

ONE YEAR P + L WARRANTY 

On Shugart and Mitsubishi Subsystems 

w/two Misubishi DS/DD Assem. + Tested $1170.00 

w/two Shugart 801R SS/DD Assem. + Tested 975.00 

w/two Shugart 851R DS/DD Assem. + Tested 1225.00 

w/two Siemans 120-8 SS/0D Assem. + Tested 675.00 

w/two Qume DT-8 DS/DD Assem. + Tested 1250.00 

Cabinet A & T w/Power Supply and Aces 235.00 

Cabinet Top and Bottom Only 69.50 

All cabinets A 4 T and subsystems include all AC/DC wiring and 50 pin data cable 
except the horizontal model which includes the internal 50 pin cable and requires an 
external 50 pin cable part #06000-01 $ 25.00 

5V<" Subsystems 

w/lwo 48TPI SS/DD includes all cables 

w/two 48TPI DS/DD includes all cables 

w/two 96TPI DS/DD includes all cables 



.495.00 
.595.00 
.695.00 



FANTASTIC SAVINGS! 




ON THE ORIGINAL S-100 MOD 

For engineers, hobhiesls, and anyone who wants to save a bundle, the SI-MOT 
is the answer. Full regulated power to run up to tourlloppy disks coupled wilt 
a mamoth S-100 power supply and 12 slot bus, makes the S1-M0D an excep- 
tional computer base. Single board design means no wiring from the powei 
suppply to the motherboard. This eliminates all ground loop problems associatec 
with other brands of mainframes who are forced to use termination. The S1-M0T. 
is being ottered Ihis month with a matching S-100-12 cabinet. Fan cooled, fused 
with reset and keylock the cabinet is also enamel painted and silk screened 
Four A.C. outlets are provided for peripheral hookup and plenty of cutouts 
available for RS-232, Centronics + others. Our regular $225.00 price for Iht 
S1-M0D and 250.00 price for our 12 slot cabinet is being SLASHED! 
• * • SPECIFICATIONS* * * 



Input 
120V/60HZ. 
230V/50HZ. 

Don't settle for those c 



Unregulated 
+8V @ 30A 
±16V@6A 



mag. 



+5V @ 5A 
+24V@3A 
-5V @ 1A 
) 6 slot immilations you've seen elsewhere in this 
I THE BEST! XO'R S-1 MOO and S-100-12 Cabinet $395.00 



• WINCHESTER 

5ft" Miniscribe 5 Meg* Hard Disk - 
5ft" Miniscribe 10 Meg* Hard Disk - 
5ft" Miniscribe 16 Meg* Hard Disk - 



HARD DISKS • 

Affordable $695.00 

- Twice the Space 850.00 

■Best Buy 995.00 



! A 





8" POWER 

For Two 8" Floppys 

+5VDC @ 4 Amps 
+24VDC @ 3 Amps 
-5VDC § 1 Amp 

ONLY 59.95 



S-100 POWER 

For 6 to 22 Slots 

+8VDC @ 30 Amps 
+16VDC @ 6 Amps 
-16VDC @ 6 Amps 

89.50 



ONLY 



5V<" Miniscribe 10 Meg' Thinline only Vh inches wide! 793.00 

8" Quantum 20* Megabyte Winchester - Two Platters 1895.00 

8" Quantum 40' Meg Four Platter - Most Popular 2395.00 

8" Quantum 85' Megabyte - Special Order on this Monster! . . . .2895.00 
8" IOMEGA ALPHA 10-10 Megabyte' Removeable Disk Cartridge 
with SCSI Microprocessor Controlled Interface 

(Controls up to Four IOMEGA Cartridge Drives) 1895.00 

IOMEGA 10 Megabyte Cartridge - No Interface P.C.B 895.00 

♦LAST MINUTE SPECIAL!!! Buy any Winchester hard disk drive above and get a 
Western Digital hard disk interface board AT COST! ONLY 295.00! 

'Total storaoe space alter lormaltino. 



'UNIVERSAL POWER SUPPLY . 



.69.95 



California 
Computer 
Systems 



CCS SYSTEM 2410 . .$1995.0C 




* Includes CP/M® 2.2 

* DMA Disk Controller 

* 2-Real Time Clocks 



* 2-Serial/1-Parallel Port 

+ Hardware Vectored Interrupts 

• Supports CP/M® ,MP/M® ,0ASI 



HAYES SMARTMODEM 1200 

THE LEADER OF THE HAYES MODEM FAMILY 

• 1200 Baud - Bell 212A Compatable 
• 300 Baud - Bell 103 Compatable 

• Automatic Dialing - Touchtone or Pulse 

• Automatic Send, Receive and Disconnect 

• Built-in Speaker for Monitoring Call Line 

These are just a lew leatures of Hie Smartmodem 1200, the best modem you can buy, 
in tact, it performs just about any communication function you can imagine, and can 

be program controlled using any language. Our special price $549.00 

*Make things easy lor yourself. Get the Hayes Smartmodem 1200 with CROSSTALK™ 
software 5629.00 



< 



CCS 2300 System, A & T . $1695.0( 

• Includes CP/M® 2.2 * New 2066 64K Memor 

• 2300 Mainframe * 2422 Disk Controller 

• 2810 Z-80A CPU * Complete A+T 

• 2710 4 Port Serial $245.0 

• 2719 2 Serial - 2 Parallel 245.0 

• 2810 CPU Z-80 at 4 MHz On/y-255.0 

• 2422 Disk Controller with CP/M 2.2 On/y-330.0 

• 2066 64K Dynamic Memory On/y— 360.0 

• 2300A Mainframe Assem. + Tested On/y— 455.0 

• CCS Apple Boards Call Toll Free For Price 



CUSTOMER SERVICE HOTLINE 1 - (714) 898-552 



DRIVE CABINET DEALS 




BIG SALE! 




On assembled and tested cabinets. 

One year parts ant) labor on these dual drive cabinets, complete with power supplies, A.C. and 
D.C. cables, 50 pin data cables (vertical only) and complete mounting hardware. 

8" horizontal cabinet assembled and tested #S-1000-O5 SALE $199.00 

50 pin data cable for horizontal cabinet #C-6000-O1 $ 25.00 

8" vertical cabinet complete w/50 pin data cable #S-1000-13 SALE $199.00 

5V<" vertical cabinet complete with 34 pin data cable #S-1000-20 SALE $129.00 



BARE CABINETS! 

Horizontal or vertical types, we'll 
even supply mounting hardware. 
Cabinets are enamel painted a beau- 
tiful tan texture and have mounting 
holes available for fan, drives, A.C. 
cable, power supply, etc. 

Horizontal 8"Empty $59.95 

Vertical 8" Empty $55.00 



• The fifty-five dollar • 
8" Power Supply is Back! 

Specifications: 

For 2 8" Floppys 
+ 5 V.D.C. <fi> 4 Amps 
+ 24 V.D.C ® 3 Amps 
-5 V.D.C. @ 1 Amp 

Perfect for do il yourseu applications. Will run at 
120V/50 Hz or 23OV/50 Hz. All power supplies include 
D.C. cables and schematic. 

#U-1000-02 8" Power Supply $55.00 

SS/DD A.C. Harness #C-6000-37 $ 7.50 

DS/DD A.C. Harness #C-6000-38 $ 7.50 




PERIPHERAL SPECIALS 



XOR 500 

TERMINAL 

SALE! 




XOR 500: A new video display terminal featur- 
ing * Screen tilt * Detached keyboard * 9 
cursor control keys • 5 function keys • 7 
screen attributes • 25th status line • 
50-19. 2K baud • Column + filed tab * and 
more • All these features with a full 6 month 
warranty make this terminal the best buy on 
the market. 
XOR 500 #T-1000-15 $495.00 



PMMI S-100 MODEMS 

2 models are now available. The highly popular 
MM103 which is Bell 103A @ 300 baud, also 
runs at 600 baud, and the new modem from 
PMMI which is Bell 103A and 212 compatible 
at 300 and 1200 baud, auto answer auto dial 
IEEE 696 standard. If software is a problem, 
we've got it! Designed specifically for the PMMI 

#M-2000-45 300-600 baud $349.00 

#M-2000-44 300-1200 baud $595.00 

#8-1001-16 Crosstalk Software . . . $150.00 



OKIDATA ML92 



«* — t 



Okldala MIcroline: New versatility, correspondence quality pi 
ing and speed make the ML92 and ML93 the Pes! printer va 
in their categories. Both primers provide multi-speed print mo. 
bi-directional high speed mode with short line seeking logi 
160cps, emphasized and enhanced mode printing al 80cps. 
high resolution correspondence quality printing al 40cps. 
addressable graphics is standard. Beth serial and parallel mc 
are available and BOTH prices Include lull tractor assembly a 
extra charge. 

#M-2000-10 parallel w/tractor . . . $599 
#M-2000-83 serial w/tractor $699 



5 ^"MITSUBISHI 

5'A" Hall Height 
Floppys. 48 or 96 
T.P.I. These dou- 
ble sided, double 
density drives will 
hold .5 and 1 
megabytes unformatted — full one year parts and I; 
warranty. The 48 T.P.I, drives are perfect tor IB 
P.C. add-ons! 

#0-1000-34 DS/DD 48 T.P.I. Thinline . $295 
#0-1000-32 DS/DD 96 T.P.I. Thinline $315 




Circle 466 on inquiry card. 




TfW® LL@(g®'SD®[3iig ft® dfcgorw® Y?@w 

ORDER TOLL FREE 

a EAST & <k WEST ft 

1 (800) 435-9357 1 (800) 854-8174 



In III. (815) 485-4002 



In Calif. 1 (714) 898-1492 



V& w 852? MICRO 



TERMS: We accept VISA/MC, prepay, check or money order. Please allow personal check two weeks to dear before shipment. 
$5.00 handling charge on all orders under 550.00. 1 5% Restocking Fee All orders shipped via U.P.S. unless otherwise specified. All 
UPS COO. orders over $1 00.00 require a Cashiers Check #0ur products cany a full 6 months parts and labor warranty excluding 
drrves, primers and terminals which carry the full O.E.M. factory warranty. PRICES SU8JECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. 



[ • MADE IN USA • BUY FACTORY DIRECT • ] 

• EAST • 11 Edison Drive, New Lenox, Illinois 60451 

• WEST • 15392 Assembly Lane, Huntington Beach, CA 92649 



CUSTOM COMPUTER SYSTEMS by XOR 

Why do companies like IBM. Corp. Atari Corp., Mattel Elec. Kennedy Space Center. Edwards A F.B., Motorola Corp., Raytheon, and Pacific Technology buy product by mail from us? Maybe 
it's our full 1 year parts and labor warranty on all XOR O.E.M. products. It could be our state of the art technology, or even the factory direct sales and service. We think it's our custom 
computer systems with over 1000 possible configurations. It you don't see it advertised, call us today, chances are we CAN custom build the system YOU need. 



* MICRO MANAGERS: POWERFUL, PORTABLE, AND AFFORDABLE • 



Don"! be fooled by the system's 
small portable size. A full 64K of 
memory with an industry standard 
S-100 bus. Includes CP/M 2.2 
and many utilities on two disks. 
Add on a hard disk when you need 
more storage. ' 'The software and 
hardware that comes with each 
5% "system, is ready to run a pair 
of 8" single or double sided flop- 
pies, just plug in the 50 pin data 
cable to the system — many other 
configuralions are available," 

5Vi" Z-80A 64K CP/M System 

* Dual Floppy 375K SS/DD 40 Track $1445.00 

* Dual Floppy 750K DS/D0 40 Track $1595.00 

* Dual Floppy 1 .5 Meg DS/DD 80 Track $1645.00 

* Chassis (No boards No drives No CPM 2,2| $ 425.00 




Inexpensive but powerful, small 
enough for portability, these mini 
hard disk systems have a special 
XOR interlace to the S-100 bus 
that leaves an S-100 slot open for 
expandability. Choose (rom 5. 10. 
and 16 megabyte sizes (6.5, 12, 
+ 20 megabyte unformatted.) In- 
cludes CP/M operating system. 



5V*" Hard Disk with y 2 Height Floppys 

* 5 Megabyte Hard Disk w/375 Floppy $2195.00 

* 5 Megabyte Hard Disk w/750K Floppy $2345.00 

* 10 Megabyte Hard Disk w/Two Floppy 1.5 Meg $2795.00 

* 16 Megabyte Hard Disk w/Two Floppy 1.5 Meg $2895.00 




Our most popular computer 
leatures a 4 slot S-100 bus and 8" 
industry standard format. Reads 
and writes the IBM 3740 lormat 
as well as any byte size sector. Ex- 
pandable? Yes, add a hard disk or 
cartridge subsystem when your 
data base grows, includes CP/M. 
operating system 



2.4 Meg DS/DD 8" CP/M System 

System with Dual SS/DD 1.2 Megabyte $1795.00 

System with Dual DS/DD 2.4 Megabytes $1995.00 

System with NO Drives (includes CP/M) $1195.00 

Syslem Chassis (No boards, no drives, no CP/M) ... $ 395.00 




• THE BASIC PROFESS ONAL FLOPPY. HARD DISK AND TAPE BACKUP • 




2.4 Meg DS/DD 64K Z-80A CP/M System 

This "Industry Standard" computer features a 12 slot maherrjoarrj, 30 amp power supply, 
2 serial RS-232 pons, Centronics parallel port and CP/M software. The XOR disk controller 
ncluded. will read and write the IB M. 3740 lormat (8" CP/M standard) as well as R/W 
single on double sided, single or double density, and any byte/size sector. One year parts 
md labor on the complete system. y?S-tO0O-36S2345.00. SS/CD Drives available as well as 
V half height systems 




20 Meg Winchester w/2.4 Meg Floppys 

For the serious professional this system leatures the (amous S- 100-12 cabinet 
with XOR's S1-M0D 12 slot motherboard. The Quanlum hard disk has two 
10 Meg platlers A: and B: which allows backup between two ten Meg plat- 
ters. #S-1000-63 $5275.00 




20'M H.D. with 17M Tape and 1.2M Floppy 

Backup your priceless data on this lull '7 megabyte tape drive and be able to pip tiles bet- 
ween any ol the three peripherals for total versatility. Booi CP/M Irom hard disk or tloppy. 
change tapes lor archival storage. Reads and writes the IBM 3740 Format (8" CPM standard) 
and has our (amous I year warranty. Call us toll free. #S-1000-69 $6390.00. Above system 
with a A platter 40 megabyte hard disk #S-1000-82 $7240.00 ^ 



U.S. MICRO SALES SOFTWARE GIVEAWAY! 

Order any system below and get all of the following software and manuals absolutely FREE! CP/M Operating System, 
Perfect Writer, Perfect Speller, Perfect Mailer, Perfect Calc, AND an eight module business accounting package by 
BUSINESSMASTER INCLUDING: A/R order entry, A/P purchase orders, G/L, Payroll, Mailing List, Fixed Asset Ac- 
counting, Inventory (RAW), and inventory regular goods. AND multi-user systems also include Digital Research's MP/M 
and Link-80 software. S1685.00 value. 

• THE OFFICE MASTERS! REMOVABLE CARTRIDGE DISK SYSTEMS • 



FREE 



FREE 




10 Meg Cartridge Disk And 1.2 Meg Floe , „ 

n office system at an almost unBelievable price when you consider the bundle ol applications 
iltwate thai ccmes with the system Ten megabytes ol formatted storage on a removable 
irtridge disk allows unlimited storage space with extra 10 Meg cartridges available at $50.00 
icti With ihe speed and reliability ol a hard disk and removability of a floppy this office 
aster is the choice #S-tOO0-74 53695.00 




TWO 10 Meg Removable and DS/DD Floppy 

Destined D be our #1 seller and no one else makes anything like it. A true s!ale-ol-!he-an 
syslem with virtually no-limit to storage capacities in 10 Meg removable cartridges. Backup 
problems'' Get high speed backup Irom cartridge to cartndge. ten megabytes worth, in 6 minutes 1 
HINT We don't use "PIP " Future technology here today. AS-100-76 54595.00 




Multi-User Cartridge Disk System 

Four users and two 10 megabyte removable cartridge disks may be |usl whal you want lo 
automate your office or small business, with all Ihe software packages you'll ever need. A 
multi-user verion ol the system at left, these users can be up to 100 feet away from each 
other. Most any terminal will work with the user ports and we do sell terminals too Call us 
loil tree #S-1000-80 $5825.00 



• THE BUSINESS PROFESSIONALS: HARD DISK MULTI-USER SYSTEMS • 




2 User Hard Disk System 

Iwenly megebyte hard disk (2 platter) with a DS/DD 1 .2 Meg floppy disk 
akes this a perfect system lor a small business. Two user allows dual ac- 
ss lo the system files with each station up to 100 leel apart! Full one year 
irts and labor. #S-1000-G1 $5495.00 




o 
1*1 






40 Meg Hard Disk 4 User System 

A must for a growing business' Two DS/DD floppys (2.4 Meg) lor data backup 
and copy with a A platter '10 Meg hard disk lour user capability to automate the 
whole frorr. office You can even designate a 10 Meg platter to each user! Same 
warranty as all our products — (configurable Irom 2 to 7 users) #S- 1000-60 $7295 




7 User 85 Meg w/17 Meg Backup 

Now it's available, the automated business system to run even those large com- 
panies! 7 separate users lied into one professional host system. II 85 Meg isn't 
enough, we can put together as much as three hundred and forty megabytes! Full 
17 Meg tape backup insures archival storage of valuable data IS-1D00-98 $9595.00 



Circle 466 on inquiry card. 



PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS 



BiS- 100 BOARDS GCP/M PLUS 



VNTECH CCMPANV 




SDC 000 

Z-80 Single Doard Computer 

Fully complies with IEEE 696 (S100) Bus Standard 
Z-80 CPU: 4 or 6 MHz 
64 K Bytes ol RAM with parity 
2 to 16 K Bytes ot PROM 
24 bit addressing to 16 M Bytes 
Full SASI Port with 8 bit I/O data bus 
Fully Programmable Communications Options 
Dual Programmable Serial Full-Duplex Channels 
Supports CP/M Plus, MP/M, and TURBODOS 
Permanent Bus Master or Slave 
Two Full Duplex Serial Ports 
Asynchronous, Synchronous, or HDLC 
Software Selectable Baud Rate 50-57,600 
Software Selectable 5. 6. 7 or 8 Bits/Characters; Even, Odd, or No 
Parity; 1,1.5,2 Stop Bits 
CRC Generation/Checking/Sync Modes 
Polled I/O or Interrupt 
3-16 Bit Counter Timers/8536 CIO Chip 
1 Year Warranty 



Pari No. 



Description 



List Price Our Price 



BUSDS38095 Z80A 4MHz A&T $741.00 $629.00 

BUSDS38092 Z80B 6MHz A&T $825.00 $699.00 

DUPGC26924DS 2' Internal Serial I/O cable $ 14.65 



BUPGC50M12S 1 2" 50 pin internal disk cable 



23.60 



VERSAFLOPPY III 

Floppy and Hard Disk Controller 

• S-100 (IEEE/696) Compatible 

• Supports four 5V4" or 8" floppies 

• Phased lock loop data separator 

• Supports three 5'A" Winchester drives 

• Complete error checking 

• 2K byte sector buffer 

• Data transfer of up to 5M bytes/sec. 

Ave liable September, 1983 — ORDER TODAY1 



BUSDS38099 VFW-3 Disk Controller (A&T) $ 895.00 $765.90 

B0PD6VF33914I* w/5'.V unbanked CP/M"' 3 S T 083 00 $695.99 

BUPDBIT339I42' w/8" unbanked CP/M' 3.0 $1083.00 $695.90 

BUPDBirF339143* w/5%" banked CP/M» 3.0 $1083.00 $895.00 

BUPBBIT339144' w/8" banked CP/M* 3.0 $1083.00 $695.00 
*CP/M S 3.0 is configured lor the SDS SBC300 board. 

VERSAFLOPPY 11/696 

Floppy Disk Controller 

• S-100 (IEEE/696) compatible 

• Concurrent support of 4 drives of 5'A" or 8" 

• Double density formats 

• Separate connectors for 5V>" and 8" drive cables 

• Single and double sided disk drive capability 

• CRC error code checking 

• Phased locked loop data separator 

• Recommended for operation with the Z80 CPU 

BUSDS3S098 Versatloppy II/696 (Ml) $400.00 $359.89 

BUP06»F238I41* With 5%" unbanked CP/M» $520.00 $429.00 

BUPDBVF239142- With 8" unbanked CP/M" $520.00 $429.90 

BUPDBVF239143* With 5'A" banked CP/M" $520.00 $429.09 

BUP0BW239I44* With 8" banked CP/M" $520.00 $429.00 

•CP/M" 3.0 configured for the SDS SBC300. 

SOFTWARE-CP/M PLUS™ 3.0 

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS AND OS INFORMATION: 

CP/M 15 3.0 requires a minimum of 1 1 2K bytes of system RAM partitioned 
into two banks (64K each)' for operation. Memory size parameters are 
communicated to the OS by menu selections in GENCPM. The OS is 
divided into two modules, the resident portion that resides in the common 
memory, and the banked portion that occupies the upper area of BNANK 
(/ust below the common area) The common area must be from 4 K to 1 6 K to 
be compatible with the distribution configuration. 

BUSDS39144 CP/M 3.0 8" banked for SDSSBC300 $315.00 

BUSDS39142 CP/M 3.0 8" unbanked for SDSSBC300 $315.00 

BUSDS39143 CP/M 3.0 5'A" banked for SDSSBC300 $315.00 

BUSDS39141 CP/M 3.0 5'A" unbanked for SDSSBC300 $315.90 



.•,391ft. IS?! Mw^i 

KM* *K»fM|f M;» «•» «m m»KS» 




) • . li- 




tt»niitirtmBHi ! T iliij*l fc^ZSxi^QM lU-^W 



I/O-6 

S Port Serial I/O 

• S-100 (IEEE/696) compatible 

• Synchronous or asynchrous DTE/DCE 

• I/O ports are adressable to any 8 byte boundary in 64 K 

• Software selectable baud rate 

• Full duplex, up to 1 Mbit/sec in synchronous mode 

• 5, 6, 7, or 8 data bits/character 

• Stop bits- 1, 1.5, 2 

• Parity - odd, even, or none 

• Error detection - parity, overrun, CRC or framing 
Interrupts: 

• Receiver ready 

• All receive characters 

Real Time Clock Willi Battery Backup 



Pari No. Description 



Ust Price Our Price 



BUS0S3B093 8 Async serial (A&T) $695.00 $594.99 

BUSDS380S4 8 Sync serial (A&T) $795.00 $875.60 

CaNerEach port has its own 26 pin header Order one I/O cable tor each port used 
B0PGC26S24DS 26 pin SKT collector to DB25S 24" $14.65 
BUPGC26S600P 26 pin SKT connector to DB25P 5' $ 15.70 
BUPGC26S60DS 26 pin SKT connector to DB255 5' $ 16.55 

PROM 100 

Eprom Durner 

• S100 (IEEE-696) Compatible 

• Programs the Following EPROMs: 2708. Intel 2758. 2716. 2732. and 
Texas Instruments 2516 

• Dip Switch Selection of EPROM type 

• 25 VDC Programming Pulse Generated On Board 

• Maximum Programming Time: 16.384 Bits in 100 Seconds 

• Power Requirement: +8VDC at 300 ma.:+16 VDC at 100 ma:-V0C 
at 60 ma. 

• TTL compatible 

• Software Listing Provides tor Reading of Object File from SDOS, CP/M 
or PROM and Programming into PROM 

• Program Verification 

• Verification of Erasure 

• Zero Insertion Force Socket 

» One Year Warranty 

8US0S38878 PROM-100 w/software(A&T) $285.00 $224.00 



Z60 

STARTER 

SYSTEM 






A COMPLETE MICROCOMPUTER ON A BOARD 

• Z80 CPU with 158 Instructions 

• On-board keyboard and display 

• On-board PROM programmer for single voltage PROMs (2716. 
2758. TI2516) 

• Kansas City standard cassette interface 

• Simple key controlled audio cassette load and dump 

• Expansipn provision for mounting two S-100 connectors (Sockets 
not included) 

• Wire wrap area for custom circuitry 

• Single Step through RAM or PROM 

• Memory examine and change 

• Port examine and change 

• Z80 CPU register and change 

• 2K Byte ZBUG monitor in ROM 

• 1 K Bytes of RAM (expandable to 2K Bytes) 

• A 4 Channel hardware counter/timer (Z80-CTC) 

• Two bi-directional 8-bit I/O ports (Z80-P10) 

• Up to 5 programmable breakpoints 

• Switch selectable PROM or monitor restart 

• Vectored interrupts provided by Z80-CTC and Z80-P10 

BUSDS38007 Z80 Starter System (A&T) $450.00 $382.00 
(Shipping Weight 4 lbs) 




ExpandoRAM IV 

256K Dynamic RAM 

• S-100 (IEEE/696) compatible 

• 256 K Configuration 

• DIP Switch Selectable Addressing 

• Board may reside anywhere in the 24 Bit address space of the 
IEEE-696 Bus 

• 8 and 16 Bit data Transfers 

• Parity Check 

• Optional Error Detection/Correction 

• Invisible refresh at end of any OP code fetch forced refresh cycle 
every 10-16 microseconds 

• Error Detection and Correction (Hamming Code) 1 bit correction- 
optional 

• 1 Year Warranty 



Part No. 



Description 



List Price Our Price 



BUSDS380B8 ExpandoRAM IV 256K(A&T)S1 145.00 $960.00 
BUSDS38089 ExpandoRAM IV 256K $1990.00 $980.00 
w/EDC (A&T) 

ExpondoRAM III 

Random Access Memory Doard 

• POWER: +7V to +10V rs 400 mA (max) 

• 1 year warranty 

• Phantom output disable or manual switch selectable outpu 
disable 

• Typical power dissipation of 5 watts 

• 4 MHz operation 

• Port addressable board select for multi-user system 

• POWER: (2 S memory cycle) 
+7VIO+10 V 9 400 mA(max) 

• 1 Year Warranty 

BUSDS38097 256K ExpandoRAMIII /696 $825.00 $649.01 

(A&T) 

ROM DISK 126 

Program Accelerator 

• S-100 (IEEE/696) compatible 

• 128K Bytes of storage per board 

• Uses 16 user supplied 2764 or 2732 type EPROMs 

• Up to four boards per system for a total of 512 K 

• Meets all IEEE 696/S-100 specifications 

• Serial Port provided (using 8251 UART) 

• Dip switch selectable addressing 

• Looks like a disk drive to the system 

• Eliminates media problems 

• CP/M Plus support porvided 

• Ideal for environments where mechanical drives are not practica 

• CP/M* and MP/M"' install programs 

• 1 Year Warranty 

BUS0S38081 ROM DISC 128Kw/oEPROMS(A&T) $350 00 $296.0 
BUSDS81103 ROM DISC Manual 
BUPGC26S24DS 2' Internal Serial I/O cable 

RAM DISK 256 

Program Accelerator 

• S-100 (IEEE/696) compatible 

• 256 K bytes of sequentially accessed memory 

• On-board transparent refresh (only when the Ml signal 1 
stopped) 

• Faster than a floppy disk drive 

• Install program included (when configured the RAM DISK-25 
looks like a single density 8" disk drive) 

• Source code libraries included 

• On-board dynamic RAM controller 

• Bank addressing allows the use of four boards in the same ad 
ress to be accessed giving you up to 1 Mbyte of storage 

• Asynchronous bus operation and uses the WAIT line only ; 
needed 

• 1 Year Warranty 



Part No. 



Description 



Ust Price Our Price 



BUS0S38082 Ram Disk 256K (A&T) $875.00 $715.00 

BUSBS6I102 Manual $ 10.00 



RETAIL STORE PHONE NUMBERS: (Chotsworfh:) (213) 709-5464 - (IrrineO (714) 660-1411 

Circle 365 on inquiry card. 



nvrc c n ^ Dm u r iqfn 



PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS 




=: 



CPU DOARDS 

68K -68000 16 DIT CPU 

16 till 8 oi 10 MH; onboard sockels for 2716, 2732, or 2764 

EPROMs for up 1o 8K x 16 ol memory 



fill Hi. Hlicr1)tln 

BUGBTU4A AST 8MHz 
BU6BT1B4C CSC 10MHz 



Ull Wei 0«r Met 

S695 oo $512.95 

S850 00 $765.00 



CP/M® 68K NOW AVAILABLE!! 
FORTH OPERATING SYSTEM INCLUDED 

Now CompuPro and Digital Hesearch bring you CP/M lor the 68000 Also 
included is the FORTH Operating System which requires a DISK 1. 64K ol 
CompuPro memory and an INTERFACER 3 or 4. 



BUCBTCPMMI 68000 CP/M' & FORTH 0/S 5350 00 



CO- PROCESSOR 6066/6067 

16 bit 8 or 10 MHz 60B6 CPU with sockets lor 8067 and 80136 

s 750.00 $494.95 



■UtBTtMIt A&T BMHz 8086 only 
BUQBTI86C CSC 10MHz 8086 only $ 850.00 S7M.St 
BUGIT1MM7 A&T with 8087 option $1050.00 $930.00 

BU6BTIBBCB7 CSC with 8087 option' $115000 $1085.00 

•8087 Limits clock speed to 5MHz 

DUAL PROCESSOR 6065-6086 

6 or 8 MHz provides true 16 Bit Power with a standard 8 bit S- 100 bus. 



BU6BTI6IM A&T 6MHz 
BUGBTI612C CSC 6/8 MHz 



$495.00 
$595.00 



prrar 

$497,87 



BUSBTH0A 
BU6BT1B0C 



CPUZ - Z60D CPU NOW 6MHz! 

3/6 MHz Z80B CPU with 24 Bit Addressing. 
FASTEST ZOO CPU AVAILABLE! 

$325.00 $228.95 



3/6 MHz A&T 
3/6 MHz CSC 



$425.00 $374.87 



DISK CONTROLLERS 

DISK 1 DMA FLOPPY CONTROLLER 

Fast DMA, Soft Sector, Controls Up to Four 8" or 5'A" Single or 
Double Density Drives! 

$489.00 
$450.00 
S5B5.00 
$368.95 
$550 00 
SIM. 85 



BSPDBI7IACPM A&T W/CPM 2.2« & BIOS $670.00 

When purchased w/lwo 8" disk drives only 

BUPOBIJICCPK CSC w/CP/M 2.2" & BIOS $770.00 



8UGBT17IA 
BUSBT1T1C 

6UG8TCPK80 



Disk 1 Controller A&T $495.00 

Disk 1 Controller CSC $595.00 

CP/M 2.2* lor Z80/8085 w/manual & 
BIOS 8" S/D disk 
BUBBTCPMBB CP/M 2.2'- for 8086 w/manuals & BIOS $258.85 
8" S/D disk 

DISK 2/SELECTOR CHANNEL 
HARD DISK CONTROLLER 

Fast DMA 2 board set controls 4 Shugart 4000 series or Fujitsu 2300 
type drives Includes CP/M 2.2". 



BUBBTI77* Assembled & Tested $795.00 

BUGBTI77C CSC $895.00 



$568.95 

S 850. 00 

M-DRIVE/H PROGRAM ACCELERATOR 

Interfaces Ihrough two 1/0 ports, and runs at 10MHz IEEE 696 compatible. 

Requires any CompuPro CPU and a DISK 1. Each board contains 51 2K of 

fast low power (900mA) RAM. with parity checking. 



BUBBTIB7A 

BUGBT197C 



M-DRIVE/H w/software, A&T $1895.00 
M-OfllVE/Hw/software.CSC $2095.00 



51249.00 

51495.00 



STATIC RAM 

RAM 17 - 64 K CMOS STATIC RAM 

12 MHz, RAM 17, 2 Watt DMA Compatible 24 Bit Addressing 



BUBBT17SAM 64K A&T 12MHz 
BUBBTI7SCM 64K CSC 12MHz 



$499.00 $480.00 
J599.00 $550.00 



RAM 16 - 32Kx 16 BIT CMOS STATIC RAM 

8 and/or 16 Bit 12MHz, RAM 16, 32K x 16 or64K x 8 IEEE/696 
16 Bit 2 Watt 24 Bit Addressing. 12MHz 

$55000 $510.00 



BUGBT180A 
B0GBT180C 



64K A&T 12MHz 
64KCSC 12MHz 



$650.00 $810.00 



RAM 21 - 126K STATIC RAM 

816 RAM 21 12MHz. 128K x 8 or 64K x 16 IEEE/696 
8 or 16 Bit, 1.2 Amps. 24 Bit Addressing, 12MHz 

$1095.00 $858.95 



BUGBTI90A 
BUGBT190C 



128K A&T 
128K CSC 



$1245.00 $1125.1 




I/O DOARDS 

SYSTEM SUPPORT 1 MULTIFUNCTION DOARD 

Serial port (software prog, baud), 4K RAM included, 15 levels of 
interrupt, real time clock, optional math processor. 



Pllt Nt. 



Ducrtplloii 



Uil Price Oar Price 



BUBBT1BM 

BUGBT182C 

BU6BT823I 

BUGBT8232 

BUGBT162AMI 

BU6BT1BICMI 

BUBBTlBtAK 

BUGBT162CM2 



Assembled & Tested 

CSC 

Math Chip 

Math Chip 

A&T w/8231 Math Chip 

CSC w/8231 Math Chip 

A&T w/8232 Mafh Chip 

CSC w/8232 Math Chip 



$450.00 $308.95 

$550.00 $495.00 

$195.00 

$195.00 

$645.00 $538.95 

$745.00 $870.00 

$645.00 $538.95 

$745.00 $670.89 



S-100 MOTHERBOARDS 

Active Termination, 6-12-20 Slot 



BU6BT153A 
B0GBT153C 
BU6BTI54A 
BUGBTI54C 
BUGBTI55A 
BU6BT155C 



A&T 6 slot (2 lbs.) 
CSC 6 slot (2 lbs.) 
A&T 12 slot (3 lbs.) 
CSC 12 slot (3 lbs.) 
A&T 20 slot (4 lbs.) 
CSC 20 slot (4 lbs.) 



$140.00 $125.00 
$190.00 $155.00 
$175.00 $155.00 
$240.00 $220.00 
$265.00 $235.00 
$340.00 $310.00 



CompuPro 



INTERFACER 1 

Two Serial I/O 



■IHn IM Assembled & Tested 
■DMTIttC CSC 



$295.00 $198.95 
$37000 $128.00 



INTERFACER 2 

Three parallel, one serial I/O board 

$325.00 $249.00 
$399.00 $358.00 



BU6BTI50A Assembled & Tested 
BU6BT150C CSC 



INTERFACER 3 

Eight-channel multi-user serial 1/0 board 



BUGBT1748A Assembled & Tested 

BUGBT1748C CSC 200 hr. 8 port 

BUBBT1 745* Assembled & Tested 

BUBBT1745C CSC 200 hr. 5 port 



$699.00 $518.95 
$849.00 $74!, 88 
$599.00 $448.95 
$699.00 $828.88 



INTERFACER 4 

Three Serial, 1 Parallel. 1 Centronics Parallel 



BUSBT1B7A Assembled & Tested 
BU6BTI87C CSC 



$450.00 $314.87 
$540.00 $414.81 



MPX CHANNEL DOARDS 

I/O Multiplexer, using 8085A-2 CPU on board W/16K RAM 



$649.00 $584.89 
$749.00 $874.89 



BU6BT166A16 Assembled & Tested 
BUGBT186C16 CSC 



*»5,J» 



256K AND 128K IEEE/696 S-100 - ULTRA LOW POWER! 




RAM 22 



Fully static design eliminates timing problems 
associated with Dynamic RAMs (<4 Watts) 
Guaranteed to work with any IEEE/696 S-100 
DMA device 



24 bit extended addressing 
8 or 16 bit data 
Single 5V operation 
Assembled and Tested 

DURDTI98A 



128K RAM 21 



12 MHz 

SUPER SALE PRICE: 



$1500.00 

EACH, WHEN YOU BUY 2 OR MORE 

$1595.00™ 



12 MHz 



Fully static design uses less power than dynamics SUPER SALE PRICES 



(1.2 A typical) 

• 24 bit extended addressing 

• 8 or 16 bit data 

• 16K window deselect 

• Switch selectable PHANTOM disable 

• Fully DMA compatible 

• Assembled and Tested 

BUGBTRAM21 LIST PRICE: $1295.00 



$650.00 

EACH, WHEN YOU DUY TWO OR MORE 

$695.00, 



64K 10MHz LOW POWER S-100 IEE/STATIC RAMS 
RAM 17 RAM 16 



64K 8 BIT / 24 BIT ADDRESS 

DUGBTRAM17 List Price: $499 00 



64K 8 or 32K 16 BIT / 24 BIT ADDRESS 

BUGBTRAM16 List Price $550.00 



$299.00 



$325.00 



■A 



PRIORITY Lof^ELECTRONICS 

9161 Deermg Ave., Chatswor th. CA 9131 1 
ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423-5922 - CA, AK, HI CALL (213) 709-51 1 1 

Terms US VISA. MC, BAG. Check. Money Order, U.S. Funds Only. CA residents add 6W% Sales Tax. MINIMUM PREPAID ORDER $1 S00, Include MINIMUM SHIP- 
PING & HANDLING of 53.00 for the first 3 lbs olus40C for each additional pound. Orders over 50 lbs. sent freight colled. Just in case, include your phone number. Prices 
subiecl to change without notice. We will dooui best to maintain prices through September, 1 983. Many quantities are limited. Sorry, norainchecks, no refunds ui exchan- 
ges on sale merchandise. Credit Card orders will be charged appropriate freight. Sale prices for prepaid orders only. We aie not responsible tor typograpical errors 



RETAIL STORE PHONE NUMBERS: (Chotsworth:) (210) 709-5464 - (Irvine:) (714) 660-1411 

Circle 365 on inquiry card. 



PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS 



TELETEK 

THE SYSTEMASTER Z80 
SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER 

FEATURES: 

• Z8UA 4 MHz CPU with 64 K bytes of on-bonrd RAM • RAM is 
partitioned into two banks. One is always active, and the other 
deselectable, allowing the use of MP/M • Provisions tor and EPROM 
(2716,2732. or2764) • Two RS232 serial I/O ports,45 to 19,200 baud 

• Two 8 bit parallel 1/0 ports • DMA floppy disk controller • Single or 
double density, single or double sided • Controls up to4 drives of 5 1/4" 
or 8" drives* Simultaneous operation of four8"and5%"drives • Real 
time clock 

SysteMaitnr- For Operation With CP/M* 

Pirt Ho. Description Uil Price Our Price 

BUTLKA1001 Configured witb a 250 nS prewrite $895.00 $850.00 

comp for use with Sugart and 

Siemens 8" drives 
BUTLKA1 002 Configured with a nS prewrite $895.00 $050.00 

comp for use with Qume, Tandon, 

Mitsubishi and MPI8" drives 

SyjteMaiter 1 For Operation with TurboDOS ' 
BUTLKA1003 Configured with a 250 nS prewrite $895.00 $850.00 

comp for use with Shugart 

and Siemens 8" drives 
BUTLKA1004 Configured with a nS prewrite $895.00 $850.00 

comp for use with Qume, Tandon, 

Mitsubishi, and MPl 8" drives 

Shipping weights on above items; 2 lbs. each 

SDC-1 Z60A SLAVE PROCESSOR 

FEATURES: 

• Z80A4MHz.orZ80B6MHzCPU • 12BK(fully populated) on board 

RAM • Memory can be partioned onto 4 K segments on any 4 K boundary 

• Provisions lor one 271 6, 2732. or 2764 EPROM • Two RS232 serial 
ports. 45 to 19.200 baud • Two parallel ports 



Pert No. Oeicriptlon 



Uit Price Our Price 



BUUKA1027 4MHZ SBC-1 W/128K RAM 
BUTLKA10286MHZ SBc-1 W/128K RAM 



S 945.00 $ 895.00 
$1145.00 $1050.00 



LONG DISTANCE ADAPTOR DOARDS 

BUTLKA1200PSCIRS232)longdislanceinter1aceup to 50 It $125.00 
BUTIKAI 202 PSC (RS4 22) long distance interlace up to 400(1 It $125.00 
BUTLKA1220 PPD parallel interface for up to 250 It. $ 65.00 

Z60A MULTI-FUNCTIONED 
fESTURES CPU DOARD 

• Z80 4MHz CPU 

• Floppy disk controller: Contrails single/double sided, single/double 
density, 5 1/4" and 8" disk drives or both at the same time (4 drives 
maximum) • On board2716monitor EPROM • Provisions for two more 
2716 EPROMs • Two RS232 serial ports (45 to 9600 baud) • Two 
parallel ports • Real time clock • PROM programmer for 2716's 
(requires an external voltage source) 



Pert No. Description 



Uit Price Our Price 



BUTLKA1099FDC-1 nS prewrite comp (or $695.00 $660.00 

use with QUME, MITSUBISHI. 

TANDON, and MPl 
BUTIKA1 105 FDC-1 250 nS prewrite comp for $695 00 $660.00 

use with SHUGART. and SIEMENS 

256K DYNAMIC MEMORY DOARD 

FEATURES: 

• Guaranteed tooperatea14MHzwith no wait states • 256Kdynamic 
RAM uses the popular 41 64 IC • PHANTOM signal disables output of 
data Irom the memory board • On board refresh • Timing changes are 
done with lumpers to allow operation with 8080. Z80. 8085. or Alpha Micro 
CPUs • Each of 16 banks are made up of 4 K byte segments • Each 
segment may be individually enabled or disabled 

Uit Price Our Price 



Pert No. Deicrtptlon 



BUTLKA1 066 Populated to 64K 
BUTIKA1069 Populated to 256K 



$55000 $620.00 
$995.00 $946.00 



HARD DISK/CARTIDGE 
TAPE CONTROLLER 

FEATURES: 

• AZ-80ACPU • Support of 5V-." rigid-disk drives (ST50B or equival- 
ent) with • Controller communications with the host processor via 2K • 
Two 28-pin sockets allowing the use of up to 16K bytes of on-board 
FPROM and up to8K bytes of on-board RAM • Cartridge tape drive • 
Expansipn is made possible with an external card. 

Available early 4th Quarter ol 1983 

BUTLKA1 1 30 Hard Disk/Tape controller 4 MHz $795 00 $750.00 
BUTLKA1131 Hard Disk/Tape controller 6MHz $845 00 $795.00 

4 SERIAL AND 2 PARALLEL DOARD 

FEATURES: 

• 2 RS232 serial ports with full handshaking, (4 5- 1 9,200) baud • Each 
port is speed independent • The Z80A CTC may be implemented as a real 
lime clock • Two parallel ports with the Z80A PIO IC 



Pert No. 



Description 



List Price Our Price 



BUTLKAM75 PSIO 4 serial 2 parallel ports $325.00 $295.00 



industrial Co mputer Designs 

S-100 TO "REAL WORLD' 
INTERFACE PRODUCTS 

64 INPUT 8 BIT A/0 D/A CONVERTERS 



Pert Number Description 



Price 



BUICDA064100 64 input 8 bit S-100 A/D board $295.00 

BUICDDA64I0D 64 output 8 bit S-100 'D/A board $395.00 

REMOTE SENSORS, ALARMS, VALVES, AND 

CONTROLLERS FOR USE WITH ABOVE A/D D/A 

CONVERTER HOARDS 



BUICDRTSI 


remote temperature sensor (1 lb.) 


$ 29.95 


BUICDRLSI 


remole light sensor (1 lb) 


$ 29.95 


BUIC0RMS1 


remote moisture sensor (1 lb.) 


$ 59.95 


BUICDRS0A1 


rewmote smoke detector alarm (2 lbs) 


$129.00 


BUIC0DNVAC1 


in-line remote air-conditioner S heating 
controller (1 lb.) 


$ 94.95 


Air Conditioning & Heating Duct Valves 


BUICDADV07 


7" diameler valve (4 lbs.) 


$ 74.95 


BUICDADV06 


8" diameter valve (4 lbs.) 


$ 75.95 


BUICDADV09 


9" diameter valve (5 lbs) 


$ 76.95 


BUICDADVI0 


10" diameter valve (5 lbs) 


$ 79.95 


BUICOADtfll 


11" diameter valve (6 lbs.) 


$ 81.95 


BUIC0A0VI2 


12" diameter valve (6 lbs) 


$ 83.95 


BUIC0ABVI3 


13" diameter valve (6 lbs.) 


$ 64.95 


BUICBABV14 


14" diameter valve (6 lbs) 
64 PIN CABLE ASSEMBLIES 


$ 85.95 


BUICD464PCA 


64 pin single ended 4' long (2 lbs.) 


$ 59.25 


BUICDI0MPCA 


64 pin single ended 1 0' long (3 lbs.) 


$ 69.95 


BUIC02064PCA 


64 pin single ended 20' long (6 lbs.) 


$145.00 



"HOW TO" APPLICATION MOTES 

II you would like to learn more about the ICO Designer Control Series Df 
peripherals, ICD offers a complete collection of "How To" applications 
notes. See how your computer can control your home or office, or be used 
as part ol an industrial control system. 
BUIC0APN Application notes (1 lb.) $15.00 

S-100 CLOCK/CALENDAR DOARDS 



BUIC0ACAIO0 With alarm circuit S22B.00 

BUICDCTI00 With timer down to .0 1 second $345.00 

BUICOCTS Software lor ICDCT1 00 board $34.95 
on 8" CP/M format 

,«••"*„, _ Intercontinental 

<- •""" ' - Micro Systems 

Z80A DMA SDC & Z80D SLAVES 

S-100 IEEE/696 COMPATIBLE - 1 YEAB WARRANTY! 

SLAVE PROCESSOR 

Z80 4 or 6MHz CPU (specify 



CPZ-48000 FEATURES: 

• 4MHZZ80A64K RAM 

• Floppy disk personality card 
included for 5%" or 8" 
floppy disk drives 

• RS232 personality card included 

• Two serial - two parallel 1/0s 

Pert Number Description 



at time of order) 

Two serial - two parallel l/0s 

64 K RAM 

TURBODOS compatible 



Uit Price SALE PRICE 



BUICMCPZ4I0OOI SBC lor B" llopny $995 00 

BUICMCPZ4I0D05 SBC lor 514" Floppy $995 00 

BUICM2S6IMB 256 KByte RAM $995 00 

BUICMCPS4A 4MHz slave/asynch. port $475 00 

BUICMCPS4S 4 MHz slave/synch, port $485 00 

BUICMCPSBA 6MHz slave/asynch. port $55000 

BUICMCPS6S 6MHz slave/synch port $560.00 

(Shipping weight: 2 lbs each) 

BUICMRS232 RS232 Personality Card 

BUICMCENTD Centronics Parallel Personality Card 

BUICMIFDC 8" Floppy Disk Personality Card 

BUICM5FDC 5ft" Floppy Disk Personality Card 

BUICMCIKCAL Clock Calendar 



TELETEK software 

Software with no pre.,.,, cmtipentitlon Installed. 
CP/M' for SytteMiiler' 



$195.00 
S895 00 
$895.00 
$439.00 
$445.00 
$489.00 
$499.00 

$ 25.00 

$ 21.00 

$ 36.00 

$ 33.00 

$ 48.00 



Perl Number Description 



Price 



BUTIKB100I CP/M" on 8" and 5'A" 35 track disks $135.00 

CP/M" FOR FOCI 
BDTIKB103I CP/M" on 8" and 5'A" 35 track disks $135.00 

TurboDoi'" For All TELETEK Floppy Controllers 



BUTIKB1236 VI 22 single user $300.00 

BUTLKBI239 V1. 22 single user w/spooling $350.00 

BUTLKBI240 VI 22 mul 1 1 user, single user. S spooling software $750.00 
Software with a 250 nS prewrite compensation instilled. 
CP/r For The SysteMaster " 



BUTLK81006 CP/M" on 8" and 5'A" 35 track disks 
BUTLKBIOI0 CP/M" 0n8"forTAND0NTM848THINLINE 

CP/M" For the FDC-I 
BUTLKBI036 CP/M" on 8" and 5'A" 35 track disks 
BUTLKB1 040 CP/M" on 8" lor TANDON TM84B THINUNES 



$135.00 
$135.00 



$135.00 
$135.00 



JS557 



105 

2 Serial, 3 Parallel S-100 Interlace 



Pari No. 



Description 



list Price Our Price 



Assembled S Tested 



$329.00 $269.95 



IOS 

8 Port Serial I/O S-100 Board 



BUSSMI0BA 



Assembled & Tested $550.00 $450.00 

I04 

2 Serial, 2 Parallel I/O S-100 Board 



Assembled & Tested 



$290.00 $245.0 



2706/2716 EPROM PROGRAMMER & EPROM DOARD 

Programs 2708 and 2716 EPROMs Holds 4 2708s (4 K) or 4 271 6s (8K) 



BUSSMMB8A Assembled & Tested 



$265 00 $219.17 



DUAL 



NON VOLATILE CMOS RAMS 

, 16. or 32K. 8 or 16 Bit Data Battery Backup On Board 6MHz. 
Bank Selectable 



BUDULCMEMS 8K AST 
BUDULCMEM16 16KAST 
BUDULCMEM32 32K AST 



$495.00 $450.00 
$595.00 $550.00 
$695.00 $650.00 



256K DYNAMIC MEMORY 

256K. 230 ns access lime, 2 x 128K organization, 24 bil addressing, 
parity error detection. 



BUDULDMEM256K Assembled & Tested 



$129500 $1195.00 



02/64K EPROM DOARD 

8 or 16 bit data, holds 2716s (32K), or 2732s (64K) 



BUDULEPB0M32 For 2716s AST 
BUDULEPR0M64 For 2732s AST 



$295.00 $275.00 
$295.00 $275.00 



A/D CONVERTER 

12 Bit Resolution 16 or 32 Channel Input 



BUDULAIM12 Assembled 4 Tested 
BUUULAIM12B Without instru. Amp 



$69500 $625.0 
$645.00 $596.0 



D/A CONVERTER 

4 Channel. 12 Bit, 3 Output Modes 



BU0ULA0M12 Assembled S Tested $695,00 $618.95 

/SIERRA DATA SCIENCES 
S-100 SDC DOARD 

Z80A 4 MHz, 2 Serial RS232 interlaces. 1 parallel interface. 64 K RAM. 
Floppy Disk Controller, provisions tor one 2732 EPROM — 

ALL ON THIS ONE BOARD!! 

BUSDSSBC Z80A SBC AST S895 00 $655.00 

BUSBSCPM CP/M' perating System on 8" disk $150.00 

BUSDSTUBBOS Single User TurboDos" on 8" disk $450.00 

BUSDSTURBDM Multi-User TurboDos™ on 8" disk $750.00 

BUMCPI223I 36 MByte Hard Disk(45lbs) $3695.00 $3250.00 

S-100 Z60A SLAVE SDC 

Z80A 4MHz, 2 RS232 Serial ports. 4 parallel ports. 64K RAM. EPROM 
Programmer. Used in multi-user computer system with SDSSBC 



BUSOSSBCSE Slave Z80 SBC AST 



$825 00 $565.00 



California Computer Systems 

ZSO CPU 2 or 4MHz 

On board RS232 Serial port, On board 2K Monitor. ROM. Power on 
lump to any location in 64 K, LED status indicators for ROM select. 

halfstale and interrupts. 
BUCCS26I0A Z80A 4MHz CPU AST $32500 $258.95 

CCS271901 

BUCCS271B0I 2 Serial. 2 Parallel, AST $360.00 $288.95 
CCS27201 

BUCCS272001 4 Port Parallel, AST $275 00 $218.95 
CCS271001 

BUCCS27100I 4 Port Serial. AST $325 00 $278.95 

CCS2630 



BUCCS2B3001 Assembled S Tested 



$55000 $426.05 



CCS206601 

64K Dynamic S-100 RAM Cromemco CROMIX" Compatible 



BUCCS20B601 Assembled & Tested 

CCS2422A 

Floppy disk controller w/CP/M 2 2 

BUCCS2422A Assembled S Tested 



$45000 $425.00 



$475.00 $338.95 



RETAIL STORE PHONE NUMBERS: (Chcrtsworrh:) (210) 709-5464 - (Irvine:) (714) 660-1411 

Circle 365 on inquiry cai 



~ . V..-.- 1QQ1 



PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS 



$4500 CP/M® SYSTEM 



DOUDLE-SIDED 
DOUDLE DENSITY DRIVES! 

FOR ONLY 




MORROW ■ 

MDO Now With: 
9 SOFTWARE PROGRAMS! 




Since the publication of our last catalog in January, we have sold thousands of the Morrow Micro Decision MD1 and 
MD2 computers. And now we can offer you the brand new MDO which features: 

• Double Sided/Double Density Drives— 768 Kbytes of Storage! 

• QUEST BOOKKEEPER* Software Package 

• PERSONAL PEARL® data base manager 

• 2 Serial Ports and 1 Parallel Port — simultaneous connection to terminal, printer and modem 

The M D3 is a complete computer system (hardware and software) developed to satisfy the needs of the millions of 

small, independent businesses with fewer than 50 employees and annual sales under $5 million. These businesses 

need a computer that is easy to use; provides a wide variety of functions, including word processing, financial 

planning and forecasting, information management, mailing lists, a good general bookkeeping system, and — most 

important of all — is affordable! That's the MD3I 



HARDWARE 

The Micro Decision* is a4 MHz Z80A based computer with 64 K of memory 
and an on-board disk controller. The two 5V:-." double sided double 
density hall height floppy disk drives supply an impressive 768K of 
storage capacity There are two RS232 serial ports and one Centronics 
style parallel port for direct connection to a terminal, modem, printer, or just 
aboul any other peripheral you may need. 

TERMINALS 
Choose one of two terminals with the purchase of your MD3. Each is 
manufactured to Morrow's high quality and engineering standards. Both 
have full-sized detachable keyboards and the 12" P31 green phosphor 
screen displays 80 characters by 24 lines — with a 25th status line. Other 
attributes include reverse video, dim, blink, and underline. 
The beige MOT20, manufactured by Lear Siegler, features a keyboard with 
92 keys including 14-key numeric keypad and 7 function keys for 7 
functions The black MDT50, manufactured by Liberty Electronics, has a 
14-key numenc keypad and 5 function keys for 10 functions. 

SOFTWARE 
The MD3 comes complete with 9 software packages that would cost as 
much as the whole system if purchased separately. The highlight of this 
software package is 

QUEST DOOKKEEPER' 

K is a simple, flexible program intended to replace the tedious, manual 
pegboard or posting machine systems still used by millions of businesses. 
Quest is designed for users with no computer experience, and offers an 
instruct lonal mode, a tutorial mode, and on-line help. It provides complete 
bookkeeping capabilities in three application areas: 
ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE 

• Sales Posting and Journal to 1 1 Different Accounts 
e Accounts Receivable Reporting 

• Cash Receipts Posting and Journal 
e 750 Customer Listings 

• 2500 Outstanding Customer Invoices 
CASH DISBURSEMENTS 

• 750 Cash Disbursements per Month 
e ODtional Automatic Check Writing 

• Cash Disbursements Journal 

• 750 Vendor Listings 



GENERAL LEDGER SYSTEM 

e Monthly Journals for Audit Trials or for Optional Submission to an 
Accountant 

• Detailed General Ledger and Summary Trial Balance Reports with 
Monthly Journals 

• Complete General Ledger Reporting with Balance Sheet and Income 
Statements 

• 400 Accounts and 2000 Monthly Postings 

PERSONAL PEARL 

• A sophisticated data base manager and report generator 

• Consistantly in the "10 Top Most Popular Programs'" 

WORDSTAR 9 

• The most widely accepted Word Processing Program 

• Generates mailing list from Personal Pearl data files 

CORRECT-IT 

• A powerful spelling check with a built-in dictionary of 36,000 words 

• User may add 36.000 words to dictionary 

LOGICALC 

• The electronic "spreadsheet" that computes the "what-if" questions 
of business projections and financial planning 

• Accesses files already created in Personal Pearl 

PILOT* 

e A user friendly programming language developed by Morrow Designs 

MKR050FT DA5IC-W* 

• Industry standard BASIC Programming Language 

OoZIC* 
e An advanced programming language, compatible with NorthStar 
BASIC 

CP/M* 2.2 

• The Operating System that allows access to more than 2000 business 
and special application programs 

NATIONWIDE XEROX SERVICE 

Effective July 1. 1983. XEROX SERVICE GROUP is an authorized service 
center for Morrow Micro Decisions. XEROX has over 80 service centers 
nationwide for warranty service, and they offer cost effective. extendeiJ 
warranty contracts for both carry-in and on-site service. 



BUMDSMD3 MD3 w/two 5Va" disk drives (Sh. Wt. 27 lbs.) 

BUPDBMD3T20 MD3 W/MDT20 beige terminal (Sh. Wt 34 lbs. & 27 lbs.) 
BUPDBMD3T50 MD3 w/MDT50 black terminal (Sh. Wt. 34 lbs. & 27lbs.) 

Choice of terminal subject to availability 



$1395.00 
$1895.00 
$1895.00 

NEW LOWER PRICES ON MD2, ALSO!! 

b. *0SMD2 Same as atovft except single sided drives and without QUEST" (Shipping Weight 27 fbs.) i 995.00 
SI>?BBI»a2TM MD2 With MDT2D beige lerminal (Sh. Wt 34 lbs. & 2. lbs.) $1595.00 

tmmtim MM With MDT5a Slack terminal (Sh. Wt 34 lbs & 2? lbs.) $1595.00 



MORROW 




20 cps LETTER QUALITY 

Ideal Companion to Your Micro Declilonl 
The MORROW DESIGNS MP200 type daisywheel printer provides all ol 
the features that you would require in a letter quality printer. Features such 
as 96 character set 1 0/1 2/1 5 character pitch and proportional spacing, 
full 13.2" printing width, and a Centronics parallel interlace to list just a 
few, are what makes the MORROW DESIGNS MP200 your first choice in 
a low cost letter quality printer. 
FEATURES: 

• 20 cps (Shannon text) print speed 

• Bi-directional priming 

• 1 7" paper width paper capacity 

• Prints up to 5 part forms 

• Front panel controls of PAUSE, tINE FEED, FORM FEED, TOF SET 

• POWER, AtERT, and PRINT ON front panel indicators 

• Very quiet operation 

• Optional tractor feed 



Part Number Description 



List price Our Price 



BUMDSMROO MP200 W/RS232 serial Interface $950.00 $795.0 

(Shipping Weight: 35 lbs.) 
BUMDSMPT50TK MP200 tractor feed 

PJDDON CARTRIDGES 



$125.00 



BIISRP5504 
BUSRP5505 



Single strike film ribbon 
Multistrike ribbon 
PRINT WHEEL 



$ 4.95 
$ B.BS 



BUSRPCOUDIERIO Courier 10 pica 

BUSKPCatlRIEIIlZ Courier 12, elite 

BUSRPMODERN Proportional type 

BUSRP8CRIPT Script elite 

-IL 



$10.05 
(10.05 

516.95 
(10.05 



» GEMINI 1 0X & 15 

BUBEM10X 120 cps Parallel Int. BO col. (20 lbs.) $310.00 

BUGEM15 100 cps Parallel Int 132 col. (26 ibs.) $450.00 

BUGEMSERINT Serial interface card tor GEM15 (1 lb.) $ 15.00 

BUGEBSERINTX Serial interface for GEM10X (1 lb.) $ 50.00 

BU6EMSERINTX4K Serial interface*. 4 K buffer for GE M1 X $110.00 



AXIOM CORPORATION 

BUAXMGPIOOA 30 cps 6 col. dot matrix (11 Ibs. 




BU0KIOAT82AT 
BU0KI0AT83AT 
BU0KID«TB2AP 
BU0KIDAT02AS 
BU0KIOAT92AT 
BU0KI0AT93AP 
BU0KIDAT93AS 



OKI DATA 

TRACTOR INCLUDED (25 Ibs.) 
TRACTOR INCtUDED (35 Ibs.) 
OKIDATA 92A Parallel (25 Ibs.) 
OKIDATA02A Serial (25 Ibs.) 
0KIDATA92A Tractor (2 Ibs.) 
0KIDATA93A parallel (35 lbs.) 
0KIDATA93A Serial (35 Ibs.) 



$229.00 



8449.00 

$729.00 
$400.00 
$509.00 
$ 70.05 
$830.00 
$015.00 



MANNESMANN TALLY 

LETTER QUALITY DOT MATRIX PRINTER 

• 1 60 cps • Tractor and friction feed 

• 40 cps (Letter quality) • "Bullet-Proof cast frame 

• Serial & Parallel Interface with metal cabinet 

• Double wide characters 

BUTALMTIOOL 160 cps BO col (21 lbs.) $500.00 

BUTALMTIOOL 160 cps 132 col. (28 lbs.) $704.00 

QUME LETTER QUALITY 

BUQMES945 45 cps Sprint 9 serial (49 lbs.) $1700.00 

BUQMES955 55 cps Sprint 9 serial (49 lbs.) $2105.00 

OUQMES1I40 40 cps Sprint 1 1 (45 lbs.) $1300.00 

3UQMES1 1 RS232 RS232 Module for Sprint 1 1 (3 Ibs.) $ 90.00 

BUOMESHCENT Centronics parallel for Sprint 1 1 (3 Ibs.) $ 90.00 

BUQMES1 1 IEEE4MIIEEE488 Module lor Sprint 1 1 (3 Ibs) $ 00.00 

BUQMES1IIBM IBM module for Sprint 1 1 (3 lbs.) $ 00.00 

BUQMEBDT Bi-Directional Tractor (9 lbs.) $ 340.00 

OUOMEWB Wire basket (2 lbs.) $ 05.00 

BUQMECSF cut Sheet Feeder (20 lbs.) $ 040.00 

PRINTER CAM.ES 

BUPRIAMPAMP 5' 36 pin Cent to 36 pin Cent $24.95 

BUPBIAMPTBOO 5' 36 pin Cent to 34 pin Card edge $10.95 

BDPRIAMPSKT 5' 36 pin Cent to 34 pin socket $10.05 

BUCNDRS2320F 8' Bconn Class 1 RS232 Ser. cable $10.05 

BUCND5730360 36 pin Cent, solder connector $ 0.00 

BUI0G5730360 36 pin Cent. IDC connector $ 0.05 



RETAIL STORE PHONE NUMBERS: (Chotsworth:) (213) 709-5464 

Circle 365 on inquiry card. 



(Irvine:) (714) 660-1411 



PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS 



SIEMENS FDD100-8 

8 FLOPPY DISK DRIVE 

SINGLE SIDED, DOUDLE DENSITY 
SHUGART801R COMPATIDLE 




CALL for 10+ 



OEM INQUIRIES INVITED 

(Include $7.00 per drive (or shipping) 
BUSIEFD01008 

ORDER NOW AND SAVE! 



DUY DRIVE & CABINET 

TOGETHER AND SAVE!! 

DUAL 8" SIEMENS FDD1 008 

DUAL 8" CABINET POWER SUPPLY 

AND INTERNAL POWER CABLES 



• Positive Pressuie Filler Cooling • Hinged lo lor easy accei 

• Powei Supply 4A$+5V, 3A#+24V • Heavy non-flex .090 alu 

I A <p> -5V base 

• Each oulpui is individually (used • Modular power connectors 

IF BOUGHT SEPARATELY: $890.00 

SPECIAL SALE PRICE: 

$625.00 

BUPDBIIISIE (Include $30.00 lor shipping) 

BUWF01002 CABINET ONLY (Sh. Wl 38 lbs.) $205.00 



OUR FINEST DUAL 8" 
DISK DRIVE CABINET! 




• Positive pressure forced air cooling lor reliable disk drive operaiion 

• AC input EMI filtered to six • Integral power supply with 5V 
amps lo help prevent disk (S 6A/-5V @ 1 A/24V @ 6A 
crashes due to power spikes • Each DC supply and AC 
and line noise separately fused 

Part No. Liit Price 

BU IIIUDE004 (Sh WL 40 lbs) $495.00 

With augmented power supply to handle Tandon Slimline, or Winchester 
disk drives Includes the disk environment monitor. 

BU IIIUDE004AU6 (Sh Wt. 40 lbs) $73300 $625.00 

BUIIIUDE004EM {Sh. Wt 40 lbs.) $584.95 $395.00 



THIN THREE 
8" DISK DRIVE 
CABINET 




• Supports 3 hall-high 8" disk drives • 5V <a 6A, -5V @ 1A.24V(S>6A 

• One AC power connector for one full size drive • 5V output over-volt- 
age protected • Optional disk environmer'al monitor is available to 
monitor and alarm you to internal temperature reaching dangerous levels. 

Pitt Humb»r Uil Price SALE PRICE 

BUIIIUDETTT $49500 $375.00 

WITH DISK ENVIRONMENTAL MONITOR: 
BUIIIUDETTTEM $584.95 $425.00 



DISK DRIVES 

TANDON 5V4" HARD DISK 



BUTNDTM50I 1 platter 6 Mbyte (Sh. WL 9 lbs) $749.00 
BUTNDTM502 2 platter 12 Mbyte (Sh Wl 9 lbs.) $895.00 
BUTNDTM503 3 platter 19 Mbyte (Sh. Wl 9 lbs.) $1049.00 

DUAL HARD DISK ENCLOSURE 


BUIHH05M2 


For above drives 

TANDON 5V*" 


$315.00 



BUTN0TM1N1 1Sided48TPI $225.00 2 FOR $195.00 each 
BUTNOTM10O2 2Sided48TPI $260.00 2 FOR $235.00 ml 
BUTNDTMI003 1 Sided 06 TPI $275.00 2 FOR $250.00 each 
BUTN0TMI0O4 2 Sided 90 TPI $390.00 2 FOR $365.00 each 
(Shipping Weights on ibevi Itirn: 9 Ibl. nick) 

MPI 5V4" FULL HEIGHT 



BUMPI51* 1 Sided 48 TPI 

BUMPI52* 2 Sided 48 TPI 

BIJMPI9I* 1 Sided 96 TPI 

BUMP102- 2 Sided 96 TPI 



$200.00 
8270.00 
9275.00 
9400.00 



•Replace wilh an "NT fcr the MPI style bezel, or with an "S" for Shugart style 
bezel. (Shipping Weight: 5 lbs.) 

MPI 5V4" HALF HEIGHT 



BUMP150I 1 Sided 48 TPI (Sh. Wt. 4 lbs.) $260.00 

BUMPI502 2 Sided 48 TPI (Sh. Wl. 4 lbs ) 8300.00 

BUMPI901 1 Sided 96 TPI (Sh. Wt. 4 lbs.) $300.00 

8UMPI902 2 Sided 96 TPI (Sh Wt. 4 lbs.) $355.00 

SHUGART 8" FULL HEIGHT 



1 sided (18 lbs.) 



$369.00 



QUME 6" FULL HEIGHT 

|BU0MEDTt 2 sided (18 lbs.) 5480.00 

2 FOR $460.00 each 
MITSUBISHI 6" FULL HEIGHT 

| BUM1TM2B9463B 2 sided (1 8 lbs.) 93BO.OO 

MPI 8" FULL HEIGHT 



BUMFM1S 1 sided (11 lbs.) 
BUMPM2S 2 sided (1 1 lbs.) 



9380.00 

$460.00 



MPI 8" DUAL HALF HEIGHT 

(SAME SIZE AS ONE FULL HEIGHT) 



BUMPI4ID I sided (22 lbs.) 
8UMPI42D 2 sided (22 lbs.) 



9760.00 
$870.00 



TANDON 8" HALF HEIGHT 

I BUTHBTM8M1 1 sided (9 lbs.) 5305.00 

2 FOR $375.00 each 

| BUTNDTMB4I2 2 sided (9 lbs.) 5495.00 

2 FOR $475.00 each 
MPI 8" HALF HEIGHT 



BUMPI4IM 1 sided (I I lbs.) 
BUMPM2M 2 sided (1 1 lbs.) 



9380.00 
5460.00 



5V4" DRIVE CADINETS 



DUJMA1C5 Single 5'A" Cabinet (5 lbs.) 569.00 

BUJMR2C5 Dual 514" Cabinet (9 lbs.) 589.00 

BUJMR2C5C JMR2C5 w/internal dala cable (9 lbs.) 909.00 



DUAL 8" HALF HEIGHT 
FLOPPY CABINET 



24V @> 4 A. 5V ® 3A [TT 

-5V @ 800ma 

Fan cooled 

Socketed power connections 

All supplies regulated 



I 



Uil Price Oar Price 



BUIII0TLM2 Dual Thin Line Cabinet (12 lbs.) $225.00 $165.00 

DUY THE CADINET & DRIVES AND $AVE! 
With 2 Tandon Thinllnes 



BUPOBIIITNDI Cabinet W/2TNDTM8481 -1 sided (30 lbs.) SB'S"" 

BUP0BIIITN02 Cabinet w/2 TNDTM8482-2sided(30 lbs.) $1115.00 

Wilh 2 MPI Slimllnes 

BUPOBIHMPII Cabinet w/2 MPI41M - 1 sided (30 lbs.) $ 020.00 

BUPDBIIIMPI2 Cabinet w/2 MPI42M - 2 sided (30 lbs.) $1010.00 



Options 



BIIIIIDTLMPIIIT MPI drive adaptor mounting kit (2 lbs.) 
BUIIIOCCSHU Shugart / AC/DC power connector kit (2 lbs.) 
(For full size single SA801 of compatible drives) 



S24.J5 

1 14.95 



TERMINALS 

VISUAL 50 




(Sh. wL: 
41 lbs.) 



Ptit Nwibtr Pntrijjjw 



Usl Prici SALE PRICE 



BUVSL50BW Black 8, White 12" $695.00 
BUVSL5BBN Green Screen 1 2" $770.00 



$525.00 
$655.00 



FEATURE COMPARISON CHART 



Flltun: VISUAL HiziHIh ADOS lur TlllNii 

SO Eiprtt Iliw,il.l Slum tlO 

HUH 



Tilt & Swivel 
Detached Keyboard 
N-Key Rollover 
Audible Key Click 
Menu Set-Up Mode 
Status Line 
Full 5 Attribute 

Selection 
Smooth Scroll 
Line Drawing 

Character Set 
Independent RCV7 

TX Rales 
Answerback User 

Programmable 



YES 
YES 
YES 
YES 
YES 
YES 

YES 
YES 



NO 
NO 
NO 
YES 
NO 
NO 

NO 
NO 



NO 

YES 
YES 
NO 
NO 
NO 

NO 
NO 



NO 
NO 
NO 
NO 
NO 
NO 

NO 
NO 



NO 
NO 
NO 
NO 
NO 
NO 

YES 
NO 



VISUAL 330 



The VSL330 terminals will emulate the OEC VT52, Data General D200. 
Lear Siegler ADM-3 A and Haziltine 1 500. Other features include: 1 2 user 
programmable function keys, line drawing character set. jump or 2 speed 
scroll split screen, full editing, and programmable non-volatile columnar 
tabbing or field tabbing forward and backward just to name a few. 
The VISUAL 300 has all of the same functions as the 330, but does not have 
multi-emulation. The VISUAL 300 is ANSI X3.64 compatible. 
BUVSL300CN ANSI X3.64. 12" Green $1095.00 $985.00 

BUVSL3306N Green 12" CRT (Sh. Wl 41 lbs.) $1200.00 $(05.00 
BUVSL33014BN Green 14" CRT(Sh.WT41 lbs.) $1250.00 $949.00 

TELEVIDEO 




BUPDBTM252P w/2nd page memory kit FREE (A $95.00 Value) $720.00 

BUP08TW9504P w/2nd, 3rd. & 4th page memory kit FREE $929.00 

(A 285.00 Value) (above items: 37 lbs. each) 



BUTLH10 80 col. terminal (37 lbs.) 
BUTLK70 14" 80/132 col. terminal (40 lbs.) 



$558.95 
S10l9.no 



LIBERTY ELECTRONICS 



BULIBF50 Freedom 50 (Sh Wt. 30 lbs.) 

ADDS 



$599.00 $474.00 



BUADOVWPR Viewpoint 3A+ (30 lbs.) 




$695.00 $575.00 



QUME 



BUQME102 80 Column Green (Sh WL 30 lbs.) $550.00 

BU0MEI02AM 80 Column Amber (Sh Wt 30 lbs.) $565.00 

BUQME103 80/132 Column Green (Sh Wt. 30 lbs.) $765.00 

BUOMEIOB 22 lunction key. 80 col Green (30 lbs.) $740.00 

BUQME10BAM 22 lunction key. 80 col. Amber (30 lbs.) $765.00 



RETAIL STORE PHONE NUMBERS: (Chotsworth:) (213) 709-5464 - (Irvine:) (714) 660-1411 

Circle 365 on inquiry card. 



PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS 




MODEMS 

u.s. 

ROBOTICS 

1200 
BAUD 
$379.00 

Auto Originate/ Auto Answer 

flit Ho. OeicrtpUaa tilt Wee SALE MICE 

BUUSNADIAIi I2A 1 200 baud Auto Orig/Answer 
auUSBPASSWORD 1200 baud Auto Orig/Answer 
BUUSRTELPACS Password Comm, Software 8' 
BUUSRTELPACSA Password Comm. Soltware 5 
8UUSRMLNUO0 Micro Link 300 Baud 
BUUSRMLNK1Z0O Micro link 1200 Baud 
BUUSBALNK300 Auto Link 300 Baud 
BUUSMLHKI200 Auto Unk 1200 Baud 

{Shipping Weights on above items: 4 

D.C HAYES 




BUDCH0400P 
8U0CH0200P 

BU0CH0300P 
BU0CM0100P 
BUDCH00OOP 



1200 Baud Smartmodem 
300 Baud Smartmodem 
Chronograph 
MicroModem 100 
MicroModem II 



$695.00 SSI 4.95 

$279.00 1 1229.00 

$249.00 $199.00 

$399.00 ! 349.00 

$379.00 $299.00 



RIXON 




1200 BAUD 
AUTO DIAL 
DIRECT CONNECT MODEMS WITH 10 NUMBER MEMORY 

BUHIXB2I2A 1200 Baud Stand Alone unit $495.00 $475.00 

BURIXPC2I2A 1200 IBM PC" modem (2 lbs.) $495.00 $475.00 

BURIXPCCOMl IBM PC" Modem Software 11 lb.) S 89.00 

BUPDBBIXIBM IBM Modem & Software Togelher(3 lbs.) $539.00 

MURA DIRECT CONNECT MODEM 

$79.00 

- 300 DAUD MURA MM- 100 

• - 300 Baud • RS232C interface • Full duplex • Carrier detect 
indicator • Bell 103 compatible • Low voltage • Originate/Answer 
switch selectable. u ,l rAa «r Prlca 

BUMUBMM100 - 300 baud modem (2 lbs.) $99.95 $79.00 
BUCHDRS232BF RS232 cable $19.95 



AC SURGE PROTECTORS 
FOR YOUR COMPUTER 




THE LEMON™ SOURS SURGES 

Part No. Description . List Price Oar Price 

B0FPDLEM0N 6 outlet wall mount $59.95 

BUEPDUME 6 outlet 414" cord 89.50 $69.95 

w/power switch 

(Shipping Weight 4 lbs each) 

" -RFI FILTERED AC SURGE PROTECTOR 



UEPDORANGE 6 outlet AW cord Si 39 Of; $104.95 



UEPD RANGE ft outlet AW cord 
w/power switch 
IIEPDPEACH 3 outlet wall mount 

(Shipping Weight 4 It 



$97.50 $ 74.95 



ra »9s:IV-7SC PORTABLE COMPUTING SYSTEM 



PACKARD 



AS FEATURED IN THIS ISSUE OF BYTE 



F^ 



JaaacoaaBDOoo 

laaaaaniiaaaiia 
r aaaoQaaiiaaoQ 
: :/o aaanaaaaaaoic 

□aoaaaoaaaaaa 



BU HP-75C 

List Price: $995.00 

THIS MONTH ONLY: 



HP-75C ACCESSORIES 




Pirt Mo. 



jijcrjtjJM 



list Price Our Price 



BU HPB27D9A 8KB Memory moduled lb) $195.00 $1(9.00 

BU KPUZ707A 30 Blank magnetic cards (802) $15.00 

BUNPBI70SA 100 Blank magnetic cards (11b) $75.00 

B0 HPB2715A Notebook Cardholder{Oty.5) (11b) $10.00 

HP-75C Software 



BU HPO0075-I5014 
BU HPO0075 15019 
BU HPOO075-I5015 
BU HP00075-1S012 
BU HP00075-I5035 



VisiCalc* 
Text Formatter 
Math Pac 
Surveying Pac 
DataCommunications Pac 



$195.00 
$05.00 
$145.00 
$205.00 
$145.00 



HP-75C Solutions Books 

BU HP00075-U003 Math I $35.00 

BU HPOO075-13OO4 Math II $35.00 

BU HPOO075-13O05 Math III $35.00 

BU HPOO075-13O00 Finance $35.00 

BU HPO0075-I3O00 Games I $35.00 

BU HP00075-I3007 Games II $35.00 

BU HP00075-I3010 Real Estate $35.00 

BU HP00075-13013 1/0 Utilities $35.00 

BU HPO0075-I3O08 Electronics $35.00 

BU HPOO075-I30IZ Test Statistics $35.00 

BU HPO0075-I301B Graphics $45.00 

BU HP00075-130I5 Mass Media Duplication/Privacy $35.00 

BU HPOO075-130I1 Statistics $35.00 



HP-IL PERIPHERALS 

ForHIMICV* HP-75C 



Pirt No. OeicrtpUaa Utt Pike Oar Price 

BU HW2IB0A HP-IL Interface $125.00 $00.00 

Included in HP-75C 

BU HP82181A Digital Cassette Drive $450.00 $340.00 

BU HPB217BA Digital Cassettes (10 pack) $ 95.00 

BU HPB21B2A Thermal Printer/Plotter $450.00 $340.00 

BU HP82125S Thermal Prinlet Paper (6 rolls) $ 10.00 

BU HPM163A Video Interface $225.00 $170.00 

BU NPB21B4A RS-232 Serial Interface $295.00 $240.00 

BU HP821B5A GP10 Interface $295 00 $240.00 

SERIES 10 PROGRAMMABLE CALCULATORS 

BU HP-IOC Scientific $ 70.00 $59.00 

BU HP-1 1 C Adv scientific S 90.00 $79.00 

BU HP-12C Adv financial S1 20 00 $99.00 

BUHP-1SC Adv sci w/matrix $120.00 890.00 

BU HP-1BC Digital S Computer science $120.00 $99.00 
(Shipping Weights on above calculators: 3 lbs. each) 
We now carry the complete line of series 



HP-41C/ CV HANDHELD COMPUTER SYSTEM 

BU HP-4IC 
BUHMICI 

BU HPB2104A 
BU HF12153A 
BU HP521BIA 
BU HPB2IB2A 
BU HPB2163A 



Handheld computer 
Handheld computer 
w/5x the memory 
Card reader 
Optical Wand 
Cassette drive 
Thermal Printer 
Video Interface 



$195 00 8*50.00 
$275.00 82*0.00 

$195,00 8*59.00 
$125,00 8 99.O0 
$450.00 8349.00 
$450.00 8349.00 
$225.00 8* 79.00 



(Shipping Weights on above items: 5 lbs. each) 

ENHANCEMENT MODULES: 



BU HPB2IB0A 
BU HPS2I70A 
BU HPB2IB0A 

BU HP82IB1A 



HP-IL module 
Quad RAM module 
Extended functions/ 
memory module 
Ext. memory module 



$125.00 
$ 75.00 
$ 75.00 



$95.00 
$59.00 
859.00 



12" RGB COLOR VIDEO MONIOTRS 

® TAX/AM 



$ 75.00 $59.00 

OU HP02182A Time module $ 75.00 859.00 

(Shipping Weights on above items: 1 lb. each) 

40 Application Pacs and Solution Books 



5 1 /*" FLOPPY DISKETTES 




**-*»aj 



Part No. 



Description 



list Price Our Price 



BUTAXRGB1 Medium Resolution/310 lines $399.00 $379.00 

BUTAXBGB3 Super High Res/630 lines $699.00 $059.00 
Shipping Welalrt 30lbs. 

' INTERFACE BOARDS AND CABLES 

BUTAXAPPIE2RGB RGB interface for Apple II $149.00 $130.00 

BUTAX4I0-80 RGB 80 col int. for Apple He $199.00 $185.00 

BUTAXIBMBBB RGB cable lor IBM PC $10.00 

BUTAXBSBAPl RGBcablefor Apple lie and III $10.00 
Shipping weight: 1 lb on each 



ULTRA 

HH.NKTICS 



■$?# t'-'SiS^ 



'■"St* 



FEATUBES: 

• Includes reinforcement ring 

• 100% Surface tested 



Write protect with tabs 
Lifetime warranty! 



SINGLE SIDED 



40 TRACKS — 
DOUBLE DENSITY 

OBDEBINB INFORMATION 
BUULT5I4B1 Soft Sector 
BUULT5I41B 10 Sector 
BUULTSI416 16 Sector 



1 BOX 

OF 10: 

2 
BOXES: 

10 
BOXES: 



$ 25.00 
$ 40.00 

$180.00 



PRIORITY 




BUUL75240I Soft sector. 40 track. 2 sided 

BUULT524I0 10 sector, 40 track. 2 sided 

BUULT5241B 16 sector. 40 track. 2 sided 

1 BOX OF 10 2 BOXES 10 BOXES 

$35.00 $60.00 $280.00 

(Shipping weight: 1 lb per box) 



ELECTRONICS 



^H:^^^^R 



9161 Deenr ig Ave. Chutswor th C A v l. J i 
ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423-5922 - CA, AK, HI CALL (210) 709-51 1 1 

Terms US VISA. MC.BAC. Check, Money Order. US FundsOnly CA residents add 6'A% Sales Tax. MINIMUM PREPAID ORDERSlfuO Include MINIMUM SHIP- 
PING & HANDLING ol $3.00 lor the firsl 3 lbs. plus40< (or each additional pound. Orders over 50 lbs. sent freight collect Just in case, please include phone number 
Prices subject to change without notice. We will do our best to maintain prices through September. 1 983. Many quantities are limited Sorry, no rainchecks, no retundsor 
exchanges on sate merchandise. Credit Card orders will be charged appropriate freight. Sale prices for prepaid orders only. We are not responsible lor typographical errors. 



RETAIL STORE PHONE NUMBERS: (Chotsworrh:) (210) 709-54»S4 - (Irvine:) (714) 660-1411 



Circle 365 on inauirv card. 



SYSTEM CLEARANCE SALE 


ITEM (No. & Name) 


QTY 


DATA GENERAL MICRO-NOVA 




Cabinets w/ muffin fans 


6 


4207 MN Asynch. Control 


14 


4208 MN Console Debug 


5 


4225 MN Comm. Controller 


7 


4226 MN Synch. Controller 


7 


4227 MN 4 Line Asynch Controller 4 


6038 Single Diskette Subsystem 


3 


6039 Dual Diskette Subsystem 


4 


6102 12.5 MB Winchester Disk MN 1 


8561 MN 9 Slot 4KW Mos 


3 


8573 MN 8 Kw Mos MEM 


15 


CENTRONIC PRINTERS 




761 KSR Centronic Printers 


8 


HAZELTINE VDTs 




1410 Hazeltine Video Terminal 


2 


CODEX MODEMS 




201 Codex 2400 Baud Modems 


9 


To submit a bid or for further 




information contact: 




CESARE DELVAGLIO 




Tel: 212-997-3766 





BASF 

FkxyDkks 



5V 

Specify soft, 
10 or 16 sector 



Priced Price>100 



1 side/double density 

2 sided/double density 



$20.00 
34.50 



$1 85.00 
325.00 



8 



ff Specify soft 
or 32 sector 



Price/10 Price/100 



1 side/single density $21.00 $195.00 

1 side/double density 29.50 275.00 

2 sided/double density 34.50 325.00 
Cirtifud Check - Momy 0rd« - Pirsonil Check 

Allow up to 2 wrtks for psnonal chocks to cktsr. 
Add 13.00 to itch order for U.P.S. shipping chirrjts. 
NJ Risidmts add 6% NJ Soros Tn 

^X&-l4Nl5e, INC. 
280 Dukes Parkway, P.O. Box 85 
Somervllle, N.J. 08876 • (201) 7256680 

Dealer Inquiries Invited 



Circle 127 on Inquiry card. 



Exclusively 

UNIX* 

and C 

Information 



That's UNIQUE, the oldest and 

largest monthly newsletter covering 

the UNIX* and C marketplace. 

* product revlews/listings/prlces 

* applicatlons/tutorlals/lndexes 

* Industry inside Information 

Full year, $54 ($70.00 Foreign) -write, call 

or circle reader service number for full 

brochure and FREE sample copy. 

InfoPro Systems 

I Dept. B • Box 33 • E. Hanover NJ 07936 I 
(201) 625-2925 

'UNIX Is a trademark of Bell Laboratories 
Formerly The UNIX Software List 



Circle 222 on Inquiry card. 



TIRED OF EPROM HASSELS? 

WITH THE MICRO XCPU FORGET: 25 VOLT 

POWER, UV LAMPS. PULLING-ERASING- 

INSERTING EPROMS 




BASIC ON fP — STRINGS, INTERRUPTS, MUCH 

MORE: HARDWARE 16 BIT MULT AND DIVIDE 37 

i&. 42 pS :VOLTAGE REGULATOR, RS-232C FOR 

PROGRAMMING, 4K EEPROM (X2816A), 4K RAM. 

AUTO START PR UP EXPANSION BOARDS 

AVAILABLE. MICRO XCPU — $195 EPROM 

BURNER VERSION FOR DIE HARDS — $125 

MICRO APPLICATIONS — (305) 7254944 

515 ANDREWS DR, 

MELBOURNE BEACH, FL 32951 




r*e< i 

APPLE COMPATIBLE 

Disk Drive $150.00 ea. 

Controller Card $35.00 ea. 

Computer Case $55.00 ea. 

Keyboard $70.00 ea. 

Switching Power Supply . $49.50 ea. 
Joystick $15.00ea. 

Prices for dealers in quantities of 25 or 
more. End User Inquiries welcomes. 

ELECTRADE CO. 
(408) 946-2541 

780 Trimble Rd. Suite 605 
San Jose, CA 95131 



MODEMS 



IBM-PC 

RlxonPC212A 



V445.00 



•Plugs Into IBM PC card slot 
•300 and 1200 bps. asynchronous 
•Full/Half duplex 

•Automatic dialer, tone or pulse, auto redial 
•Battery protected memory for number 
storage 

PC 21 2A Software $49.00 

•Interfaces PC 212A MODEM to PC 
"Menu driven 

'Stores telephone numbers, log-on 
procedures 

APPLE II, APPLE II PLUS, FRANKLIN, 
BELL AND HOWELL 

Multi-Tech MODEM II $265.00 

•Plugs Into I/O slot 

*300 bps asynchronous, full/half duplex 

"Automatic dialer 

"Menu driven software 

Pennsylvania residents add 6% sales tax. 
90-day return-to-factory warranty. 
10-45 delivery. Shipped U.P.S. 
Check, money order COD to 

James Fox Associates -,,*/*«„,,„, 

Brownsburg Road 215/598-3293 

Box I39B R.D. #2 
Newtown , PA 18940 



Circle 285 on Inquiry card. 



Circle 167 on Inquiry card. 



APPLE II COMPATIBLE DISK 

ONLY 


DRIVES 

$209.00 
S 65.00 

$23.99 

$463.00 
CALL 

$359.00 
$719.00 
$929.00 

$129.00 


CONTROLLER CARD 

JUST PLUG IS AND RVN 

VERBATIM 

5'A " DISKETTES SS DD SOFT 

PER BOX OF 10 

EPSON PRINTERS 

M.XBOFT 


OTHER MODELS 

TELEVIDEO 

910 


925 


yr>o 


MONITORS 

12" 20 MHZ 

GREEN 


AMBER 


$129.00 


IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER 


OZtech, Inc. 

1400 Coleman Ave. Suite F.25 
Snnta Clam, CA 95050 
(MM)) 222-(>(>77 
in Calif. (40S) 9SO-99S7 
17.SA MC Accepted 



Save $ on 
Computer Books! 

We offer a 10% discount 
on computer books from several 
publishers. 

Fast, reliable service and low 
shipping charges for mail orders. 
Write for FREE catalog. 



DOWNTOWN 
BOOK BAZAAR, 
Dept. B 

P.O. Box 2490 
Brooklyn, N.Y. 
11202 




Scotch Diskettes 

Rely on Scotch* diskettes to keep your valu- 
able data safe. Dependable Scotch diskettes 
are tested and guaranteed error-free. The low 
abrasivity saves your read/write heads. 
They're compatible with most diskette drives. 




(800)235-4137 



Dealer Inquiries 
Invited 




Circle 322 on Inquiry card. 



Circle 156 on Inquiry card. 



Circle 341 on Inquiry card. 



JDR SUPER SPECIALS! 



THE LEADER III 



PT7T 

lili'ilJi 



FANTASTIC 



OKI mSlt15832RS 

MICROPROCESSOR 

COMPATIBLE 

CLOCK/CALENDAR CHIP 

3.95 100/3.25 ea. 
32.768KHZXTAL .95 

OTHER CRYSTALS 

3.579545MHZ .95 

5.0688MHZ 1.95 

18.432MHZ 1.95 



78IYI05 

VOLTAGE 
REGULATOR 
Tl PART #UA78M05C 
STANDARD TO-220 CASE 
5 VOLT AT 500MA CAN BE 
USED AS 7805T IN MOST 
APPLICATIONS 



.29 



100/.25 EA. 



ORDER TOLL FREE 
800 538-5000 
800 662-6270 
(CA Residents) 



[hi n 




!.' ~' ; '~r"~ 




- 





MasterCard 



CONNECTORS 

IDP-16 IDC DIP— PLUG .95 

IDE-34 IDC EDGE-CARD 1.95 

ICC-14 DIP "HEADER" .49 

ICC-16 DIP "HEADER" .59 

44P-ST PC EDGE-CARD 1.95 
DB25PC/P VERTICAL 

PC-MOUNT 1.49 
DB25PC/S VERTICAL 

PC-MOUNT 1.69 

TRANSISTORS 

2N3904 TO-92 100/7.95 

2N3906 TO-92 100/7.95 

PN2222 TO-92 100/7.95 



CERAMIC 

MONOLITHIC CAPS 

AT THE PRICE 

OF DISC! 

1UF-MONO 100/12.00 

047UF-MONO 100/11.00 

01UF-MONO 100/10.00 

PRIME LED'S 



JUMBO RED 
JUMBO YELLOW 
JUMBO GREEN 
5082-7760 



100/ 8.00 

100/12.00 

100/12.00 

10/ 7.95 



JDR 



SA410 
$11995 



DISK DRIVE 
BLOW OUTS! 

SA460 
$14995 



MICROPROCESSOR 



• V2 Mb Storage 

• SS/DD 



• 1 Mb Storage 

• DS/DD 



• 80 Track — 96TPI 

• 6 ms — track to track 

• 5 1 /4" — Standard 
Format 

• 90-DAY GUARANTEE 

SALE ENDS SEPT. 30, 1983 



Z80A-CPU 


3.95 


Z80A-CTC 


3.95 


Z80A-PIO 


3.95 


Z80A-SIO/1 


12.95 


Z80A-DART 


6.95 


8086 16-BIT 5MHZ 


19.95 


68A00 CPU 1.5MHZ 


2.95 


68A10 RAM 1.5MHZ 


1.95 


68A21 PIA 1.5MHZ 


2.95 


68A50 ACIA1.5MHZ 


2.95 


6520/6820 PIA 


2.95 


MEMORV 




2102L-4 450NS-LP 


.55 


2111L 450NS-LP 


1.49 


2112 450NS 


1.99 


2114 450NS 


.99 


2114-25 250NS 


1.09 


TMS4027 250NS 


.99 


SPECIAL 




TMS4060/2107 


4096 i 1 DYNAMIC 




RAMSTI OR INTEL 


.69 


YOUR CHOICE 





SPECIAL THANKS 
TO MATT FOR HIS 






WHICH WILL ENABLE 
JDR TO BETTER SERVE 



LINEAR I.C.S 


DISH CONTROLLERS 

1771 11.95 


LM1800 1.95 1 


1791 18.95 


LM1310 .99 1 


1793 18.95 


MC1330 .99 1 
MC1350 .89 1 


CRT CONTROLLERS 


MC1356 .99 1 


DP8350 19.95 
CRT5027 9.95 


HARD TO FIND BLACK 


CRT5037 9.95 


CONDUCTIVE FOAM 


DRAM CONTROLLERS 




8202 17.95 


14" x 26" SHEET 12.00 1 


8203 32.95 


12" x13" SHEET 6.00 ■ 


3242 5.95 



visit Our 



ij;u:1;iiHij 
i' i i ' ■ jrV:V-i i I riiftrj 



HOURS 10-3 



JDR Microdevices 

1224 S. Bascom Ave. • San Jose, CA 95128 
(408) 995-5430 • Telex 171-110 



1983 JDR MICRODEVICES, INC. 



VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE 
HOURS: M-W-F 9-5 T-Th. 9-9 Sat. 10-3 

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERING 
TERMS: For shipping Include $2 for UPS Ground or S3 for UPS Blue 
Label Air. Items over 5 pound* require additional shipping charges. 
Foreign orders, Include sufficient amount for shipping. There is a $10 
minimum order. Bay Area and Los Angeles Counties add 6Vi% Sales 
Tax. Other California residents add $% Sales Tax. We reserve the 
right to substitute manufacturer. Not responsible for typographical 
errors. Prices are subject to change without notice. We will match or 
beat any competitor's price provided It Is not below our cost. 



Circle 240 on inquiry card. 



BYTE September W83 647 



64K DYNAMIC 
200 NS 



2KX8 STATIC 
200 NS 



STATIC RAN 




W Z-80 




8000 




W 6800 ■ 




'4L 


soo 








2.5 Mh 


E 


1 8035 


5.95 


H 68000 59.95 1 


74LS00 


.24 


74LS173 








1 Z80-CPU 


3.95 I 


■ 8039 


6.95 


I 6800 3.95 ■ 


74LS01 


.25 


74LS174 


2101 


256 x 4 (450ns) 


1.95 I 


1 Z80-CTC 
1 Z80-DART 


4.49 I 
10.95 I 


1 INS-8060 


17.95 


1 6802 7.95 ■ 


74LS02 


.25 


74LS175 


5101 


256 x 4 (450ns) (cmos) 


3.95 I 
.89 


1 INS-BO /.I 


24.95 


1 6808 13.90 BJ 


74LS03 


.25 


74LS181 


2102-1 


1024 x 1 (450ns) 


1 Z80-DMA 
1 Z80-PIO 
1 Z80-SIO/0 


14.95 I 


■ 8080 


3.95 


I 6809E 19.95 ■ ' 


74LS04 


.24 


74LS189 


2102L-4 


1024 x 1 (450ns) (LP) 


.99 I 


4.49 
16.95 I 


1 8085 


5.95 


1 6809 11.95 ■ 


74LS05 


.25 


74LS190 


2102L-2 


1024 x 1 (250ns) (LP) 


1.49 

2.49 

2.99 

8/9.95 


I 8085A-2 


11.95 


I 6610 2.95 ■ 


74LS08 


.28 


74LS191 


2111 


256 x 4 (450ns) 


1 Z80-SIO/1 


16.95 I 


1 8086 


29.95 


I 6820 4.35 ■ 


74LS09 


.29 


74LS192 


2112 


256 x 4 (450ns) 


1 Z80-SIO/2 


16.95 I 


1 8087 


CALL 


I 6821 3.25 ■ 


74LS10 


.25 


74LS193 


2114 


1024 x 4 (450ns) 


1 Z80-SIO/9 

4.0 Mh 


16.95 I 


■ 8088 


39.95 


1 6828 14.95 ■ 


74LS11 


.35 


74LS194 


2114-25 


1024 x 4 (250ns) 


8/10.95 




1 8089 


89.95 


I 6840 12.95 1, 


74LS12 


.35 


74LS195 


2114L-4 


1024 x 4 (450ns) (LP) 


8/12.95 


c 


1 8155 


6.95 


1 6643 34.95 1 


74LS13 


.45 


74LS196 


21141-3 


1024 x 4 (300ns) (LP) 


8/13.45 


1 Z80A-CPU 


4.95 


1 8155-2 


7.95 


■ 6844 25.95 ■ 


74LS14 


.59 


74LS197 


2114L-2 


1024 x 4 (200ns) (LP) 


8/13.95 


I Z80A-CTC 


4.95 


1 8156 


6.95 


I 6845 14.95 ■ 


74LS15 


.35 


74LS221 


2147 


4096 x 1 (55ns) 


4.95 


1 Z60A-DART 


11.95 


1 8165 


29.95 


I 6847 11.95 ■ 


74LS20 


.25 


74LS240 


TMS4044-4 


4096 x 1 (450ns) 


3.49 


I Z80A-DMA 


16.95 


I 8185-2 


39.95 


1 6850 3.25 ■ 


74LS21 


.29 


74LS241 


TMS4044-3 


4096 x 1 (300ns) 


3.99 


I Z80A-PIO 


4.95 


1 8741 


39.95 


■ 6852 5.75 ■ 


74LS22 


.25 


74LS242 


TMS4044-2 


4096 x 1 (200ns) 


4.49 


I Z80A-SIO/0 


16.95 


1 8748 


24.95 


1 6860 9.95 1 


74LS26 


.29 


74LS243 


MK4118 


1024 x 8 (250ns) 


9.95 


■ Z80A-SIO/1 


16.95 


1 8755 


24.95 


1 6862 11.95 1 


74LS27 


.29 


74LS244 


TMM2016-200 


2048 x 8 (200ns) 
2046 x 8 (150ns) 


4.15 
4.95 


I Z80A-SIO/2 
I Z60A-SIO/9 


16.95 
16.95 






I 6875 6.95 ■ 
■ 6880 2.25 ■ 


74LS28 
74LS30 


.35 
.25 


74LS245 


TMM2016-150 






74LS247 


TMM2016-100 
HM6116-4 


2048 x 8 (100ns) 

2048 x 8 (200ns) (cmos) 


6.15 
4.75 


6.0 Mhz 


8200 




I 6883 22.95 ■ ' 
1 68047 24.95 1 


74LS32 
74LS33 


.29 
.55 


74LS248 
74LS249 


HM6116-3 


2048 x 8 (150ns) (cmos) 


4.95 


1 ZB0B-CPU 


n. as 


1 8202 


24.95 


1 68488 19.95 1 


74LS37 


.35 


74LS251 


HM6116-2 


2048 x 8 (120ns) (cmos) 


8.95 


1 Z80B-CTC 


13.95 


I 8203 


39.95 


6800 1MHZ % 


74LS38 


.35 


74LS253 


HM6116LP-4 


2048 x 8 (200ns) (cmos)(LP) 


5.95 


1 zaoB-pio 


13.95 


I 8205 


3.50 




74LS40 


.25 


74LS257 


HM6116LP-3 


2048 x 8 (150ns) (cmos)(LP) 


6.95 


I Z80B-DART 


19.95 


1 8212 


1.80 


1 68B00 10.95' 1 
1 68B02 22.25 ■ 
I 68B09E 29.95 ■ 
1 68B09 29.95 1 


74LS42 


.49 


74LS258 


HM6116LP-2 


2046 x 8 (120ns) (cmos)(LP) 


10.95 


ZILOG 


I 8214 


3.85 


74LS47 


.75 


74LS259 


Z-6132 


4096 x 8 (300ns) (Ostat) 


34.95 


1 Z6132 


34.95 


1 6216 
1 8224 
1 8226 
1 8228 
I 8237 
1 8237-5 
1 8238 


1.75 
2.25 


74LS48 


.75 


74LS260 


L LP - Low Power Qstat = Quasi-Static 


P^Z8671 


39.95J 


1.80 
3.49 
19.95 
21.95 


I 68B10 6.95 ■ 

1 1 68B21 6.95 ■ 

■ 68B45 19.95 ■ 

1 68BS0 5.95 ■ 


74LS49 
74LS51 
74LS54 
74LS55 


.75 
.25 
.29 
.29 


74LS266 
74LS273 
74LS275 
74LS279 




fNAMIC RAMS 








" m 


■ crystals" 1 


TMS4027 


4096 x 1 (250ns) 


1.99 


■ 32.768 khz 
1 1.0 mhz 

I 1.8432 
I 2.0 
I 2.097152 
I 2.4576 
1 3.2768 
1 3.579535 
1 4.0 
1 5.0 
1 5.0688 

■ 5.165 

I 5.7143 
I 6.0 


1.95 
4.95 
4.95 
3.95 
3.95 


4.49 


■A 68B00 = 2 MHZ ^B 


74LS63 
74LS73 


1.25 
.39 


74LS280 
74LS283 


UPD411 

MM5280 


4096 x 1 (300ns) 
4096 x 1 (300ns) 


3.00 
3.00 


1 8243 
1 8250 


4.45 
10.95 




74LS74 
74LS75 


.35 

.39 


74LS290 
74LS293 


MK4108 


8192x1 (200ns) 


1.95 


1 8251 
1 8253 
1 8253-5 
1 8255 
1 8255-5 


4.49 
6.95 
7.95 
4.49 
5.25 
7.95 
8.95 
6.90 
7.50 
39.95 
39.95 


W 6500 I 


74LS76 


.39 


74LS295 


MM5298 


8192x1 (250ns) 


1.85 


3.95 
3.95 
3.95 
3.95 
3.95 
3.95 
3.95 
3.95 
3.95 


j 1 MHZ ' 


74LS78 


.49 


74LS298 


4116-300 


16384 x 1 (300ns) 


8/11.75 


I 6502 4.95 1 ' 


74LS83 


.60 


74LS299 


4116-250 


16384x1 (250ns) 


8/11.95 


I 6504 6.95 1 


74LS85 


.69 


74LS323 


4116-200 


16384x1 (200ns) 


8/12.95 


■ 6505 8.95 1 


74LS86 


.39 


74LS324 


4116-150 


16384 x 1 (150ns) 


8/14.95 


I 8257 


1 6507 9.95 1 


74LS90 


.55 


74LS352 


4116-120 


16384x1 (120ns) 


8/29.95 


1 8257-5 
1 8259 


1 6520 4.35 1 


74LS91 


.89 


74LS353 


2118 


16384x1 (150ns) (5v) 


4.95 


1 6522 7.95 1 


74LS92 


.55 


74LS363 


4164-200 


65536 x 1 (200ns) (5v) 


5-95 


1 8259-5 
1 6271 
1 8272 


1 6532 9.95 1 


74LS93 


.55 


74LS364 


4164-150 


65536 x 1 (150ns) (5v) 


6.95 


■ 6545 22.50 I 


74LS95 


.75 


74LS365 




5V - single 5 volt supply 




I 6.144 
Bb 6.5536 


3.95 
3.95 


H 6275 
1 8279 
1 8279-5 
1 8282 
I 8283 
1 8284 
1 8286 


29.95 
8.95 

10.00 
6.50 
6.50 
5.50 
6.50 


■ 6551 11.85 I 
2 MHZ \ 


74LS96 
74LS107 


.89 
.39 


74LS366 
74LS367 


1702 
2708 
2758 


EPROMS 

256x8 (1us) 
1024 x 8 (450ns) 
1024 x 8 (450ns) (5v) 


4.50 
3.95 
5.95 


H 8.0 
1 10.0 
PH 10.738635 
1 14.31818 
1 15.0 
1 16.0 
1 17.430 


3.95 
3.95 
3.95 
3.95 
3.95 
3.95 
3.95 
3.95 
3.95 
3.95 
3.95 
3.95 


■ 6502A 6.95 ■ 

■ 6522A 9.95 ■ 

■ 6532A 11.95 ■ 

■ 6545A 27.95 I 

■ 6551 A 11.95 ■ 

3 MHZ 1 


74LS109 
74LS112 
74LS113 
74LS114 
74LS122 
,74LS123 


.39 
.39 

.39 
.39 

.45 
.79 


74LS368 
74LS373 
74LS374 
74LS377 
74LS378 
74LS379 


2716 
2716-1 


2048 x 8 (450ns) (5v) 
2048 x 8 (350ns) (5v) 


3.95 
5.95 


1 8287 
I 6268 


6.50 
25.00 


B(i;.02U 14.95^M 


74LS124 
74LS125 


2.90 
.49 


74LS385 
74LS386 


TMS2516 

TMS2716 

TMS2532 

2732 

2732-250 

2732-100 

2764 

2764-250 

2764-200 

TMS2564 

MC68764 

27128 


2048 x 8 (450ns) (5v) 
2048 x 8 (450ns) 
4096 x 8 (450ns) (5v) 
4096 x 8 (450ns) (5v) 
4096 x 8 (250ns) (5v) 
4096 x 8 (200ns) (5v) 
8192 x 8 (450ns) (5v) 
8192 x 8 (250ns) (5v) 
8192 x 8 (200ns) (5v) 
8192x8 (450ns) (5v) 
8192 x 8 (450ns) (5v)(24 pin) 
16384x8 Call 


5.50 

7.95 

5.95 

4.95 

8.95 

11.95 

9.95 

14.95 

24.95 

17.95 

39.95 

Call 


1 1^- u 
1 18.432 
I 20.0 
I 22.1184 
^ 


BM 8289 


49.95 


^^IJART^^^B 

H AY3-1014 6.95 1 
I AY5-1013 3.95 ■ 

■ AY3-1015 6.95 I 
I PT1472 9.95 I 

■ TR1602 3.95 ■ 
1 2350 9.95 1 

■ 2651 8.95 I 

■ TMS6011 5.95 ■ 

■ IM6402 7.95 ■ 
■ IM6403 8.95 ■ 


74LS126 
74LS132 
74LS133 
74LS136 
74LS137 
74LS138 
74LS139 
74LS145 
74LS147 
74LS148 
74LS151 
74LS153 


.49 

.59 

.59 

.39 

.99 

.55 

.55 

1.20 

2.49 

1.35 

.55 

.55 


74LS390 




74LS393 


DISC 

■ CONTROLLERS 

■ 1771 16.95 

■ 1791 24.95 

■ 1793 26.95 

■ 1795 49.95 

■ 1797 49.95 

■ 2791 54.35 
i ■ 2793 54.95 
; H 2795 59.95 


74LS395 
74LS399 
74LS424 




74LS447 
74LS490 
74LS624 
74LS640 
74LS645 
74LS668 
74LS669 


i^f CRT 
1 CONTROLLERS 

I 6845 14.95 

I 68B45 19.95 

1 HD46505SP 15.95 

j 1 6847 11.95 




5v = Single 5 Volt Supply 




!■ MC1372 

I 68047 
^B 8275 
I 7220 
I CRT5027 
I CRT5037 
■ TMS9918A 
pMpP8350 


6.95 
24.95 
29.95 
99.95 
39.95 
49.95 
39.95 
49.95 


1 2797 

■ 6843 

■ 8272 

■ UPD765 

■ MB8876 
; ■ MB8877 

■ 1691 
^B 2143 


59.95 
34.95 
39.95 
39.95 
29.95 
34.95 
17.95 
18.95 


I INS8250 10.95 ■ 

1 GENERATORS 1 
BIT-RATE 

I MC14411 11.95 ■ 
1 BR1941 11.95 ■ 
I 4702 12.95 ■ 
■ COM5016 16.95 ■ 
■ COM8116 10.95 ■ 
1 MM5307 10.95 ■ 

FUNCTION 


74LS154 
74LS155 
74LS156 
74LS157 
74LS158 
74LS160 
74LS161 
74LS162 
74LS163 
74LS164 
74LS165 


1.90 
.69 
.69 
.65 
.59 
.69 
.65 
.69 
.65 
.69 
.95 


74LS670 
74LS674 


EPROM ERASERS 

Capacity Intensity 
Timer Chip (uW/Cm ! ) 

PE-14 6 5,200 83.00 
PE-14T X 6 5,200 119.00 
PE-24T X 9 6,700 175.00 


74LS682 
74LS683 
74LS684 
74LS685 
74LS688 
74LS689 
74LS783 




81LS95 


M KEYBOARD 


VCONNECTORS 


81LS96 


PL-265T 


X 20 6,700 


255.00 


j CHIPS 




1 RS232 MALE 


2.50 


1 MC4024 3.95 1 


74LS166 


1.95 


81LS97 


PR-125T 
[PR-320 


X 16 15,000 
X 32 15,000 


349.00 
595.00 


■ AY5-2376 
■ AY5-3600 
^H AY5-3600 PRC 


11.95 
11.95 
11.95 


■ RS232 FEMALE 3.25 
! ■ RS232 HOOD 1.25 
BMs-100 ST 3.95 


1 LM566 1.49 ■ 

I XR2206 3.75 ■ 

■M8038 3.95^B 


74LS168 
74LS169 
74LS170 


1.75 
1.75 
1.49 


81LS98 

25LS2521 

25LS2569 



JDR Microdevices 

1 224 S. Bascom Ave. • San Jose, C A 951 28 
(408) 995-5430 • Telex 171-110 



1983 JDR MICRODEVICES, INC. 



VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE 

HOURS: M-W-F, 9-5 T-Th., 9-9 Sat. 11- 

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERIN 
TERMS: For shipping Include $2 for UPS Ground or $3 for UPS Bl 
Label Air. Items over 5 pounds require additional shipping charg< 
Foreign orders, include sufficient amount tor shipping. There Is a $ 
minimum order. Bay Area and Los Angeles Counties add 6Va% Sa 

'ax. Other California residents add 6% Sales Tax. We reserve I 
right to substitute manufacturer. Not responsible for typography 
errors. Prices are subject to change without notice. We will match 
beat any competitor's price provided It is not below our cost. 



648 BYTE September 1983 



Circle 241 on inquiry card. 



2114 45 o N s8/$9M 2114 250N s 8/$1095 



7400 



.19 
.19 
.19 
.19 
.19 
.25 
.29 
.29 
.24 
.19 
.19 
.25 
.30 
.35 
.49 
.25 
.25 
.19 
.35 
.35 
.29 
.29 
.29 
.29 
.45 
.19 
.29 
.45 
.29 
.29 
.19 
.49 
.65 
.69 
.69 
.69 
.69 
.69 
.19 
.23 
.23 
.23 
.23 
.35 
.29 
.34 
.33 
.45 
.35 
.59 
1.10 
.95 
.50 
.59 
.35 
2.15 
.35 
.40 
.50 
.35 
.65 
.55 
.70 
2.75 
1.75 
.30 
.45 
.45 
.55 
1.55 
1.20 
.29 
.45 
.49 
.45 
.45 
.55 



74132 
74136 
74141 
74142 
74143 
74145 
74147 
74148 
74150 
74151 
74152 
74153 
74154 
74155 
74156 
74157 
74159 
74160 
74161 
74162 
74163 
74164 
74165 
74166 
74167 
74170 
74172 
74173 
74174 
74175 
74176 
74177 
74178 
74179 
74180 
74181 
74182 
74184 
74185 
74190 
74191 
74192 
74193 
74194 
74195 
74196 
74197 
74196 
74199 
74221 
74246 
74247 
74248 
74249 
74251 
74259 
74265 
74273 
74276 
74279 
74283 
74284 
74285 
74290 
74293 
74298 
74351 
74365 
74366 
74367 
74368 
74376 
74390 
74393 
74425 
74426 
74490 



CLOCK 
CIRCUITS 



.45 

.50 

.65 

2.95 

2.95 

.60 

1.75 

1.20 

1.35 

.55 

.65 

.55 

1.25 

.75 

.65 

.55 

1.65 

.85 

.69 

.85 

.69 

.85 

.85 

1.00 

2.95 

1.65 

5.95 

.75 

.89 

.89 

.89 

.75 

1.15 

1.75 

.75 

2.25 

.75 

2.00 

2.00 

1.15 

1.15 

>9 

.79 

.85 

.85 

.79 

.75 

1.35 

1.35 

1.35 

1.35 

1.25 

1.85 

1.95 

.75 

2.25 

1.35 

1.95 

1.25 

.75 

2.00 

3.75 

3.75 

.95 

.75 

.85 

2.25 

.65 

.65 

.65 

.65 

2.20 

1.75 

1.35 

3.15 

.85 

2.55 









LINEAR 










RCA 




LM301 


.34 


LM340 (see 7800) 


LM566 


1.49 


LM1800 


2.37 


CA 3023 


2.75 CA 3082 


1.65 


LM301H 


.79 


LM348 


.99 


LM567 


.89 


LM1B12 


8.25 


CA3039 


1.29 CA 3083 


1.55 


LM307 


.45 


LM350K 


4.95 


NE570 


3.95 


LM1830 


3.50 


CA3046 


1.25 CA 3086 


.80 


LM308 


.69 


LM350T 


4.60 


NE571 


2.95 


LM1871 


5.49 


CA 3059 


2.90 CA 3089 


2.99 


LM308H 


1.15 


LM358 


.69 


NE592 


2.75 


LM1872 


5.49 


CA 3060 


2.90 CA 3096 


3.49 


LM309H 


1.95 


LM359 


1.79 


LM709 


.59 


LM1877 


3.25 


CA 3065 


1.75 CA3130 


1.30 


LM309K 


1.25 


LM376 


3.75 


LM710 


.75 


LM1889 


1.95 


CA 3080 


1.10 CA3140 


1.15 


LM310 


1.75 


LM377 


1.95 


LM711 


.79 


LM1896 


1.75 


CA3081 


1.65 CA3146 


1.85 


LM311 


.64 


LM378 


2.50 


LM723 


.49 


ULN2003 


2.49 


CA3160 1.19 




LM311H 


.89 


LM379 


4.50 


LM723H 


.55 


LM2877 


2.05 








LM312H 


1.75 


LM380 


.89 


LM733 


.98 


LM2878 


2.25 




TI 




LM317K 


3.95 


LM380N 


8 1.10 


LM741 


.35 


LM2900 


.85 






LM317T 


1.19 


LM381 


1.60 


LM741N-K 


.35 


LM2901 


1.00 


TL494 


4.20 75365 


1.95 


LM318 


1.49 


LM382 


1.60 


LM741H 


.40 


LM3900 


.59 


TL496 


1.65 75450 


.59 


LM318H 


1.59 


LM383 


1.95 


LM747 


.69 


LM3905 


1.25 


TL497 


3.25 75451 


.39 


LM319H 


1.90 


LM384 


1.95 


LM748 


.59 


LM3909 


.98 


75107 


1.49 75452 


.39 


LM319 


1.25 


LM386 


.69 


LM1014 


1.19 


LM3911 


2.25 


75110 


1.95 75453 


.39 


LM320 (see 7900) 


LM387 


1.40 


LM1303 


1.95 


LM3914 


3.95 


75150 


1.95 75454 


.39 


LM322 


1.65 


LM389 


1.35 


LM1310 


1.49 


LM3915 


3.95 


75154 


1.95 75491 


.79 


LM323K 


4.95 


LM390 


1.95 


MC1330 


1.69 


LM3916 


3.95 


75188 


1.25 75492 


.79 


LM324 


.59 


LM392 


.69 


MC1349 


1.89 


MC4024 


3.95 


75189 


1.25 75493 


.89 


LM329 


.65 


LM394H 


4.60 


MC1350 


1.19 


MC4044 


4.50 


75494 .89 




LM331 


3.95 


LM399H 


5.00 


MC1358 


1.69 


RC4136 


1.25 








LM334 


1.19 


NE531 


2.95 


MC1372 


6.95 


RC4151 


3.95 




Bl FET 




LM335 


1.40 


NE555 


.34 


LM1414 


1.59 


LM4250 


1.75 






LM336 


1.75 


NE556 


.65 


LM1458 


.59 


LM4500 


3.25 


TL071 


.79 TL084 


2.19 


LM337K 


3.95 


NE558 


1.50 


LM1486 


.69 


RC4558 


.69 


TL072 


1.19 LF347 


2.19 


LM337T 


1.95 


NE561 


24.95 


LM1489 


.69 


LM13080 


1.29 


TL074 


2.19 LF351 


.60 


LM338K 


6.95 


NE564 


2.95 


LM1496 


.85 


LM13600 


1.49 


TL081 


.79 LF3S3 


1.00 


LM339 


.99 


LM565 


.99 


LM1558H 


3.10 


LM13700 


1.49 


TL082 
TL083 


1.19 LF355 
1.19 LF356 


1.10 
1.10 




H = TO-5 CAN 


T 


TO-220 


K 


TO-3 




LF357 1.40 





CMOS 





74S00 




74S00 


.32 


74S163 


1.95 


74S02 


.35 


74S168 


3.95 


74S03 


.35 


74S169 


3.95 


74S04 


.35 


74S174 


.95 


74S05 


.35 


74S175 


.95 


74S08 


.35 


74S181 


3.95 


74S09 


.40 


74S182 


2.95 


74S10 


.35 


74S188 


1.95 


74S11 


.35 


74S189 


6.95 


74S15 


.35 


74S194 


1.49 


74S20 


.35 


74S195 


1.49 


74S22 


.35 


74S196 


1.49 


74S30 


.35 


74S197 


1.49 


74S32 


.40 


74S201 


6.95 


74S37 


.88 


74S225 


7.95 


74S38 


.85 


74S240 


2.20 


74S40 


.35 


74S241 


2.20 


74S51 


.35 


74S244 


2.20 


74S64 


.40 


74S251 


.95 


74S65 


.40 


74S253 


.95 


74S74 


.50 


74S257 


.95 


74S85 


1.99 


74S258 


.95 


74S86 


.50 


74S260 


.79 


74S112 


.50 


74S274 


19.95 


74S113 


.50 


74S275 


19.95 


74S114 


.55 


74S280 


1.95 


74S124 


2.75 


74S287 


1.90 


74S132 


1.24 


74S288 


1.90 


74S133 


.45 


74S289. 


6.89 


74S134 


.50 


74S301 


6.95 


74S135 


.69 


74S373 


2.45 


74S138 


.85 


74S374 


2.45 


74S139 


.85 


74S381 


7.95 


74S140 


.55 


74S387 


1.95 


74S151 


.95 


74S412 


2.98 


74S153 


.95 


74S471 


4.95 


74S157 


.95 


74S472 


4.95 


74S158 


.95 


74S474 


4.95 


74S161 


1.95 


74S482 


15.25 


74S162 


1.95 


74S570 


2.95 






74S571 


2.95 



INTERFACE 


8T26 


1.59 


8T28 


1.89 


8T95 


.89 


8T96 


.89 


8T97 


.89 


8T98 


.89 


DM8131 


2.95 


DP8304 


2.29 


DS8835 


1.99 


DS8836 


.99 


MISC. 




TMS99532 


29.95 


ULN2003 


2.49 


3242 


7.95 


3341 


4.95 


MC3470 


4.95 


MC3480 


9.00 


11C90 


13.95 


95H90 


7.95 


2513-001 UP 


9.95 


2513-002 LOW 


9.95 



VOLTAGE 
REGULATORS 



7805T 

78M05C 

7808T 

7812T 

7815T 

7824T 

7805K 
7812K 
7815K 
7824K 

78L05 
78L12 
78L15 

78H05K 
78H12K 



9.95 
9.95 



7905T 
7908T 
7912T 
7915T 
7924T 

7905 K 
7912K 
7915K 
7924K 

79L05 
79L12 
79L15 

LM323K 
UA78S40 



C, T = TO-220 K = TO-3 

L = TO-92 



IF V0U CAN FIND A PRICE LOWER ELSEWHERE. 
LET US KNOW AND WE WILL IYIEET OR DEAT THEIR 

PRICE! (SEE TERMS BELOW) 

* computer managed inuentory — uirtuaily 
no DacH orders! 

* Very competltlue prices! 

* Friendly stall! 

* Fast serulce - most orders shipped within 
24 hours! 



INTERSIL 



9000 



ICL7106 

ICL7107 

ICL7660 

ICL8038 

ICM7207A 

ICM7208 



9316 
9334 
9368 
9401 
9601 
9602 
96S02 



EXAR 




XR 2206 


3.75 


XR 2207 


3.75 


XR 2208 


3.75 


XR 2211 


5.25 


XR 2240 


3.25 



' DATA ACQUISITION 




ADCOBOO 


15.55 


DAC0808 


2.95 


AOC0804 


3.49 


OAC1020 


8.25 


ADC0809 


4.49 


DAC1022 


5.95 


ADC0817 


9.95 


MC1408L6 


1.95 


.DAC0800 


4.95 


MC1408L8 


2.95 . 



4000 
4001 
4002 
4006 
4007 
4008 
4009 
4010 
4011 
4012 
4013 
4014 
4015 
4016 
4017 
4018 
4019 
4020 
4021 
4022 
4023 
4024 
4025 
4026 
4027 
4028 
4029 
4030 
4034 
4035 
4040 
4041 
4042 
4043 
4044 
4046 
4047 
4049 
4050 
4051 
4053 
4060 
4066 



.29 

.25 

.25 

.89 

.29 

.95 

.39 

.45 

.25 

.25 

.38 

.79 

.39 

.39 

.69 

.79 

.39 

.75 

.79 

.79 

.29 

.65 

.29 

1.65 

.45 

.69 

.79 

.39 

1.95 

.85 

.75 

.75 

.69 

.85 

.79 

.85 

.95 

.35 

.35 

.79 

.79 

.89 

.39 

.39 

.29 

.35 

.29 

.29 

.29 

.29 

.79 

.29 

.29 

.29 

.95 

.95 

.49 

2.49 

1.95 

12.95 

12.95 

11.95 

12.95 

7.95 

4.18 

.95 

.65 

1.95 

.85 

.85 

.85 

1.25 

1.79 

1.55 

.89 

.39 

.79 

1.25 

1.25 



4527 

4528 

4531 

4532 

4538 

4539 

4541 

4543 

4553 

4555 

4556 

4581 

4582 

4584 

4585 

4702 

74C00 

74C02 

74C04 

74C08 

74C10 

74C14 

74C20 

74C30 

74C32 

74C42 

74C48 

74C73 

74C74 

74C76 

74C83 

74C85 

74C86 

74C89 

74C90 

74C93 

74C95 

74C107 

74C150 

74C151 

74C154 

74C157 

74C160 

74C161 

74C162 

74C163 

74C164 

74C165 

74C173 

74C174 

74C175 

74C192 

74C193 

74C195 

74C200 

74C221 

74C373 

74C374 

74C901 

74C902 

74C903 

74C905 

74C906 

74C907 

74C90B 

74C909 

74C910 

74C911 

74C912 

74C914 

74C915 

74C918 

74C920 

74C921 

74C922 

74C923 

74C925 

74C926 

74C928 

74C929 



1.95 

1.19 

.95 

1.95 

1.95 

1.95 

2.64 

1.19 

5.79 

.95 

.95 

1.95 

1.95 

.75 

.75 

12.95 

.35 

.35 

.35 

.35 

.35 

.59 

.35 

.35 

.39 

1.29 

1.99 

.65 

.65 

.80 

1 95 

1.95 

.39 

4.50 

1.19 

1.75 

.99 

.89 

5.75 

2.2S 

3.25 

1.75 

1.19 

1.19 

1.19 

1.19 

1.39 

2.00 

.79 

1.19 

1.19 

1.49 

1.49 

1.39 

5.75 

1.75 

2.45 

2.45 

.39 I 

.85 I 

.85 

10.95 

.95 

1.00 

2.00 

2.75 

9.95 

8.95 

8.95 

1.95 

1.19 

2.75 

17.95 

15.95 

4.49 

4.95 

5.95 

7.95 

7.95 

19.95 J 



SOUND CHIPS 

76477 3.95 

76489 8.95 

AV3-8910 12.95 

AY3-8912 12.95 

MC3340 1.49, 



RDER TOLL FREE 

ALL MERCHANDISE 
100% GUARANTEED 




-538-5000 800-662-6279 

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS) 
CALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES 



1983 JDR MICRODEVICES, INC. 



Circle 241 on inquiry card. 



BYTE September 1983 649 



2732 



32K EPROM 



276a 



64K EPROM 



$995 



PROMS 





Function 
32x8 OC 


EQUIVALENT PART NUMBERS 




Part 


Tl 


SIG 
82S23 


MIMI 
6330-1 


Harris 
7602 




74S1B8 


16SA030 


1.95 


74S287 


256x4 TS 


24S10 


82S129 


6301-1 


7611 


1.90 


74S288 


32x8 TC 


18S030 


82S123 


6331-1 


7603 


1.90 


74S387 


256x4 OC 


24SA10 


82S126 


6300-1 


7610 


1.95 


74S471 


256x8 TS 


28L22 




6309-1 




4.95 


74S472 


512x8 TS 


28S42 


82S147 


6349-1 


7649 


4.95 


74S473 


512x8 OC 


28SA42 


82S146 


6348 


7648 


10.95 


74S474 


512x8 TS 


28S46 


82S141 


6341 


7641 


4.95 


74S47S 


512x8 TS 


28SA46 


82S140 


6340 


7640 


12.95 


74S478 


1KX8TS 


28S86 








19.95 


74S570 


512x4 OC 


27S12 


82S130 


6305 


7620 


2.95 


74S571 


512x4 TS 


27S13 


82S131 


6306-1 


7621 


2.95 


74S572 


1kx4 OC 


24SA41 


82S136 


6352-1 


7642 


9.95 


74S573 


1kx4 TS 


24S41 


82S137 


6353-1 


7643 


9.95 


87S180 


1kx8 OC 


28SA86 


82S180 


6380-1 


7680 


19.25 


87S181 


1kx8TS 


28L86 


82S181 


6381-1 


7681 


16.25 


87S184 


2kx4 OC 


24SA81 


82S184 




7684 


17.20 


87S185 


2kx4 TS 


24S81 


82S185 




7685 


16.95 


87S190 


2kx4 OC 


28SA166 


82S190 




76160 


39.95 


87S191 


2kx8 TS 


28S166 


82S191 




76161 


39.95 



WE RESERVE THE RIGHT TO 
SUBSTITUTE MANUFACTURER 



ORDER 800-538-5000 
TOLL FREE 800-662-6279 

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS) 













CAPACITORS 














TANTALUM 










DISC 








6V 


10V 


15V 


20V 


25V 


35V 


50V 


10pt 
22 


50V 
50V 


.05 
.05 


470 
560 


50V 
50V 


.0 


22uf 












.40 




.1) 














25 


50V 


.05 


680 


50V 


.0 


.27 












.40 




27 


50V 


.05 


820 


50V 


.0 


.33 












.40 


.45 


33 
47 


50V 
50V 


.05 
.05 


.OOlu 
.0015 


50V 
50V 


.0 
.0 


.47 








.35 






.50 


56 


50V 


.05 


.0022 


50V 


.0 


.68 












.45 


.50 


68 

82 

100 

220 

330 


50V 
50V 
50V 
50V 
50V 


.05 
.05 
.05 
.05 
.05 


.005 

.01 

.02 

.05 

.1 


50V 
50V 
50V 
50V 
12V 


.0 


1.0 






.40 


.40 


.45 


.45 




.0 
.0 
.0 


1.5 








.45 




.50 


.60 


1.8 














.75 


.1 
























.1 


50V 


1 


2.2 




.35 


.40 


.45 




.65 


.85 














2.7 




.40 


.45 








.90 














3.3 




.45 


.50 


.55 


.60 


.65 


.90 


monolithic; 

.1uf-mono 50V .18 .47uf-mono 50V 

ELECTROLYTIC 

RADIAL AXIAL 
.47ul 50V .14 1ul 50V 




3.9 




.45 












.2 


4.7 


.45 


.55 




.60 


.65 


.85 


.90 




6.8 






.70 




.75 








8.2 














1.00 




10 


.55 


.65 


.80 


.85 


.90 


1.00 




.14 


















1 


25V 


.14 


4.7 


16V 


14 


I 12 


.65 




.85 


.90 








2.2 
4.7 
10 
47 


35V 
50V 
50V 
35V 


.15 
.15 
.15 
.18 


10 
10 
22 
47 


16V 
50V 
16V 
50V 




I 15 


.75 


.85 


.90 










16 


I 1S 






1.25 










.14 


I 22 




1.00 


1.35 










VII 




















100 


16V 


.18 


100 


15V 


Ml 


I 27 






2.25 










220 


35V 


.20 


100 


35V 


.25 


I 39 




1.50 












470 


25V 


.30 


150 


25V 


.25 


I 47 


1.35 














2200 


16V 


.60 


220 


25V 


.30 


56 


1.75 














COMPUTER 


330 
500 


16V 

16V 


.40 
4? 


I 100 




3.25 












GRADE 


1000 


16V 


.60 


270 


3.75 














26,000ut 30V 3.95 


1500 


16V 


.70 
























6000 


16V 


BS 



OPTO-ISOLATORS 



IC SOCKETS 



4N26 

4N27 

4N28 

4N33 

4N35 

4N37 

MCT-2 

MCT-6 



1N751 

1N759 

1N4148 

1 N4004 

KBP02 

KBP04 

VM48 



1.00 
1.10 
.69 
1.75 
1.25 
1.25 
1.00 
1.50 



MCA-7 

MCA-255 

IL-1 

ILA-30 

ILQ-74 

H11C5 

TIL-111 

TIL-113 



DIODES 



5.1 volt zener 
12.0 volt zener 
(1N914) switching 
400PIV rectifier 
200PIV 1.5amp bridge 
400PIV 1.5amp bridge 
Dip-Bridge 



4.25 
1.75 
1.25 
1.25 
2.75 
1.25 
1.00 
1.75 



.25 
.25 
25/1.00 
10/1.00 
.45 
.55 
.35 



FEDERAL EXPRESS 
SERVICES AUAILABLE 



TRANSISTORS 



1-99 
.13 
.15 
.17 
.20 
.29 
.30 
.30 
.40 
.49 

4.25 



100 
.11 
.12 
.13 
.18 
.27 
.27 I 
.27 
.32 
.39 I 
call 



MUFFIN FANS 
NEW UN-USED 

4.68" Square 
3.125" Square 

HEAT SINKS 

TO-3 style 
TO-220 style 

SWITCHES 

SPDT mini-toggle 
DPDT mini-toggle 
SPST mini-pushbutton 



14.95 
14.95 



.95 
.35 



1.25 

1.50 

.39 



2N918 

MPS918 

2N2102 

2N2218 

2N2218A 

2N2219 

2N2219A 

2N2222 

PN2222 

MPS2369 

2N2484 

2N2905 

2N2907 

PN2907 

2N3055 

3055T 

2N3393 

2N3414 

2N3563 

2N3565 

PN3565 

MPS3638 

MPS3640 

PN3643 

PN3644 

MPS3704 



.50 
.25 
.75 
.50 
.50 
.50 
.50 
.25 
.10 
.25 
.25 
.50 
.25 
.125 
.79 
.69 
.30 
.25 
.40 
.40 
.25 
.25 
.25 
.25 
.25 
.15 



MPS3706 

2N3772 

2N3903 

2N3904 

2N3906 

2N4122 

2N4123 

2N4249 

2N4304 

2N4401 

2N4402 

2N4403 

2N4857 

PN4916 

2N5086 

PN5129 

PN5139 

2N5209 

2N6028 

2N6043 

2N6045 

MPS-A05 

MPS-A06 

MPS-A55 

TIP29 

TIP31 

TIP32 



.15 
1.85 
.25 
.10 
.10 
.25 
.25 
.25 
.75 
.25 
.25 
.25 
1.00 
.25 
.25 
.25 
.25 
.25 
.35 
1.75 
1.75 
.25 
.25 
.25 
.65 
.75 
.79 



8 pin ST 
14 pin ST 
16 pin ST 
18 pin ST 
20 pin ST 
22 pin ST 
24 pin ST 
28 pin ST 
I 40 pin ST 
I 64 pin ST 

ST = SOLDERTAIL 
8 pin WW .59 .49 
I 14 pin WW .69 .52 
16 pin WW .69 .58 f 
18 pin WW .99 .90 
20 pin WW 1.09 .98 
22 pin WW 1.39 1.28 I 
24 pin WW 1.49 1.35 I 
I 28 pin WW 1.69 1.49 
I 40 pin WW 1.99 1.80 
WW = WIREWRAP 
16pinZIF 6.75 call 
24 pin ZIF 9.95 call 
28 pin ZIF 10.95 call 

ZIF = TEXTOOL 
(Zero Insertion ForceK 



DIP 
SWITCHES 




LED LAMP! 




1-99 


100-1 


Jumbo 






Red 


.10 


.09 


Jumbo 






Green 


.18 


.15 


Jumbo 






i Yellow 


.18 


.15 



BYPASS CAPS 

.01 UF DISC 100/6.01 

.1 UFDISC 100/8.01 

.1 UF MONOLITHIC 100/15.01 



LED DISPLAYS 



HP 5082-7760 
MAN 72 
MAN 74 
FND-357 (359) 
FND-500 (503) 
FND-507 (510) 



.3" 
.3" 
.375" 

.5" 
.5" 



CC 
CA 
CC 
CC 
CC 
CA 



1.29 
.99 
.99 
1.25 
1.49 
1.49 



4 POSITION 

5 POSITION 

6 POSITION 

7 POSITION 
i 8 POSITION 



.85 
.90 
.90 
.95 
.95 J 



RESISTORS 

Vt WATT 5% CARBON FILM ALL 

STANDARD VALUES 
FROM 1 OHM TO 10 MEG OHM 

50 PCS. SAME VALUE .02 

100 PCS. SAME VALUE .02 

1000 PCS. SAME VALUE .01 



■ ■ 



■ . ' 



JDR Microdevices 

1224 S. Bascom Avenue 

I San Jose, CA 95128 

800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA) 
(408) 995-5430 • Telex 171-110 



VISIT OUR ~ NEW HOURS ~ 

visa uun M-W-F, 9-5 

RETAIL STORE T-Th.,9-9 Sat. 11-3 

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERING 



shipping include S2 lor UPS Gr. 



i S3 I 



Label Air Hems over 5 pounds require additional shipping charges 
Foreign orders, include sulhcient amount lor shipping There is a S10 
minimum order Bay Area and Los Angel-s Counlies add 6/K Sale 
Tax Other California residents add 6 Sales Tan "' 
right lo substitute manufacturer Not responsible tor typographic^ 
errors. Price s are subject lo change without notice. We will match or 
beat any competitor s price provided it is not below our cost 



1963 JDR MICRODEVICES. INC 



650 BYTE September 1983 



Circle 242 on inquiry card. 



2716 



16KEPR0mS 



2732 



32K EPROmS 



MICROCOMPUTER 
HARDWARE HANDBOOK 

FROM ELCOMP — $14.95 

Over 800 pages of manufacturers data 
sheets on most commonly used IC's. 
Includes: 

* TTL — 74/74LS and 74F 

* CMOS 

* Voltage Regulators 

* Memory — RAM. ROM, EPROM 

* CPU'S - 6800, 6500. Z80. 8080, 
8085. 8086/8 

* MPU support & interface — 
6800. 6500. Z80, 8200, etc. 



BEST SELLING 
BOOKS 

OSBORNE/MC GRAW-HILL 

Apple II User's Guide 16.95 

CRT Controller's Handbook 9.95 

68000 Assembly Language 

Programming 16.99 

CBASIC User Guide 15.00 

SYBEX 

Your First Computer 8.95 

The CP/M Handbook 14.95 ' 

The PASCAL Handbook 18.95 

Microprocessor Interfacing 
Techniques 17.95j 



TRANSFORMERS 



FRAME STYLE 



12.6VAC 2amp 

12.6V AC CT 2amp 

12.6VAC CT 4amp 

12.6VAC CT Samp 

25.2VAC CT 2amp 



12VAC 
12VAC 
12VAC 
12V AC 



PLUG CASE STYLE 

250ma 
500ma 
lamp 
2amp 



4.95 
5.95 
7.95 
10.95 
7.95 



3.95 
4.95 
5.95 
6.95 



DC ADAPATER 

6, 9, 12 VDC selectable with universal 
adapter 8.95 

NOTE: Please include sufficient amount for 
shipping on above items. 



DISK DRIVES 

TANDON 

TM100-1 5V (FOR IBM] SS/DD 229.00 
TM100-2 5V (FOR IBM) DS/DD 295.00 

SHUGART 

SA 400L 5 •" (40 TRACK) SS/DD 1 99.95 



SA400 



189.95 



' (35 TRACK) SS/DD 

PERTEC 

" SS/DD 
DS/DD 

MPI 

{FOR IBM) DS/DD 

NOTE: Please include sulficienl amount 
for shipping on above items. 



FD-200 s 
FD-250 s 

MP-52s, 



179.95 
199.95 

295.00 



8" DRIVE SALE 
FD100-8 $189 

SHUGART 801 EQUIVALENT 
SS/DD 10 FOR $175 EA. 

FD200-8 $239 

SHUGART 851 EQUIVALENT 
DS/DD 10 FOR $220 EA. 



CABINETS FOR 
CABINET #1 *29.95 

• DIMENSIONS 8% x5 ,5 /i6x3'yi6" 

• COLOR MATCHES APPLE 

• FITS STANDARD 5'/>" DRIVES, 
INCL. SHUGART 

• INCLUDES MOUNTING 
HARDWARE AND FEET 



NOTE: Please include sulficient amount (or 
shipping on above items. 



5 1 /4 



' DISK DRIVES 
CABINET #2 s 79.00 

COMPLETE WITH POWER 
SUPPLY, SWITCH, LINE 
CORD, FUSE & STANDARD 
POWER CONNECTOR 
DIMENSIONS: 1 1 Vi x 5% X3W 
+5V @ 1 AMP, +12V @ 1.5 AMP 
FITS STANDARD 5%" DRIVES 
PLEASE SPECIFY 
GRAY OR TAN 



EDGE- 


CARD 


CONNECTORS 


S-100 ST 


3.95 


S-100 WW 


4.95 


72 pin ST 


6.95 


72 pin WW 


7.95 


50 pin ST 


4.95 


44 pin ST 


2.95 


44 pin WW 


4.95 


44 pin SE 


3.95 




DIP CONNECTORS 





HIGH RELIABILITY 


COMPONENT 


RIBBON 


DESCRIPTION 


TOOLED ST IC 


CARRIERS 


CABLE 




SOCKETS 


(DIP HEADERS) 


DIP PLUGS (IDC) 


ORDER BY 


AUGATxx-ST 


ICCxx 


IDPxx 


CONTACTS 8 


99 


65 




14 


99 


75 


1 45 


16 


99 


85 


1 65 


18 


1 69 


1 00 




20 


1 89 


1 25 




22 


1 89 


1 25 




24 


1.99 


1 35 


2 50 


28 


2 49 


1 50 




40 


2.99 


2 10 


4 15 



For order instructions see "IDC Connectors" below. 



POWER SUPPLY 

MODEL 2 $ 39 95 

MOUNTED ON PC BOARD 

MANUFACTURED BY CONVER 

+ 5 VOLT 4 AMP 

+ 12 VOLT 1 AMP 

NOTE: Please include sufficient amount for 
shipping on above items. 

CENTRONICS 

IDCEN36 Ribbon Cable 36 Pin Male 8.95 I 

CEN36 Solder Cup 36 Pin Male 7.95 J 



RIBBON CABLE 



D-SUBMINIATURE 



CONTACTS 


SINGLE COLOR 


COLOR CODED 


V 


10' 


r 


10' 


10 


.50 


4.40 


.83 


7.30 


16 


.55 


4.80 


1.00 


8.80 


20 


.65 


5.70 


1.25 


11.00 


25 


.75 


6.60 


1.32 


11.60 


26 


.75 


6.60 


1.32 


11.60 


34 


.98 


8.60 


1.65 


14.50 


40 


1.32 


11.60 


1.92 


16.80 


50 


1.38 


12.10 


2.50 


22.00 



DESCRIPTION 


SOLDER CUP 


RIGHT ANGLE 
PC SOLDER 


IDC 
RIBBON CABLE 


HOODS 


MALE 


FEMALE 


MALE 


FEMALE 


MALE 


FEMALE 


BLACK 


GREY 


ORDER BY 


DBxxP 


DBxxS 


DBxxPR 


DBxxSR 


IDBxxP 


IDBxxS 


HOOD-B 


HOOD 


CONTACTS 9 
15 
25 
37 
50 


2.08 
2.69 
2.50 

4.80 
6.06 


2.66 
3.63 
3.25 

7.11 
9.24 


1.65 
2.20 
3.00 

4.83 


2.18 
3.03 
4.42 
6.19 


3.37 
4.70 
6.23 
9.22 


3.69 

5.13 

6.84 

10.08 


1.25 


1.60 
1.60 
1.25 
2.95 
3.50 



For order instructions see "IDC Connectors" below. 

CALL FOR MOUNTING HARDWARE 



IDC CONNECTORS 



DESCRIPTION 


SOLDER HEADER 


RIGHT ANGLE 
SOLDER HEADER 


WW HEADER 


RIGHT ANGLE 
WW HEADER 


RIBBON 
HEADER SOCKET 


RIBBON 
HEADER 


RIBBON 
EDGE CARD 


ORDER BY 


IDHxxS 


IDHxxSR 


IDHxxW 


IDHxxWR 


IDSxx 


IDMxx 


IDExx 


CONTACTS 10 
20 
26 
34 
40 
50 


.82 
1.29 
1.68 
2.20 
2.58 
3.24 


.85 
1.35 
1.76 
2.31. 
2.72 
3.39 


1.86 
2.98 
3.84 
4.50 
5.28 
6.63 


2.05 
3.28 
4.22 
4.45 
4.80 
7.30 


1.15 
1.86 
2.43 
3.15 
3.73 
4.65 


5.50 
6.25 
7.00 
7.50 
8.50 


2.25 
2.36 
2.65 
3.25 
3.80 
4.74 



ORDERING INSTRUCTIONS: Insert the number of contacts in the position marked "xx" of the "order by" part number listed. Example: A 10 pin right angle solder style 
header would be IDH10SR. 



, 1983 JDR MICRODEVICES, INC. 



Circle 242 on inquiry card. 



BYTE September 1983 651 



FOR APPLE COMPUTER USERS 






FD-35 DISK DRIVE 

* Direct Replacement for 
Apple Disk II 

* Compatible with Apple 
Controller or other Apple 
compatible controllers 

* Specially designed electronics 
with low power consumption 

* DOS 3.3 and 3.2 compatible 

* Owner's Manual and Warranty 
Card included 

NOW 
WITH ONE YEAR $229 95 
WARRANTY 

C ONTROLLER CARD ^9 .95^ 

VIEWMAX-80 

A Full Function 

80 Column Card for Apple II* 
* Soft Video Switch * Shift Key Support 



2 YEAR WARRANTY 

NOW ONLY 



$13995 



5 1 A" DISKETTES 

UERBATIM DATALIFE 

SS/DD SOFT SECTOR 29.95 

SS/DD 10 SECTOR HEAD .... 29.95 

NASHUA 

| SS/DD SOFT SECTOR $HQ95 

WITH HUB RING ....19 

Ask about our full BEST BUY 

line of Nashua diskettes 



THOUSANDS SOLD 

JDR16KRAMCARD 

* Expand your 48K Apple to 64K 
+ Fully compatible with Apple 

Language System — Use in 
place of Apple Language card 

* Provides extra memory for 
Visicalc'" 

* Run PASCAL, FORTRAN, 
Integer Basic with appropriate 
software 

* Highest quality card features: 
gold edge connector, sockets 
for all IC's 

WITH 2 YEAR WARRANTY 

ASSEMBLED & TESTED 
WITH WARRANTY 



KIT— INCLUDES ALL 
PARTS & INSTRUCTIONS 

BARE PC CARD 

WITH INSTRUCTIONS 



$4495 
$4Q95 
$-|495 



apple coiyipatible 
sWy $99.95 

* Compact Switching Design 

* All Outputs regulated 

* Short Circuit and Overload 
Protection 

* Complete with Apple-type 
plug-in power cord 

* Apple Compatible — Yet higher 
output allows more disk drives 
and cards without overheating 

* +5V@ 5A. +12V@3A, 
-5V @ .5A, -12V@ .5A 

* Shielded enclosure: 10%" x3V4" 
x 2 '/is" 



NEW IMPROVED 
JDR COOLING FAN 

* Easy modification — no 
modification of Apple required 

* Eliminates overheating 
problems 

* Switch on front controls fan, 
Apple, and extra outlet 

* Rotron whisper fan is the 
quietest, most reliable on the 
market 

NOW WITH SURGE 
SUPPRESSION 

$69.95 

WITHOUT SURGE 
SUPPRESSION '59.95 

MONITORS 

MONOCHROME 

NEC JB1201M- 20 MHZ GREEN $ 169| 
ZENITH ZUM-121 - 15 MHZ GREEN $ 99 

TAXAN 18 MHZ AMBER '139 1 

COLOR 

AMDEK COLOR I - COMPOSITE $ 335 I 

NO CO.D. ORDERS PLEASE 



ORDER TOLL FREE 

800-538-5000 



MSMSM 



(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS) 



ACCESSORIES FOR APPLE II & ME 

ALL WITH 1 YEAR WARRANTY BY 



PRINTERLINK 

CENTRONICS 
PARALLEL INTERFACE 

• Simple to use — No 
configuring required 

• Use with any Centronics 
printer— EPSON, 
OKIDATA, etc. 

• Includes Cable & Manual 



*59 



00 



MESSENGER 

SERIAL 
INTERFACE 

• Connects to any RS-232 
serial device 

• 8 switch selectable 
drivers for printers, 
terminals and modems 

• Includes Cable & Manual 



*99 



00 



:i;iP£R!SOFT 



TIMELINK 

REALTIME 
CLOCK 

Applications in file man- 
agement, word processing, 
communications, etc. 
Exclusive Alarm Clock 
feature 

Battery recharges 
automatically 



$ 84 



00 



NEWBUFFERLINK 

ADD-ON 
PRINTER BUFFER 

* Saves Time — No more 
waiting for printed output 

* Connects easily to any 
parallel interface 

* Expandable from 16K 



to64K 

$13900 



16K) 






1 JDR Microdevices 

1224 S. Bascom Ave. • San Jose, CA 95128 



(408) 995-5430 • Telex 171-110 



, *•%, 



, 1983 JDR MICRODEVICES, INC. 



VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE 

HOURS: M-W-F, 9-5 T-Th., 9-9 Sat. 11-3 

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERING 
TERMS: For shipping Include $2 for UPS Ground or $3 for UPS Blue 
Label Air. Items over 5 pounds require additional shipping charges. 
Foreign orders. Include sufficient amount tor shipping. There Is a $10 
minimum order. Bay Area and Los Angeles Counties add 6V»% Sales 
Tax. Other California residents add 6% Sales Tax. We reserve the 
right to substitute manufacturer. Not responsible for typographical 
errors. Prices are sub|ect to change without notice. We will match or 
beat any competitor's price provided It Is not below our cost. 



652 BYTE September 1983 



Circle 243 on inquiry card. 



Unclassified Ads 



FOR SALE: Two AMD Z8000 evaluator boards, includes 
AMD assembler S600 each. Also, seeking Assembler program- 
mer for Intel 805 1 . 8048, and 8085 in the NY. NJ. CT area. Vin- 
cent Randy. 139 Rich Ave.. Mount Vernon. NY 10550. 
WANTED: Position in the field of medical applications of 
computers sought by experienced clinician and medical ad- 
ministrator with a special interest in recording clinical informa- 
tion. Bernard N. Millner. MD. 919 Berkeley Ave.. Trenton. NJ 
08618, (609) 695-0696. 

WANTED: To trade software and exchange ideas about the 
TRS-80 Color Computer. A. Adachi, 30 Lockwood Rd.. 
Scarsdale. NY 10583. [9I4| 723-1582 after 6 p.m. 
WANTED: Any model TRS-80 Color Computer, any condi- 
tion (used OK) but must be working. Will pay S50 plus shipp- 
ing. Jim Norman. II 16 Northeast 14th Ave.. Gainesville. FL 
32601. (904J 375-6047. 

WANTED: Problems and/or solutions encountered with the 
Kaypro computer and Perfect software for possible inclusion in 
book I am writing. Let's share experiences. John L. Parker, 503 
East Georgia St., Tallahassee. FL 32308. |904| 222-9841. 
FOR SALE; One complete unused copy of Bristol Software 
Silicon Office for Commodore 8096 with 8050 disk. AlHn-one 
office software in original packaging, lists for S999. will sell for 
S500 orbestofTer. Steve Bolger, GloucesterComputerlnc, One 
Blackburn Center. Gloucester. MA 01930. |6I7| 283-7719. 
FOR TRADE: Heath H-IO paper-tape reader/punch in good 
working condition with parallel interface card for Q-bus. In- 
cludes cat)\es and manuals; works with any DEC LSI- 1 1 com- 
puter. Will swap for LSI- 1 1 software; RT-1 1. TSX, COBOL. Mort 
Spelas. 847 East Sheridan. Phoenix. AZ 85006. |602| 253-7637. 
FOR SALE: Odyssey 2 video-game system in good condition 
with four cartridges, all instructions, and original cartons. S 1 50 
or best offer. Assorted video game and computer magazines; 
S I each. Also. I would like to correspond with Commodore 
ViC-20 users who wish to exchange software and information. 
Joseph Brown, 2683 Chartestown Dr.. #3I-D, College Park. 
GA 30337. 

FOR SALE: Black Box A/S-I protocol converter. Translates 
bisynchronous EBCDIC (IBM 2770. 2780. or 3780 format) to 
asysnchronous ASCII (with X-Off/X-On support); S 1000 or best 
offer, Lee Jones. 509 Black Hills Dr., Claremont, CA 9171 1, 
(714) 621-9008. 

FOR SALE: Exatron Stringy Floppy for the TRS-80 Model III in 
superb condition. Manual, software. 30 wafers, and a wafer 
wheel for storage are included. S300 value; will sell for S200. 
Bernard F. Biron. 141 English Village Rd.. Manchester. NH 
03102. (603) 669-1269. 

FOR SALE: The Digital Group 40K-byte Z80 computer 
system with Phi-Deck cassette system. Also, all software and 
two unpopulated 32K-byte (4044} memory boards. Plenty of 
room for expansion; asking $1000. Peter V. Beckmann, 4113 
Cedar Ave.. Palm Beach Gardens. FL 33410. (305) 622-0347. 
FOR TRADE: Send a list of your better Apple software and I 
will send you mine. Or send a disk with your better programs 
and I will return it promptly with mine. I am interested in arcade 
games and educational programs. P. Rathod, Revefaret 4. Oslo 
4. Norway. 

WANTED: To upgrade TRS-80 Model I. Cat. No. 26-1006, 
Expansion Interface, Cat. No. 26-1 142, and related software. 
W. C. Russell, 4027 Holly Rue, Erie. PA 16506. 
FOR SALE: Voicebox II for Atari. Used only a couple of 
times: S 1 15. I will ship in U.S. or add $5 for shipping outside 
U.S. Voicebox. I for Atari; S 100. Add S3 if you want it shipped 
COD. Will Hudson. 519 Linden. East Lansing, Ml 48823. 
FOR SALE: IBM 5 100 portable computer, 64K RAM. built-in 
BASIC and APL, with IBM 5 1 03 DM Printer. Also, business soft- 
ware, all manuals, and lots of blank tapes. Best offer. Rich Larris. 
388 Mam St.. Danbury, CT 06810. (203) 792-7300 days. 
FOR SALE: AIM 65 with 4K RAM. BASIC. PL-65. Assembler, 
enclosure, power supply, and full documentation. Best offer 
over S300. Ben Pashkoff. POB 4994. College Station. TX 
77844. [409)846-1075. 

FOR SALE: 32K Interact Color Computer with built-in 
1500-bps cassette player. Also, typewriter keyboard. RS-232C 
connector, two joysticks, schematics. BASIC manual and over 
100 programs. New cost $2000, asking $895. Barbara Bridges, 
POB 42. Badger, CA 93603. (209) 337-2885 evenings. 
WANTED: Information exchange wth Interact owners/ 
users. Would like to join or start Interact users group, in person 
or by mail. Can do: 8080 ML programming, rewire Atari. 
Odyssey etc. .joysticks. Paul Donnelly. 10 Idle Day Dr., Center- 
port. NY II 721. 

FOR SALE: Processor Technology Sol-20 with S-100 bus 
and five expansion slots. 8080A processor, parallel and serial 
communications interface. 64K RAM, and an 8-inch disk drive. 
Also includes CP/M 2.2 operating system, MBASIC. Electric 
Pencil word processor, utilities, and game packages; all with full 
documentation. Asking S2000 or best offer. Joe Vaccarello. 
254 Chamberlain Ave.. Paterson. NJ 07502, (201) 790-8463. 
FOR SALE: Brand new. never opened Apple II with 
80-column card, expandable to 64K with Artsci Magic Words 
Text Processor. Magic Words Spelling Proofreader, and Magic 
Calc Spreadsheet Program: S350. Marc Ries. 1 3977 Coteau Dr. 
§2, Whittier, CA 90604. (213) 946-3073. 



FOR SALE: Rockwell AIM-65 system with heavy-duty 
aluminum case, power supply, printer, and paper. Never used; 
asking S225 or best offer. Andy Chiang, (212) 565-6784 or 
425-0658. 

FOR SALE: Back issues of BYTE: vol. 2. No. 8 through vol. 7, 
No. 9: like-new condition; S225 plus shipping, W. R. Elmen- 
dorf, 31 FairWay. Poughkeepsie, NY 12603, (914] 462-0721. 
FOR SALE: CPM 2.2. 15-stot S-100. Compupro Z80A and 
65K static memory. Morrow Multi I/O, Morrow Floppy and HD 
controllers, Shugart 2S/2D 1.2MB 8-inch floppy disk, Fujitsu 
10MB hard disk, Televideo9l0C. Texas Instruments 8 10-8 and 
stand. Smartmodem, all cables and technical manuals included. 
Used 1 year. $5500 or best offer. John Bohn, 7440 East Hwy. 
140. Merced. CA 95340. 

WANTED: A disk drive or a printer (include interface if 
needed) in old condition for an Atari. Send information about 
your peripheral if asking price is less than S370. Robert Liu, 1 55 
Kings Rd.. Madison, NJ 07940, (201) 822-2527 after 5 p.m. 
FOR SALE: Vector 3 system including NEC 5515 Spinwriter, 
computer and printer stands, and dual disk drives. Software in- 
cludes word processing, accounting, and execplan. Financing 
may be available for a 30-month term; $9000 or best offer. 
Michael Wolf. Suite 200. 10350 Santa Monica Blvd., Los 
Angeles. CA 90025, (213) 277-5191. 
WANTED: Schematic diagrams and data sheets or any other 
information about the Video Brain Family Computer Model 
1 01 A. Matthew A. Goglia. 33 Musket Dr.. Nashua. NH 03062. 
WANTED: Experienced hobbyist, specialized in software 
development mainly for Z80/808O systems, is looking for in- 
teresong assignments. Bart Rutten, Azielaan 284. 3526 SJ 
Utrecht The Netherlands, tel: (0)30-89 63 67. 
FOR SALE: Graphics terminal. Lear-Siegler ADM 3A+ with 
Digital Research Retro-Graphics card containing Z80 and on- 
board memory. Emulates Tektronix 40 IX series. Has numeric 
keybad, RS-232C printer port. Only three years old, all 
documentation included, shipped in original carton. Shipping 
included: $1400 or best offer. Randy Girard. RR3 Box 36, 
Chillicothe. IL 6 1 523, (309) 274-5540 or 578-3336. 
FOR SALE: TRS-80 Model 1 48 + . expansion interface, upper- 
and lowercase, number keys and Scnpsit keys. RS-232C. HD in- 
terface, two DD disk drives. Synthesizer and Voxbox. tape 
drive, cables, and documents. Software includes Scripsit, Profile, 
Visicat, Versafile. Assembly. FORTRAN. LDOS-HD. comm- 
Videotext. Microfile. GenLedger. AcctsPay. AcctsRec, Model II 
to Model I converter, and more. Just serviced by TRS: $2000. 
Not compatible with new VAX-780. Gene Gropper. 7 1 Nimitz 
Rd.. Yonkers. NY 10710. 

FOR SALE: 8K BASIC ROM to upgrade Sinclair ZX80 to 
ZX81; S25. Assorted ZX8I Software. Send SASE for list and 
prices. R. Cummings. 124 West 10th, Andover, KS 67002. 
FOR SALE: Commodore VIC-20 color computer with 
manual, Programmers Reference Guide, cassette recorder, 8K 
memory expander, power supply, and game software. A little 
over a year old. Paid S 590. asking $ 230. Leland Gershell. 5 1 5 
West End Ave.. New York, NY 1 0024. (2 1 2) 877-2322. 
FOR SALE: Back issues of BYTE Nov. 1977 to present 
Creative Computing July 1979 to present Personal Computing 
May 1978 to present and other miscellaneous titles. Myron 
Ellis. 1300 South 19th St.. Terre Haute, IN 47803. (812) 
235-3851. 

FOR SALE: Epson MX 80F/T and switched serial interface for 
a couple of Apple Us. Includes two CCS 77IOA asynchronous 
serial interface boards, one Practical Peripherals MBS-8K buf- 
fered interface, and three cables totaling 60 feet in length. 
Works great at 1 9.2K bits per second. Rick Bullen. 26 Pinecrest 
Dr., Hastings-on-Hudson, NY 10706, (212) 398-8474 days or 
(914) 478-2940 evenings. 

WANTED: Service manuals and schematics for all types of 
minicomputers. Send name, address, and telephone number 
with name of literature and asking price. B. J. Currier. 57 Ox- 
ford St., Manchester, CT 06040. 

FOR SALE: S-100 boards: Tarbell double-density floppy-disk 
controller, little used: S300. Fully populated TRACE 32K static 
RAM. works at 2 MHz: S 100. VDM-I : $25. Bruce Kinney. 4201 
Tynes Dr.. Garland. TX 75042. (214) 276-7650. 
FOR TRADE: Will exchange programs for the TRS-80, Atari 
800. and the Apple II in both BASIC and assembly language. I 
am especially looking for simulation programs for the Atari 800 
and the Apple II. Will trade programs of egual size for those 
received. Send your listings plus SASE for a return listing. Don C. 
Jacobs. Box 3913. Ingleside, TX 78362. 



WANTED: I will swap any BASIC game programs with 
TI-99/4 and 4A users. Send your programs on cassette or list 
them on paper. I will return your programs with some of mine. 
Eric Ng. 4506 Georgetown Dr., Columbia, MO 65201. 
FOR SALE: TRS-80 Model III 5 V* -inch formatted floppy disk 
with business- type, custom-made software f inventory /bill- 
writing/dairy balancing). I must sell out my personal software 
packages from owner/operator business. Wilt customize to 
your specs if requested. Mike Keller. 422 Central Manor Rd., 
Mountville, PA 17554, (717) 285-4853. 
WANTED: Copy of Byte Nybbie #109. "An APL Interpreter 
in Pascal." Will gladly pay copy costs and postage. W. R. 
Mitchell, POB 1627, Poughkeepsie, NY 12601. 
WANTED: The Saginaw Michigan Computer Users Group is 
assembling a nondenominafjonal directory of users groups. 
Groups with general and/or special interests in computing as 
well as from ali geographic areas are welcome. Send club 
name, address, and interests. Computer User's Directory- 
SMCUG, 2534 Nebraska St., Saginaw. Ml 48601. 
WANTED: Back issues of Dr Dobb's Journal. I will buy all 
the 1 98 1 and 1982 issues you want to sell— at your price— rf 
your offer includes certain key issues I am missing. Barry G. 
Knapp. 4695 Osage Dr.. Boulder, CO 80303, |303| 494-8390. 
FOR SALE: North Star Horizon 48K with two single-sided 
single-density floppy disks. Also, all my Noah Star software: 
$1500. R. Riggio. 18047 Audette, Dearborn. Ml 48124. 
FOR SALE: Heath H-89, professional assembled, mint condi- 
tion. Includes serial-interface board. Heath disk operating sys- 
tem. Text Editor. Epson MX-80 driver program, games, and 
Morse code practice programs on disk. Nearly complete collec- 
tion of REMark issues through 4/83. All manuals, schematics. 
and software documentation. Package price: S 1 500. C. Frye. 
2545 Nevada Ave.. Oroville. CA 95965. (916) 534-7491. 
FOR SALE: Adds Viewpoint terminal, 80-character by 
24-line black-and-white terminal with detachable keyboard; 
looks and runs like new: S400. Dick Manning. POB 4386. 
Allentown, PA 18105,(215)439-0351. 
FOR TRADE: Want to swap programs for the TRS-80 Model 
III, any disk or tape program or utility. Send your list of programs 
and I'll send you mine. Tom Trepanier, 35 Lincoln Ave., Ard- 
sley, NY 10502, (914] 693-6398. 

FOR SALE: ZX81, IK with BASIC and owners manual: S50. 
Andrew Case. 4565 Westcott Dr.. Friday Harbor. WA 98250. 
FOR SALE: Digital Group Z80A system with 56K RAM, 
audio-cassette board, eight parallel ports, Quad Phi-Deck drive 
with controller, D. G. Printer, full ASCII keyboard, and 9-inch 
Javelin monitor. Matched cabinets for all. Phimon, Opus. 
BASIC (4 versions), Assembler, Disassembler, and others. All for 
$900 or best offer. Roy Aydelotte, 620 Hibiscus Dr.. Satellite 
Beach. FL 32937, (305) 773-3405. 

FOR SALE: LNW-80 computer 48K RAM. double-density 
disk controller with DOS-PLUS 3.4 LNW BASIC for high-resolu- 
tion graphics. 24 by 80 display, and more. Asking $900. Ann 
Pham, 365 1 Beth Ct., Santa Clara. CA 95050. (408) 988-6294. 
FOR SALE: Completed video-board kit with chips and RF 
modulator: $40. Decided to purchase display. Richard J. Willis. 
10325 Caminito Cuervo #168, San Diego. CA 92108. 
FOR SALE: OSI Challenger 2P 8K. plus some programs. Also, 
BYTE January through December 1978. Best offer. Robert 
Keelan. 1 1405 South Talman Ave.. Chicago. IL 60655. 
WANTED: Manual for the TI Silent 700 terminal. Wish to in- 
terface with Commodore 64. Need all data re; hardware, soft- 
ware, cables, etc. Am a writer and definitely an engineering 
novice. D. Cascio, 1 12-28 68th Dr., Forest Hills. NY 1 1375. 
FOR SALE: TRS-80 Color Computer with 32K Extended 
BASIC: S325, disk drive: S295, modem: $70, line printer VIII: 
$395. Software included with processor, switchbox with 
printer. Dave Edick, 15938 Gramercy Dr., San Leandro, CA 
94578. 

FOR SALE: Sinclair ZX80 with IK, full-sized keyboard, game 
cassette, and flicker-free board. Compatible with almost all 
ZX81/TSI000 products: SI 25 or best offer. Alvin Lam, 690 
Sunset Pkwy., Novate CA 94947. [415] 883-5286. 
FOR SALE: SOROC IQ 1 20 video terminal, more than a year 
old. excellent condition. Asking $400 or best offer. Niels 
Lauritzen. c/o Tryntje Lauritzen, 6250 Wissahickon Ave., 
Philadelphia, PA 19144. 

FOR SALE: Sinclair ZX-80, slightly- used, with sound syn- 
thesizer, cassette cable manuals, learning lab, and 32 game pro- 
gram book. All for $70. Lance Gropper. 5020 Coldwater Cyn 
Apt. #203, Sherman Oaks. CA 91423. 



UNCLASSIFIED POLICY: Readers whei have computer equipment to buy, sell, or 
trade or who are requesting or giving advice may send a notice to BYTE for inclusion in the 
Unclassified Ads section. To be considered for publication, an advertisement must be non- 
commercial (individuals or bona fide computer clubs only), typed double-spaced on plain 
white paper, contain 75 words or fewer, and include complete name and address. This ser- 
vice is free of charge; notices are printed once only as space permits. Your confirmation of 
placement is appearance in an issue of BYTE as we engage in no correspondence. Please 
allow at least three months for your ad to appear. Send your notices to Unclassified Ads, 
BYTE/McGraw-Hill, POB 372, Hancock, NH 03449. 



September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 653 






Unclassified Ads 



FOR SALE: IMSAI 22-slot S-100 system, IEEE-696 compati- 
ble. Front panel. 64K static 200ns RAM. Z80, and 8080 pro- 
cessor cards. 2SIO/2 serial I/O card. Micromation DD disk con- 
troller, and two disk drives. CP/M BIOS and all necessary disk 
utilities included. Excellent starter system working: S2000 firm. 
You ship or I deliver within 75 miles. A. L. Bender, 64 1 Victoria 
Terrace, Paramus, NJ 07652. (201) 652-0157. 
WANTED: Apple II Plus-compatibie software to swap. I am 
particularly interested in utilities and educational programs (in- 
cluding CP/M). Send a list of your programs and/or a disk of 
your more advanced programs, t will promptly return the same 
with some of my programs. Ursula Suesser, 2444 Northwest 
Green Circle, Corvallis, OR 97330. (503) 754-0293. 
FOR SALE: Equipment left over from several large club pro- 
jects. 49 2532 Tl EPROMS ® S4 (almost new); 200+ 8-inch 128 
byte IBM disks @ S2; 95 8-inch DS/DD IBM disks @ S3; 1 7 DEC- 
tape reels in cannisters @ S3. Roman Pawnyk, 8380 Pinehurst 
Dr.. Parma, OH 44129. 

FOR SALE: Radio Shack Mini-Disk Drive (cat no. 26- 1 1 6 1 ) in 
excellent condition: S400 or best offer. Richard Havanec. 575 
Sedgewick Ave., Stratford, CT 06497, (203) 377-4080 after 
5:30 p.m. 

FOR SALE: North Star 18MB hard-disk drive with North Star 
HDOS. No bad spots. Less than a year old: S3095. John 
Strauch. 4 1 7 West I st. Sonora. TX 76950. (9 1 5] 387-2273 days 
and 387-3784 evenings CT. 



FOR SALE: ASR 33 with manuals. Hardly used: S200, pay 
shipping on delivery. Also, two Processor Technology I6K 
RAM boards modified to 64K less 4116 memory chips: S60 
each. M. Gilbert, 154 Munson Ave., West Hempstead, NY 
I 1552, (516) 486-0367. 

WANTED: I am writing a book about software. Seeking uni- 
que or specialized software like manufacturing robots and 
general business software. Send SASE. Anthony Klosky. 1529 
North Noble St., Chicago IL 60622. 

FOR SALE: HP-4 1 CV hand-held computer/calculator system 
including printer, bar-code wand, card reader, timer module, 
PPC ROM, statistics ROM, Extended functions/memory, and 
many hardware extras. All like new. Much software (scien- 
tific/medical applications) and documentation from HP and PPC 
f 12 inches). Asking S750 or best offer including shipping. Will 
consider sale by the piece. S.J. Davidson. 1008 Kater St., 
Philadelphia, PA 1 9 1 47. (2 1 5) 928- 1551 or 842-6544 . 
WANTED: Used computer system, complete with display 
screen, printer, and software for word processing, etc. J. 
Leonard. 5700 Arlington Ave., Riverdale. NY 10471, (212) 
548-9325. 

FOR SALE: Texas Instruments Model 840 RO printer, con- 
figured as follows: tractor and friction feed, device forms con- 
trol, 2K buffer, requites RS-232C, prints 75 cps, excellent condi- 
tion: S 725. Will send print samples if desired. Barry Kosons. 509 
Pecos Trail. Belton. TX 76513. (817) 939-2660. 



WANTED: Apple II Plus computer with one disk drive, 3.3 
controller. Very good condition, price negotiable Mike Wexler. 
(201) 572-2970. 

WANTED: Need information on the IMSAI MDIO Disk Con- 
troller card, especially schematic. I/O routines, and CP/M bios. 
David Schuler. 3032 Avon Rd.. Bethlehem. PA 18017. 
WANTED: Send a list of your Apple programs and I will send 
you mine. I am mainly interested in entertainment software. 
Please include a SASE. Greg Burns. 448 West Rd . New Ca- 
naan, CT 06840. 

FOR SALE: Kaypro II computer; software and manuals in- 
cluded: SI 650. Bruce Haednch. POB 242. Eliot. ME 03903. 
[207] 439-0094. 

FOR SALE: Zenith Data Systems Z-100. brand new. in the 
box. desktop, all-in-one computer. I92K RAM. one DSDD 
5'/4 -inch floppy disk. 1 1 3-megabyte Winchester. 8- and 16-bit 
operating system with BASIC Asking S4995 Steve Bergere. 
POB 31 I. Shenorock, NY 10587. (914) 241-0850 
FOR SALE: SOROC IQ 140 video terminal. Never used. Ex- 
cellent condition. Make an offer. Watson Klincewicz. 1020 
Ethel Ave.. Fairview Village, PA 19403. (215) 539-6515. 
FOR SALE: Dynabyte DB 8/1 and 8/4. I28K. MP/M. dual 
user, two 8-inch floppy disks, SSDD, DB Hayes Micromodem, 
software includes over 30 CPMUG. Microsoft BASIC compiler. 
Reporter spreadsheet, etc S2995 Michael Block. 2700 North 
29 Ave. #308. Hollywood. FL 33020. 



BOMB 

BYTE's Onaoina Monitc 


\lBqx 


Article # 


Page 


Article 


Author(s) 


1 


20 


Build the Micro D-Cam Solid-State Video Camera, 
Part 1 : The IS32 Optic RAM and the Micro D-Cam 








Hardware 


Garcia 


2 


34 


How to Choose a Portable 


Wszola 


3 


51 


High-IQ Modems 


Durham 


4 


66 


Developing a Truly Portable Visicalc 


Johnson 


5 


80 


The Gavilan— A Full-Function Portable Computer 


Zepecki 


6 


94 


Inside CMOS Technology 


Pawloski. 
Moroyan, 
Altnether 


7 


127 


The Challenge of Hard-Disk Portability 


Sutton 


8 


139 


The Radio Shack TRS-80 Model 100 


Kelly 


9 


166 


The New Microfloppy Standards 


Jarrett 


10 


178 


The HP-75 Portable Computer 


Archer 


II 


188 


The Access Portable Computer 


Kepner 


12 


193 


Epson's HX-20 and Texas Instruments' CC-40 


Ramsey 


13 


208 


The Pied Piper Portable Computer 


Bates 


14 


212 


The Kaypro II 


Fager. 
Bohr 


15 


226 


The Corona Portable PC 


Malloy 


16 


230 


A Report on the Consumer Electronics Show 


Lemmons 


17 


233 


The Next Five Years in Microcomputers 


Pournelle 


18 


250 


Update on Personal Computing in Japan 


Lemmons 


19 


257 


The Unix Tutorial, Part 2: Unix as an Applications- 








Programs Base 


Fiedler 


20 


283 


BYTE West Coast: Just Rewards for Programmers 


Robertson 


21 


289 


A C Language Primer, Part 2: Tool Building in C 


Joyce 


22 


307 


User's Column: Eagles. Text Editors. New Com- 








pilers, and Much More 


Pournelle 


23 


331 


The IBM PC and the Intel 8087 Coprocessor, 








Part 2: Interfacing to IBM Pascal 


Field 


24 


356 


Echonet. Part 1 : A Flexible Programming System 


Barber 


25 


376 


Data File Management Methods 


Johnson 


26 


385 


An Introduction to Layered Protocols 


Witt 


27 


41 1 


Does Your Printer Work with Wordstar? 


Stephenson 


28 


419 


In-Circuit Emulation 'for the Apple II Computer 


Ferguson 


29 


445 


Add Multiple Tasks to Your Communication 








and Control Program 


Holter 


30 


549 


An Operations Research Scheduling Program 


Stark, 
Reid 



June BOMB Winners 

Readers lauded the User's Col- 
umn this month with first place go- 
ing to Jerry Pournelle's "Zenith 
Z-100, Epson QX-10, Software 
Licensing, and the Software Piracy 
Problem." Dr. Pournelle wins S 100. 
Second place and $50 goes to Steve 
Garcia for his article entitled "Use 
ADPCM for Highly Intelligible 
Speech Synthesis." Tim Paterson 
takes third place with "An Inside 
Look at MS-DOS," an overview of 
the popular operating system. 



Correspondence 

Address all editorial correspondence to the 
editor at BYTE. POB 372. Hancock NH 03449. 
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companied by sufficient first-class postage. Not 
responsible for lost manuscripts or photos. Opin- 
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those of BYTE. Entire contents copyright © 1 983 
by BYTE Publications Inc. All rights reserved. 
Where necessary, permission is granted by the 
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with the Copyright Clearance Center |CCC| to 
photocopy any article herein for the flat fee of 
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BYTE® is available in microform from University 
Microfilms International. 300 North Zeeb Rd. Dept. 
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Dept. PR. London WCIR 4EJ England. 



654 September 1983 S BYTE Publications Inc. 



Reader Service 



Inquiry No. 



Page No. 



2 1ST NATIONAL COMPUTER 220 
1 1 SUPER WAREHOUSE 416 

3 3M CO/TRENDCOM 434 

4 800 SOFTWARE 171 

5 A.S.T. RESEARCH 423 

6 AB COMPUTERS 603 

• AARDVARK/MCGRAW-HILL 577 

7 ABBEY TAPE DUPLICATORS 404 

8 ABC DATA PRODUCTS 182 
513 ACCOUNTS PAYABLE 

RESEARCH 540 

9 ACTIVE ELECTRONICS 474 

10 ADDMASTER CORP. 560 

11 ADDMASTER CORP. 618 

12 ADV.COMP.PROD. 630, 631 

570 ADV.DIGITAL CORP. 432 

571 ADV. DIGITAL CORP. 433 

15 ADV.LOGIC SYSTEMS 110 

16 ADV.PROCESSOR SYS. 566 

17 ADV.SYS.CONCEPTS 406 
560 AFC COMPUTER 172 

■ AGRIPLEX 622 

• ALF PRODUCTS, INC. 296 

18 ALL ELECTRONICS CORP. 467 

19 ALPHA BYTE COMP.PROD. 218 

20 ALPHA BYTE COMP.PROD. 516, 
517 

21 ALPHA OMEGA COMPUTER 52 

22 ALTOS COMP.SYS. 455 

23 AMDEK CORP. 57 

24 AMER.SQUARE COMP. 341 

25 AMER. BUYING & EXPORT 490 

26 ANADEX 237 

27 ANADEX 543 

28 ANN ARBOR TERMINALS 483 

29 APPLE COMPUTER INC. CM, 1 

31 APPLE COUNTRY LTD. 611 

32 APPLEWARE, INC. 612 

■ APPLIED CREATIVE TECH.INC. 75 

34 ARBA 622 

35 ARBUTUS TOTALSOFT INC. 608 

36 ARK MICROSYSTEMS 494 

37 ARTIFICIAL INT'L.RESRCH. 614 

39 ASHTON-TATE 298 

40 ASHTON-TATE 391 

41 AT & T LONG LINES 573 

42 ATARI, INC. 73 

43 AUTOCONTROL INC. 77 

• AUTOMATED EQUPMNT. 613 

44 AVOCET507 

45 B&B ELECTR. 610 

46 BALCONES COMP.CORP. 531 

• BARGAIN BOARDS 616 

47 BASF SYSTEMS 369 

48 BASIS, INC. 138 

50 BAY TECHNICAL ASSOC. 12 

51 BELL, JOHN ENGR. 605 

52 BHRT 164, 165 

53 BIBLE RESEARCH SYSTEMS 428 

54 BINARY TECHNOLOGY 608 

575 BMC U.S.A. 241 

576 BMC U.S.A. 241 

56 BOTTOM LINE, THE 285 

• BRYLAR 618 

• BYTE BACK ISSUES 308 

• BYTE PUBL. INC. 398 

57 BYTEK COMP.SYS.CORP. 290 

58 BYTEWRITER 134 

59 C-SYSTEMS 514 

60 C.S.D.INC. 610 
505 CADMUS 546, 547 

61 CALIF. DATA CORP. 618 

• CALIF. DIGITAL 628, 629 

• CALIF.MICRO.COMP. 502 

62 CAMDEN COUNTY 244 

63 CANNED SOFTWARE 278 

65 CAPITOL EQUIPMENT 274 
298 CDEX 399 

66 CDR SYSTEMS 620 

67 CHECK-MATE 548 

68 CHIPS & DALE 614 

69 CHRISLIN IND. INC. 563 

70 CIPHER DATA PRODUCTS 487 

71 CITICORP LATINO 610 

72 CLEO509 

73 CMC.INT'L. 440, 441 

74 CMCINT'L. 478 

75 COGITATE 608 

76 COLORADO COMP.PERIPH. 404 
563 COLUMBIA DATA PROD. 235 

77 COMMUNICAL.INC. 232 

78 COMMUNICATION CABLE 616 

79 COMMUNICATIONS ELECTR. 275 
509 COMP.COMPNTS.UNLTD. 597 



Inquiry No. 



Page No. 



80 COMP.COMPNTS.UNLTD. 636, 637 

567 COMP.EXCHNG/CONROY- 
LAPNTE 374, 375 

568 COMP.EXCHNG/CONROY- 
LAPNTE 374, 375 

569 COMP.EXCHNG/CONROY- 
LAPNTE 374, 375 

• COMPAQ COMP. CORP. 11 

83 COMPONENTS EXPRESS 198 

84 COMPUADD 616 

85 COMPUADD 620 

86 COMPUADD 622 
489 COMPU-MEDIA 538 

87 COMPUPRO 161 

• COMPUPRO 520, 521, 522 

88 COMPUSERVE 450 
566 COMPUSHACK 571 

90 COMPUTER APPARATUS 187 

91 COMPUTER CHANNEL 131 

92 COMPUTER DISCOUNT PROD. 609 

93 COMPUTER FURN.&ACCSS. 234 

• COMPUTER GRAPHICS WORLD 
INSERT 288A 

94 COMPUTER HUT OF NE 205 

95 COMPUTER INNOVATIONS 90 

96 COMPUTER MAIL ORDER 524, 525 

97 COMPUTER OUTLET 615 

• COMPUTER PLUS 486 
573 COMPUTER POST 607 

99 COMPUTER SCIENCE PRESS 284 

561 COMPUTER SOFTWARE STORE 
406 

101 COMPUTER STORE, THE 566 

102 COMPUTER STORE, THE 614 

103 COMPUTER SYSTEMS 538 

104 COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY 366 

• COMPUTER WAREHOUSE 475 

105 COMPUTERLINE INTL-A 492, 493 

106 COMPUTERLINE INT'L-B 565 

107 COMPUTERS AND MORE 474 

108 COMPUTERS AND MORE 572 

109 COMPUTING! 559 

110 COMPUVIEW PROD.INC. 63 

111 COMREX279 

112 CONCURRENT CORP. 144 

113 CONSOLINK489 

114 CONTROL DATA 194 

115 CONTROL ELECTRONICS, INC. 
224 

116 CORONA DATA SYS. 124, 125 

117 CORONA DATA SYS. 392, 393, 

118 COST PLUS COMP. 512 

119 CROMEMC0 5 

123 CSC 608 

120 CUESTA SYSTEMS 620 

121 CUSTOM COMP.TECH. 621 

122 CYBERNETICS MICRO SYS. 614 

124 DAILY BUSINESS PROD. 476 

125 DAILY BUSINESS PROD. 512 

126 DATA DISTRIBUTING ENT. 470 

127 DATA EXCHANGE 646 

128 DATA INFORMATION SYS. 616 

129 DATA MAIL 494 

130 DATA MANAGEMENT SYS 506 
515 DATAMASTER 622 

132 DATA-RITE 498 

133 DATASOURCE SYS.MRKTG. 122 

134 DATASOUTH COMP.CORP. 140 

135 DATASOUTH COMP.CORP. 266 

131 DATA TRANSLATION INC. 554 

137 DECISION RESOURCES 311 

138 DECMATION 512 

139 DECOTEC 612 

141 DIAMOND SFTW.SUPPLY 396 

142 DIGISOFT COMPUTER 527 

144 DIGITAL DIMENSIONS 395 

145 DIGITAL ELECT.SYS. 16 

146 DIGITAL LABORATORIES 162 

148 DIGITAL MEDIA 620 

• DIGITAL RESEARCH INSERT 
224A 

149 DIGITAL RESEARCH 225 

• DIGITAL RESEARCH COMP. 601 

150 DIGITIME618 

151 DISCOUNT SOFTWARE 269 

152 DISPLAYED VIDEO 599 

153 DMA SYSTEMS 133 

154 DOKAY COMP.PROD.INC. 632, 
633 

• DOW JONES 239 

155 DOW JONES SOFTWARE 117 

156 DOWNTOWN BOOK BAZAAR 646 

157 DUAL SYSTEMS CORP. 153 

158 DWIGHTCO. INC. 614 



Inquiry No. 



Page No. 



159 DYNACOMP560 

160 DYSAN CORP. 417 

162 EAGLE SOFTWARE 134 

163 EAST SIDE SOFTWARE 545 

164 EASTERN ENTERPRISES 364 

165 ECOSOFT502 

166 EDUCATIONAL MICROCOMP. 302 

167 ELECTRADE CO. 646 

168 ELECTRONIC PROTECTION 
DEVICES 10 

169 ELECTRONIC PROTECTION 
DEVICES 402 

170 ELECTRONIC SPCLISTS 366 

171 ELECTROSONICS 560 

172 ELEK-TEK312 

173 ELITE SOFTWARE 566 

• ELLIS COMPUTING 211 
' ELLIS COMPUTING 349 

• EMPIRICAL RESRCH.GRP. 120 

174 ENERCOMP 368 

175 ENGINEERING SPECIALTIES 564 

176 EROS 479 

177 ESSJAY 404 

178 EXAR INTEGRATED SYS 272, 273 

235 EXCEL 491 

179 EXPOTEK 195 

180 EXTENDED PROCESSING 612 
512 EXXON OFFICE SYS.CO. 540 

181 FACIT DATAROYAL 97 

182 FALCON SAFETY PROD. 378 

184 FIGURE LOGIC BUS.EQUIP. 568 

497 FORMATS UNLTD. 152 

185 FORMULA INT'L. 617 

186 FOX & GELLER INC. 69 

187 FRANKLIN COMP.CORP. 35 

188 FUJITSU PROFESS.MICROSYS. 
400 401 

189 GARDEN OF EDEN COMP. 614 

192 GENSTAR REI SALES CO. 58 

193 G & G ENGINEERING 271 

193 GIFFORD COMP. SYS. 271 

194 GILTRONIX INC. 616 
516 GOLDEN WEST 622 

196 GOULD, INC. 293 

143 GREAT SALT LAKE COMP. 622 

197 GREAT SALT LAKE COMP. 634, 
635 

198 GTCO CORP. 511 

199 GTEK INC. 454 

200 H&ECOMPUTRONICS13 

201 H&M DISK DRIVE SERVICES 403 
508 HANDWELL INC. 595 

• HAYDEN BOOK CO. 518 

203 HAYES MICROCOMP.PROD. 199 

204 HAYES MICROCOMP.PROD 456, 
457 

206 HEATH COMPANY 64, 65 

208 HEWLETT-PACKARD 442 

2D9 HEWLETT-PACKARD 495 

49 HOUSTON INSTR.DIV. OF 

BAUSCH & LOMB 151 

211 HUMAN SOFT 355 

212 I. B.C. 19 

213 I.T.M. 414 

507 IBM CORP. 320, 321 

214 IBM CORP. 424, 425 

215 IBM/SMALL SYSTEMS DIV. 446, 
447 

217 IBS COMPUTERTECHNIK 302 

219 IMAGE COMP.PROD. 610 

220 IMS INTERNATIONAL 407 

221 INCOMM 326 

222 INFOPRO SYS. 646 

223 INMAC 481 

224 INSIGHT ENTERPRISES 618 

225 INSTITUTE-SCTF.ANALYSIS 333 

226 INTL COMP. & TELECOM.INC. 
616 

227 INT'L TECH. SEMINARS 562 
562 INTEGRAL DATA SYS. 207 

228 INTEGRAND 236 

229 INTERACTIVE STRUCT. 282 

230 INTERBUSINESS CORP. 570 

231 INTERCONTN.MICROSYS. 18 

232 INTERDATA SYSTEMS INC. 614 

233 INTERTEC DATA SYS. 14, 15 

234 INTEX SYSTEMS 435 

498 ISA CO. LTD. 74 

236 J.C.SYSTEMS 130 

237 JADE COMP.PROD. 623 

238 JADE COMP.PROD. 624, 625 

239 JAMECO ELECTR. 626, 627 

• JAMES FOX ASSOC. 646 

240 JDR MICRODEVICES 647 



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241 JDR MICRODEVICES 648, 649 

242 JDR MICRODEVICES 650, 651 

243 JDR MICRODEVICES 652 

244 JUKI INDUSTRY OF AM 159 

245 JVB ELECTRONICS 608 

246 K&R COMPUTER CO.LTD. 506 

247 KADAK PRODUCTS 574 

352 KELLY COMP.SUPPLIES 612 

353 KELLY COMP.SUPPLIES 620 

248 KENSINGTON MICROWARE 83 

249 KENSINGTON MICROWARE 222 

250 KERN PUBLICATIONS 372 

251 KERN PUBLICATIONS 373 

252 KEY TRONIC CORP. 113 

253 KIMTRON CORP. 405 

254 LABORATORY MICROSYS. 618 

255 LANIER BUSN.PROD. 367 

256 LARK SOFTWARE 470 

257 LEADING EDGE PROD. Clll 

258 LEHMANN & ASSOC. 608 

259 LIBERTY COMP. SALES 513 

564 LION MICROSYS 382 

261 LOGICAL DEVICES 116 

262 LOGICAL MICROCOMPUTER 471 

263 LOMAS DATA PRODUCTS 497 

264 LSI JAPAN CO. 618 

265 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 476 

266 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 612 

267 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 506 

268 LYCO COMPUTER 421 

• MACMILLAN BOOK CLUBS 561 

270 MACROTECH INT'L. 191 

271 MACROTRON CO. 119 

272 MAGIC COMPUTER CO. 242 

273 MANNESMANN TALLY 145 

274 MANX SOFTWARE 76 

275 MARITIME SOFTWARE ASSOC. 
616 

276 MARK OF THE UNICORN 259 

277 MARYMAC INDUSTRIES 300 

278 MAXELL DATA PRODUCTS 115 

• MC-P APPLICATIONS 379 

• MCGRAW-HILL BOOKSTORE 569 

280 MEDIA DISTRIBUTING 380 

281 MEGABYTE INDUSTRIES 508 

• MEMOREX MEDIA PROD. 383 
572 MEMORY MERCHANT 415 

• MEMTEK 200, 201 

282 METHOD SYSTEMS 570 
285 MICRO APPLICATIONS 646 

287 MICRO DATA SUPPLIES 292 
574 MICRO MAIL 619 

288 MICRO MANAGEMENT SYS. 535 

289 MICRO MART 508 

517 MICRO MART 622 

290 MICRO MINT 50 

291 MICRO MINT 575 

292 MICRO SCI 245 

293 MICRO WORKS, THE 204 

294 MICRO XPRESS 132 

284 MICROAGE COMP. STORES, INC. 
533 

296 MICRODYNAMICS 568 

297 MICROHOUSE 306 

518 MICROMAX SYS 410 

519 MICROMAX SYS 410 

300 MICROPERIPH.CORP.THE 564 

301 MICROPROCESSORS UNLTD. 612 

• MICROSOFT (CPD) 108 

• MICROSOFT (CPD) 463 

302 MICROSTUF.INC. 91 

303 MICRO-TAX 346 

304 MICROTECH EXPORTS 180 

305 MICROTYPE 498 

306 MICROWARE 294 

307 MILLER.J.W. 620 

308 MODULAR MICROS INC. 169 
496 MONITOR COMPUTING 238 

309 MORROW 328, 329 

310 MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS 53 

311 MTI SYSTEMS CORP. 576 

312 MULTIMICRO COMPUTER 263 

313 MULTITECH ELECT. 359 

565 MULTITECH ELECT. 361 

• MUSYS 384 

314 NAT'L.SYSTEMS.INC. 114 

315 NCL DATA INC. 206 

316 NEC HOME ELECTR.USA 107 

317 NEC HOME ELECTR.USA 109 

318 NEC HOME ELECTR.USA 111 

• NETRONICS 576 

• NETWORK CONSULTING INC. 
157 

321 NETWORX INC. 413 

323 NORTH HILLS CORP. 570 

324 NORTH HILLS CORP. 610 

325 NORTH STAR COMPUTERS 202 

326 NORTHWEST DIGITAL SYS. 314 

327 NORTHWEST INSTR.SYS. 343 

328 NOVATION, INC. 418 

329 NOVELL INC. 541 

• NRI SCHOOLS ELECTR. DIV. 353 

330 O'HANLON COMP.SYS. 499 

331 OASIS SYSTEMS 464, 465 

332 OCTAGON COMP.SYS. 304, 305 

333 OFFICE NETWORKS CORP. 612 

334 OLYMPIA U.S.A. INC. 261 

335 OLYMPIC SALES 539 



September 1983 S> BYTE Publications Inc. 655 



Reader Service. 



Inquiry No. 



Page No. 



520 OMEGA INFO. SYS. 593 

336 OMEGA INFO SYS. 620 

337 ORANGE MICRO 472, 473 

338 ORYX SYSTEMS 484, 485 

339 OSBORNE/MCGRAW-HILL 439 

340 OSM COMPUTER 135 
322 OZTECH 646 

• PACIFIC COMPUTERS 146 

341 PACIFIC EXCHANGES 562, 564, 
568, 608, 614, 618, 646 

348 PAN AMERICAN ELEC.INC. 286 

349 PANASONIC H.H.C. 580 

350 PANEL GRAPHIC CORP. 196 
" PC WARE 148 

351 PEACHTREE SOFTWARE 
408.409 

354 PER SCI INC. 610 

355 PERCOM DATA 9 

356 PERFECT DATA 185 

• PERFECT SOFTWARE INSERT 
192A 

366 PERSONALIZED COMPUTER 
PAPER 608 

357 PHASER 330 

358 PHONE I, INC. 215 

359 PICKLES & TROUT 448 

• POTOMAC MICRO-MAGIC 382 

361 PRACTICAL PERIPH. 78, 79 

362 PRINCETON GRAPHIC SYS. 386 

363 PRINTEK 149 

364 PRINTER STORE, THE 309 

365 PRIORITY ONE 640, 641,642, 643, 
644,645 

367 PROFESSIONAL BUSN.SPCLTS. 
162 

368 PROF. SOFTWARE PROD. 431 

369 PROGRAMMERS SFTW. EX. 290 

370 PROGRAMMING INT'L. 468, 469 

371 PROGRAMMING INTL. 460, 461 

372 PROMETHEUS PRODUCTS 175 

499 PROTOCOL 224 

500 PROTOCOL 258 

373 PURCHASING AGENT, THE 100 

374 QANTEX DIV. 313 

375 QUANT SYSTEMS 612 

376 QUARK ENGINEERING 264, 265 



Inquiry No. 



Page No. 



377 QUBIE DISTRIBUTING 118 

378 RADIO SHACK CIV 

379 RANA SYSTEMS 48, 49 

380 RAP ELECTRONICS 618 
382 R.I. ST. INC. 498 

■ ROCKY MT.MICRO INC. 197 

384 ROGERS LABS 572 

385 ROGERS LABS 572 

' RTL PROGRAMMING AIDS 610 

386 S-100 DIV. 696 CORP. 176 

394 S-100 452 

387 SAFEWARE221 

388 SAFT PORTABLE BATTERY 223 

389 SAGE COMP.TECH. 426 

390 SATURN SYSTEMS INC. 129 

• SCHOLASTIC, INC. INSERT 256A 

391 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 192 

510 SCION CORP. 6 

511 SCION CORP. 6 

■ SCOTTSDALE SYSTEMS 505 
504 SCREENWARE 612 

393 SD SYSTEMS 295 

395 SEEQUA COMP.CORP. 123 

396 SEI/SLIWA ENTERPRISES INC. 
240 

397 SEKON COMPUTER 622 

398 SEMI DISK SYSTEMS 287 

399 SEXTANT SYSTEMS 508 

• SIEMENS COMM.SYS.INC. 344, 
345 

400 SIERRA DATA SCIENCES 104, 105 

• SILICON SPECIALTIES 102 

401 SILVER-REED AMERICA, INC. 550 

402 SLICER CONTROLS 453 

403 SLR SYSTEMS 610 

404 SLUDER/COMPETITIVE EDGE 258 

405 SOFTCRAFT315 

406 SOFTECH MICROSYS 147 

407 SOFTWARE BANC 126 

408 SOFTWARE BANC 181 

• SOFTWARE GUILD 536, 537 

• SOFTWARE OF THE MONTH 
CLUB 390 

514 SOFTWARE SERVICES 540 

409 SOLUTIONWARE CORP. 467 

• SORCIM 280, 281 



Inquiry No. 



Page No. 



410 STAR LOGIC 310 

411 STAR MICRONICS 121 

412 STARBUCK DATA CO. 60 

413 STEMMOS LTD. 291 

414 STRATEGIC SYSTEMS CORP. 160 

416 STUART SOFTWARE 608 

417 SUNDEX 170 

418 SUNNY INT'L. 606 

419 SUNTRONICS 606 

420 SUPERSOFT323 

422 SUPERSOFT325 

423 SUPERSOFT 362, 363 

425 SYBEX 327 

426 SYSTEM VISION CORP. 316 
506 SYSTEMS GROUP, THE 219 

427 SYSTEMS GROUP, THE 477 

428 SYSTEMS GROUP, THE 567 

429 TAB BOOKS 529 

430 TALLGRASS TECH. 71 

431 TARBELL ELECTR. 454 

432 TATUM LABS 616 

433 TAURUS COMP.PROD.INC. 70 

434 TAYCO BUSINESS FORMS 620 

448 TDI 153 

435 TDK ELECTRONICS 103 

• TECH STAR LABORATORY 538 

437 TECH-DATA CORP. 562 

438 TEKTRONIX INC. 92, 93 

439 TEKTRONIX INC. 297 

440 TELECON SYSTEMS 186 

441 TELETEK ENTERPRISES 55 

442 TELETEX COMMUNICATIONS 217 

443 TERMINAL DATA SYS. 610 

444 TERMINALS TERRIFIC 360 

445 TEXAS COMP.SYS. 523 

• TEXAS INSTR. 86, 87 

446 THINKERS SOFT INC. 61 

447 THREE M COMPANY 183 

449 TINNEY, ROBERT GRAPHICS 324, 
578 

450 TNW CORP. 394 

451 TOSHIBA AMERICA 152 

453 TOSHIBA AMERICA INC. 370, 371 

454 TRANSACTION STORAGE SYS. 
335 

455 TRANSTAR32 



Inquiry No. 



Page No. 



456 TRANSTAR389 

457 TRANSTAR 552 

458 TRISTAR DATA SYS. 574 

459 TSK ELECTR.CORP. 99 

460 TYMSHARE INC. 141 

462 U.S. AIR FORCE 449 

463 U.S. EXCHANGE 616 

464 U.S. EXCHANGE 620 

466 U.S. MICRO SALES 638, 639 

461 U.S. ROBOTICS 184 

467 UNIPRESS 203 

468 UNITED COMPUTER 437 

469 UNIVERSAL DATA SYS. 173 
501 VAULT CORP. 319 

470 VERBATIM CORP. 163 

471 VICTOR TECHNOLOGIES 101 

472 VICTORY COMP.SYS. 136, 137 

473 VIDEX 17 

474 VISUAL TECH, INC. 177 

• VLM COMPUTER ELEC. 467 

476 VOTRAX 317 

477 VR DATA 429 

478 W.T.I. COMP.&PERPHR.PROD. 501 

479 WADSWORTH ELECTRONIC 
PUBL 503 

480 WANG ELECTR.PUBL.INC. 387 

• WAREHOUSE SOFTWARE 84 

482 WASHINGTON COMP.SERV. 174 

483 WASHINGTON COMP.SERV. 286 

484 WESTERN TELEMATIC 243 

• WESTICO INC. 354 

485 WILD HARE COMP.SYS. 551, 553, 
555 

486 WILLIAMS, MARK CO. 557 

487 WINCHENDON GRP..THE 156 

488 WINTEK CORP. 470 

490 WORLDWIDE COMP.SUPPLIES 622 

491 WORSWICK INDUSTRIES 614 

492 WYSE TECHNOLOGY 229 

493 X COMP 143 

494 XIDEX MAGNETICS 338, 339 
' XPER SYSTEMS 303 



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656 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 



VS/A 



W /=>. 



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Circle 257 on inquiry card. 



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IBM PC 


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$1864 


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Formatted Disk Capacity 


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180Kb (DOS 2.0) 
160Kb (DOS 1.0) 


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■ Price applies at participating Radio Shack stores and dealers IBM is a registered trade- 
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